Table S1. Informaton used to assess naturalness in sites organized according to alttudinl belts.

Large
Current Logging Large snags/CWD in
Last DBH
Site Code Belt Status Management stumps snags/CWD all History
Logging distributon
Plan Category present present * decompositon
stages *
Rotated Unexploited due remoteness; protects the water spring
Valle Cervara VCH H OG1 Strict Reserve u N Y Y
sigmoid downslope.
Negatve Contended between nearby Municipalites since XIX
Coppo del Morto COM H OG1 Strict Reserve u N Y Y
exponental century.
Protecton Negatve
Scangive SCA H OG2 u Y Y Y Remote, protecton forest.
Forest exponental
Coppo del
COP H OG2 Strict Reserve u Bimodal Y Y Y Remote, protecton forest.
Principe
Negatve Exploitaton ended before the insttuton of research
Collelongo COL H MAN Research Forest 1980s Y N N
exponental plots.
Grazed woodland (untl XIX c.), then occasionally logged
Monte Cimino CIM M OG2 Reserve 1949 Bimodal Y Y N
high forest (XX c.), currently recreatonal use only.
Protecton
Fonte Regna REG M OG2 u Bimodal Y Y Y Protectng the water spring downslope.
Forest

Central Apennines
Low-impact high-forest management due to the
Morino MOR M MAN Productve 1990s Bimodal Y N N
presence of monumental yew trees.
Since 1980s protected from the Regional Administraton
Monte Venere VEN L OG2 Reserve 1960s Bimodal Y Y N
for its environmental value.
Grazed woodland (untl XIX c.), then occasionally logged
Oriolo Romano ORI L OG2 Strict Reserve u Bimodal Y Y N
high forest (XX c.), currently recreatonal use only.
High forest interested by establishment cutngs
Monte Fogliano FOG L MAN Productve 2009 Bimodal Y Y N
(shelterwood system).
Protecton Uneven- Historically preserved to prevent avalanche/rockfall over
Lateis LAT H OG2 u Y Y Y
Forest aged setlements downslope.
Protecton Historically preserved to prevent avalanche/rockfall over
Timau TIM H OG2 u Irregular Y Y N/A
Forest setlements downslope.
Zwielauf ZWI H OG2 Strict Reserve u Bimodal Y Y N/A Protecton forest

Geisslucke GEI H OG2 Strict Reserve u Bimodal Y Y N/A Protecton forest

Colle dei Galli GAL H MAN Productve 2010 Gaussian Y N N Even-aged stand, recently thinned.

Eastern Alps
Protecton Historically preserved to prevent avalanche/rockfall over
Gracco GRA M OG2 u Bimodal Y Y N
Forest setlements downslope.
Kholersgraben KHO M OG2 Strict Reserve u Bimodal Y Y N/A Protecton forest

Pian della Gata GAT M MAN Productve 2010 Gaussian Y N N Even-aged stand, recently thinned.

*: i.e. presence of large logs (DBH 40 cm) in all decompositon stages. U: unknown. N/A: not available.