An ideal voltage source has

a. Zero internal resistance An open resistor has

b. Infinite internal resistance a. Infinite current through it
c. A load-dependent voltage b. Zero voltage across it
d. A load-dependent current c. Infinite voltage across it
d. Zero current through it
A real voltage source has
a. Zero internal resistance A shorted resistor has
b. Infinite internal resistance a. Infinite current through it
c. A small internal resistance b. Zero voltage across it
d. A large internal resistance c. Infinite voltage across it
d. Zero current through it
If a load resistance is 1k ohm, a stiff voltage source has a resistance of
a. At least 10 ohm An ideal voltage source and an internal resistance is an example of the
b. Less than 10 ohm a. Ideal approximation
c. More than 100 kohm b. Second approximation
d. Less than 100 kohm c. Higher approximation
d. Exact model
An ideal current source has
a. Zero internal resistance Treating a connecting wire as a conductor with zero resistance is an
b. Infinite internal resistance example of the
c. A load-dependent voltage a. Ideal approximation
d. A load-dependent current b. Second approximation
c. Higher approximation
A real current source has d. Exact model
a. Zero internal resistance
b. Infinite internal resistance The voltage out of an ideal voltage source
c. A small internal resistance a. Is zero
d. A large internal resistance b. Is constant
c. Depends on the value of load resistance
If a load resistance is 1 kohm, a stiff current source has a resistance of d. Depends on the internal resistance
a. At least 10 ohm
b. Less than 10 ohm The current out of an ideal current source
c. More than 100 kohm a. Is zero
d. Less than 100 kohm b. Is constant
c. Depends on the value of load resistance
The Thevenin voltage is the same as the d. Depends on the internal resistance
a. Shorted-load voltage
b. Open-load voltage Thevenins theorem replaces a complicated circuit facing a load by an
c. Ideal source voltage a. Ideal voltage source and parallel resistor
d. Norton voltage b. Ideal current source and parallel resistor
c. Ideal voltage source and series resistor
The Thevenin resistance is equal in value to the d. Ideal current source and series resistor
a. Load resistance
b. Half the load resistance Nortons theorem replaces a complicated circuit facing a load by an
c. Internal resistance of a Norton circuit a. Ideal voltage source and parallel resistor
d. Open-load resistance b. Ideal current source and parallel resistor
c. Ideal voltage source and series resistor
To get the Thevenin voltage, you have to d. Ideal current source and series resistor
a. Short the load resistor
b. Open the load resistor One way to short a device is
c. Short the voltage source a. With a cold-solder joint
d. Open the voltage source b. With a solder bridge
c. By disconnecting it
To get the Norton current, you have to d. By opening it
a. Short the load resistor
b. Open the load resistor Derivations are
c. Short the voltage source a. Discoveries
d. Open the current source b. Inventions
c. Produced by mathematics
The Norton current is sometimes called the d. Always called theorems
a. Shorted-load current
b. Open-load current Laws are proved by
c. Thevenin current a. Definition
d. Thevenin voltage b. Experiment
c. Mathematics
d. Formulas
A solder bridge
a. may produce a short Definitions are
b. may cause an open a. Man made
c. is useful in some circuits b. Invented
d. always has high resistance c. Made up
d. All of the above
A cold-solder joint
a. shows good soldering technique
b. usually produces an open
c. is sometimes useful
d. always has low resistance
The nucleus of a copper atom contains how many protons? b. Lifetime
a. 1 c. Recombination
b. 4 d. Valence
c. 18
d. 29 The valence electron of a conductor is also called a
a. Bound electron
The net charge of a neutral copper atom is b. Free electron
a. 0 c. Nucleus
b. +1 d. Proton
c. -1
d. +4 A conductor has how many types of flow?
a. 1
Assume the valence electron is removed from a copper atom. The net b, 2
charge of the atom becomes c. 3
a. 0 d. 4
b. + 1
c. -1 A semiconductor has how many types of flow?
d. +4 a. 1
b. 2
The valence electron of a copper atom experiences what kind of c. 3
attraction toward the nucleus? d. 4
a. None
b. Weak When a voltage is applied to a semiconductor, holes will flow
c. Strong a. Away from the negative potential
d. Impossible to say b. Toward the positive potential
c. In the external circuit
How many valence electrons does a silicon atom have? d. None of the above
a. 0
b. 1 A conductor has how many holes?
c. 2 a. Many
d. 4 b. None
c. Only those produced by thermal energy
Which is the most widely used semiconductor? d. The same number as free electrons
a. Copper
b. Germanium In an intrinsic semiconductor, the number of free electrons
c. Silicon a. Equals the number of holes
d. None of the above b. Is greater than the number of holes
c. Is less than the number of holes
How many protons does the nucleus of a silicon atom contain? d. None of the above
a. 4
b. 14 Absolute zero temperature equals
c. 29 a. -273 degrees C
d. 32 b. 0 degrees C
c. 25 degrees C
Silicon atoms combine into an orderly pattern called a d. 50 degrees C
a. Covalent bond
b. Crystal At absolute zero temperature an intrinsic semiconductor has
c. Semiconductor a. A few free electrons
d. Valence orbit b. Many holes
c. Many free electrons
An intrinsic semiconductor has some holes in it at room temperature. d. No holes or free electrons
What causes these holes?
a. Doping At room temperature an intrinsic semiconductor has
b. Free electrons a. A few free electrons and holes
c. Thermal energy b. Many holes
d. Valence electrons c. Many free electrons
d. No holes
Each valence electron in an intrinsic semiconductor establishes a
a. Covalent bond The number of free electrons and holes in an intrinsic semiconductor
b. Free electron increases when the temperature
c. Hole a. Decreases
d. Recombination b. Increases
c. Stays the same
The merging of a free electron and a hole is called d. None of the above
a. Covalent bonding
b. Lifetime The flow of valence electrons to the left means that holes are flowing to
c. Recombination the
d. Thermal energy a. Left
b. Right
At room temperature an intrinsic silicon crystal acts approximately like c. Either way
a. A battery d. None of the above
b. A conductor
c. An insulator Holes act like
d. A piece of copper wire a. Atoms
b. Crystals
The amount of time between the creation of a hole and its disappearance c. Negative charges
is called d. Positive charges
a. Doping
Trivatent atoms have how many valence electrons? a. Neutral
a. 1 b. Positively charged
b. 3 c. Negatively charged
c. 4 d. Has many holes
d. 5
A p-type semiconductor contains holes and
A donor atom has how many valence electrons? a. Positive ions
a. 1 b. Negative ions
b. 3 c. Pentavalent atoms
c. 4 d. Donor atoms
d. 5
Which of the following describes a p-type semiconductor?
If you wanted to produce a p-type semiconductor, which of these would a. Neutral
you use? b. Positively charged
a. Acceptor atoms c. Negatively charged
b. Donor atoms d. Has many free electrons
c. Pentavalent impurity
d. Silicon

Holes are the minority carriers in which type of semiconductor? Which of the following cannot move?
a. Extrinsic a. Holes
b. Intrinsic b. Free electrons
c. n-type c. Ions
d. p-type d. Majority carriers

How many free electrons does a p-type semiconductor contain? What causes the depletion layer?
a. Many a. Doping
b. None b. Recombination
c. Only those produced by thermal energy c. Barrier potential
d. Same number as holes d. Ions
Silver is the best conductor. How many valence electrons do you think it
has? What is the barrier potential of a silicon diode at room temperature?
a. 1 a. 0.3 V
b. 4 b. 0.7 V
c. 18 c. 1 V
d. 29 d. 2 mV per degree Celsius

Suppose an intrinsic semiconductor has 1 billion free electrons at room To produce a large forward current in a silicon diode, the applied voltage
temperature. If the temperature changes to 75'C, how many holes are must be greater than
there? a. 0
a. Fewer than 1 billion b. 0.3 V
b. 1 billion c. 0.7 V
c. More than 1 billion d. 1 V
d. Impossible to say
In a silicon diode the reverse current is usually
An external voltage source is applied to a p-type semiconductor. If the a. Very small
left end of the crystal is positive, which way do the majority carriers flow? b. Very large
a. Left c. Zero
b. Right d. In the breakdown region
c. Neither
d. Impossible to say Surface-leakage current is part of the
a. Forward current
Which of the following doesn't fit in the group? b. Forward breakdown
a. Conductor c. Reverse current
b. Semiconductor d. Reverse breakdown
c. Four valence electrons
d. Crystal structure The voltage where avalanche occurs is called the
a. Barrier potential
Which of the following is approximately equal to room temperature? b. Depletion layer
a. 0 degrees C c. Knee voltage
b. 25 degrees C d. Breakdown voltage
c. 50 degrees C
d. 75degrees C Diffusion of free electrons across the junction of an unbiased diode
produces
How many electrons are there in the valence orbit of a silicon atom within a. Forward bias
a crystal? b. Reverse bias
a. 1 c. Breakdown
b. 4 d. The depletion layer
c. 8
d. 14 When the reverse voltage increases from 5 to 10 V, the depletion layer
a. Becomes smaller
Positive ions are atoms that have b. Becomes larger
a. Gained a proton c. Is unaffected
b. Lost a proton d. Breaks down
c. Gained an electron
d. Lost an electron When a diode is forward-biased, the recombination of free electrons and
holes may produce
Which of the following describes an n-type semiconductor? a. Heat
b. Light b. Vertical
c. Radiation c. Tilted at 450
d. All of the above d. None of the above

The ideal diode is usually adequate when

a. Troubleshooting
b. Doing precise calculations
When the graph of current versus voltage is a straight line, the device is c. The source voltage is low
referred to as d. The load resistance is low
a. Active
b. Linear The second approximation works well when
c. Nonlinear a. Troubleshooting
d. Passive b. Load resistance is high
c. Source voltage is high
What kind of device is a resistor? d. All of the above
a. Unilateral
b. Linear The only time you have to use the third approximation is when
c. Nonlinear a. Load resistance is low
d. Bipolar b. Source voltage is high
c. Troubleshooting
What kind of a device is a diode? d. None of the above
a. Bilateral
b. Linear How much load current is there in Fig. 3-19 (see your textbook) with the
c. Nonlinear ideal diode?
d. Unipolar a. 0
b. 14.3 mA
How is a nonconducting diode biased? c. 15 mA
a. Forward d. 50 mA
b. Inverse
c. Poorly How much load current is there in Fig. 3-19 (see your textbook) with the
d. Reverse second approximation?
a. 0
When the diode current is large, the bias is b. 14.3 mA
a. Forward c. 15 mA
b. Inverse d. 50 mA
c. Poor
d. Reverse How much load current is there in Fig. 3-19 with the third approximation?
a. 0
The knee voltage of a diode is approximately equal to the b. 14.3 mA
a. Applied voltage c. 15 mA
b. Barrier potential d. 50 mA
c. Breakdown voltage
d. Forward voltage If the diode is open in Fig. 3-19, the load voltage is
a. 0
The reverse current consists of minority-carrier current and b. 14.3 V
a. Avalanche current c. 20 V
b. Forward current d. -15 V
c. Surface-leakage current
d. Zener current If the resistor is ungrounded in Fig. 3-19, the voltage measured with a
DMM between the top of the resistor and ground is closest to
How much voltage is there across the second approximation of a silicon a. 0
diode when it is forward biased? b. 15 V
a. 0 c. 20 V
b. 0.3 V d. -15 V
c. 0.7 V
d. 1 V The load voltage measures zero in Fig. 3-19. The trouble may be
a. A shorted diode
How much current is there through the second approximation of a silicon b. An open diode
diode when it is reverse biased? c. An open load resistor
a. 0 d. Too much supply voltage
b. 1 mA
c. 300 mA
d. None of the above

How much forward diode voltage is there with the ideal-diode If N1/N2 = 2, and the primary voltage is 120 V, what is the secondary
approximation? voltage?
a. 0 a. 0 V
b. 0.7 V b. 36 V
c. More than 0.7 V c. 60 V
d. 1 V d. 240 V

The bulk resistance of a 1N4001 is In a step-down transformer, which is larger?

a. 0 a. Primary voltage
b. 0.23 ohm b. Secondary voltage
c. 10 ohm c. Neither
d. 1 kohm d. No answer possible
If the bulk resistance is zero, the graph above the knee becomes
a. Horizontal
A transformer has a turns ratio of 4: 1. What is the peak secondary d. Impossible to say
voltage if 115 V rms is applied to the primary winding?
a. 40.7 V With the same secondary voltage and filter, which produces the least load
b. 64.6 V voltage?
c. 163 V a. Half-wave rectifier
d. 650 V b. Full-wave rectifier
c. Bridge rectifier
With a half-wave rectified voltage across the load resistor, load current d. Impossible to say
flows for what part of a cycle?
a. 0 degrees If the filtered load current is 10 mA, which of the following has a diode
b. 90 degrees current of 10 mA?
c. 180 degrees a. Half-wave rectifier
d. 360 degrees b. Full-wave rectifier
c. Bridge rectifier
Line voltage may be from 105 V rms to 125 rms in a half-wave rectifier. d. Impossible to say
With a 5:1 step-down transformer, the maximum peak load voltage is
closest to If the load current is 5 mA and the filter capacitance is 1000uF, what is
a. 21 V the peak-to-peak ripple out of a bridge rectifier?
b. 25 V a. 21.3 pV
c. 29.6 V b. 56.3 nV
d. 35.4 V c. 21.3 mV
d. 41.7 mV
The voltage out of a bridge rectifier is a
a. Half-wave signal The diodes in a bridge rectifier each have a maximum dc current rating of
b. Full-wave signal 2 A. This means the dc load current can have a maximum value of
c. Bridge-rectified signal a. 1 A
d. Sine wave b. 2 A
c. 4 A
If the line voltage is 115 V rms, a turns ratio of 5: 1 means the rms d. 8 A
secondary voltage is closest to
a. 15 V What is the PIV across each diode of a bridge rectifier with a secondary
b. 23 V voltage of 20 V rms?
c. 30 V a. 14.1 V
d. 35 V b. 20 V
c. 28.3 V
What is the peak load voltage in a full-wave rectifier if the secondary d. 34 V
voltage is 20 V rms?
a. 0 V A zener diode
b. 0.7 V a. Is a battery
c. 14.1 V b. Has a constant voltage in the breakdown region
d. 28.3 V c. Has a barrier potential of 1 V
d. Is forward-biased
We want a peak load voltage of 40 V out of a bridge rectifier. What is the If the secondary voltage increases in a bridge rectifier with a capacitor-
approximate rms value of secondary voltage? input filter, the load voltage will
a. 0 V a. Decrease
b. 14.4 V b. Stay the same
c. 28.3 V c. Increase
d. 56.6 V d. None of these

With a full-wave rectified voltage across the load resistor, load current If the filter capacitance is increased, the ripple will
flows for what part of a cycle? a. Decrease
a. 0 degrees b. Stay the same
b. 90 degrees c. Increase
c. 180 degrees d. None of these
d. 360 degrees
What is the peak load voltage out of a bridge rectifier for a secondary What is true about the breakdown voltage in a zener diode?
voltage of 15 V rms? (Use second approximation.) a. It decreases when current increases.
a. 9.2 V b. It destroys the diode.
b. 15 V c. It equals the current times the resistance.
c. 19.8 V d. It is approximately constant.
d. 24.3 V
Which of these is the best description of a zener diode?
If line frequency is 60 Hz, the output frequency of a half-wave rectifier is a. It is a rectifier diode.
a. 30 Hz b. It is a constant-voltage device.
b. 60 Hz c. It is a constant-cuffent device.
c. 120 Hz d. It works in the forward region.
d. 240 Hz
The voltage across the zener resistance is usually
If line frequency is 60 Hz, the output frequency of a bridge rectifier is a. Small
a. 30 Hz b. Large
b. 60 Hz c. Measured in volts
c. 120 Hz d. Subtracted from the breakdown voltage
d. 240 Hz
If the series resistance decreases in an unloaded zener regulator, the
With the same secondary voltage and filter, which has the most ripple? zener current
a. Half-wave rectifier a. Decreases
b. Full-wave rectifier b. Stays the same
c. Bridge rectifier c. Increases
d. Equals the voltage divided by the resistance b. Reverse-biased
c. Neither forward- nor reverse-biased
In the second approximation, the total voltage across the zener diode is d. Emitting light
the sum of-the breakdown voltage and the voltage across the
a. Source When the light increases, the reverse minority carrier current in a
b. Series resistor photodiode
c. Zener resistance a. Decreases
d. Zener diode b. Increases
c. Is unaffected
The load voltage is approximately constant when a zener diode is d. Reverses direction
a. Forward-biased
b. Reverse-biased The device associated with voltage-controlled capacitance is a
c. Operating in the breakdown region a. Light-emitting diode
d. Unbiased b. Photodiode
c. Varactor diode
In a loaded zener regulator, which is the largest current? d. Zener diode
a. Series current
b. Zener current
c. Load current
d. None of these If the depletion layer gets wider, the capacitance
a. Decreases
If the load resistance decreases in a zener regulator, the zener current b. Stays the same
a. Decreases c. Increases
b. Stays the same d. Is variable
c. Increases
d. Equals the source voltage divided by the series resistance When the reverse voltage increases, the capacitance
a. Decreases
b. Stays the same
c. Increases
d. Has more bandwidth
If the load resistance decreases in a zener regulator, the series current
a. Decreases The varactor is usually
b. Stays the same a. Forward-biased
c. Increases b. Reverse-biased
d. Equals the source voltage divided by the series resistance c. Unbiased
d. Operated in the breakdown region
When the source voltage increases in a zener regulator, which of these
currents remains approximately constant? The device to use for rectifying a weak ac signal is a
a. Series current a. Zener diode
b. Zener current b. Light-emitting diode
c. Load current c. Varistor
d. Total current d. Back diode

If the zener diode in a zener regulator is connected with the wrong Which of the following has a negative-resistance region?
polarity, the load voltage will be closest to a. Tunnel diode
a. 0.7 V b. Step-recovery diode
b. 10 V c. Schottky diode
c. 14 V d. Optocoupler
d. 18 V
A blown-fuse indicator uses a
At high frequencies, ordinary diodes don't work properly because of a. Zener diode
a. Forward bias b. Constant-cuffent diode
b. Reverse bias c. Light-emitting diode
c. Breakdown d. Back diode
d. Charge storage
To isolate an output circuit from an input circuit, which is the device to
The capacitance of a varactor diode increases when the reverse voltage use?
across it a. Back diode
a. Decreases b. Optocoupler
b. Increases c. Seven-segment indicator
c. Breaks down d. Tunnel diode
d. Stores charges
The diode with a forward voltage drop of approximately 0.25 V is the
Breakdown does not destroy a zener diode provided the zener current is a. Step-recovery diode
less than the b. Schottky diode
a. Breakdown voltage c. Back diode
b. Zener test current d. Constant-current diode
c. Maximum zener current rating
d. Banier potential For typical operation, you need to use reverse bias with a
a. Zener diode
To display the digit 8 in a seven-segment indicator, b. Photodiode
a. C must be lighted c. Varactor
b. G must be off d. All of the above
c. F must be on
d. All segments must be on A transistor has how many doped regions?
a. 1
A photodiode is normally b. 2
a. Forward-biased c. 3
d. 4 b. Heavily doped
c. Undoped
What is one important thing transistors do? d. None of the above
a. Amplify weak signals
b. Rectify line voltage In a normally biased npn transistor, the electrons in the emitter have
C. Regulate voltage enough energy to overcome the barrier potential of the
d. Emit light a. Base-emitter junction
b. Base-collector junction
c. Collector-base junction
Who invented the first junction transistor? d. Recombination path
a. Bell
b. Faraday When a free electron recombines with a hole in the base region, the free
c. Marconi electron becomes
d. Schockley a. Another free electron
b. A valence electron
In an npn transistor, the majority carriers in the base are c. A conduction-band electron
a. Free electrons d. A majority carrier
b. Holes
c. Neither What is the most important fact about the collector current?
d. Both a. It is measured in milliamperes.
b. It equals the base current divided by the current gain.
The barrier potential across each silicon depletion layer is c. It is small.
a. 0 d. It approximately equals the emitter current.
b. 0.3 V
c. 0.7 V If the current gain is 200 and the collector current is 100 mA, the base
d. 1 V current is
a. 0.5 mA
The emitter diode is usually b. 2 mA
a. Forward-biased c. 2 A
b. Reverse-biased d. 20 A
c. Nonconducting
d. Operating in the breakdown region The base-emitter voltage is usually
a. Less than the base supply voltage
For normal operation of the transistor, the collector diode has to be b. Equal to the base supply voltage
a. Forward-biased c. More than the base supply voltage
b. Reverse-biased d. Cannot answer
c. Nonconducting
d. Operating in the breakdown region The collector-emitter voltage is usually
a. Less than the collector supply voltage
The base of an npn transistor is thin and b. Equal to the collector supply voltage
a. Heavily doped c. More than the collector supply voltage
b. Lightly doped d. Cannot answer
c. Metallic
d. Doped by a pentavalent material The power dissipated by a transistor approximately equals the collector
current times
Most of the electrons in the base of an npn transistor flow a. Base-emitter voltage
a. Out of the base lead b. Collector-emitter voltage
b. Into the collector c. Base supply voltage
c. Into the emitter d. 0.7 V
d. Into the base supply
A small collector current with zero base current is caused by the leakage
Most of the electrons in the base of an npn transistor do not recombine current of the
because they a. Emitter diode
a. Have a long lifetime b. Collector diode
b. Have a negative charge c. Base diode
c. Must flow a long way through the base d. Transistor
d. Flow out of the base
A transistor acts like a diode and a
Most of the electrons that flow through the base will a. Voltage source
a. Flow into the collector b. Current source
b. Flow out of the base lead c. Resistance
c. Recombine with base holes d. Power supply
d. Recombine with collector holes

The current gain of a transistor is the ratio of the

a. Collector current to emitter current If the base current is 100 mA and the current gain is 30, the collector
b. Collector current to base current current is
c. Base current to collector current a. 300 mA
d. Emitter current to collector current b. 3 A
c. 3.33 A
Increasing the collector supply voltage will increase d. 10 A
a. Base current
b. Collector current The base-emitter voltage of an ideal transistor is
c. Emitter current a. 0
d. None of the above b. 0.3 V
c. 0.7 V
The fact that only a few holes are in the base region means the base is d. 1 V
a. Lightly doped
If you recalculate the collector-emitter voltage with the second
approximation, the answer will usually be If a transistor operates at the middle of the load line, an increase in the
a. Smaller than the ideal value base resistance will move the Q point
b.. The same as the ideal value a. Down
c. Larger than the ideal value b. Up
d. Inaccurate c. Nowhere
d. Off the load line
In the active region, the collector current is not changed significantly by
a. Base supply voltage If a transistor operates at the middle of the load line, an increase in the
b. Base current current gain will move the Q point
c. Current gain a. Down
d. Collector resistance b. Up
c, Nowhere
The base-emitter voltage of the second approximation is d. Off the load line
a. 0
b. 0.3 V If the base supply voltage increases, the Q point moves
c. 0.7 V a. Down
d. 1 V b. Up
c. Nowhere
If the base resistor is open, what is the collector cuffent? d. Off the load line
a. 0
b. 1 mA Suppose the base resistor is open. The Q point will be
c. 2 mA a. In the middle of the load line
d. 10 mA b. At the upper end of the load line
c. At the lower end of the load line
The current gain of a transistor is defined as the ratio of the collector d. Off the load line
current to the
a. Base current If the base supply voltage is disconnected, the collector-emitter voltage
b. Emitter current will equal
c. Supply current a. 0 V
d. Collector current b. 6 V
c. 10.5 V
The graph of current gain versus collector-current indicates that the d. Collector supply voltage
current gain
a. Is constant If the base resistor is shorted, the transistor will probably be
b. Varies slightly a. Saturated
c. Varies significantly b. In cutoff
d. Equals the collector current divided by the base current c. Destroved
d. None of the above
When the collector current increases, what does the current gain do?
a. Decreases
b. Stays the same
c. Increases If the collector resistor decreases to zero in a base-biased circuit, the
d. Any of the above load line will become
a. Horizontal
As the temperature increases, the current gain b. Vertical
a. Decreases c. Useless
b. Remains the same d. Flat
c. Increases
d. Can be any of the above The collector current is 10 mA. If the current gain is 100, the base current
is
a. 1 microamp
b. 10 microamp
When the base resistor decreases, the collector voltage will probably c. 100 microamp
a. Decrease d. 1 mA
b. Stay the same
c. Increase The base current is 50 microamp. If the current gain is 125, the collector
d. Do all of the above current is closest in value to
a. 40 microamp
If the base resistor is very small, the transistor will operate in the b. 500 microamp
a. Cutoff region c. 1 mA
b. Active region d. 6 mA
c. Saturation region
d. Breakdown region When the Q point moves along the load line, the voltage increases when
the collector current
Ignoring the bulk resistance of the collector diode, the collector-emitter a. Decreases
saturation voltage is b. Stays the same
a. 0 c. Increases
b. A few tenths of a volt d. Does none of the above
C. 1 V
d. Supply voltage When there is no base current in a transistor switch, the output voltage
from the transistor is
Three different Q points are shown on a load line. The upper Q point a. Low
represents the b. High
a. Minimum current gain c. Unchanged
b. Intermediate current gain d. Unknown
c. Maximum current gain
d. Cutoff point A circuit with a fixed emitter current is called
a. Base bias b. Decrease the collector voltage
b. Emitter bias c. Increase the emitter voltage
c. Transistor bias d. Decrease the emitter current
d. Two-supply bias
VDB has a stable Q point like
The first step in analyzing emitter-based circuits is to find the a. Base bias
a. Base current b. Emitter bias
b. Emitter voltage c. Collector-feedback bias
c. Emitter current d. Emitter-feedback bias
d. Collector current
VDB needs
If the current gain is unknown in an emitter-biased circuit, you cannot a. Only three resistors
calculate the b. Only one supply
a. Emitter voltage c. Precision resistors
b. Emitter current d. More resistors to work better
c. Collector current
d. Base current VDB normally operates in the
a. Active region
If the emitter resistor is open, the collector voltage is b. Cutoff region
a. Low c. Saturation region
b. High d. Breakdown region
c. Unchanged
d. Unkiiown The collector voltage of a VDB circuit is not sensitive to changes in the
a. Supply voltage
If the collector resistor is open, the collector voltage is b. Emitter resistance
a. Low c. Current gain
b. High d. Collector resistance
c. Unchanged
d. Unknown If the emitter resistance increases in a VDB circuit, the collector voltage
a. Decreases
b. Stays the same
c. Increases
When the current gain increases from 50 to 300 in an emitter-biased d. Doubles
circuit, the collector current
a. Remains almost the same Base bias is associated with
b. Decreases by a factor of 6 a. Amplifiers
c. Increases by a factor of 6 b. Switching circuits
d. Is zero c. Stable Q point
d. Fixed emitter current
If the emitter resistance decreases, the collector voltage
a. Decreases If the emitter resistance doubles in a VDB circuit, the collector current will
b. Stays the same a. Double
c. Increases b. Drop in half
d. Breaks down the transistor c. Remain the same
d. Increase
If the emitter resistance decreases, the
a. Q point moves up If the collector resistance increases in a VDB circuit, the collector voltage
b. Collector current decreases will
c. Q point stays where it is a. Decrease
d. Current gain increases b. Stay the same
c. Increase
For emitter bias, the voltage across the emitter resistor is the same as the d. Double
voltage between the emitter and the
a. Base The Q point of a VDB circuit is
b. Collector a. Hypersensitive to changes in current gain
c. Emitter b. Somewhat sensitive to changes in current gain
d. Ground c. Almost totally insensitive to changes in current gain
d. Greatly affected by temperature changes
For emitter bias, the voltage at the emitter is 0.7 V less than the
a. Base voltage The base voltage of two-supply emitter bias (TSEB) is
b. Emitter voltage a. 0.7 V
c. Collector voltage b. Very large
d. Ground voltage c. Near 0 V
d. 1.3 V
With voltage-divider bias, the base voltage is
a. Less than the base supply voltage If the emitter resistance doubles with TSEB, the collector current will
b. Equal to the base supply voltage a. Drop in half
c. Greater than the base supply voltage b. Stay the same
d. Greater than the collector supply voltage c. Double
d. Increase
VDB is noted for its
a. Unstable collector voltage If a splash of solder shorts the collector resistor of TSEB, the collector
b. Varying emitter current voltage will
c. Large base current a. Drop to zero
d. Stable Q point b. Equal the collector supply voltage
c. Stay the same
With VDB, an increase in emitter resistance will d. Double
a. Decrease the emitter voltage
If the emitter resistance increases with TSEB, the collector voltage will a. An open
a. Decrease b. A short
b. Stay the same c. An ac ground
c. Increase d. A mechanical ground
d. Equal the collector supply voltage
The capacitor that produces an ac ground is called a
a. Bypass capacitor
b. Coupling capacitor
If the emitter resistor opens with TSEB, the collector voltage will c. Dc open
a. Decrease d. Ac open
b. Stay the same
c. Increase slightly The capacitors of a CE amplifier appear
d. Equal the collector supply voltage a. Open to ac
b. Shorted to dc
In TSEB, the base current must be very c. Open to supply voltage
a. Small d. Shorted to ac
b. Large
c. Unstable Reducing all dc sources to zero is one of the steps in getting the
d. Stable a. DC equivalent circuit
b. AC equivalent circuit
The Q point of TSEB does not depend on the c. Complete amplifier circuit
a. Emitter resistance d. Voltage-divider biased circuit
b. Collector resistance
c. Current gain The ac equivalent circuit is derived from the original circuit by shorting all
d. Emitter voltage a. Resistors
b. Capacitors
The majority carriers in the emitter of a pnp transistor are c. Inductors
a. Holes d. Transistors
b. Free electrons
c. Trivalent atoms When the ac base voltage is too large, the ac emitter current is
d. Pentavalent atoms a. Sinusoidal
b. Constant
The current gain of a pnp transistor is c. Distorted
a. The negative of the npn current gain d. Alternating
b. The collector current divided by the emitter current
c. Near zero In a CE amplifier with a large input signal, the positive half cycle of the ac
d. The ratio of collector current to base current emitter current is
a. Equal to the negative half cycle
Which is the largest current in a pnp transistor? b. Smaller than the negative half cycle
a. Base current c. Larger than the negative half cycle
b. Emitter current d. Equal to the negative half cycle
c. Collector current
d. None of these Ac emitter resistance equals 25 mV divided by the
a. Quiescent base current
The currents of a pnp transistor are b. DC emitter current
a. Usually smaller than npn currents c. AC emitter current
b. Opposite npn currents d. Change in collector current
c. Usually larger than npn currents
d. Negative To reduce the distortion in a CE amplifier, reduce the
a. DC emitter current
With pnp voltage-divider bias, you must use b. Base-emitter voltage
a. Negative power supplies c. Collector current
b. Positive power supplies d. AC base voltage
c. Resistors
d. Grounds If the ac voltage across the emitter diode is 1 mV and the ac emitter
current is 0.1 mA, the ac resistance of the emitter diode is
For dc, the current in a coupling circuit is a. 1 ohm
a. Zero b. 10 ohm
b. Maximum c. 100 ohm
c. Minimum d. 1 kohm
d. Average
A graph of ac emitter current versus ac base-emitter voltage applies to
The current in a coupling circuit for high frequencies is the
a. Zero a. Transistor
b. Maximum b. Emitter diode
c. Minimum c. Collector diode
d. Average d. Power supply
The output voltage of a CE amplifier is
A coupling capacitor is a. Amplified
a. A dc short b. Inverted
b. An ac open c. 180 degrees out of phase with the input
c. A dc open and an ac short d. All of the above
d. A dc short and an ac open
The emitter of a CE amplifier has no ac voltage because of the
a. DC voltage on it
b. Bypass capacitor
c. Coupling capacitor
In a bypass circuit, the top of a capacitor is d. Load resistor
 a. Is grounded
The voltage across the load resistor of a CE amplifier is b. Has no de voltage
a. Dc and ac c. Has an ac voltage
b. DC only d. Has no ac voltage
c. AC only
d. Neither dc nor ac A swamped amplifier uses
a. Base bias
The ac collector current is approximately equal to the b. Positive feedback
a. AC base current c. Negative feedback
b. AC emitter current d. A grounded emitter
c. AC source current
d. AC bypass current In a swamped amplifier, the effects of the emitter diode become
a. Important to voltage gain
The ac emitter current times the ac emitter resistance equals the b. Critical to input impedance
a. Dc emitter voltage c. Significant to the analysis
b. AC base voltage d. Unimportant
c. AC collector voltage
d. Supply voltage The feedback resistor
a. Increases voltage gain
The ac collector current equals the ac base current times the b. Reduces distortion
a. AC collector resistance c. Decreases collector resistance
b. DC current gain d. Decreases input impedance
c. AC current gain
d. Generator voltage The feedback resistor
a. Stabilizes voltage gain
The emitter is at ac ground in a b. Increases distortion
a. CB stage c. Increases collector resistance
b. CC stage d. Decreases input impedance
c. CE stage
d. None of these The ac collector resistance of the first stage includes the
a. Load resistance
The output voltage of a CE stage is usually b. Input impedance of first stage
a. Constant c. Emitter resistance of first stage
b. Dependent on re' d. Input impedance of second stage
c. Small
d. Less the one If the emitter bypass capacitor opens, the ac output voltage will
a. Decrease
The voltage gain equals the output voltage divided by the b. Increase
a. Input voltage c. Remain the same
b. AC emitter resistance d. Equal zero
c. AC collector resistance
d. Generator voltage If the collector resistor is shorted, the ac output voltage will
a. Decrease
The input impedance of the base increases when b. Increase
a. Beta increases c. Remain the same
b. Supply voltage increases d. Equal zero
c. Beta decreases
d. AC collector resistance increases If the load resistance is open, the ac output voltage will
a. Decrease
Voltage gain is directly proportional to b. Increase
a. Beta c. Remain the same
b. Ac emitter resistance d. Equal zero
c. DC collector voltage
d. AC collector resistance If any capacitor is open, the ac output voltage will
a. Decrease
b. Increase
c. Remain the same
Compared to the ac resistance of the emitter diode, the feedback d. Equal zero
resistance of a swamped amplifier should be
a. Small If the input coupling capacitor is open, the ac input voltage will
b. Equal a. Decrease
c. Large b. Increase
d. Zero c. Remain the same
d. Equal zero
Compared to a CE stage, a swamped amplifier has an input impedance
that is If the bypass capacitor is open, the ac input voltage will
a. Smaller a. Decrease
b. Equal b. Increase
c. Larger c. Remainthe same
d. Zero d. Equal zero

To reduce the distortion of an amplified signal, you can increase the If the output coupling capacitor is open, the ac input voltage will
a. Collector resistance a. Decrease
b. Emitter feedback resistance b. Increase
c. Generator resistance c. Remain the same
d. Load resistance d. Equal zero

The emitter of a swamped amplifier If the emitter resistor is open, the ac input voltage will
a. Decrease c. Greater efficiency than class A
b. Increase d. All of the above
c. Remain the same
d. Equal zero Class C amplifiers are almost always
a. Transformer-coupled between stages
If the collector resistor is open, the ac input voltage will b. Operated at audio frequencies
a. Decrease c. Tuned RF amplifiers
b. Increase d. Wideband
c. Remain the same
d. Equal approximately zero The input signal of a class C amplifier
a. Is negatively clamped at the base
If the emitter bypass capacitor is shorted, the ac input voltage will b. Is amplified and inverted
a. Decrease c. Produces brief pulses of collector current
b. Increase d. All of the above
c. Remain the same
d. Equal zero The collector current of a class C amplifier
a. Is an amplified version of the input voltage
For class B operation, the collector current flows b. Has harmonics
a. The whole cycle c. Is negatively clamped
b. Half the cycle d. Flows for half a cycle
c. Less than half a cycle
d. Less than a quarter of a cycle The bandwidth of a class C amplifier decreases when the
a. Resonant frequency increases
Transformer coupling is an example of b. Q increases
a. Direct coupling c. XL decreases
b. AC coupling d. Load resistance decreases
c. DC coupling
d. Impedance coupling
The transistor dissipation in a class C amplifier decreases when the
An audio amplifier operates in the frequency range of a. Resonant frequency increases
a. 0 to 20 Hz b. coil Q increases
b. 20 Hz to 20 kHz c. Load resistance decreases
c. 20 to 200 kHz d. Capacitance increases
d. Above 20 kHz
The power rating of a transistor can be increased by
a. Raising the temperature
b. Using a heat sink
c. Using a derating curve
A tuned RF amplifier is d. Operating with no input signal
a. Narrowband
b. Wideband The ac load line is the same as the dc load line when the ac collector
c. Direct coupled resistance equals the
d. Impedance coupled a. DC emitter resistance
b. AC emitter resistance
The first stage of a preamp is c. DC collector resistance
a. A tuned RF stage d. Supply voltage divided by collector current
b. Large signal
c. Small signal If RC = 3.6 kohm and RL = 10 kohm, the ac load resistance equals
d. A dc amplifier a. 10 kohm
b. 2.65 kohm
For maximum peak-to-peak output voltage, the Q point should be c. I kohm
a. Near saturation d. 3.6 kohm
b. Near cutoff
c. At the center of the dc load line The quiescent collector current is the same as the
d. At the center of the ac load line a. DC collector current
b. AC collector current
An amplifier has two load lines because c. Total collector current
a. It has ac and dc collector resistances d. Voltage-divider current
b. It has two equivalent circuits
c. DC acts one way and ac acts another The ac load line usually
d. All of the above a. Equals the dc load line
b. Has less slope than the dc load line
When the Q point is at the center of the ac load line, the maximum peak- c. Is steeper than the dc load line
to-peak output voltage equals d. Is horizontal
a. VCEQ
b. 2VCEQ For a Q point near the center of the dc load line, clipping is more likely to
c. ICQ occur on the
d. 2IcQ a. Positive peak of input voltage
b. Negative peak of output voltage
Push-pull is almost always used with c. Positive peak of output voltage
a. Class A d. Negative peak of emitter voltage
b. Class B
c. Class C In a class A amplifier, the collector current flows for
d. All of the above a. Less than half the cycle
b. Half the cycle
One advantage of a class B push-pull amplifier is c. Less than the whole cycle
a. Very small quiescent current drain d. The entire cycle
b. Maximum efficiency of 78.5 percent
With class A, the output signal should be If Beta = 200 and re = 150 ohm, the input impedance of the base is
a. Unclipped approximately
b. Clipped on positive voltage peak a. 30 kohm
c. Clipped on negative voltage peak b. 600 n
d. Clipped on negative current peak c. 3 kohm
d. 5 kohm
The instantaneous operating point swings-along the
a. AC load line The input voltage to an emitter follower is usually
b. DC load line a. Less than the generator voltage
c. Both load lines b. Equal to the generator voltage
d. Neither load line c. Greater than the generator voltage
d. Equal to the supply voltage
The current drain of an amplifier is the
a. Total ac current from the generator The ac emitter current is closest to
b. Total dc current from the supply a. VG divided by re
c. Current gain from base to collector b. vin divided by re'
d. Current gain from collector to base c. VG divided by re'
The power gain of an amplifier d. vin divided by re
a. Is the same as the voltage gain
b. Is smaller than the voltage gain The output voltage of an emitter follower is approximately
c. Equals output power divided by input power a. 0
d. Equals load power b. VG
c. vin
Heat sinks reduce the d. Vcc
a. Transistor power
b. Ambient temperature The ac load line of an emitter follower is usually
c. Junction temperature a. The same as the dc load line
d. Collector current b. More horizontal than the dc load line
c. Steeper than the dc load line
When the ambient temperature increases, the maximum transistor power d. Vertical
rating
a. Decreases If the input voltage to an emitter follower is too large, the output voltage
b. Increases will be
c. Remains the same a. Smaller
d. None of the above b. Larger
c. Equal
If the load power is 3 mW and the dc power is 150 mW, the efficiency is d. Clipped
a. 0
b. 2 percent If the Q point is at the middle of the dc load line, clipping will first occur on
c. 3 percent the
d. 20 percent a. Left voltage swing
b. Upward current swing
An emitter follower has a voltage gain that is c. Positive half cycle of input
a. Much less than one d. Negative half cycle of input
b. Approximately equal to one
c. Greater than one If an emitter follower has VCEQ = 5 V, ICQ = 1 mA, and re = 1 kohm, the
d. Zero maximum peak-to-peak unclipped output is
a. 1 V
The total ac emitter resistance of an emitter follower equals b. 2 V
a. re' c. 5 V
b. re d. 10 V
c. re + re'
d. RE If the load resistance of an emitter follower is very large, the external ac
emitter resistance equals
The input impedance of the base of an emitter follower is usually a. Generator resistance
a. Low b. Impedance of the base
b. High c. DC emitter resistance
c. Shorted to ground d. DC collector resistance
d. Open
If an emitter follower has re' = 10 ohm and re = 90 ohm, the voltage gain
The dc emitter current for class A emitter followers is is approximately
a. The same as the ac emitter current a. 0
b. VE divided by RE b. 0.5
c. Vc divided by Rc c. 0.9
d. The same as the load current d. 1

The ac base voltage of an emitter follower is across the A square wave out of an emitter follower implies
a. Emitter diode a. No clipping
b. DC emitter resistor b. Clipping at saturation
c. Load resistor c. Clipping at cutoff
d. Emitter diode and external ac emitter resistance d. Clipping on both peaks

The output voltage of an emitter follower is across the

a. Emitter diode
b. DC collector resistor
c. Load resistor
d. Emitter diode and external ac emitter resistance A Darlington transistor has
a. A very low input impedance
b. Three transistors
c. A very high current gain A small quiescent current is necessary with a class B push-pull amplifier
d. One VBE drop to avoid
a. Thermal runaway
The ac load line of the emitter follower is b. Destroying the compensating diodes
a. The same as the dc load line c. Crossover distortion
b. Different from the dc load line d. Excessive current drain
c. Horizontal
d. Vertical The zener current in a zener follower is
a. Equal to the output current
If the generator voltage is 5 mV in an emitter follower, the output voltage b. Smaller than the output current
across the load is closest to c. Larger than the output current
a. 5 mV d. Prone to thermal runaway
b. 150 mV
c. 0.25 V In the two-transistor voltage regulator, the output voltage
d. 0.5 V a. Is regulated
b. Has much smaller ripple than the input voltage
If the load resistor of Fig. 12-la in your textbook is shorted, which of the c. Is larger than the zener voltage
following are different from their normal values: d. All of the above
a. Only ac voltages
b. Only dc voltages For a class B push-pull emitter follower to work properly, the emitter
c. Both dc and ac voltages diodes must
d. Neither dc nor ac voltages a. Be able to control the quiescent current
b. Have a power rating greater than the output power
If R1 is open in an emitter follower, which of these is true? c. Have a voltage gain of I
a. DC base voltage is Vcc d. Match the compensating diodes
b. DC collector voltage is zero
c. Output voltage is normal The maximum efficiency of a class B push-pull amplifier is
d. DC base voltage is zero a. 25 percent
b. 50 percent
Usually, the distortion in an emitter follower is c. 78.5 percent
a. Very low d. 100 percent
b. Very high
c. Large The ac emitter resistance of an emitter follower
d. Not acceptable a. Equals the dc emitter resistance
b. Is larger than the load resistance
The distortion in an emitter follower is c. Has no effect on MPP
a. Seldom low d. Is usually less than the load resistance
b. Often high
c. Always low A JFET
d. High when clipping occurs a. Is a voltage-controlled device
b. Is a current-controlled device
If a CE stage is direct coupled to an emitter follower, how many coupling c. Has a low input resistance
capacitors are there between the two stages? d. Has a very large voltage gain
a. 0
b. 1 A unipolar transistor uses
c. 2 a. Both free electrons and holes
d. 3 b. Only free electrons
c. Only holes
A Darlington transistor has a Beta of 8000. If RE = 1 kohm and RL = 100 d. Either one or the other, but not both
ohm, the input impedance of the base is closest to
a. 8 kohm The input impedance of a JFET
b. 80 kohm a. Approaches zero
c. 800 kohm b. Approaches one
d. 8 Mohm c. Approaches infinity
d. Is impossible to predict
The transistors of a class B push-pull emitter follower are biased at or
near
a. Cutoff The gate controls
b. The center of the dc load line a. The width of the channel
c. Saturation b. The drain current
d. The center of the ac load line c. The proportional pinchoff voltage
d. All the above

The gate-source diode of a JFET should be

a. Forward-biased
b. Reverse-biased
Thermal runaway is c. Either forward- or reverse-biased
a. Good for transistors d. None of the above
b. Always desirable
c. Useful at times Compared to a bipolar transistor, the JFET has a much higher
d. Usually destructive a. Voltage gain
b. Input resistance
The ac resistance of compensating diodes c. Supply voltage
a. Must be included d. Current
b. Is usually small enough to ignore
c. Compensates for temperature changes The pinchoff voltage has the same magnitude as the
d. Is very high a. Gate voltage
b. Drain-source voltage If a JFET has IDSS = 10 mA and VP = 2 V, then RDS equals
c. Gate-source voltage a. 200 ohm
d. Gate-source cutoff voltage b. 400 ohm
c. 1 kohm
When the drain saturation current is less than IDSS, a JFET acts like a d. 5 kohm
a. Bipolar transistor
b. Current source The easiest way to bias a JFET in the ohmic region is with
c. Resistor a. Voltage-divider bias
d. Battery b. Self-bias
c. Gate bias
RDS equals pinchoff voltage divided by the d. Source bias
a. Drain current
b. Gate current Self-bias produces
c. Ideal drain current a. Positive feedback
d. Drain current for zero gate voltage b. Negative feedback
c. Forward feedback
The transconductance curve is d. Reverse feedback
a. Linear
b. Similar to the graph of a resistor To get a negative gate-source voltage in a self-biased JFET circuit, you
c. Nonlinear must have a
d. Like a single drain curve a. Voltage divider
b. Source resistor
The transconductance increases when the drain current approaches c. Ground
a. 0 d. Negative gate supply voltage
b. ID(sat)
c. IDSS Transconductance is measured in
d. IS a. Ohms
b. Amperes
A CS amplifier has a voltage gain of c. Volts
a. gmrd d. Mhos or Siemens
b. gmrs
c. gmrs/(l + gmrs) Transconductance indicates how effectively the input voltage controls the
d. gmrd/(l + gmrd) a. Voltage gain
b. Input resistance
A source follower has a voltage gain of c. Supply voltage
a. gmrd d. Output current
b. gmrs
c. gmrs/(l + gmrs) Which of the following devices revolutionized the computer industry?
d. gmrd/(l + gmrd) a. JFET
b. D-MOSFET
When the input signal is large, a source follower has c. E-MOSFET
a. A voltage gain of less than one d. Power FET
b. A small distortion
c. A high input resistance The voltage that turns on an EMOS device is the
d. All of these a. Gate-source cutoff voltage
b. Pinchoff voltage
c. Threshold voltage
The input signal used with a JFET analog switch should be d. Knee voltage
a. Small
b. Large Which of these may appear on the data sheet of an enhancement-mode
c. A square wave MOSFET?
d. Chopped a. VGS(th)
b. ID(on)
A cascade amplifier has the advantage of c. VGS(on)
a. Large voltage gain d. All of the above
b. Low input capacitance
c. Low input impedance The VGS(on) of an n-channel E-MOSFET is
d. Higher gm a. Less than the threshold voltage
b. Equal to the gate-source cutoff voltage
VHF stands for frequencies from c. Greater than VDS(on)
a. 300 kHz to 3 MHz d. Greater than VGS(th)
b. 3 to 30 MHz
c. 30 to 300 MHz An ordinary resistor is an example of
d. 300 MHz to 3 GHz a. A three-terminal device
b. An active load
When a JFET is cut off, the depletion layers are c. A passive load
a. Far apart d. A switching device
b. Close together
c. Touching An E-MOSFET with its gate connected to its drain is an example of
d. Conducting a. A three-terminal device
b. An active load
When the gate voltage becomes more negative in an n-channel JFET, the c. A passive load
channel between the depletion layers d. A switching device
a. Shrinks
b. Expand An E-MOSFET that operates at cutoff or in the ohmic region is an
c. Conduct example of
d. Stop conducting a. A current source
b. An active load
c. A passive load d. Is an active load
d. A switching device
A thyristor can be used as
CMOS stands for a. A resistor
a. Common MOS b. An amplifier
b. Active-load switching c. A switch
c. p-channel and n-channel devices d. A power source
d. Complementary MOS
Positive feedback means the returning signal
VGS(on) is always a. Opposes the original change
a. Less than VGS(th) b. Aids the original change
b. Equal to VDS(on) c. Is equivalent to negative feedback
c. Greater than VGS(th) d. Is amplified
d. Negative

With active-load switching, the upper E-MOSFET is a

a. Two-terminal device
b. Three-terminal device A latch always uses
c. Switch a. Transistors
d. Small resistance b. Feedback
c. Current
CMOS devices use d. Positive feedback
a. Bipolar transistors
b. Complementary E-MOSFETs To turn on a four-layer diode, you need
c. Class A operation a. A positive trigger
d. DMOS devices b. low-current drop out
The main advantage of CMOS is its c. Breakover
a. High power rating d. Reverse-bias triggering
b. Small-signal operation
c. Switching capability The minimum input current that can turn on a thyristor is called the
d. Low power consumption a. Holding current
b. Trigger current
Power FETs are c. Breakover current
a. Integrated circuits d. Low-current drop out
b. Small-signal devices
c. Used mostly with analog signals The only way to stop a four-layer diode that is conducting is by
d. Used to switch large currents a. A positive trigger
b. Low-current drop out
When the internal temperature increases in a power FET, the c. Breakover
a. Threshold voltage increases d. Reverse-bias triggering
b. Gate current decreases
c. Drain current decreases The minimum anode current that keeps a thyristor turned on is called the
d. Saturation current increases a. Holding current
b. Trigger current
Most small-signal E-MOSFETs are found in c. Breakover current
a. Heavy-current applications d. Low-current drop out
b. Discrete circuits
c. Disk drives A silicon controlled rectifier has
d. Integrated circuits a. Two external leads
b. Three external leads
Most power FETS are c. Four external leads
a. Used in high-current applications d. Three doped regions
b. Digital computers
c. RF stages A SCR is usually turned on by
d. Integrated circuits a. Breakover
b. A gate trigger
An n-channel E-MOSFET conducts when it has c. Breakdown
a. VGS > VP d. Holding current
b. An n-type inversion layer
c. VDS > 0 SCRs are
d. Depletion layers a. Low-power devices
b. Four-layer diodes
With CMOS, the upper MOSFET is c. High-current devices
a. A passive load d. Bidirectional
b. An active load
c. Nonconducting The usual way to protect a load from excessive supply voltage is with a
d. Complementary a. Crowbar
b. Zener diode
The high output of a CMOS inverter is c. Four-layer diode
a. VDD/2 d. Thyristor
b. VGS
c. VDS An RC snubber protects an SCR against
d. VDD a. Supply overvoltages
b. False triggering
The RDS(on) of a power FET c. Breakover
a. Is always large d. Crowbarring
b. Has a negative temperature coefficient
c. Has a positive temperature coefficient
When a crowbar is used with a power supply, the supply needs to have a c. Input voltage
fuse or d. Output voltage
a. Adequate trigger current
b. Holding current At low frequencies, the coupling capacitors produce a decrease in
c. Filtering a. Input resistance
d. Current limiting b. Voltage gain
The photo-SCR responds to c. Generator resistance
a. Current d. Generator voltage
b. Voltage
c. Humidity The stray-wiring capacitance has an effect on the
d. Light a. Lower cutoff frequency
b. Midband voltage gain
The diac is a c. Upper cutoff frequency
a. Transistor d. Input resistance
b. Unidirectional device
c. Three-layer device At the lower or upper cutoff frequency, the voltage gain is
d. Bidirectional device a. 0.35Amid
b. 0.5Amid
The triac is equivalent to c. 0.707Amid
a. A four-layer diode d. 0.995Amid
b. Two diacs in parallel
c. A thyristor with a gate lead If the power gain doubles, the decibel power gain increases by
d. Two SCRs in parallel a. A factor of 2
b. 3 dB
The unijunction transistor acts as a c. 6 dB
a. Four-layer diode d. 10 dB
b. Diac
c. Triac If the voltage gain doubles, the decibel voltage gain increases by
d. Latch a. A factor of 2
b. 3 dB
Any thyristor can be turned on with c. 6 dB
a. Breakover d. 10 dB
b. Forward-bias triggering
c. Low-current dropout If the voltage gain is 10, the decibel voltage gain is
d. Reverse-bias triggering a. 6 dB
b. 20 dB
A Shockley diode is the same as a c. 40 dB
a. four-layer diode d. 60 dB
b. SCR
c. diac If the voltage gain is 100, the decibel voltage gain is
d. triac a. 6 dB
b. 20 dB
The trigger voltage of an SCR is closest to c. 40 dB
a. 0 d. 60 dB
b. 0.7 V
c. 4 V If the voltage gain is 2000, the decibel voltage gain is
d. Breakover voltage a. 40 dB
b. 46 dB
Any thyristor can be turned off with c. 66 dB
a. Breakover d. 86 dB
b. Forward-bias triggering
c. Low-current drop out Two stages have decibel voltage gains of 20 and 40 dB. The total
d. Reverse-bias triggering ordinary voltage gain is
a.1
Exceeding the critical rate of rise produces b. 10
a. Excessive power dissipation c. 100
b. False triggering d. 1000
c. Low-current drop out
d. Reverse-bias triggering Two stages have voltage gains of 100 and 200. The total decibel voltage
gain is
A four-layer diode is sometimes called a a. 46 dB
a. Unijunction transistor b. 66 dB
b. Diac c. 86 dB
c. pnpn diode d. 106 dB
d. Switch One frequency is 8 times another frequency. How many octaves apart are
the two frequencies?
A latch is based on a. 1
a. Negative feedback b. 2
b. Positive feedback c. 3
c. The four-layer diode d. 4
d. SCR action
If f = 1 MHz, and f2 = 10 Hz, the ratio f/f2 represents how many decades?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
Frequency response is a graph of voltage gain versus d. 5
a. Frequency
b. Power gain Semilogarithmic paper means
a. One axis is linear, and the other is logarithmic
b. One axis is linear, and the other is semilogarithmic A dc signal has a frequency of
c. Both axes are semilogarithmic a. 0
d. Neither axis is linear b. 60 Hz
c. 0 to over 1 MHz
If you want to improve the high-frequency response of an amplifier, which d. 1 MHz
of these would you try?
a. Decrease the coupling capacitances. When the two input terminals of a diff amp are grounded,
b. Increase the emitter bypass capacitance. a. The base currents are equal
c. Shorten leads as much as possible. b. The collector currents are equal
d. Increase the generator resistance. c. An output error voltage usually exists
d. The ac output voltage is zero
The voltage gain of an amplifier decreases 20 dB per decade above 20
kHz. If the midband voltage gain is 86 dB, what is the ordinary voltage One source of output error voltage is
gain at 20 MHz? a. Input bias current
a. 20 b. Difference in collector resistors
b. 200 c. Tail current
c. 2000 d. Common-mode voltage gain
d. 20,000
A common-mode signal is applied to
Monolithic ICs are a. The noninverting input
a. Forms of discrete circuits b. The inverting input
b. On a single chip c. Both inputs
c. Combinations of thin-film and thick-film circuits d. Top of the tail resistor
d. Also called hybrid ICs
The common-mode voltage gain is
The op amp can amplify a. Smaller than voltage gain
a. AC signals only b. Equal to voltage gain
b. DC signals only c. Greater than voltage gain
c. Both ac and dc signals d. None of the above
d. Neither ac nor dc signals
The input stage of an op amp is usually a
Components are soldered together in a. Diff amp
a. Discrete circuits b. Class B push-pull amplifier
b. Integrated circuits c. CE amplifier
c. SSI d. Swamped amplifier
d. Monolithic ICs
The tail of a diff amp acts like a
The tail current of a diff amp is a. Battery
a. Half of either collector current b. Current source
b. Equal to either collector current c. Transistor
c. Two times either collector current d. Diode
d. Equal to the difference in base currents

The node voltage at the top of the tail resistor is closest to The common-mode voltage gain of a diff amp is equal to RC divided by
a. Collector supply voltage a. re'
b. Zero b. re'/2
c. Emitter supply voltage c. 2re'
d. Tail current times base resistance d. 2RE

When the two bases are grounded in a diff amp, the voltage across each
emitter diode is
a. Zero
b. 0.7 V
The input offset current equals the c. The same
a. Difference between two base currents d. High
b. Average of two base currents
c. Collector current divided by current gain The common-mode rejection ratio is
d. Difference between two base-emitter voltages a. Very low
b. Often expressed in decibels
The tail current equals the c. Equal to the voltage gain
a. Difference between two emitter currents d. Equal to the common-mode voltage gain
b. Sum of two emitter currents
c. Collector current divided by current gain The typical input stage of an op amp has a
d. Collector voltage divided by collector resistance a. Single-ended input and single-ended output
b. Single-ended input and differential output
The voltage gain of a diff amp with a differential output is equal to RC c. Differential input and single-ended output
divided by d. Differential input and differential output
a. re'
b. re'/2 The input offset current is usually
c. 2re' a. Less than the input bias current
d. RE b. Equal to zero
c. Less than the input offset voltage
The input impedance of a diff amp equals re' times d. Unimportant when a base resistor is used
a. 0
b. RC With both bases grounded, the only offset that produces an error is the
c. RE a. Input offset current
d. 2 times Beta b. Input bias current
c. Input offset voltage c. High
d. Beta d. Extremely high

What usually controls the open-loop cutoff frequency of an op amp? An LF157A is a

a. Stray-wiring capacitance a. Diff amp
b. Base-emitter capacitance b. Source follower
c. Collector-base capacitance c. Bipolar op amp
d. Compensating capacitance d. BIFET op amp

A compensating capacitor prevents If the two supply voltages are plus and minus 15 V, the MPP value of an
a. Voltage gain op amp is closest to
b. Oscillations a. 0
c. Input offset current b. +15V
d. Power bandwidth c. -15 V
d. 30 V
At the unity-gain frequency, the open-loop voltage gain is
a. 1 The open-loop cutoff frequency of a 741C is controlled by
b. Amid a. A coupling capacitor
c. Zero b. The output short circuit current
d. Very large c. The power bandwidth
d. A compensating capacitor
The cutoff frequency of an op amp equals the unity-gain frequency The 741C has a unity-gain frequency of
divided by a. 10 Hz
a. the cutoff frequency b. 20 kHz
b. Closed-loop voltage gain c. 1 MHz
c. Unity d. 15 MHz
d. Common-mode voltage gain
The unity-gain frequency equals the product of closed-loop voltage gain
and the
a. Compensating capacitance
b. Tail current
If the cutoff frequency is 15 Hz and the midband open-loop voltage gain is c. Closed-loop cutoff frequency
1,000,000, the unity-gain frequency is d. Load resistance
a. 25 Hz
b. 1 MHz If funity is 10 MHz and midband open-loop voltage gain is 1,000,000,
c. 1.5 MHz then the open-loop cutoff frequency of the op amp is
d. 15 MHz a. 10 Hz
b. 20 Hz
If the unity-gain frequency is 5 MHz and the midband open-loop voltage c. 50 Hz
gain is 200,000, the cutoff frequency is d. 100 Hz
a. 25 Hz
b. 1 MHz The initial slope of a sine wave increases when
c. 1.5 MHz a. Frequency decreases
d. 15 MHz b. Peak value increases
c. Cc increases
The initial slope of a sine wave is directly proportional to d. Slew rate decreases
a. Slew rate
b. Frequency If the frequency is greater than the power bandwidth,
c. Voltage gain a. Slew-rate distortion occurs
d. Capacitance b. A normal output signal occurs
c. Output offset voltage increases
When the initial slope of a sine wave is greater than the slew rate, d. Distortion may occur
a. Distortion occurs
b. Linear operation occurs An op amp has an open base resistor. The output voltage will be
c. Voltage gain is maximum a. Zero
d. The op amp works best b. Slightly different from zero
c. Maximum positive or negative
The power bandwidth increases when d. An amplified sine wave
a. Frequency decreases
b. Peak value decreases An op amp has a voltage gain of 500,000. If the output voltage is 1 V, the
c. Initial slope decreases input voltage is
d. Voltage gain increases a. 2 microvolts
b. 5 mV
A 741C uses c. 10 mV
a. Discrete resistors d. 1 V
b. Inductors
c. Active-load resistors A 741C has supply voltages of plus and minus 15 V. If the load resistance
d. A large coupling capacitor is large, the MPP value is
a. 0
A 741C cannot work without b. +15 V
a. Discrete resistors c. 27 V
b. Passive loading d. 30 V
c. Dc return paths on the two bases
d. A small coupling capacitor Above the cutoff frequency, the voltage gain of a 741C decreases
approximately
The input impedance of a BIFET op amp is a. 10 dB per decade
a. Low b. 20 dB per octave
b. Medium c. 10 dB per octave
d. 20 dB per decade

The voltage gain of an op amp is unity at the

a. Cutoff frequency The feedback fraction B
b. Unity-gain frequency a. Is always less than 1
c. Generator frequency b. Is usually greater than 1
d. Power bandwidth c. May equal 1
d. May not equal 1

An ICVS amplifier has no output voltage. A possible trouble is

a. No negative supply voltage
b. Shorted feedback resistor
When slew-rate distortion of a sine wave occurs, the output c. No feedback voltage
a. Is larger d. Open load resistor
b. Appears triangular
c. Is normal In a VCVS amplifier, any decrease in open-loop voltage gain produces an
d. Has no offset increase in
a. Output voltage
A 741C has b. Error voltage
a. A voltage gain of 100,000 c. Feedback voltage
b. An input impedance of 2 Mohm d. Input voltage
c. An output impedance of 75 ohm
d. All of the above The open-loop voltage gain equals the
a. Gain with negative feedback
The closed-loop voltage gain of an inverting amplifier equals b. Differential voltage gain of the op amp
a. The ratio of the input resistance to the feedback resistance c. Gain when B is 1
b. The open-loop voltage gain d. Gain at funity
c. The feedback resistance divided by the input resistance
d. The input resistance The loop gain AOLB
a. Is usually much smaller than 1
The noninverting amplifier has a b. Is usually much greater than 1
a. Large closed-loop voltage gain c. May not equal 1
b. Small open-loop voltage gain d. Is between 0 and 1
c. Large closed-loop input impedance
d. Large closed-loop output impedance The closed-loop input impedance with an ICVS amplifier is
a. Usually larger than the open-loop input impedance
The voltage follower has a b. Equal to the open-loop input impedance
a. Closed-loop voltage gain of unity c. Sometimes less than the open-loop impedance
b. Small open-loop voltage gain d. Ideally zero
c. Closed-loop bandwidth of zero
d. Large closed-loop output impedance With an ICVS amplifier, the circuit approximates an ideal
a. Voltage amplifier
A summing amplifier can have b. Current-to-voltage converter
a. No more than two input signals c. Voltage-to-current converter
b. Two or more input signals d. Current amplifier
c. A closed-loop input impedance of infinity
d. A small open-loop voltage gain Negative feedback reduces the
a. Feedback fraction
With negative feedback, the returning signal b. Distortion
a. Aids the input signal c. Input offset voltage
b. Opposes the input signal d. Loop gain
c. Is proportional to output current
d. Is proportional to differential voltage gain A voltage follower has a voltage gain of
a. Much less than 1
How many types of negative feedback are there? b. 1
a. One c. More than 1
b. Two d. A
c. Three
d. Four The voltage between the input terminals of a real op amp is
a. Zero
A VCVS amplifier approximates an ideal b. Very small
a. Voltage amplifier c. Very large
b. Current-to-voltage converter d. Equal to the input voltage
c. Voltage-to-current converter
d. Current amplifier The transresistance of an amplifier is the ratio of its
a. Output current to input voltage
The voltage between the input terminals of an ideal op amp is b. Input voltage to output current
a. Zero c. Output voltage to input voltage
b. Very small d. Output voltage to input current
c. Very large
d. Equal to the input voltage

When an op amp is not saturated, the voltages at the noninverting and Current cannot flow to ground through
inverting inputs are a. A mechanical ground
a. Almost equal b. An ac ground
b. Much different c. A virtual ground
c. Equal to the output voltage d. An ordinary ground
d. Equal to +15 V
In a current-to-voltage converter, the input current flows b. Minimum
a. Through the input impedance of the op amp c. Maximum
b. Through the feedback resistor d. Unchanged
c. To ground
d. Through the load resistor To use an op amp, you need at least
a. One supply voltage
The input impedance of a current-to-voltage converter is b. Two supply voltages
a. Small c. One coupling capacitor
b. Large d. One bypass capacitor
c. Ideally zero
d. Ideally infinite In a controlled current source with op amps, the circuit acts like a
a. Voltage amplifier
The open-loop bandwidth equals b. Current-to-voltage converter
a. funity c. Voltage-to-current converter
b. f2(OL) d. Current amplifier
c. funity/ACL
d. fmax An instrumentation amplifier has a high
a. Output impedance
The closed-loop bandwidth equals b. Power gain
a. funity c. CMRR
b. f2(OL) d. Supply voltage
c. funity/ACL
d. fmax A current booster on the output of an op amp will increase the short-
circuit current by
For a given op amp, which of these is constant? a. ACL
a. f2(CL) b. Beta dc
b. Feedback voltage c. funity
c. ACL d. Av
d. ACLf2(CL)
Given a voltage reference of +2.5 V, we can get a voltage reference of
Negative feedback does not improve +15 V by using a
a. Stability of voltage gain a. Inverting amplifier
b. Nonlinear distortion in later stages b. Noninverting amplifier
c. Output offset voltage c. Differential amplifier
d. Power bandwidth d. Instrumentation amplifier

An ICVS amplifier is saturated. A possible trouble is In a differential amplifier, the CMRR is limited mostly by
a. No supply voltages a. CMRR of the op amp
b. Open feedback resistor b. Gain-bandwidth product
c. No input voltage c. Supply voltages
d. Open load resistor d. Tolerance of resistors

A VCVS amplifier has no output voltage. A possible trouble is The input signal for an instrumentation amplifier usually comes from
a. Shorted load resistor a. An inverting amplifier
b. Open feedback resistor b. A transducer
c. Excessive input voltage c. A differential amplifier
d. Open load resistor d. A Wheatstone bridge

An ICIS amplifier is saturated. A possible trouble is

a. Shorted load resistor
b. R2 is open
c. No input voltage
d. Open load resistor In the classic three op-amp instrumentation amplifier, the differential
voltage gain is usually produced by the
An ICVS amplifier has no output voltage. A possible trouble is a. First stage
a. No positive supply voltage b. Second stage
b. Open feedback resistor c. Mismatched resistors
c. No feedback voltage d. Output op amp
d. Shorted load resistor
Guard driving reduces the
a. CMRR of an instrumentation amplifier
b. Leakage current in the shielded cable
c. Voltage gain of the first stage
The closed-loop input impedance in a VCVS amplifier is d. Common-mode input voltage
a. Usually larger than the open-loop input impedance
b. Equal to the open-loop input impedance In an averaging circuit, the input resistances are
c. Sometimes less than the open-loop input impedance a. Equal to the feedback resistance
d. Ideally zero b. Less than the feedback resistance
c. Greater than the feedback resistance
In a linear op-amp circuit, the d. Unequal to each other
a. Signals are always sine waves
b. Op amp does not go into saturation A D/A converter is an application of the
c. Input impedance is ideally infinite a. Adjustable bandwidth circuit
d. Gain-bandwidth product is constant b. Noninverting amplifier
c. Voltage-to-current converter
In an ac amplifier using an op amp with coupling and bypass capacitors, d. Summing amplifier
the output offset voltage is
a. Zero In a voltage-controlled current source,
a. A current booster is never used
b. The load is always floated The Q of a narrowband filter is always
c. A stiff current source drives the load a. small
d. The load current equals ISC b. equal to BW divided by f0
c. less than 1
The Howland current source produces a d. greater than 1
a. Unidirectional floating load current
b. Bidirectional single-ended load current A bandstop filter is sometimes called a
c. Unidirectional single-ended load current a. Snubber
d. Bidirectional floating load current b. Phase shifter
c. Notch filter
The purpose of AGC is to d. Time-delay circuit
a. Increase the voltage gain when the input signal increases
b. Convert voltage to current The all-pass filter has
c. Keep the output voltage almost constant a. No passband
d. Reduce the CMRR of the circuit b. One stopband
c. the same gain at all frequencies
1 ppm is equivalent to d. a fast rolloff above cutoff
a. 0.1%
b. 0.01% The approximation with a maximally-flat passband is
c. 0.001% a. Chebyshev
d. 0.0001% b. Inverse Chebyshev
c. Elliptic
An input transducer converts d. Bessel
a. Voltage to current
b. Current to voltage The approximation with a rippled passband is
c. An electrical quantity to a nonelectrical quantity a. Butterworth
d. A nonelectrical quantity to an electrical quantity b. Inverse Chebyshev
c. Elliptic
A thermistor converts d. Bessel
a. Light to resistance
b. Temperature to resistance
c. Voltage to sound
d. Current to voltage
The approximation that distorts digital signals the least is the
When we trim a resistor, we are a. Butterworth
a. Making a fine adjustment b. Chebyshev
a. Reducing its value c. Elliptic
b. Increasing its value d. Bessel
d. Making a coarse adjustment
If a filter has six second-order stages and one first-order stage, the order
is
a. 2
A D/A converter with four inputs has b. 6
a. Two outputs c. 7
b. Four outputs d. 13
c. Eight outputs
d. Sixteen outputs If a Butterworth filter has 9 second-order stages, its rolloff rate is
a. 20 dB per decade
An op amp with a rail-to-rail output b. 40 dB per decade
a. Has a current-boosted output c. 180 dB per decade
b. Can swing all the way to either supply voltage d. 360 dB per decade
c. Has a high output impedance
d. Cannot be less than 0 V. If n = 10, the approximation with the fastest rolloff in the transition region
is
When a JFET is used in an AGC circuit, it acts like a a. Butterworth
a. Switch b. Chebyshev
b. Voltage-controlled current source c. Inverse Chebyshev
c. Voltage-controlled resistance d. Elliptic
d. Capacitance
The elliptic approximation has a
If an op amp has only a positive supply voltage, its output cannot a. Slow rolloff rate compared to the Cauer
a. Be negative b. Rippled stopband
b. Be zero c. Maximally-flat passband
c. Equal the supply voltage d. Monotonic stopband
d. Be ac coupled
Linear phase shift is equivalent to
The region between the passband and the stopband is called the a. Q = 0.707
a. Attenuation b. Maximally-flat stopband
b. Center c. Constant time delay
c. Transition d. Rippled passband
d. Ripple
The filter with the slowest rolloff rate is the
The center frequency of a bandpass filter is always equal to a. Butterworth
a. The bandwidth b. Chebyshev
b. Geometric average of the cutoff frequencies c. Elliptic
c. Bandwidth divided by Q d. Bessel
d. 3-dB frequency
A first-order active-filter stage has d. State-variable filter
a. One capacitor
b. Two op amps The biquadratic filter
c. Three resistors a. Has low component sensitivity
d. a high Q b. Uses three or more op amps
c. Is also called Tow-Thomas filter
A first-order stage cannot have a d. All of the above
a. Butterworth response
b. Chebyshev response The state-variable filter
c. Maximally-flat passband a. Has a low-pass, high-pass, and bandpass output
d. Rolloff rate of 20 dB per decade b. Is difficult to tune
c. Has high component sensitivity
Sallen-Key filters are also called d. Uses less than three op amps
a. VCVS filters
b. MFB filters
c. Biquadratic filters If GBW is limited, the Q of the stage will
d. State-variable filters a. Remain the same
b. Double
To build a 10th-order filter, we should cascade c. Decrease
a. 10 first-stage stages d. Increase
b. 5 second-order stages
c. 3 third-order stages To correct for limited GBW, a designer may use
d. 2 fourth-order stages a. A constant time delay
b. Predistortion
To get a Butterworth response with an 8th-order filter, the stages need to c. Linear phase shift
have d. A rippled passband
a. Equal Q's
b. Unequal center frequencies In a nonlinear op-amp circuit, the
c. Inductors a. Op amp never saturates
d. Staggered Q's b. Feedback loop is never opened
c. Output shape is the same as the input shape
To get a Chebyshev response with a 12th-order filter, the stages need to d. Op amp may saturate
have
a. Equal Q's To detect when the input is greater than a particular value, use a
b. Equal center frequencies a. Comparator
c. Staggered bandwidths b. Clamper
d. Staggered center frequencies and Q's c. Limiter
d. Relaxation oscillator
The Q of a Sallen-Key second-order stage depends on the
a. Voltage gain The voltage out of a Schmitt trigger is
b. Center frequency a. A low voltage
c. Bandwidth b. A high voltage
d. GBW of the op amp c. Either a low or a high voltage
d. A sine wave
With Sallen-Key high-pass filters, the pole frequency must be
a. Added to the K values Hysteresis prevents false triggering associated with
b. Subtracted from the K values a. A sinusoidal input
c. Multiplied by the K values b. Noise voltages
d. Divided by the K values c. Stray capacitances
d. Trip points
If BW increases, the
a. Center frequency decreases If the input is a rectangular pulse, the output of an integrator is a
b. Q decreases a. Sine wave
c. Rolloff rate increases b. Square wave
d. Ripples appear in the stopband c. Ramp
d. Rectangular pulse
When Q is greater than 1, a bandpass filter should be built with
a. Low-pass and high-pass stages When a large sine wave drives a Schmitt trigger, the output is a
b. MFB stages a. Rectangular wave
c. Notch stages b. Triangular wave
d. All-pass stages c. Rectified sine wave
d. Series of ramps
The all-pass filter is used when
a. High rolloff rates are needed If pulse width decreases and the period stays the same, the duty cycle
b. Phase shift is important a. Decreases
c. A maximally-flat passband is needed b. Stays the same
d. A rippled stopband is important c. Increases
d. Is zero
A second-order all-pass filter can vary the output phase from
a. 90 degrees to -90 degrees The output of a relaxation oscillator is a
b. 0 degrees to -180 degrees a. Sine wave
c. 0 degrees to -360 degrees b. Square wave
d. 0 degrees to -720 degrees c. Ramp
d. Spike
The all-pass filter is sometimes called a
a. Tow-Thomas filter If AOL = 200,000, the closed-loop knee voltage of a silicon diode is
b. Delay equalizer a. 1 uV
c. KHN filter b. 3.5 uV
c. 7 uV a. Inverting input
d. 14 uV b. Noninverting input
c. Bypass capacitor
The input to a peak detector is a triangular wave with a peak-to-peak d. Feedback capacitor
value of 8 V and an average value of 0. The output is
a. 0 An active half-wave rectifier has a knee voltage of
b. 4 V a. VK
c. 8 V b. 0.7 V
d. 16 V c. More than 0.7 V
d. Much less than 0.7 V
The input voltage to a positive limiter is a triangular wave of 8 V pp and
an average value of 0. If the reference level is 2 V, the output is In an active peak detector, the discharging time constant is
a. 0 a. Much longer than the period
b. 2 Vpp b. Much shorter than the period
c. 6 Vpp c. Equal to the period
d. 8 Vpp d. The same as the charging time constant

The discharging time constant of a peak detector is 10 ms. The lowest If the reference voltage is zero, the output of an active positive limiter is
frequency you should use is a. Positive
a.10 Hz b. Negative
b.100 Hz c. Either positive or negative
c. 1 kHz d. A ramp
d. 10 kHz
The output of an active positive clamper is
A comparator with a trip point of zero is sometimes called a a. Positive
a. Threshold detector b. Negative
b. Zero-crossing detector c. Either positive or negative
c. Positive limit detector d. A ramp
d. Half-wave detector
The positive clamper adds
To work properly, many IC comparators need an external a. A positive dc voltage to the input
a. Compensating capacitor b. A negative dc voltage to the input
b. Pullup resistor c. An ac signal to the output
c. Bypass circuit d. A trip point to the input
d. Output stage
A window comparator
A Schmitt trigger uses a. Has only one usable threshold
a. Positive feedback b. Uses hysteresis to speed up response
b. Negative feedback c. Clamps the input positively
c. Compensating capacitors d. Detects an input voltage between two limits
d. Pullup resistors
An oscillator always needs an amplifier with
A Schmitt trigger a. Positive feedback
a. Is a zero-crossing detector b. Negative feedback
b. Has two trip points c. Both types of feedback
c. Produces triangular output waves d. An LC tank circuit
d. Is designed to trigger on noise voltage
The voltage that starts an oscillator is caused by
A relaxation oscillator depends on the charging of a capacitor through a a. Ripple from the power supply
a. Resistor b. Noise voltage in resistors
b. Inductor c. The input signal from a generator
c. Capacitor d. Positive feedback
d. Noninverting input
The Wien-bridge oscillator is useful
A ramp of voltage a. At low frequencies
a. Always increases b. At high frequencies
b. Is a rectangular pulse c. With LC tank circuits
c. Increases or decreases at a linear rate d. At small input signals
d. Is produced by hysteresis

The op-amp integrator uses A lag circuit has a phase angle that is
a. Inductors a. Between 0 and +90 degrees
b. The Miller effect b. Greater than 90 degrees
c. Sinusoidal inputs c. Between 0 and -90 degrees
d. Hysteresis d. The same as the input voltage

A coupling circuit is a
a. Lag circuit
b. Lead circuit
c. Lead-lag circuit
The trip point of a comparator is the input voltage that causes d. Resonant circuit
a. The circuit to oscillate
b. Peak detection of the input signal A lead circuit has a phase angle that is
c. The output to switch states a. Between 0 and +90 degrees
d. Clamping to occur b. Greater than 90 degrees
c. Between 0 and -90 degrees
In an op-amp integrator, the current through the input resistor flows into d. The same as the input voltage
the
A Wien-bridge oscillator uses d. Hartley
a. Positive feedback
b. Negative feedback The material with the piezoelectric effect is
c. Both types of feedback a. Quartz
d. An LC tank circuit b. Rochelle salts
c. Tourmaline
Initially, the loop gain of a Wien-bridge oscillator is d. All the above
a. 0
b. 1 Crystals have a very
c. Low a. Low Q
d. High b. High Q
c. Small inductance
A Wien bridge is sometimes called a d. Large resistance
a. Notch filter
b. Twin-T oscillator The series and parallel resonant frequencies of a crystal are
c. Phase shifter a. Very close together
d. Wheatstone bridge b. Very far apart
c. Equal
To vary the frequency of a Wien bridge, you can vary d. Low frequencies
a. One resistor
b. Two resistors The kind of oscillator found in an electronic wristwatch is the
c. Three resistors a. Armstrong
d. One capacitor b. Clapp
c. Colpitts
The phase-shift oscillator usually has d. Quartz crystal
a. Two lead or lag circuits
b. Three lead or fag circuits A monostable 555 timer has the following number of stable states:
c. A lead-lag circuit a. 0
d. A twin-T filter b. 1
c. 2
For oscillations to start in a circuit, the loop gain must be greater than 1 d. 3
when the phase shift around the loop is
a. 90 degrees An astable 555 timer has the following number of stable states:
b. 180 degrees a. 0
c. 270 degrees b. 1
d. 360 degrees c. 2
d. 3
The most widely used LC oscillator is the
a. Armstrong The pulse width out of a one-shot multivibrator increases when the
b. Clapp a. Supply voltage increases
C. Colpitts b. Timing resistor decreases
d. Hartley c. UTP decreases
d. Timing capacitance increases
Heavy feedback in an LC oscillator
a. Prevents the circuit from starting The output waveform of a 555 timer is
b. Causes saturation and cutoff a. sinusoidal
c. Produces maximum output voltage b. triangular
d. Means B is small c. rectangular
d. elliptical

When Q decreases in a Colpitts oscillator, the frequency of oscillation The quantity that remains constant in a pulse-width modulator is
a. Decreases a. Pulse width
b. Remains the same b. Period
c. Increases c. Duty cycle
d. Becomes erratic d. Space

Link coupling refers to The quantity that remains constant in a pulse-position modulator is
a. Capacitive coupling a. Pulse width
b. Transformer coupling b. Period
c. Resistive coupling c. Duty cycle
d. Power coupling d. Space

The Hartley oscillator uses When a PLL is locked on the input frequency, the VCO frequency
a. Negative feedback a. Is less than f0
b. Two inductors b. Is greater than f0
c. A tungsten lamp c. Equals f0
d. A tickler coil d. Equals fin

To vary the frequency of an LC oscillator, you can vary The bandwidth of the low-pass filter in a PLL determines the
a. One resistor a. Capture range
b. Two resistors b. Lock range
c. Three resistors c. Free-running frequency
d. One capacitor d. Phase difference

Of the following, the one with the most stable frequency is the Voltage regulators normally use
a. Armstrong a. Negative feedback
b. Clapp b. Positive feedback
c. Colpitts c. No feedback
d. Phase limiting
If a linear three-terminal IC regulator is more than a few inches from the
During regulation, the power dissipation of the pass transistor equals the filter capacitor, you may get oscillations inside the IC unless you use
collector-emitter voltage times the a. Current limiting
a. Base current b. A bypass capacitor on the input pin
b. Load current c. A coupling capacitor on the output pin
c. Zener current d. A regulated input voltage
d. Foldback current

Without current limiting, a shorted load will probably

a. Produce zero load current
b. Destroy diodes and transistors
c. Have a load voltage equal to the zener voltage The 78XX series of voltage regulators produces an output voltage that is
d. Have too little load current a. Positive
b. Negative
A current-sensing resistor is usually c. Either positive or negative
a. Zero d. Unregulated
b. Small
c. Large The 78XX-12 produces a regulated output voltage of
d. Open a. 3 V
b. 4 V
Simple current limiting produces too much heat in the c. 12 V
a. Zener diode d. 40 V
b. Load resistor
c. Pass transistor A current booster is a transistor in
d. Ambient air a. Series with the IC regulator
With foldback current limiting, the load voltage approaches zero, and the b. Parallel with the IC regulator
load current approaches c. Either series or parallel
a. A small value d. Shunt with the load
b. Infinity
c. The zener current To turn on a current booster, we can drive its base-emitter terminals with
d. A destructive level the voltage across
a. A load resistor
A capacitor may be needed in a discrete voltage regulator to prevent b. A zener impedance
a. Negative feedback c. Another transistor
b. Excessive load current d. A current-sensing resistor
c. Oscillations
d. Current sensing A phase splitter produces two output voltages that are
a. Equal in phase
If the output of a voltage regulator varies from 15 to 14.7 V between the b. Unequal in amplitude
minimum and maximum load current, the load regulation is c. Opposite in phase
a. 0 d. Very small
b. 1%
c. 2% A series regulator is an example of a
d. 5% a. Linear regulator
b. Switching regulator
If the output of a voltage regulator varies from 20 to 19.8 V when the line c. Shunt regulator
voltage varies over its specified range, the source regulation is d. Dc-to-dc converter
a. 0
b. 1% To get more output voltage from a buck switching regulator, you have to
c. 2% a. Decrease the duty cycle
d. 5% b. Decrease the input voltage
c. Increase the duty cycle
The output impedance of a voltage regulator is d. Increase the switching frequency
a. Very small
b. Very large An increase of line voltage into a power supply usually produces
c. Equal to the load voltage divided by the load current a. A decrease in load resistance
d. Equal to the input voltage divided by the output current b. An increase in load voltage
c. A decrease in efficiency
Compared to the ripple into a voltage regulator, the ripple out of a voltage d. Less power dissipation in the rectifier diodes
regulator is
a. Equal in value A power supply with low output impedance has low
b. Much larger a. Load regulation
c. Much smaller b. Current limiting
d. Impossible to determine c. Line regulation
d. Efficiency
A voltage regulator has a ripple rejection of -60 dB. If the input ripple is 1
V, the output ripple is A zener-diode regulator is a
a. -60 mV a. Shunt regulator
b. 1 mV b. Series regulator
c. 10 mV c. Switching regulator
d. 1000 V d. Zener follower

Thermal shutdown occurs in an IC regulator if The input current to a shunt regulator is

a. Power dissipation is too high a. Variable
b. Internal temperature is too high b. Constant
c. Current through the device is too high c. Equal to load current
d. All the above occur d. Used to store energy in a magnetic field
 d. All of the above
An advantage of shunt regulation is
a. Built-in short-circuit protection
b. Low power dissipation in the pass transistor
c. High efficiency
d. Little wasted power

The efficiency of a voltage regulator is high when

a. Input power is low
b. Output power is high
c. Little power is wasted
d. Input power is high

A shunt regulator is inefficient because

a. It wastes power
b. It uses a series resistor and a shunt transistor
c. The ratio of output to input power is low
d. All of the above

A switching regulator is considered

a. Quiet
b. Noisy
c. Inefficient
d. Linear

The zener follower is an example of a

a. Boost regulator
b. Shunt regulator
c. Buck regulator
d. Series regulator

A series regulator is more efficient than a shunt regulator because

a. It has a series resistor
b. It can boost the voltage
c. The pass transistor replaces the series resistor
d. It switches the pass transistor on and off

The efficiency of a linear regulator is high when the

a. Headroom voltage is low
b. Pass transistor has high power dissipation
c. Zener voltage is low
d. Output voltage is low

If the load is shorted, the pass transistor has the least power dissipation
when the regulator has
a. Foldback limiting
b. Low efficiency
c. Buck topology
d. A high zener voltage

The dropout voltage of standard monolithic linear regulators is closest to

a. 0.3 V
b. 0.7 V
c. 2 V
d. 3.1 V

In a buck regulator, the output voltage is filtered with a

a. Choke-input filter
b. Capacitor-input filter
c. Diode
d. Voltage divider

The regulator with the highest efficiency is the

a. Shunt regulator
b. Series regulator
c. Switching regulator
d. Dc-to-dc converter

In a boost regulator, the output voltage is filtered with a

a. Choke-input filter
b. Capacitor-input filter
c. Diode
d. Voltage divider

The buck-boost regulator is also

a. A step-down regulator
b. A step-up regulator
c. An inverting regulator