FA. Is bronch of science ahich deals with praper y f oof Ptuids C liquids and gases) jbebaviouy of euids , ak Rest, undey mekien cith Pal taithaut Peres casing <1} Motion App of FN 1 Ug dvoutic Analysis of tarbine, pumps, Wytvoulic equipment Flaw Analysis in pipes and Hydyaulic loses in’ pipes for optimisation of tha pipe Size etc - anit t a a m & i Propevties of Fluids 2. Fluid statics 3- Fluid kinematics 4 FIuid dyn amics Flow of 5: Laminey Anconpressible Fluids Urvaugh pipes and. in between “ plotes << x om SE a Tunbulent Ploa Uva pipes 4 Boundary Layes theory concepts & tutho mochineyy C Hydraulic tusbines ) Properties of FLUIDS > Property of Auids Necstors.tacs of viscosity wv Comnvace Whi and psnevany SP MWwId and Vopeue proswen >" clascifvotion ef fluid Based on Pluid pewes lod [ehe Logical eqn of Fluids J Propeenes “there are. 4 properties 1 thass of the wate” 2 weight of the Fluid] Aven. 4 Volume - 5. Specific mass ¥ mass dowsity | «6 weight densily [unit weight or ep ulcight | 2s Specific Grovily ev gelative dewiby Specific value 4 Pynomic vis cosity to Kinematic viscasi ty Ws tompressibitity of fiquids \ eat nodulus | ra. stsface tensiou [surface Energy J 3 Pressuve Intensity \4 Vapauy pressure Weight: A force due to gravitotional pul}: w= myNewtons anc tad . Fe Ma INS kg x bow och Ne kg ma [soc w= my kgf. mx 421 Kg Ke | Sec? [BFE tern » lon — @ Aveo. Avea is the space occupied by the Matley in 2D —Nowmol Area — els Aveo — Plone mead ~ Resisting ren = surface hea ~ Sheat fre ~ crushing yen = teaving Aven — pregected Aves” = Flow Aven / ee Ronaaliitivess wilh out fouching the body Q dimensions visible.Joy k-— De ———} ane [p91] \ Nejs = Bxd? x 2 Gs Nels = Be _ Flood Ave Depending om He Fluid hchivg He sideg Volume. sume tkis the Space occupied by He matter mM 3D Units m3 mm?, cw Ve Ax 2) Vs Qxbeh For wa ey —> titres CRF) tre to00 ib COCUCOOVVUeerrrrrre ss wor we ws heleNooo em = 1 iE cm3 = Noe. 1006 > 73 Rib = mili HE (se: m2 SPecific Mass oy Mass devsily — Property of matter” Mather © cup ed A volume |S { Paix = 2 Fe g/m3 Paid + 19200 kg) rn * Baar? 1900 kg |w3 - Pag - 2 Pees 22500 eg Im? 13600 vgn | S ighest PS Qn emdsasan

Cost of ttonme skel is ks Bo,000 - &hmaxe cost. ab plate Volume > t&@ O-O1lx 1x & : o-orwe ———oo ° Re Seeaate Pe A vw 4850 @,) om oS) m3) 9 0-02D w= 4850 x 2HO-02 ° 'stkg t ton = tooo kg Vege 1000 Kg = 30,000 lkg = 308s Cost = © 1S4*30 * AOR — 8) A tooles east Sump Ff Inner dimesion? Ke SCE, tore, STE, estimate hed many Lit aly re COLO EPI TT EEE E. yee ak = keLLL TEL TE TT DT TTA Volomar- Jer Camily consists 4 people avcl Consurnption per Read iso ut} doy - Hos mony aay the sump com serve % Volume Po = Mo Vetume Volume = tooo = YW A = t2Iw BSex EGt x oft i Inch: 25-4 mM 1000 x CSxbx10) FEF 2 12% 25-4 mM Ms o : = 1000 x Z00e@*) > 12x O64 2 = 100o a See. - 0.2048 9540 | » 8950 96 M0. days Tey wy SO, See : 600 Weight hous by ge weight - Ab is The welght ob the matter occupied per unit yolume- wwoeiquh oN Vol u we. Vv msjo Pe vg core) | ¥, water = Poater x 9 2 000% 9-94 4ei0 N “w3 + Ce O8reN m3 Relolive daisity or Sp qroviby Es] kis the Rotio of macs donsity ofany matte SC a Vy waky See Poteet. #880 Paate x 1000, > 78S or! Seaaveurys Pimevary - 13600 Puroer ood 13-6 SOaix- Saip » t2 . 6.001 _Specific Volume Volume vs] Volum of motley for unit mass « % ; vey useful Ry gases i Vs = Volume m3 i Mass” eg i es i vs S woter — 9-001 m3 tooo Kg: cir ! = 06-8433 m3 bo kg ) ' Qik of an oil wei ghing tn pet te wass of oil in kg 2. vol of oil oil in ow B- Mose density sk oi | iw kg lu /3|ec Sh A. ap sp ucight of ail im A 5 Sp growity of ei ny , 3 Bik mw 6. 8p vol of oil - wh, ws HN te Mw G2] | OFI3 keg~ Volume, vol { Yoke 0 ol in m3 3. mp tat re tw3= (000 Ot 9 Evy? PHYS REPRESENTATION acca Mass densi ly fs mM Ww O13 10-3 * OZ % 163 Kg m3 WIN i o-413 x 1089 Mm 8fee. ae m3 s O-43~ lob 104 eet se mang = BAIS x 102% 103 Broh w@ SS —4) weight density, @) ‘ - eg: ws. Pg Volume. Wax dsl tooon| m3 Se Specific Gvovity Cs) a: Pil = 4 Glwd) ON Paar 1000 (ka }wi3) 2 OFFl4 8) SP volume. Cvs’) Ve = Veil ae 1 wei | Loi) = 1 = b400x0 8m 3 any eZ. a 14 9b «gy ——s Niseosity AL 1S a property of Cluids | Liquids and gases ovly ] which offers yesistance to the Flo of Fluids.forces and © adhesive forces | Cohesive — attracben bleo same molecules adhesive ~ attracting with other molecules @ ie waler with al ete wavcuny — cohesive Fovee § Done Th hevey wets Substance. — Calibevahoun Lluid - ve m a « Pe a] » 6 mh r too Tr ntn 100@ pt saA,Oom X [enesy Ay unit weight ™ eS ~ fine br romp eg [1 grow ty Nevortorls Lave of viscosity ROTI Lye OF VISCOSITY | > LK (au Ga) S vel grascinb’ i T= SL AM he iL dayMs dynanaic viscosity ie es vel Gyadient ox Rate of sheay stain d sugars ° SHeaR FORCE 1S \ i Measured BY t Feustum TUBE ‘ - 7 ° a —> Shearshess on Clui d faye & vel gradient [rate af AsPormation ox Rote of shear sain | _ Mit nt mr Ns ne m2 oe uc) aia l Area Oyrrawie viseasi ty "Shady undey Pres . kinematic Viscosity é We OM Ratio of dynamic viscosity fo © Kone, =a . \nvalved & ckn sityfe 0+ AE Hn = WP an = HM: P tooo .M?2}Sec 1000 3 x tod N see w2 1S x fob _N set mz 18x10" QO > 15x 1975 ME sec eee (Sx 107 6 see a l ray omens | a et *QO SHeoter > Ame Ver << Vag Nevotots Lavo of Viscosity a Madt. into § models T=n du 4 Fe wy du. A— suface Area 34 Model. i ; , (s) Aw "eowpvessible Aud of SP gravity 0-8 ond kinematic viscosity FAx oF? 46 subyected to 3 tensional. Fovee Boon unit Area. Ae Plaid ip Moving blia a Fued plates Ah gap tm eitle Weleiby om ° Eslimate the 7 coused ov the win Plate S : a Ty 4K du pao a wy. ~O8= Port Me 44x 10°F xb00 a le d Ae tw - We xP P= oSxtaod . = \63 ~ R00e kg BY Lams 10°3 W ws Ve 80 os mfg 6dZe setae 0-296N | me A Newtmien Biled bla a shag and. “Sleeve Beaving +A Foree Goon is applied - on shaft: “the shaft gains 1-Stm]s velocity . Tf force iS Meveased to Q4 kn ten vw) Spad will be >) rs cms b) 13-s cms ©) 0-5 cm/s Ay4-sem] S Cosel F= soonl Ve sem + ee Vs CM Ss Ss 2c du og S Ee we A oy few Fo v2 Foo, NS aS St 2400 41S s 2 S004 NS uO c antl aEON i . ae Aoclined plone Model wsind = AA d e) A cubic Block of each side “Land mass m! As puted vey an oil Alm across a table grow in Bg > Asmat) mass YW’ is connected to a stving which passes over a smooth pulley « Ghat is the steady Velocity of tne Block CM) against He Nestonian Fluid resisting force i z eee ma w = nox C as ay v- mahFMA wv. 3 T= xL?xv h tensicr we > clembests:_prbnci pl& 2F- Ma mg-t= oO Mede| - iT Power Resk in viscosiby vweercee tN we eee? Subjected Yo lp “aque ea Ny TART Te torque 60 Ne Speed 4 7pm hl sal Sa al sl lal a lt lt i at a a aa ot te a >PSubyected to 1200 ¥P Pf viscosity 0-08 Pa sec: what Btost due to viscosity in watts % Rediol gap is idaded Beaving has Shaft dia Somme ot wreak ush fength 2omm & Bush Bore 50-0Smm im with a Nevtoria? fuid js the power a) 34 wate b Sy Ve D233 P= QANT 60 b Ax Ax 200° H= 0-03 N Sec- wt ian Saar Ve nan 60 Tt Ea w@vsd > _BxSax 129cacti Tek - rad wars. cad = Watts Fouts :— —= Fluids of Rest: Fluid statics Fluids in motion: Fluid kinematics Heve pressure foyes nat Considered Fluid dynamics * study ah raids: in motion whew pressure foes ave also cansideved - Detisity : - For Liquids ps om Ponrer = I000k9fom3 Ssanst v * Sarofem3 to3 xe? Specific weight or weight density oe Us. Weight ab Fluid Volume ab Fluid, = Mass abehidx 9 + 09 Yot ab Fluid Specific_volume : ~ Cve) Vsz Vel + _t Mass OP nie 08 ApplicaHle to Gases | 9 Specific: Grovity 8: Pig Feed Liquid > ge’ (8 Saye 1000 : . - . waar 2 a Thea Se NaS Nl Sl lll al lal all ln al all at a Sl a tats Nes .S= weight density of Liqid, ° weigh density of wakY ° Sor many cunt $= 13-6 Viscosity dy + dist bla [ayes Te du ag = ‘®) . Rote of sheay Strain ov vel Gradienk uoik — Me he N/m NS 2 sz unit ou Pax me ay Spare —— MkS_ unit Mg GE: see ae Cas unit H- dune. sec = Poise om? | Poise = % ~ ICP: _L pase 100 KINEMATIC Viscosity B= viscosity + KH. NS «m3 v uv m2 = ko A a xh wi oe $2 1G ° ae s“Cas ubit- .stoKe “~ cw7}g tstoke = 107%? s Ves 1 stake 100 ; Fluips NEWLONIAY, Now NEWTON ANY OBEY Newtons LAL DOESM'T OBEY NEWTONS of Viscos (ty Eau OF ViScostTy VARIA ‘ON OF Viscosity yom. TCMPERATURE Viscosity L wrt Min temp He. Mo (and Beak Bt? Ao= viscosity of Mqvat O'c in prise Me ou yn ok EC In psise %, B= Constants Hair 'ex1o-O N gee me Nuaev= Ns 000 M2 . tf Eluid types, : : eal Cui = » tuompressible ito viseasity aly fuagravy Real 5 « Pasess viSeosi by p AU Plaids in Practice. are veal 3. Newhanian v — obeys newton Law of veesity 4. Non Neatonian ~ doesnt doey Weukals Low of visastby tc fn HS” Sk kk ii sli _ t t aet SHEAR STRESS © velgvadien t is) dy PROBLEMS, uz 2Zy-yg? say 3 AL Y= 0 +) yo orsm- Hz B63 Poise = Bes Ns ~ O963NS due 2 2 ay 37 t MYO gee ay 3 “Le 063% 2 = 0 5456N[m2 3 AL Yy=05 gus 2- 2voOt5 dy 3 O-36E T= O863xO364- O-3164N| me ——— Ze. an oie Wz4 Vz bocme> o-om[s de nee eae ats " a) ACY £2 nae), on a * (35 y (oe Sse ~ its 833x105 NS He S280 (3) Ae psx poSmm 2 + 5x em? dus oA mis ays owsmm= pisxig Ss mw a- Enev oY BR Bae ee he el dd! a a at th ah a ah aercninn an 2 = << oweFluids made al, Sphere - molecule Conbve chresuit chomy the velocity clistribution in a Laminaw flow at giver Section is given by Using ssin(6y) where wis in mls and y isin m the fluid is 0-5 Pas “the viscosity of ‘lun thy Shear stress at Y= Sem win nf is ' x @® Aa arslm> G) aa-aswlo® ©) ac-anln@) nour Tt . aera * | MH. OSNS uss din (Say ) Ou ~sx tos C5RY) x SA ge -oxus (OW) 5 cos (Say) KH ey ee ae pos? OS* wx C08 (52m 0:08) © = 0-0: QE LEN [m2 ——mA ne veloaby profile for neotonian Plaid je lominas Pod bla “a: el plates chown m fig is given by WU ool [r 1000 y? | whire uis in mls ond y isivm. sheay shrecs. ‘distri bubion fe NN clas cot (e ay cal 20,0004 the vistoci ty of Piuid 1s argumed bv be wakey Whane Volue is iro? Rus Thon Shear stress on the plates wit be - to * Bal es) ARx10°2 (© 13 x 0-01 [2eeee “| Jel 0 0@N|m> Noted IM Lowiusy flow velocity istribubouw t's parabolic. Shay chess dishibullon ts Linear >| 2 | ap. Cay a > 8) A Prvid a demi P -ayranric viscasily A maeves Steaaiity down the inclmed plone im a thin shel OL congt thickness “Eo nlaylect er a Sharrsters at We bothm of Liquid cutface due tw How pavalel ty Ue Aneltued plaxe Sit be pk LON aay Diz Potsing byt Vgtewo 9 T+ Paton dt “la Tx 3 Jesprepted dy to Aveq — Surfate avea tu Wsin8 s Mg sing Br or Pom om CAKE SULT A « Ext) gino fe fbet) gene ce rt) <9 sino A PE gsiNO, a io)= P3tsing- SSS @ Murti @luid Flow SS A “thio. plate is placed blo 2 Flat surfaces which ave. “H’ metres apart such that the viscosity of Liquids on te tep and Botham of plates ave My and Ho ‘vespectively. vohok Is He position of the tin Plate Gah Mak We viscas vesistnce to have Me Uniform mation Nelocity Vot the_ plate is minim) - De > fm. we [se ay Sa ¢ Nc dy- Ta 4) 4° i= a Ae 4 Ay Fe Fa Fe ~ MALY + Aofe 3 wy) to minimise € fm, de =0 ey Hae F3,] + nana ge ey) dca at st! tl a ct a all ae! a! aol ae on mt Som Mca Mina Bit St Bin Bat at Aa dd dnAk 20°C BO: uw: b6x 105 & AiR — GAS At 0" > HP = aoe veco sity A $0 D> héxioS 4 =e «= @ — > Com mm pre ssibili and Bulk Nedulus ah _ Slasticity Jn Case of Hydraulic: systems tae working Fluid is incompressible (Sent) fluid [ water oils Meveury ete] subgecter| to the external pressures. causing the change ing Volumetric strain [decreased ‘or increased donsity stain, due to the fluid behaviour” Compyessibility as. chown in fig vl “ke Bulk Nodulas of elasticity of fiquidh = APma te Av hevx ch + HebevVx_1_ = 0 ye (Hy)? VARIATION OF ViscosiTy WITH RESPECT to tEMP ERATURE 2 t+ | EISAED ie meeterray PE GOS vistosily decveases with the increase a Aero p : wee for goses viscosity increases ity the crease? of temp . - OM aR to be 49 OME ¥ > the wscocity of aX ot 20° Is given —_ x10 |g - Tks 9 at 40” Lill vary Approcivnately, 9) 2ax 16'S m2] sec by) Pe « tos m2] sec ¢) hex Pr 1097S m2] see dy oan a alAk 29°C. Lab bx 10> AIR — @AS* AL F0'C = at a ‘amp vecosity 4 S80 D> béxi0S: 4 ———— * @ Compressibi lity and Bulk Modulus af elastici ty e tn Case of Hydvauli c systems 4ne working Fluid is incompressible. (Furt) Cluid [ water oils ,Neveury ete] subgected to the extemal pressures causing the change iy volumetric strain [ decreased or Enceased dansity strain due to the fluid behaviour” Compre ssibitity ag thows in Aig t Os dv= Vj-V2. ”. ea »~ [vom] “ ke Gulie Nodulus of elasticity of diguid. 2 APweere Uv Et Vg-V) AP: Po. Py unit = N me ————, ee [bene | “the increase im pressure ware to decrease unit ay Volume ab mavoury hid, bY O-1*l @ 2e5ara (© res uPA © 22s ura Gs ” _ Bulk modulus of wmereuny Ys 28S MPA k = 2as_N mm : we Ks AP. Vie = eee A vu Fina Bichorna. Woes {do Ape SA - 238°S 0% a5: AP C && Ap = aasx \orx ot 100 = 2G-Sx 108% wh = 285x103 N/m>canen tne prwsuse’ Ge on a given mass ab Liquid is ineveased from 30 bax to 35 box, the density of the Liquid’ increases Frome 500 kglm3 EO 60] kg]m3 - shat is the Volue of Bulle wadulus of tre giver. tated Dequid “Fev the given range of prescure & @® tos Mpa © 600 NPA © soo Mpa ®© asonpa- P& 2 —> 35 Baw AP: Stay Me Conse A= Lkg(m3 Ph = 500-> 50, Ks (pei eg 5 bay P21 50] -$ 00 e ‘sop * Q50MPa =— Which one of the Fotlowing 13 Yeprerenled 23- Ps_ by Bulk Modulus ab a Piuid (symbels have Yoo. Gsua| wasaning ) a) Ww Ray Pde dp « Gnd Dae dar Ode dex to Haak of Mercury, 7 J BOMPA \c Madulus of Meveury peulle Peeler are own Ix mcecony= BOMPA cana Qara . xxtotpa ~ 200 go NPA oxyo® Pa 66: ot ku = Go-40.) km Soerace ENERGY OF FLUIDS OR Soeence ae Exeray oF Eee AY the. Fluids In Notuve made Bom biny nadecules dnd the Surface of the Fluids exibiks a tensile Fevce ans in energy: form. baw Liuid to hold okhey matter tasily, AWis is due to yr Portes ah wwlecules Yeoherive fovces and adhesin Rute S { Cohesive Fivces ave Hose Povees caused bly GoW ich Makes We tnolecules attraction » Ox" rere Liquid Adhesive forces ave thece feces tessa ahich ave atkvackion bla adit matter molecules {, watey and athe simi lav Liquids]Surfoce Tensiod of ‘Liquids > that oF nages i i \ ‘dt is vepresented at o- : | L. _ oe Force Cr) dik Length surface ab Liqui unit aes NU Hygromete~ ™ is the device Used fo measure r= Energy posses -Toules Surface tension vi surface Area OME) gy cig Criawity Nv sph ON we ™ —== Units of surfate Tension ska kg sx mM sec? a ™ mye p72 ——- — Wapy me: 0°643_.N_ mM Tuer oun 2 44 [ © Himes Higher] Tenor > Sater 4: bed i | !Dvoplet fermation 2. Bubble fermotion, 3 aet ‘travelling 4. Capitlavity phenomena Sol 1- D> dia ah Laqwid daoplet Cubes) Tz Surface tension ob haquid (alw) P= DIFF in pressure ab Liquid ercated Cult, ; = 1 ss < D —> Droplet =e Biquid * ~~ a Pressure erested by = Fluid dua to surface Tension @_ovplet ab Mauvid ae: ae (vimoe suvface tensor ab iquid formed. inn doa, ce omaer . P unit Leng ha xD 2 sunfaces CS) : ape béx<0> ee bem ose Bubble 7 ok p= avxzfeok | | (vwiae w orsiaa } ®=-@® . * , £180ID BUBELE isu punere Fe / NAD? AR Rak ~BUBELE xo te a Afeusie = 2x AP eet = en Ruble = {lav ages L>7D D Prescure difference CAP) = _F_ Surfae tension = oe anit ieng Fe AP.Ag = o- UNITLENATH APx [pee J eae [prsoe] APx Corl) = © Canta) MES le) (eee) 4P Coal) = 7G)8) Ae surface tension af water with aly inteface YS oaZnjm- the Gouge’ prevsine indide a Tain deoplet of diameter Imm uill be @ viacvim? O wslm* GO usalnr @ 292 vjme 7: 0073 O=.tmm “Ps 46 D ~ 4x 0-043 to-3 z92NJmz =e ®) af Ps the Gouge pressure within a Sp hevica| Aroplet theo the Gouge pressure within a Bubble of same Fluid ancl of Soma size Vill ® ® © ® be % % e 2pwhok is the St of Ssop kilm b De So mm = Soxto > Me Pe a@sn|ro> 7 2 : asn|m = 2 Bubble Pe 2x 4¢ oO a: PxD + 25% Goxio? c a = 0-156N/m> —— A water get tssued from a nozzle of diamele™ mm and Length asmm “the surface tension ab water with airy interfares O-OFSNL - chet is the ™ Pressure inside the get abave Me omaspveve nw Nima? vrs 0-045 Nw . oe De agmms 26xlo> Me - by’ ‘ De Quws axtod Mm oe APs Ze - 2x 0-095 DBubble Break of F aay 2 Large size’ Bubble. cenveok inte no of Bubbles RING —~ Bole Break off y Sees wy - eS an hevip gvBeLe Do-O(:P 86 thin film WoVk Reqd to Break o Liquid Bubble , ov: > Chevy Possesed . unit length anit Meo. “oe _Enovay BYRD oe > x Avea : Tymh es oT 7 ~—S. =— \ me Be ang? ARRA Ee o [p+ =| A eet | Toy les [= = bre] a> leo Lear]> ARR ery : > Law of cenSeevatran OF Nass mass adore collapse = Mase Rfley vollepse P92 PY, ’ ewe ve nv swat! bu * Anes: n Laat 3 3 wak yeqd to Break “t Bubbles = Ayea ah smal\ Bubbles oe _Seegy ah = an A ) DS Big Bubb @® chang ino byte. ¥ . no: dh Bubbles = Ae© whats tno enovg y Reid tO Break te Seap Yiquid Bubble of dia, toomm - SA of feap solo Ls ooh 's » © d0154 oule Caw) ® 6-00314 aoule = We ™: D 0 -oogze sule 3) Nene os _Brereg . Aveo Enevgy © x [anes ane? |. > BARK oT 2 ors flooe] DOS 2 3.14 x 1073 Joules —— whak.is the force necessary ta fk Ow Plabnum wire frown wakr cufae . Show in fig - Neglect Seif wieigak ob Ring and Bowyony Rrce Ts 0-043 A ) 0-006esN 5) O-0137N ) 0-0274 1 ) o-otrselunit beng th 0-0%3 = ( ec eieccie a er i} oota = £ = ot 2 Kx O04 Q- inside and outside safc . F QR O04 x 0043 0: 0145 CN ) ® Plane sneet (ure NETAL basuer | -aD Unik Loghhye 2 AP a Surfoe Qa a Pp A sphereal Laquid Bubble of Radius “P iS BLOOM cnt 64 email bubbles of agual size and volume ~ whot ls the work veqd t convert large 62 mito Qaalt abs iM Hermes of 9-1. 2 A) 12-4R7 o- 5 Kee Weil = o [nae | b) GAR - ©) 40e2o- o Vn ant? - ARR dy None. - a @ de Rk on| can ane? anc gt : 8 te & (2 PRR — peas reeeth CAPILARI TY” PHENONENA Sh welt frre re aaa eee Bereoth CAPILARIY is tie Phenomena of drauid, due to which te Uquid arises shor “tel in small naxroo conduit [wbe, chancel) S&peck ecu ohere the Capitlority effet is the depression or Bit ak meru celourn . “this Phenoment is absewed ely in Monvovo tubes Expreesion fev Gopitlary Rise of Liquid othe” —_.. thaw Woven eh r ore fore + ont erat = VDFcogo = mg : NE rxardcso= & veg = eeagh Ox T8719 4 ox Kuso: &xKdbg q hz 405 cos@ - arose weed | \ it wigh dia tube cused If High dia anit a ws Rise will be vey swat] — fps oe teens eee neers ig AP te WL Cop inlay, Fal. agian action of Merourd > angle of contact? ae 2 fo 790 cop er [D A copitiani ty Rise in 3en ny dia of The imvered * (Na kquid is 1sem IE another tube of- Ua ame is immersed on Same Requil than Capi\la Y Rise weatd be in mm dh= 3mm he tS xta.mm h- 4ecos@ c how vgd a hy ay = Mode ® det : Ws de w2 ol} uD ee - ha, a \ - 2 AL e hr 3 4 Mo 6x3 2 48. \hagmm > / oki oe 4 4 > VaPouR PRESSURE 3k is a Pr oposty of Fluid due te which tha fluicl surface ererts additional Pressure imknshes ( Partial Pressures) dut to abich bubbles in Lquid ave Brmed - the Bubbles rises fron the Dquid and . cattlapse on the metal susfaces due to nivel the motal Sueface. eradod-. thicshozp Beds of the Pipes Every Biquid and gas has its ow Vopcus + e&: Wate = askpa \asm of pater totam | oe oecsocd to en fu? = C — (wo owe of wey {=F Sal ae * +6) of kh a F $ Heat eneqy gy: $3" aK PH ys temp vemons coustanl: cv ad omelet Ar lus pressure, Hau cent owist 80 thay Jury TO higvey stele ,i@ vepery” Petay og & xs SS ty Huid mechanics Hee Vepray pressure is emceme a & s PS We Wik Wa Mauid ; os bat Ana quids where the Yeq (ow pve Sure 1S Below akwar pressure a7 veaches tne fluid sel pre Lrenriol preseure ahrch Loads to Bubble format one thermodynamic, properties Gasea— Compressile Fluids Py: met Pap. eq —>V¥s = specific volume (ete a hve m T- absolure temp in OR RK: Gas canst . PP: densi A “ony and Po. RT. Pressure chang 2S 7 0" varies 80 ® , Se 2 RT eae nN St Re aarslege | . oe v1 m2* kg xK ne Processes 5 — > sgother me) | : oat re P= const mts cmfegte ? shes, k a _Aoliobotic a = folobatic P_- consk ee Ke cp 14 For aie cvpen y 4 = mel M: Moleculax Mags 7 - > 8314 aT eq -mole in stunt N= mass of Gas molecules Mass of 9 Hydrogen etam Compress} bility Be — a <| eS tncrvease in Presuve ~ _dP | . Volumeluic Strain “ae oy AP ——_ L Relationship bl kK and Pressure a 6a8 pe ene ee ere PB _Asatermal: proces S_ Po const P PUs = Const: DIFF Pdvs + vsdP = 0 Pdis: -vs dp Pe -vsdP 2 dp Vs = dus Gat vs AdiaBati ¢ _P_ censt PAP TdP > 0 al * ovede Jor P,€ = const:‘S dP Bsk Feontems_ (TEXTS. As 15108 rom Fs AM ————. Sx1O° rom x ¥ Vz o-4nls J? o1smm _ FE Le tg 4 | Fe 2 re Sx? Power P= 2 SHEA. = 4oon| * He pose = NS \FoRce $ sod 1 me Qi) Power required to maintain tis speed > Pevelocily = 160 1 Aod~ O4 es s s 7 i oo Ae tPowes INS 10 Me dz toom= oxo - 7 Oym day = PS ram = HSxton3m + N= [s0¢pro Ve KOM = Ax Oixisd > OFS MSga bitxmm Ns wr BR ge basxie Pr aL x 0-186 0-125 ol Y= 1apose > 1A is owe t:3 V> asmls Zz Koda = 280 4/m™ See 12 hyens boxto* Sbooem™ ail + ys & wsmm dus aswis- Med Fe WIN. Ax daa. “y ‘0 5 <103 Sa3sniroe He Az 08x08 @: 30°" lo = 300N ve 0-3™[S Gt bsxtod me Te Hx du : tu _mqsind O-b4 Ma ix _dy ou = 200SinZO + 150 ———_—- 0-64 0-64 a He — + Eemse 1-4 Poise I Poise~ dds (a 4 as + LON s[as 2 We dw ay. He Exdy WA dw AE AI x 125%2 g500xiod = 2S meat BIN See!‘S10 fig > 2S Pus \o00 oil = $000% 045 > 950 kyle os Cid) 981 ko fm Ws B Ts 0.2482 Bu. 02 dy ~ we NM. oy m9 2 12.sstole 12: SC " 1: Gu oy i, $2 % Ae A> 0-08 Poise 2 0-008 AA Ns ma WW. O-03sstoke +0034 % LO MI s —————— Sruid 3 4 teh oh, S= Pewi Pusaey eee 2 49 = 6 stokes: © 6 vio te ‘s SG A / vy10 gin ™~ Te 2. s 1 bie pits BRS N Tx dy = 1 au 3- 2y ww x xs oy 4 2. ans) tT: Hx du m2. og . TL: 86x 3- 2Y Lo 4 Ts 086% 3 ~Qx ONS . 4 0-3895_N ro —— ue wpsise epoeas 10 m2 d= oam Ne orp my Px > Be domes ade 10M He a a FE 2 ° x z ZANT 60 Te FRM 7 ex dt 2 Nz apn 6O "RX O4%1490 6d 3-18 m5> Kou 8 om - As al Ps 2xm™ NX Mx xd lx RON xd “66 eo fa ee faa] 4: oons > mt As oan Pe DANI Ne 120 7M) 60 3 Ps Te Feo Le qo <103m 2 E= DSxe3 Wm We RON * F. He ax aaa Bea 2 FE eS v ¢ 3-99 eat tari: 3-96 mys * OoK EX Gay est x wait Pen? Aveas ARAL IS, = Vetaoem ~ 10x10 $ a sec 5 NOTE . ——= EBUTIN OF VELOCITY PROFILE CPaeaBoure) is Given) By ~~ ayes by +c a,b,c ave constants 20 ; “thas values olelermined Bouncay canditi éns te atsy=oy us 0 4 EL es|Af ploteisvey 8 | thin top thictaess | OD con be neglected - aes = 7 @reniet pletes linea ~ ovceS x b. wovdthvast |< |<—> Force vequired ts pull the eight ack, a ve + plate. upword 5 onwards Here the upthaust is alsdo & be considered Since weight of plate is acting in opposite direc tion upasard Ahrust= weight of Fluid displaced —_ + weight density of fluid « velume of : Plate. : " : aed eat ee this upaard thousk iS cue the’ weight athe net forte aching in dounserd direction cee Fo weighe and upward Anrasl = weight— upesard thrust * _ oe eee “lolal Fever Read to Wik plate shear Farce Net fivce ' Getafe) + wd apr tors dus bo vis cos 4 Toot eice > Firm) + [reg uproond thrust |yy AAT we be a : . classification of Fluid Based on - Fluid Power Lac o Rheological EV oF Fluid Tora “FLID Velocity gradient ev Rate ah dipormation du “1 cy Se FT Typs (s yA ° CT Bt “ey dy Trane | Classifica tion! ~ Binghorhs Fluids whar n= flow behav tout underc “bi grobpic Plaids deal Piuid deal solid Real Fluids Cscant, ostic) Adeal plo sic plerth Newkani or) Alon Newtonian fluids Plaids sow pe] Ga pettheovitical fluid: Never evists in Nature T Bt a(geyl ‘y B20 Az =O 3 to0 2) Adeal_solid' « ta & [by] vey Lage woe Pokies needs «ol be applied Br | deforming is D Newkrion tluids T ) sent solid > Fluids which Falows us Wewtons lau of viscosily ay Ts erarey ie te ow a4 B= By +0 oA ob A= M MM: | ? SL YL ZY stepe~ 2 da = canst ‘Air :shar Neestonien Fluids - . eel Fluids cubich does wot dbeys Newtes Louw _DILATENT FLUID , “>I Bz Typ 70 Az Me Az 4 nl Ge" sugar water soln Sait watery soln . . Polymer solution [Rubber shit S| @Beutrer: . Rice starch: Two “diff Fluids mired to Forma mee fuid _Kecvoo feos: B20 an As ex Blood Mile Suspension Fluids