05 - Fluids Characterization & Sampling - 201102

Fluids characterization and sampling
EP 21018_a_A_ppt_01 - Fluids characterization & sampling

PRESENTATION SUMMARY
Introduction
Components of reservoir fluids
Pure components and simple mixture properties
Oil and gas behaviour between the reservoir and the surface
Reservoir Fluid Sampling
PVT studies
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Conclusions
EP 21018_a_A_ppt_01 - Fluids characterization & sampling 2
Introduction
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Reservoir fluids consist of:
sometimes highly complex mixtures of hydrocarbon molecules,
most often accompanied by non-hydrocarbon compounds (such as
CO2 H2S, N2, ) ;
water is almost always present.
Goal of a PVT study :
The objectives of PVT studies are to determine characteristics
(chemical and physical) of the reservoir fluids so as to predict their
behaviour when pressure and temperature vary.
During the production process, in the reservoir, temperatures will
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remain sensibly constant, whereas pressure will vary considerably.
gas
Separator
oil
Psep. - Tsep.
Pt
Production tubing
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Pwf Vo Reservoir : Pr, Tr
Components of reservoir fluids
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Major components
Paraffins (alkanes)
Naphthenes (cycloalkanes)
Aromatics
Minor components
Waxes
Asphaltenes and resins
Non-hydrocarbon gases (CO2, H2S, N2 )
Biomarkers
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Brine
Components of Reservoir Fluids
MAIN HYDROCARBONS FAMILIES
Hydrocarbons
Aromatics
(ex. benzene, Aliphatics
toluene, xylene)
Saturated (or Unsaturated
Alkanes)
Normal Alkanes Iso-alkanes Cycloalkanes
Alkenes (ex. Alkynes
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(ex. methane, (or Naphthenes)
(ex. iso-butane) ethylene) (ex. acetylene)
ethane, propane) (ex. cyclohexane)
Structure of reservoir fluid hydrocarbons
a) Normal alkanes
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Structure of reservoir fluid hydrocarbons
b) Iso- and cyclo-alkanes, aromatics
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Reference conditions generally used throughout
Petroleum Industry
Standard conditions :
Pst = 14,7 psia (or 1,013 bar a)
Tst = 60F (15,6 C)
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PURE COMPONENT AND
SIMPLE MIXTURE PROPERTIES
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Pure component equilibrium
fluid
region
liquid
region
solid Critical point
region
Pressure
gas
region
Triple point
vapor
region
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Temperature
Vapor pressure curve of C2H6
60
Critical Pressure C
50
Liquid
Pressure (bar)
40
ve
ur
r ec
30 su
Critical Temperature
es
r pr
po
Va
20
Vapor
10
0
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-40 -20 0 20 40 60
Temperature (C)
PURE COMPONENT
Clapeyron P - V Curve
Pressure
T3
T2
T1
A
C
L V
Psat B R
Bubble Dew point
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point
L+V Saturation curve
Volume
Vapor pressure curves of several normal alkanes
60
C1 C2
50
C3
C4
40
Pressure bar a
C5
C6
30 C9
C12
20 C20
C30
10
0
-200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
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Temperature C
Liq-Vap equilibrium
Pc C
Pure component
Pressure
L L+V
V
Temperature Tc
Cricondenbar
C
Mixture Pc
L
Cricondentherm
Pressure
75% L+V
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50%
25%
0% Liq V
Temperature Tc
C2H6 - C6H14 binary mixtures
100
80
60
Pressure (bar)
100% C2H6
40
20
100% C6H14
0
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250
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Temperature (C)
Phase envelope of a mixture P - V
Pressure
T3
T2
T1
C
L
V
Psat Bubble
point
Dew point
L+V
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Volume
Summary of terms and definitions
Bubble point :
the pressure at which the first gas bubble appears
Dew point :
condition at which a gas is in equilibrium with an infinitesimal
amount of liquid
Saturation pressure:
pressure at which one phase is in equilibrium with an infinitesimal
amount of another phase.
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Under saturated oil
Under saturated
oil
Pres
C
Pressure
L+V
Tres.
Temperature
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Saturated oil
C
Pressure
Saturated
oil
Pres. L+V
Tres.
Temperature
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Condensate gas
Condensate
gas
Pres.
C
Pressure
L+V
Tres.
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Temperature
Wet gas
Wet
gas
Pres.
C
Pressure
L+V
Psep.
Tsep. Tres.
Temperature
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Dry gas
Dry
gas
Pres.
C
Pressure
L+V
Psep.
Tsep. Tres.
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Temperature
Oil classification
API Definition
141.5
API = 131.5
d
where d is the specific gravity of stock tank oil: relative to water at 60F
(15.6C).
Condensate or very light oils: d < 0.80 (above 45API)
Light oil : 0.80 < d < 0.86 (33 to 45API)
Medium oils: 0.86 < d < 0.92 (22 to 33API)
heavy oils: 0.92 < d < 1 (lower than 22API)
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OIL AND GAS BEHAVIOUR BETWEEN THE
RESERVOIR AND THE SURFACE
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Main oil properties (Bo, Rs, Co)
Formation Volume Factor
Vo Volume of oil in reservoir Pr, Tr conditions
Bo = =
Vstd ref Volume of stock tank oil in standard conditions
Boi = Bob(1+Co(Pb - Pi)) For P >Pb
Bob = Boi(1+Co(Pi - Pb)) For P >Pb
g x Rs + oST
Bo =
o(p,T)
with : g = gas density at Standard conditions
oST = stock tank oil density
Rs = solution GOR
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o(p,T) = oil density at reservoir conditions
Main oil properties (Bo, Rs, Co)
Solution gas/oil ratio (Rs)
Vg std Volume of gas in standard conditions
Rs = Vstd ref
=
Volume of oil in standard conditions
Rs quantifies the amount of gaseous components which are dissolved in the
oil at reservoir conditions.
Compressibility (Co)
1 V 1 Bo
Co = - V
( P )T = - Bo
( P )T
Co quantifies the changes of oil volume during depletion at
reservoir temperature, above the bubble point pressure.
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Main oil properties : Example
Reservoir conditions 200 m gas
1 m oil Surface conditions
0,8 m oil
Formation volume factor (FVF) :
Bo = 1/0.8 = 1.25 m/m
Gas oil ratio :
GOR = 200/0.8 = 250 Sm/m
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Main oil properties
Bo
1.9
45API
P sat
1.6
P sat
1.3 30API
1.0
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200 400 500 P (bar)
100 300
Main oil properties
Rs
300
45API
200
Psat
100 30API
Psat
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200 400 500 P (bar)
100 300
Correlations
From experimental data obtained from a great number of fluids,
various authors have established useful correlations concerning
hydrocarbons fluids.
Bubble point pressure
Volumetric Factor
viscosities
densities
compressibility Factor
Using little experimental data, one can obtain relatively precise
figures concerning fluid properties (whether it is oil or gas).
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PVT consistency (measurements) can be checked using
correlations.
Pb and GOR
GOR = 350 dg = 0.75
T = 180F
o = 30 API
Pb = 1900 psi
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Main gas properties
Reservoir conditions 200 m gas
1 m gas
Surface conditions
0,2 m
condensate
Formation volume factor :
Bg = 1/200 m/m
Ratio condensate/gas :
CGR = 0.2/200 = 0.001 Sm/m
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Main gas properties
Vgres Pstd Tres
Bg = Pres x Vres = Z x R x Tres Bg = x Zx
Vgstd Pstd x Vstd = 1 x R x Tstd Tstd Pres
Eg = 1 / Bg
R
Field Units
ZxT
Bg = 0.028269 x vol/vol
Pstd = 14.7 psia Tstd = 520 R
460 +60F(T st.)
P psia
Metric Units K
ZxT
Bg = 0.00352 x vol/vol
Pstd = 1.01325 barsa Tstd = 288 K
273+15(Tst)
P bars a
SI Units K
ZxT
Bg = 351.8 x vol/vol
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Pstd = 101325 Pa (a) Tstd = 288 K
P
Pa
Vol of 1 mole of gas at std conditions {1 atm, 288 K (15C)} : 23.63 dm3
Vol of 1 mole of gas at normal conditions {1 atm, 273 K (0C)} : 22.414 dm3
Main gas properties
Definitions for gas :
Gas Specific Gravity :
(air =1) = gas/air = Mwgas/Mwair
= Mwgas /28.978
Gas density:
gas = Mwgas/Vair(molar) = Mwgas/ 23.645
Vair(1 mole of air) = 23.645
gas = * 1.225 kg/m
Air density:
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Mwair = 28.9784
air =28.9784/23.645 =1.225 kg/m
Main gas properties
Definitions for gas :
Determination of Z
Experimental : P-V analysis of a weight of gas m at T (m known)
Calculations and charts
These methods are based on the law of corresponding states.
A chart has been prepared giving Z, based on studies of many gases, as a function of :
Pseudoreduced pressure = absolute pressure / absolute pseudocritical pressure
Pseudoreduced temperature = absolute temperature / absolute pseudocritical
temperature
The pseudocritical pressure and temperature of a given gas (different from the critical
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pressure and temperature) are obtained by calculation from the composition, or by chart
from the specific gravity.
RESERVOIR WATER
Systematically associated with hydrocarbons :
Water properties derived from correlations :
Resistivity Rw = f (T, g/l) < 0.1 Ohm/m
Solubility Rsw = f (P, T, g/l) < 5 m3 / m3
Formation volume Factor Bw = f (P, T, Rsw) 1 - 1.05
Specific gravity w = f (P, T, Rsw) 1 - 1.05
Viscosity w = f (T, g/l) 0.3 - 1.5 cP
Compressibility Cw = -1/V (dV/dP)T 0,4.10-4 bar-1
Water analysis at Patm.
salinity (NaCl concentration) in g/l or ppm
chemical composition (Na+, K+, MG2+ ,)
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Danger : formation + injected water CaCO3, BaSO4 precipitates
RESERVOIR FLUID SAMPLING

Sampling objectives
Bottom hole sampling
Surface sampling
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Sampling objectives :
The objective is to obtain a sample of fluid that is identical
(representative) to the reservoir fluid.
Those samples are needed to :
Determine the fluid type
Estimate Hydrocarbons in place and reserves
Measure or estimate the fluid characteristics that will be used to
design the production facilities or used in numerical models to
predict reservoir performance.
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gas
Separator
oil
Psep. - Tsep.
Pt
Production tubing
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Pwf Vo Reservoir : Pr, Tr
Bottom hole sampling
This type of sampling is preferred since it guarantees the best
fluid representativity.
Disadvantage : high cost
various tools are used :
MDT (modular dynamic formation tester)
SRS (single phase reservoir sampler)
MFE (multiple flow evaluator)
PCT (pressure controlled test system)
APR (annulus pressure responsive tool)
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Surface sampling
Oil and gas samples are collected from separator, at surface.
These samples are recombined in the laboratory, based on the
measured gas/oil ratio, in order to make up a reservoir fluid as
representative as possible.
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SURFACE SAMPLING
Gas sampling
bottle
gas
Psep, Tsep
GORsep = Qgas/Qoil
Oil sampling
bottle
Psto, Tsto
GORsto 2010 - IFP Training
Reservoir fluid Tank oil
Pr, Tr ambient conditions
PVT studies
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Constant Composition Expansion (Oil)
Differential Vaporization (Oil)
Separator test/Flash Liberation (Oil)
Constant Composition Expansion ( Condensate Gas)
Constant Volume Depletion ( Condensate Gas)
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Constant Composition Expansion
At reservoir temperature with constant composition
Determine :
Bubble point pressure at reservoir temperature (Pb)
Isothermal compressibility factor of oil at bubble point (Co)
Gas compressibility factor (Z)
Global volume of oil as a function of pressure
Pressure
Saturation pressure
P1
P2
P1>Psat P2>Psat P3=Psat P4<P3 P5<P4
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P3
P4 Oil
P5 Gas
Volume
Differential Vaporization
At reservoir temperature with variable composition
Determine :
Bubble point pressure at reservoir temperature (Pb)
Amount of solution gas as a function of pressure
Liberated gas properties: compressibility, composition, density,Bg
Oil properties as a function of pressure:density, Bod, Bobd, Rsd,
Vg
Vo2
Vo3
Vt2 Vt3
Vo2
Vo3
P1=Psat P2<Psat P2 P2 P3<P2 P3 P3
oil Vt3
Vt2
gas bubble point pressure
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Volume Vo2
Vo3
P3 P2 Pb P1
Separator test
The objective :
To obtain the optimum conditions of oil
separation at surface at different pressure
and temperature.
gas
oil
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Preservoir Psep 1st step Psp 2nd step Patm
Treservoir Tsep 1st step Tsp 2nd step Tabm
Constant Volume Depletion /Gas
Vg
Vsat Vsat
V1 V2
P1=Psat P2<Psat P2 P2 P3<P2 P3
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condensate
gas

05 - Fluids Characterization & Sampling - 201102

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Fluids characterization and sampling

EP 21018_a_A_ppt_01 - Fluids characterization & sampling

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