Professional Documents
Culture Documents
http://jte.sagepub.com
Preparing Teachers for Culturally Diverse Schools: Research and the Overwhelming Presence of
Whiteness
Christine E. Sleeter
Journal of Teacher Education 2001; 52; 94
DOI: 10.1177/0022487101052002002
Published by:
http://www.sagepublications.com
On behalf of:
Additional services and information for Journal of Teacher Education can be found at:
Subscriptions: http://jte.sagepub.com/subscriptions
Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav
Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav
Citations http://jte.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/52/2/94
Christine E. Sleeter
California State University, Monterey Bay
This article reviews data-based research studies on preservice teacher preparation for multicultural
schools, particularly schools that serve historically underserved communities. In this article, the
author reviews 80 studies of effects of various preservice teacher education strategies, including re-
cruiting and selecting students, cross-cultural immersion experiences, multicultural education
coursework, and program restructuring. Although there is a large quantity of research, very little of
it actually examines which strategies prepare strong teachers. Most of the research focuses on ad-
dressing the attitudes and lack of knowledge of White preservice students. This review argues that
although this is a very important problem that does need to be addressed, it is not the same as figur-
ing out how to populate the teaching profession with excellent multicultural and culturally respon-
sive teachers.
It is widely recognized that the cultural gap be- of ideas based on years of experience but
tween children in the schools and teachers is decided to examine what the research is saying.
large and growing. In 1996, the enrollment in When I reviewed research studies on teacher
public elementary and secondary schools was education for multicultural education 15 years
64% White, 17% Black, 14% Hispanic, 4% Asian/ ago (Sleeter, 1985), there was little to review.
Pacific Islander, and 1% American Indian/Alas- Today there is a sizable body. For this review, I
kan Native (National Center for Education Sta- focused on published data-based research stud-
tistics, 1999). In contrast, the teaching force in ies that examine the preparation of teachers for
1994 was 87% non-Hispanic White, 7% Black, schools that serve historically underserved,
4% Hispanic, 1% Asian/Pacific Islander, and multicultural student populations. Alonger dis-
1% American Indian/Alaskan Native. Thirty- cussion of how the research was framed can be
nine percent of teachers had students with lim- found elsewhere (Sleeter, in press).
ited English proficiency in their classrooms, but
only one quarter of those teachers had received
THE PROBLEM
training for working with them (U.S. Depart-
ment of Education, 1997). Students of color tend to bring richer experi-
Education in many communities of color, as ences and perspectives to multicultural teach-
well as many poor White communities, is in a ing than do most White students, who dominate
state of crisis. Students are learning far too little, numerically. Several studies document this pat-
becoming disengaged, and dropping out at tern, which has tremendous implications for
high rates. Far too few students are going on to teacher education.
college. As a teacher educator, I am often asked A large proportion of White preservice stu-
what preservice education can do. I have plenty dents anticipate working with children of
94
Downloaded from http://jte.sagepub.com at UNIV OF COLORADO LIBRARY on December 3, 2008
another cultural background. As a whole, how- Predominantly White institutions have gen-
ever, they bring very little cross-cultural back- erally responded very slowly to the growing
ground, knowledge, and experience (Barry & cultural gap. According to a survey of 19 Mid-
Lechner, 1995; Gilbert, 1995; Larke, 1990; Law & west Holmes Group teacher preparation pro-
Lane, 1987; McIntyre, 1997; Schultz, Neyhart, & grams, 94% of their faculty and students were
Reck, 1996; R. Smith, Moallem, & Sherrill, 1997; Anglo (Fuller, 1992). Only 56% of these institu-
Su, 1996, 1997; Valli, 1995). For example, Schultz tions required elementary education students to
et al. (1996) found that preservice student teach- complete a multicultural education course; one
ers are fairly nave and have stereotypic beliefs institution did not even offer such a course.
about urban children, such as believing that Preservice students generally were placed in
urban children bring attitudes that interfere field experiences reminiscent of their child-
with education. Most White preservice students hood (p. 192). A large proportion of teachers of
bring little awareness or understanding of dis- color have been prepared by historically Black
crimination, especially racism (Avery & Walker, institutions. V. L. Clark (1987), for example,
1993; King, 1991; Su, 1996, 1997). Su (1996, 1997) wrote that as of the mid 1980s, even though the
found that White preservice students interpret historically black institutions [HBIs] only repre-
social change as meaning almost any kind of sent 5% of the institutions of higher education,
change except changing structural inequalities, the HBIs have produced 66% of the black teach-
and many regard programs to remedy racial ers in the United States (p. 86). He argued that
discrimination as discriminatory against predominantly White institutions need to help.
Whites. White preservice students tend to use Several case studies have examined predomi-
colorblindness as a way of coping with fear and nantly White teacher education programs that
ignorance (McIntyre, 1997; Valli, 1995). These do business as usual (Cannella & Reiff, 1994;
problems carry over into the classroom. Davis, 1995; Grant & Koskela, 1986; Parker &
Preservice students tend to have limited visions Hood, 1995; Weiner, 1990). On a superficial
of multicultural teaching (Goodwin, 1994) as a level, many White preservice students in these
technical issue and multicultural curriculum as programs initially showed receptivity toward
mainly additions to the existing curriculum learning about diversity. The programs them-
(Vavrus, 1994). Furthermore, many preservice selves provided disjointed multicultural con-
as well as in-service teachers are ambivalent tent, dependent on the interests of individual
about their ability to teach African American professors. By the time they student taught, the
children, and their feelings of efficacy seem to preservice students were concerned mainly
decline from the preservice to the in-service about surviving in the classroom. Those in pri-
stage (Pang & Sablan, 1998). marily White schools had subordinated any
Preservice students of color bring a richer interest in multicultural education to demands
multicultural knowledge base to teacher educa- of their cooperating teachers. Those in urban
tion than do White students. Students of color schools were completely unprepared for the
generally are more committed to multicultural students and the setting and had great diffi-
teaching, social justice, and providing children culty. Parker and Hood (1995) found that stu-
of color with an academically challenging cur- dents of color in such programs are very critical
riculum (Ladson-Billings, 1991; Rios & Monte- of this superficial treatment of diversity.
cinos, 1999; Su, 1996, 1997). Preservice students Although they brought life experiences they
of color do not necessarily bring more knowl- could draw on to construct multicultural peda-
edge about pedagogical practices than do White gogy, their programs were not designed to
preservice students, however (Goodwin, 1997; extend what they already knew, nor to prepare
Montecinos, 1994); both groups need well- their White peers to teach in schools like those
designed preservice teacher education. with which the students of color were familiar.