ere Forms and Uses of Be FORMS OF BE USES OF BE I am __ in New York now. Location He amechanic. Classification She from Canada. Place of origin Boston is acity, , Definition It hot today, Weather It 6:30. Time We at school. Location You are six years old. Age They big. Description LANGUAGE NOTE: Use the verb be for the following: location, classification, place of origin, definition, weather, time, age, or other description. FRET iit the correct form of bein the sentences below. Example: He is a painter. PeI astudent. 15, They from Japan. pi 20 years old. 16. 1 at school. 3. My father a businessman. 17. You at work, 4. He always busy. 18. He in his room. 5. My mother ateacher. 19. My sister a doctor. 6. She intelligent. 20. My brother in Boston. 7. New York exciting. 21, They children. 8. It cold in the winter. 22. Dogs and cats good pets. 9. What time is it? It 5:15. 23. She funny. 10. We in Mexico. ay E from China. 11. You my friend. 25. The birds in the trees. 12. You tall. 26. My mother beautiful. 13. Dogs animals. 27. He my best friend. Italy and Spain countries. 28. They roommates.oe" _ Pa) Circle the correct sentence. Example: China in Asia. /(China is in Asia) 1. Youhappy. / You are happy. 2. Tis friendly. /Iam friendly. 3. January and February are cold. / January and February am cold. It is hot today. / It are hot today. ; 5. My mother from Chicago. / My mother is from Chicago. id Uses of rms an Foi 6. They are from Mexico. / They is from Mexico. 7. Itbe 4:45 p.m. /It is 4:45 p.m. 8. He am 25 years old. / He is 25 years old. 9. Afly isan insect. / A fly are an insect. 10. She be my sister. / She is my sister. 11. Dr. Jones a dentist. / Dr. Jones is a dentist. 12. She am at work. / She is at work 13. Youis 25 years old. / You are 25 years old. 14. Weis at the hospital right now. /We are at the hospital right now. 15. Jill and James are at work. / Jill and James is at work. 16. Itis lunchtime. / It lunchtime. 17. Brazil is a beautiful country. / Brazil are a beautiful country. 18. The car in the parking lot. /‘The car is in the parking lot. 19. ‘They are very sad. / They is very sad. 20. Tama driving teacher. /Tis a driving teacher. Pee Fill in the blanks to make true statements. Example: (place of origin) We are from Indonesia 1. (time) Itis now. 4, (location) Tam in /at 2. (weather) It is 3. (place of origin) Tam from 5. (description) Iam Practice 1 5Subject Pronouns PRACT Subject Pronouns Chicago is very big. ‘My friend and J are in California. v v It is in Illinois. ‘We are in Los Angeles. ‘My sister is married. ‘My cousins are in Mexico. v v She is very happy. ‘They are in Mexico City. My father is at work. China and Korea are countries. v v He is busy. ‘They are in Asia. LANGUAGE NOTES: 1. The subject pronouns are J, you, we, they, he, she, and it. ‘Subject pronouns can take the place of the subject noun, : Pra Fillin the blanks with the correct pronoun. Example: Daniel and Yoshio are students, They ___ are students. 1. The pencil is lost. is lost. 2. Julie is a doctor. is a doctor. 3. The mother is asleep. is asleep. 4, The father is in his room. isin his room. 5. My brother and I like sports. like sports. 6. My cousins are in Mexico. are in Mexico. 7. Amy is my favorite singer. is my favorite singer: 8. Joshua is a hard worker. is ahard worker. 9. Karen and Lisa are my best friends. are my best friends. 10. Tom and Paul aren't friends. aren't friends. 11. Donald is my teacher. is my teacher. 12. Bombay is in India. is in India. 13, Carrots and potatoes are vegetables. are healthy foods. 14, Youand I are so happy together. are so happy together. 15. Mariais a dancer. isa dancer. 16. Your English is very good is very good. 17. Lamtired. am sleepy. 6 Practice 2a ul 18. Timand Allen are brothers. are brothers. we 19. My uncle is on vacation in Hawaii. is on vacation in Hawaii. x 20. ‘The cat and the dog are good friends. are good friends. 2 ‘My mother is a teacher. isa teacher. § 22. Youand Jare from the same school, ___"_ are from the same school. cz 23. English is a difficult language. isa difficult language. eS 24, France and Italy are countries. are countries. = 25. Rome isa city. is in Italy. se [PRT] Circle the correct answer. Example: He /(Welare good friends. 1. It/She is cold and rainy today,” 11. They /It is delicious They /T am in the house right now. 12. He/‘They are in the same class. 3. They /He are at home with me. 13. I/ You ama student. 4. We/Itis time for dinner. He/It is about 4:00 a.m. 5. It/She is a city in Europe. We/He are cousins. 6. It/We are on vacation She / You is a doctor. It/You is really interesting, 17. We/ They are difficult languages. ‘We / They are big countries. 18. It/He isabig city. You/ He is my best friend. 19. You/He are at work. 10. They /It are my favorite colors. 20. They / She is interesting. 7 Write the correct form of be after each subject pronoun. Example: We ___2'© ___ ona trip to New York City. 1. They ___in Australia. 5. It____ stormy today. 2. He ateacher. 6. You at home. teak from Argentina. 7. she 25 years old. 4. It____a small school. 8. We_____ from China. : Practice 2 7cee a Contractions with Be aXe Contractions with Be FULL FORM. CONTRACTION EXPLANATION Tam Tm in New York City. ‘A contraction is a short form of a You are You're at home. jsuniect OF pabirctpronout) +a 46; orare. Itis It’s beautiful. She is. She's happy. Heis He's busy. We are We're tired. They are ‘They're on vacation. My daughter is My daughter's with me. ‘We can make a contraction with New York is ‘New York's busy: Ce ‘Traffic is Traffic’s terrible. ‘My husband is My husband’s at home. LANGUAGE NOTES: 1, Use contractions in spoken language and informal writing. 2, Don't make contractions with is with nouns that end in the sounds s, 2, sh, or ch: France is in Europe. 3. Don't make contractions with a plural noun and are: ‘The irees are beautiful Pen Rewrite these sentences using contractions. Ifa contraction is not possible, do not rewrite the sentence. Examples: They are at school. Theyreat school ___ Tre nn big, eA Lam happy. We are at home. a eaae et B : e oe a Teisanicgdnptody. oe ee My name is Junko. 8. My house is big. 9. Youare nice. 10. She is my sister. 8 Practice 3Fill in the blanks with the correct form of be. Make a contraction whenever Brena possible. Not every sentence can have a contraction. Example: Jackie 5 ___busy today. The girls are. on vacation, 1. George and Michael brothers. They live in Florida. 2, Florida awarm state in the United States. It the south. ; 3. Their house near the beach. It ___ a big house with a swimming pool. 4. George and his father tall. Michael not so tall. 5. Maurice their father's name. He __ a writer. 6. This their dog, Pooch. Pooch very small. 7. Pooch a good swimmer. She always happy. 8. Maurice a.good swimmer too. 9. Pooch and Maurice in the pool now. 10. Michael and Jackie in the kitchen. Fill in the blanks with a form of be. Make a contraction whenever possible. Not every sentence can havea contraction, Dear Yumiko, I1____m__ in New York City now. It__very exciting. It Q@ @) avery big, beautiful city. There _ so many tall @) a buildings and fashionable people. I think New York the most important city 6) in the world. English the main language of New York, but I hear people (6) speaking many other languages too. Chinese and Spanish _ very common. I mM a student of English at a small language school. The school (8) ona busy street. The students ___ from many countries. (9) Co) ‘The teachers strict, but funny. A big restaurant aay (a2) near the school. The food__ delicious. Everything a3) a4) and exciting for me here. hope you can come visit soon. Your friend, ReikoBe with Location and Origin rigin —— el PREPOSITION EXAMPLE on ‘The book is on the table. at (a general area) Tam at school. in (a complete or partial enclosure) ‘The students are in the classroom. in front of ‘The teacher is in front of the students. in back of /behind ‘The chalkboard is in back of / behind the desk. between The empty desk is between the two students. ith Location and O: wit over / above ‘The exit sign is over / above the door. below / under ‘The textbooks are below / under the desk. Be near / by / close to ‘The sharpener is near / by / close to the window. next to The light switch is next to the door. far from Spain is far from India. across from Room 202 is across from Room 203. in (acity) ‘The White House is in Washington, D.C on (astreet) ‘The White House is on Pennsylvania Avenue. at (an address) ‘The White House is at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. from Mario is from Brazil. LANGUAGE NOTES: 1. We use prepositions to show location and origin. 2, Word order = subject + be + preposition + place. Pea Cirele the correct preposition for each sentence. Example: | live (on//from the top floor of my building. My mother is in /at San Francisco. Her apartment house is on / between Fulton Street. Itis on / at 543 Fulton Street She lives in / on the first floor. My mother is from / under Sweden. There is a lot of snow at / in Sweden in the winter. Stockholm is in /on Sweden. Brazil is in /at South America. Sweden is next to / far from Mexico. 10 Practice 410. ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. My best friend is by / from Iran. Tran is under / between Afghanistan and Iraq. She is standing over / between her mother and her father in the photo. A tall man is in front of / at me. ‘The sun is behind /at the clouds. ‘The doctor is over / at the hospital. Dinner is under / on the table. Our feet are over / under the table at dinnertime. ‘The park is under / across from my house. ‘The light is next to / between my bed. ‘The fish are close to / in the ocean. FPRPRTG] Use a form of be and a preposition to tell the location of these people and things. Exampleenyoreeinthaciosss. : OMk. . Aaeiseieal i, ee My town ‘My house My room My books My bed The light switch The television The wastebasket My desk it My friend My teacher My school My family_—_. eee ; This, That, These, and Those ee EEEEEEENS==ye=y=areyesmnn NEAR NOT NEAR / FAR Singular This is my school. ‘That is my teacher. Plural ‘These are my books. Those are tall buildings. LANGUAGE NOTES: 1. Weuse this, that, these, and those to identify objects and people. 2. Only that + is can forma contraction in writing: that's 3. Use this, that, these, or those alone or with a noun following it: ‘Those axe my friends. ‘Those friends are funny. ES This, That, These, and Those Read each sentence. Then identify whether the subject of the sentence is singular or plural. Example: Doyoulikethishat? ___singular _ ‘These shoes hurt! Bring me that book. : ‘Those are my pens. This is my sister, Juanita. The ‘This is my favorite CD. sandwiches are delicious. My friend gave me that painting. Is this your computer? Thope you like these gifts. ‘That movie is wonderful. Perea eee [RPE] Read each sentence. Then identity whother the subject ofthe sentence isnear orfar from the speaker Example: Do you like these shoes? ‘That ring is beautiful. ‘Those boys are in the soccer game. This telephone is broken. These student tests are excellent, Is that man your father? Are these books library books? eo key 12 Practice 5= Is this your answer to my question? Those dishes are dirty. Are those people in your class? 10. Are these ready to be washed? er 2 ~ Noe B i PREPPIETT Flin the blanks with this, thai, these, or those and the appropriate form of be iS to complete the sentence. The arrows wil tell you ifthe object or person is near & ; orfar, EB Examples: Jhis's _my bag —> = Those are __ my shoes > = i a great movie, ————> ay 2. delicious strawberries. ——4H4H4—+ 5 3. your socks. —> 4, ieee aries. aa . 5. an interesting book. —> 6. useful notes. —> a. my favorite color. —————_—> 8. my notebook. —> 9. your car, ————_______> 10. beautiful flowers. —————_____—> ne big clouds. —— > 12. new pants. —> 13. ee ee 14, an old song. —> Bb. 3 Se ee a eee 16. hice gloves) —$ $$ —__—_——- 17. auseful exercise. —> 18. __________paperclips. —> 19. Sh 20. my boyfriend, Mike. —> Practice 5 13Negative Statements with Be EXAMPLE EXPLANATION Tam not married ‘We put not after a form of be to make a Peter is not at home. eae We are not doctors, V'mnot late. We can make contractions in negative English isn’t my native language. an My friends aren’t here now Negative Statements with Be LANGUAGE NOTE: ‘There is only one contraction of [am not, There are two negative contractions. for all other combinations. Study the negative contractions. ‘Negative Contractions with Be Lamnot. Tmnot = youarenot you'renot _youaren't he isnot he’snot he isn’t she isnot she'snot_—_she isn't itis not it'snot it isn't wearenot we'renot we aren't theyarenot they'renot they aren't SS Pre Fill in the blanks with a pronoun and a negative verb. Practice using both negative forms. Example: Mary is a doctor. Maryien't anurse. Marys not a teacher. He's from Canada. from the United States. from England. She's in the house. at work, in school. My parents are in India. in Hawaii. here.| 4, This is a computer. atelevision. aradio. 5. You're late. ontime. early. 6. Weare in class. at the movies. at arestaurant. Negative Statements with 7. Lam cold. hot, warm. 8. My brother is short and thin. tall. heavy. Fillin the blanks with a form of be to make a true affirmative or negative statement. Example: Kuala Lumpur ip in Malaysia. 1g eine Sais ito GP Minin) lk ee te tae PR astudent. 7. Beijing in Japan. 3. You late. 8. Tokyo in Japan. 4, Thetrees___—— green. 9. China small, 5. Africa acity. 10. Mexico City a country.Be in Yes / No Questions and Short Answers YES / NO QUESTION SHORT ANSWER ‘Am Ta good student? Yes, you are. ‘Are you from Paris? No, I'm not. Is he absent? No, he isn't. Is she happy? Yes, she is. Is it windy? Yes, itis. ‘Are we late? No, you aren't. ‘Are they from Mexico? Yes, they are. LANGUAGE NOTES: 1. To ask ayes / no question with the verb be, put a form of be before the subject. 2, We don't use a contraction for a short yes answer: ‘Yes, it is. [moti Yes, it’s.) 3oWe usually use a contraction for a short no answer. No, itisw't. or No, it’s not. Be in Yes / No Questions and Short Answers PRT (hance the following sentences to questions. Keep the same subject. Example: Heisastudent. [sheast She is a teacher. RemietAtica = ee SSS liWoaresadtoiy, ee ak ee they areciijbosiness Mee Ttis foggy rightnow, lana ee You are a good friend. os ae He is honest and kind. —————— Mrs. Williams is pleased. ‘Mr. Hart is at home. —————— We are in an expensive restaurant, It is almost dinnertime. nae I Sate SR You are excited to be here, ieiteody | io on rr Se Ter tng aw A Soren ils, i Practice 7Write questions with the words given. Then write a short answer Example: children/quiet Arechildrenquiet? INGIEnay anor Gian Sa St ieee eet diamonds / cheap ice cream / healthy cats / good pets English / interesting cars / necessary food / free computers / useful pencils / expensive Answer the following questions. Give the correct answer if you write no. Example: Are youateacher? No, im not. Ima student. . Are you a student? . Are you from the United States? Are you married? Is English hard for you? Are you tired? Are you hungry? Is your family big? Is it cold today?Wh- Questions ee LUTE EEE USERS SSeS= =n QUESTION WORD QUESTION ANSWER Who = person ‘Who is your teacher? ‘My teacher is Ms. Weiss. ‘What = thing ‘What is your name? ‘My name is Linda. Wh- Questions ‘What is a giraffe? A giraffe is an animal. ‘When = time Use on for days and dates. ‘When is Christmas? It’s on December 25. Use én for months and years. ‘When is your birthday? It’s in June. ‘Why = reason ‘Why is Mr. Park absent? He's absent because he's sick. Where is China? It's in Asia. How = description, health ‘How is the weather today? It's warm today. How is your mother? She's fine. LANGUAGE NOTES: 1. Avwh— question asks for information. 2. The wh word + és can form a contraction: ‘Where's your father? How's the job? EEE Peon Fillin the blanks with the correct question word. Example: What Sis your name? My name is Lee. is Seoul? It’s in Korea. is your birthday? It’s in January. is your favorite singer?__-My favorite singer is Madonna. is a horse? A horse is an animal. are you late? T'm late because I missed the train. are your shoes? They are outside. is your sister? She's fine, thanks. _ is your homework? It'sinmy bag. is New Year's Eve? It’s on December 31. are my books? ‘They're on your desk. is he so tired? He is tired because he i busy. isin your refrigerator? _ Some fruit and vegetables are in there. 18 Practice 8He is in your English class? Some good students are in my class. 14, are we right now? You are in your classroom. 15. is the homework? The homework is a composition. PENH] Tum these statements into questions. Example: What is.a rose? A.rose is a flower. 1 Reds color. 2 ‘My birthday is in February. 3 Life in New York is exciting. 4 Vietnam is in Asia. ys se 2 ew from Tuckey: 6. My teacher is Ms. Sands. 7 It’s cold today. 8 She's smart because she studies hard. 9. I'm fine, thanks. 10. My pens are on my desk im. My name is Maria. 12. His birthday is on July 3. Complete the questions. Then write true answers to the questions. Example: Whois your favorite painter? My favorite painter is Picasso 1 your teacher? —¥ your best friend? a your name? your birthday? you study English? you from? ee you now? ~ the weathenfoday?Forms and Uses of the Simple Present Tense eS SUBJECT BASEFORM COMPLEMENT | SUBJECT -SFORM COMPLEMENT I He You She We a i ‘They Aplant ‘Trees A person EXAMPLE USE Cats like milk. With general truths Japanese people bow when they meet. With customs We take a vacation every summer. ‘To show regular or repeated actions or habits He comes from Iraq. ‘To show places of origin LANGUAGE NOTE: ‘Three verbs have an irregular -s form: Forms and Uses of the Simple Present Tense Pa Write the correct verb in each of the sentences below. Example: George and Mary (need / needs) need Carlos (like / likes) ice cream. ‘Tomoko (want / wants) anew bicycle. Many people (think / thinks) it’s good. I (hate / hates) parties. ‘They (go/goes)____ to school on Saturdays. Julia (come / comes) from England. Birds (fly / flies) in the sky. New York (have /has) many tall buildings. He (write / writes) novels. My family (watch / watches) alot of TV You (does / do) your homework every night. I(go/goes)______________ to exercise after school. Sherrie (eat / eats) lunch before our class. ‘We (laugh / laughs) at her jokes. They (visit / visits) their family in Morocco. Jane and Sandra (wants / want) to travel a lot. Practice 9ee) Read each sentence below, and label it truth, custom, habit, or origin. Example: [bite my fingernails. habit: Marilyn comes from New Zealand. Japan has many temples. He eats his bread with butter. French people go on vacation in August. Se Noodles come from China. Food costs money. 1 go to the movies on weekends. ‘They play tennis together. _— My teacher speaks English. Serene eS Teome from Peru. Write the correct form of the verb. Then finish the sentence with your ae Example: He (like) likes our Englishclass, I (ive) ‘My family (live) 1 (study) ‘My school (have) My teacher (speak) is <2 saath ‘The students in my class (do) Nie Our classroom (have) 1 (read) My friend (read) 10. I (like) 11. My friend (want) 12. My family (go) peargssa Practice 9 at 4" Forms and Uses of the Simple Present TeNegative Statements with the Simple Present Tense EXAMPLE, EXPLANATION Tyee doesn’t + the base form with Me, she, Sara lives in Washington. it, ora singular noun. Sara doesn’t live in Chicago. he doesn't live in San Francisco. Tise don’t + the base form with 1, you, we, Her parents live in Chicago. they, or a ploral noun. Her parents don’t live in Washington: They don’t live in San Francisco: LANGUAGE NOTES: 1. Don'ts the contraction for do not. ‘Doesn’tis the contraction for does net 2, Always use the base form after don't ‘and doesn’t. with the Simple Prese errr Ful nthe blanks ‘with the negative form ofthe underlined verb. Example: My cousin Danielle lives in London. She ___4aean't live __™ ‘San Francisco. ‘My cousin Danielle comes from England. She from the United States. she lives alone in London. She with her parents. Her parents live in Hastings. They —— in London. in New York. She has a lot of work. She much free time. Danielle likes classical music. She popular music a5 much. On weekends, Danielle goes Danielle works as teacher: She 1. Be 3 4, She works in London. She 5 6 7 8 She eats a lot of vegetables. She She wears colorful clothes. She black clothes. eee Rewrite the sentence using the affirmative form of the underlined verb. Example: 1 don’t know how to speak French. (She) She knows how to speak French 1. You don’t work every day. 2, Tdon't understand English well. 3, He doesn't play basketball. 4, She doesn't ride a motorcycle. 22 Practice 105. We don't read at night. (She) 6. You don't like vegetables. MO 7. They don’t seem happy. (He) 8. She doesn’t write e-mailstous. (You) 9. It doesn't work well. (We) 10, don't add correctly. a [PREPRPNET Tellityour hometown has or doesn’t have the following features. Example: (alibrary) My hometown doesn't have alibrary. 1. (amovie theater) My hometown nis 2. (afarm) My hometown 3. (a university) My hometown 4. (amuseum) My hometown 5. (clean air) My hometown 6. (tall buildings) My hometown [PPPPINNT rite affirmative or negative true statements about yourself. Example: (speak French) /don'tspeakFrench 1. ike sports) (have a dog) (cat breakfast every day) (ave a bicycle) (like hot weather) (speak Russian) (have a job) (go to discos) = (Grawipichires) in RARE UES ee HO: (watch TVeverynight) 9 11. (stay up until midnight) 12. (call my family every week) BE 4, 5, 6. 8. 9. Practice 10 23Yes / No Questions and Short Answers with the Simple Present Tense EXAMPLE EXPLANATION Does Sara live in Washington? ‘We use do or does to forma yes / no question. Yes, she does. ‘We always use the base form after do or does. Do her parents live in Washington? We can answer with a short answer. No, they don’t. DO/ DOES SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT SHORT ANSWER Tourists visit the White House. they visit the president's private rooms? No, they don't. The president _lives._itthe White House. Does the vice president live _inthe White House? No, he doesn’t. LANGUAGE NOTES: 1. Use does with he, she, it, and singular subjects. 2. Use do with I, you, we, they, and plural subjects. 3. We usually answer ayes / no question with a short answer. 4. The short answer uses a pronoun. 5. The short answer uses a contraction in the negative, Read each statement. Then write ayes /7o question using that statement. > Change the subject to a pronoun. Examples: Josephhas anotebook. Does he have a notebook? ¥ ‘We enjoy music, Doweenjoy music? My mother reads the newspaper every day. 9 g 3 B 2 € § 3 S Pa a a a ev $ : a j i - ° a a 3 3 a a ¢ So 2 3 g S Zz S 3 s We study English grammar. ‘The teacher gives us homework. ‘The school has classrooms. You drink water at break time. The man speaks English at his job. Practice 117. The students use cell phones at break time. 8. The director orders new books for the school. PPD] Write answers to the questions below. Example: Do you live in Turkey? Yes.! do. Do you like English? Do you have a pet? Does your mother work? Do you eat breakfast every day? Do you live with your parents? Do you like fish? Do you eat meat? Does your school have computers? ‘Two friends are comparing jobs. Fill in the blanks to complete this eacany4 5 conversation. Example: Doyou ____read _at work? Do you (1) your new job? No, (2) have a very strict boss. I'm always busy. (Byes ie TT ees take breaks No, (4) . Itake only a lunch break. Also, Ihave to work on Saturdays. (5) on Saturdays? No, never! I work only on weekdays. (6) eS yon ie thagitoiclon Yes, (7) Iwork late every day. Do you work late? No, (8) like to go home at five o'clock. Practice 11 25PRACTI Comparing Yes / No Questions with Be and Other Verbs i ne EEE ; ‘Are you lost? No, I'm not. ‘Am Iright? Yes, you are. | Do you need help? No, Idon’t. Do Thave the right answer? Yes, you do. ! [Are they from Haiti? Yes, they are. Is the teacher British? No, he isn’t. Do they speak French? Yes, they do. Does he have an accent? No, he doesn’t. LANGUAGE NOTE: Use be in short answers when the question contains be. Use do or does in short answers with all other present tense verbs. Pea ‘Write a positive and a negative short answer for each question. Examples: Do you study a lot? yes, Are you busy tonight? 12s, lair. Do you like pizza for dinner? Do we leave at eight o'clock? Do they know their neighbor? Does she work at the library? Do I like all of my friends? | i i Comparing Yes / No Questions with Be and Other Verbs Are you content at this school? Are we correct in our answer? Are they together at the café? 9. Ishe from Mexico? SrA eTa ASS 10. Isshe an engineer? 11. Is the pen in the notebook? 12, Am I worried about the test? a Pr) ‘All of these are questions. Put the words in the correct order. End each : ' ~ question with a question mark (?). Example: Australians /English/speak/do 20 Au Russia /a big country /is Mexicans / Spanish / speak / do do / know / you / college math the Barth / very large /is your friends / does / visit / she Sao P 26 Practice 12Read each statement. Then write a yes / no question about the words in parentheses ( ). Write or finish the short answer. 2 Example: China isa big country. (England) /6 England a big country? ibion't Answer: Né 1. Indonesia is awarm country. (leeland) Answer: No, 2. French people eat a lot of cheese. (Japanese people) Answer: No. 3. Trains in Tokyo run on time. (trains in your city) Answer: Yes, 4, Mexican food is spicy. (Korean food) Answer: Yes. 5. Brazilians speak Portuguese. (Argentineans) Answer: No, 6. Soccer is popular in Japan. (baseball) Answer: Yes. ‘You study grammar. (history) Answer: YeS, Practice 12Wh- Questions with the Simple WH- DO/ DOES WORD DON’T/ DOESN’T SUBJECT My brother he he he ‘They Present Tense LEE EEEEEEEEaNET COMPLEMENT SHORT ANSWER in Washington. for the government? No, he doesn’t. for the government? acar Do they have anAmerican car? _Yes, they do. LANGUAGE NOTE: The correct word order for wh- questions is ‘wh-word + do /does { don't / doesn't + subject + base form of verb + ‘complement +? Poe Fill in the blanks with the missing words. Why do Wh- Questions with the Simple Present Tense Example: you want to learn English? ‘When you do your homework? . Where ____ she go on vacation each year? do you live? ‘Where he work? How many children Why . Why How often ‘What time __ she have? they always come to school together? you practice your English more often? __ you brush your teeth? ____ you wake up? does she eat lunch with? PRIA Create wt questions forthe following underlined answers. Example: @: Where do you go to school? ‘A: Igo to school in London. 1. @ ‘A: Igo shopping at Macy's. 28 Practice 13{ 2. Q . ‘A: She spends the weekends with her family. 2 Baa: 5 ‘A: [study at my friend's house. Ea 4. Q: g ‘A: They have two dogs. 3 Daas ae Az My uncle lives in Argentina. wee 6 @ # A: Tall my mother twice a week. O 7. @ ao ‘A: We jog every day because we enjoy it. 8. @ ‘A: They speak Italian. Pe Unscramble the words below to form questions. Example: you /do / in the morning / what / eat oe What do you eat in the morning? 1. does / when /letters / write /he 2. she / does / go / after school / where 3. do/when/ English / practice / you 4. how often / your friends / e-mail / you / do 5. is/who /film actor / your favorite 6. want /you /to leave / do / whenWh- Questions with Prepositions F VERB Wiewenb | pONDORS. USUnEGN. sa peerON (PREPOSITION) Where does yourfriend come from? | What floor do you live on? Wh- Questions with Pep osi LANGUAGE NOTES: 1 In formal writing, we put the preposition before 2 question word. In ‘conversation, we usually put the preposition atthe end of the question: ‘Formal: On what floor do you live? Informal; What floor do youlive on? 2, We use whom after a preposition. We often use oho when the preposition isat the end: Formal: With whom do you live? Informal: Who do you live with? BERPTTPTRI Label eact sentence formal or informal. Example: ‘To whom do you speak every day? Ree What bus do you ride on? __—__________— On which train do you travel? _ — —— “Who do you go to for help?, —____—_—— About whom do you think? ‘What does he look at every day? eae eer ‘At what station does he wait? Pe Unscramble the words below to form questions and add question marks. Example: you/from/come Jwhere/do Where do you come from? kind of music / what / do / you /isten to ‘you / what / do / eat /in the morning where /he / sleep / at night / does with / work / who / you/ do ni do / who / you/ with / talk she / come / does / where / from you / what /do / dream / about eneap eer % 30 Practice 14Write two questions for the words given. First write a.yes /mo question, Then eas write a wh— question. Example: _ like ice cream / what flavor Do you like ice cream? What flavor do you like? go camping / where {go to parties / with whom or who . . . with surf the Internet / with whom or who . . . with have a car / what kind of study English / why Write questions for the answers given below. Use a wh- word and a preposition. Example: What floor do you live on? Llive on the second floor. live with my brother. Icome from Australia. listen to rock music. It goes over the mountain. I think about my job. I'm from Shanghai. He goes to Berkeley College. She waits for Bus 9. Practice 14 31, Regular Noun Plurals WORD ENDING EXAMPLE WORD PLURAL ADDITION PLURAL FORM Vowel bee +s ‘bees jpanana, ‘bananas Consonant bed +8 beds month months ss, sh, ch, & class + es classes dish dishes church churches box boxes Vowel + boy +8 boys monkey monkeys Consonant + lady zy changes to #es ladies party parties Vowel + 0 patio +s patios stereo stereos Consonant + 0 mosquito +es* mosquitoes potato potatoes: Exceptions: photos, pianos, solos, altos, SoPFANS, autos, avocados. Sorfe knife fchanges to ves** knives calf sszexceptions: beliefs, chiefs, roofs, chefs. PRRRRRRREWete the plural form of each noun Serairiple: Miadys wanes 1 ladieg oe toy toe kiss wish a ee fox ee ereae eerWrite the singular form of each noun. Example: cameras camera radios 9. fairies 10. ranches ce GGG gi 5 Sa ee 12. 33 13. cans 14, paths Se ee Se 15. hgusent Des Asia ecilae ae tom ll, Tele. Fill in the blanks with the plural form of the noun given. Example: We can’t eat outside. There are too many (fly) fies: . Are you going to the store? We need some (potato) . How many (lady) __ are in the room? . Ihave three (radio) : There are some (dish) ___ in the cupboard. How many (class) does your school have? ‘They have two (boy) and three (girl) Do you have any (box) 2 What are your (month) for school vacation? She loves to take care of (baby) : ‘Take out all the (knife) and (fork) : - We love all the (monkey) at the zoo. always break the (glass) “ Practice 15Irregular Noun Plurals SINGULAR Irregular Noun Plurals PLURAL EXAMPLE EXPLANATION man woman men women mice teeth feet geese ‘One man is here. Vowel change ‘Two men are there. One woman is late. Five women are on time. deer sheep fish deer One sheep is here. ‘Three sheep are there. child person children people (or persons) One person is late. _Different word form’ Five people are absent. pajamas clothes pants /slacks (eye) glasses scissors Your clothes are clean. No singular form My glasses are broken. LANGUAGE NOTES: 1, People is more common than persons: Five people in my class speak Spanish. 2, Number words (lundred, thouscend, million) use the singular form: ‘The United States has over 270 million people. ‘Two hundred people live in my building. Example: woman businesswoman, 9. person 10. sheep lL. deer 12. 34 Practice 16‘The following nouns are shown in irregular plural form, Write the singular - form. If there is no singular form, write 9. Example: deer deer slacks 2 1. chairpeople 6. clothes 2. pajamas 7. feet 3. eyeglasses 8. scissors 4. children 9. pants Bipeeeae gee Ete Col 10. fishermen i Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the plural forms of the nouns given. Example: Those are nice (pants) 2415 - ae ‘Iwant some new (clothes) There are three (person) in the room. ‘My (foot) are tired. “We saw five (deer) ________in the forest. ‘We saw a lot of (bird) too. ‘Where are all the (policeman) _____? Thave six (watch) i Her (tooth) are so white! ‘There are (mouse) and (rat) in this apartment. 10. Look at the (goose) and (duck) on the pond. Sop cry aca 11. How many (child) ___ do youhave? 12. Do you like (peach) 2 Practice 16 35ay Using There + Be 2 Q ee g SINGULAR: PREPOSITION: a THERE IS (+ NOT) SINGULAR WORD SINGULARNOUN PHRASE 3p ‘There is (There's) a Janitor in my building. 4 There is one dryer in the basement. ee) cere an air conditioner in my apartment There is no back door in my apartment. PLURAL: PREPOSITION: THERE ARE (+ NOT) PLURAL WORD = SINGULARNOUN PHRASE There are — numbers ‘on the doors of t apartments. There are several windows in the bedroom. There are many Americans in my building. There are some children in my building. There are two closets in the hall. There aren't any shades on the windows. There are no shades on the windows LANGUAGE NOTES: 1. Use there + is to introduce a singular subject into a conversation. Use there + are to introduce a plural subject. 2, We can make a contraction for there is —> there's. We don’t write a contraction for there are. 3. A-sentence that begins with there often shows a place or a time, ‘There's a good movie at the Garden Theater. ‘There's a good movie at eight o'clock. Pn Use There is / There are to complete the following sentences. Example: There are many high mountains in Asia. ir several cars in the accident. 2. no people in the cars now. 3. ‘two policemen near the accident. ‘one ambulance at the scene of the acide many people on the sidewalk. one reporter from the newspaper. eae 36 Practice 17no injuries to the people. three nervous passengers close to the cars. one driver by the police car. an accident here almost every day. 7) Use There isn’t / There aren’t to complete the following sentences. Example: Therearen't any trees on the moon. alion at that z00. any soda machines near the arcade, many children at the playground. a child on the swings. amonkey in the Monkey House. a gorilla outside his cave. any tigers in their pens. any cars in the parking lot. many birds in the trees. any hot dogs on the grill. Use the words given to make a statement about your school, using There + be. Example: auditorium /at my school There isn’t an auditorium at my school, computers /at my school There are many computers at my school. chalkboards /in the classrooms drinking fountains / in the hallways computer(s) /in my classroom gym /in the building television(s) /in the lounge pictures / on the walls library / in the building books /in the library children / at the school animals / in the classrooms desk(s) / in the office(s) typewriter / in the main office Practice 17 aTQuestions with There 4 Questions with There PREPOSITIONAL 18 | ARE + THERE | NOUN PHRASE PHRASE SHORT ANS Is there alaundry room in your building? No, there isn’t Are there (any) cabinets in the kitchen? Yes, there are. HOW MANY + PREPOSITIONAL NOUN PHRASE ARE + THERE PHRASE SHORT ANS How many closets _are there in your apartment? There are thre How many apartments are there in your building? There are ten. LANGUAGE NOTES: 1. We usually use any to introduce a plural noun in a yes / 0 question: ‘Are there any empty apartments in your building? 2, Do not make a contraction for a short yes answer: Is there an elevator in your building? _Yes, there is. __ [Not Yes, there’s.| Read the following questions with there. Then write a short answer. Example: Are there mountains in Switzerland? (yes) Yes. there at 1. Are there beaches in Hawaii? (yes) 2. Is there a lot of snow in the Philippines? (no) 3. Are there deserts in Egypt? (yes) 4. Are there tall buildings in New York City? (yes) o Are there deserts in Japan? (no) 6. Is there a rain forest in South America? (yes) 7. Are there cathedrals in Paris? (yes) 8. Is there a king of the United States? (no) 38 Practice 18Circle the correctly worded questions below. Example: (is there a telephone?) / Are there a telephone? . Are there a bank nearby our job? /Is there a bank nearby our job? ._ Are there any police in the stadium? /Is there any police in the stadium? . Are there any people around here? / Is there any people around here? Is there a library in this school? / Are there a library in this school? Is there many stores on your street? / Are there many stores on your street? Unscramble the words below to form questions, Then choose the correct, answer from the box and write a short answer. seven twelve fifty seven nine seven five sixty thirty-one Example: seconds / how many / there / are /in a minute its How many seconds are there ina minute? ‘There are sixty. states / how many /the United States / are / there / in there / how many / in a rainbow / colors / are ina year / how many / months / are / there are / there / how many / in December / days in our solar system / there / how many / planets / are how many / there / are / in a week / days on the Earth /how many / are / continents / there how many / are / fingers / there / on one hand Practice 18 39ca Articles and Quantity Words SINGULAR INDEFINITE DEFINITE EXPLANATION Ilive in a big building. ‘The building is near the We introduce a singular n ge college. with the indefinite article eae peur eke ‘The janitor lives onthe fist 0"4). When we refer to noun again, we use the de pee article the. May I speak to the landlord? We use the before a sing s noun if this noun is the or He lives on the third floor. one or ifthe speaker and Jistener share an experien and are referring to the ss one. Articles and Quantity Words PLURAL, INDEFINITE DEFINITE EXPLANATION ‘My basement has (some) ‘The washing machines are in We introduce a plural washing machines. the basement. with some, any, or no ‘When we refer to this ‘Are there (any) dryers? ‘Where are the dryers? in, we use the defiad article the. ‘The washing machines don't We use the before a pl work. noun if the speaker and listener share the same experience. LANGUAGE NOTES: 1. We don't use an article when we refer to something in general: ‘Washing machines save time. Computer games are fun. 2, We use any with questions and negative statements, 3. We use some with positive statements. Pera Circle the correct word from the choices given. Example: Do you have(a)/ the pencil? Conversation 1 A: Is there (1) a/the computer in the office? B: Yes, there are two computers. There is a laptop and a desktop. A: want to use (2) a/ the desktop computer. 40 Practice 19Conversation 2 Ineed a cup. ‘There are (3) some / any cups in (4) a/the kitchen. Which cup do you want? ‘There's a red one and (5) a/the green one. ‘A: Iwant (6) a/the green cup. Conversation 3 Is there (7) a/ the grocery store in our neighborhood? Yes, there is. What do you need? Tneed to buy (8) any /some apples. Where is (9) a/the store, exactly? It’s on Maple Street, on (10) a/the left side of (11) a/the street. ‘Thanks for (12) a/the information. ‘These are conversations between neighbors. Fill in each blank with the, a, an, some, or any. Conversation 1 A: Isthere (1) a video store in our neighborhood? Yes, there are several video stores in (2) __ neighborhood. Are(3)____—. videos cheap? Yes, it costs only (4) dollar for each video. Conversation 2 Isthere (5)_____ gym in this building? ‘Yes, there is. Wiltere\s|(6) same oe een It'sin (7) basement. ‘Are there (8) exercise machines in ht Sie eet Ss Bet Yes, there are. I want to lift weights. (10) weight machines are really hard to use. Conversation 3 Are there (11) school supply stores around here? No, but there is (12) office supply store. Great! Where is (13) office supply store? It’s in the Empire Building, on (14) first floor. Practice 19 41Frequency Words with the Simple Present Tense and the Position of Frequency Words FREQUENCY ‘WORD FREQUENCY EXAMPLE 100 pereent ‘Mother's Day is always in May. Tusually take my mother out to dinner. often People often wear green on St. Patrick's sometimes Isometimes watch the parade. rarely / seldom “We rarely give flowers to children. never O percent Businesses are never closed for Valentine's) FREQUENCY SUBJECT WORD VERB COMPLEME! I usually boy acard formy People never take ‘the day off for Patrick's Day. FREQUENCY SUBJECT WORD COMPLEMI Businesses never closed for St. Day. ‘Mother's Day is in May. WERT Change the percentage into a frequency word in the sentences below. M oe than one answer may be possible. Example: (100 percent) Taro i ealvays SE pears ali (100 percent) Selina and Rick go to the beach on weekends. ope hy home. (40 percent) they bring their dog. (80 percent) They drive to the beach. (20 percent) They —______———— take the train. (60 percent) They bring friends with them. (20 percent) They go swimming. They like to sit im (200 percent) Harold and Jane stay in the city. (80 percent) They ____eat dinner at home. (20 percent) They eat dinner at restaurants. Practice 2011. (percent) They eat at very expensive restaurants. 12. (40 percent) Jane looks for bargains at the grocery store. Unscramble the words below to form statements. Example: does always / my mother / the shopping grocery My mother always does the grocery shopping. ‘cooks / always / dinner /my father my mother / the dishes / usually / does the dishes / sometimes / do /1 does / my brother / seldom / anything we / wateh / often /TV/ after dinner RUE] Add an appropriate verb to complete each statement. EXE, Example: Sometimes /I/on weekends. Sometimes | make cookies on weekends. T/ always / after school. T/mever / on weekdays. T/usually / on Saturday. I/rarely / on weeknights. I/ often / on weekends. Sometimes /I/ in the morning. SPRY Add a frequency word to each sentence to make a true statement about yourself. Example: | listen to rock music. Jrarelylistentorockmusio§ Tclean the house. Tam late to class. I watch television. take the bus. Ttake notes in class. Tam tired during the day. Iwrite letters. I write e-mails.Yes / No Questions with Ever y Yes / No Questions with Ever MAIN DO/DOES SUBJECT EVER VERB COMPLEMENT SHORT A Do you ever _ celebrate _ Mother's Day? ‘Yes, I alway Does yourfather ever cook the meals? No, he neve BE SUBJECT EVER COMPLEMENT SHORT A Is Mother's Day ever ona Sunday? Yes, it alwa Are you ever boredinclass? —_No, never LANGUAGE NOTES: 1. We use ever in ayes / no question when we want an answer that has @ frequency word. 2, Ina short answer, the frequeney word comes between the subject and the verb. EE PRTIPSTTSIET Rewrite each question with ever inthe correct position. Example: Do you celebrate your birthday? yee a? Do you ever celebrate your birthday? Do you walk to school? ‘Are you homesick? Is your best friend busy? Does your family enjoy the beach? Do you think about the environment? Is school vacation in the spring? __ Are children in school on Sunday? ——— Are people polite in public? Do you eat dinner alone? Are you interested in movies? PPI Witte short answers tothe questions above Use fequeney words in 0 ~ answers. Example: Do you ever celebrate your birthday? Yes. |usually do. Practice 21Write short answers to the questions below. Use frequency words in your answers. Example: Do you ever walk to school? No. never do. . Do you ever eat pizza for breakfast? . Are you ever sleepy in the morning? Is it ever cold in the springtime? Do you ever read the newspaper? Does your teacher ever speak your language? Do the students in your class ever use English in class? Are you ever busy on weekends? Is your English class ever held in the summer? Write questions using the verbs and complements below. Then write answers. In each answer, include some more information. Example: do homework after school Do you ever do homework after school? Yes, usually do homework after school at the library. ever speak English outside of class ever read English books ever dream in English ever surf the Internet ever watch televisionsrcastapigalte a 3 a q 4 Frequency Expressions and Questions with How Often Pc Frequency Expressions and Questio with How Often LS HOW OFTEN DO/DOES SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT ANSW How often do you visit your mother? Once How often does the mail come? Every LANGUAGE NOTES: 1. Expressions that show frequency include: every day (week, month, year), every other day (week, month, year), from time to time, once ina while, once a day (week, month, year), twice a.day (week, ‘month, year), and a few times a day (week, month, year). 2, Frequency expressions can come at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. foc Put the words for each statement in correct order, Add a question mark | Then write a short answer. Example: novels / often /do/how /you/read How often do you read novels? “Answer; Once ina 1. go/how / do /to restaurants / often / you Answer: 2. how /you/ often /see / do / your friends Answer: 3. English homework / do / how / you /do / often Answer: “4. how / often / go grocery shopping / do / you Answer: 5. often/do/how/TV/you/ watch Answer: 6. do/you/use / often /how / your dictionary Answer: 7. write / often / do / you / how / letters = Answer: 8. do/often/ you/ go / how /to the movies “Answer: 46 Practice 22Ramon’s Schedule + Play basketball, Wednesday + Do grammar homework, Mondays and Wednesdays * Work out at the gym, Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays + Update vocabulary cards, Monday to Friday + Write composition, Thursday + Bring grammar book to school, Monday to Thursday + Practice English conversation with Angela, first Saturday of every month + Read chapter in reading book, the first and third Tuesdays of every month + Do listening homework, Sunday to Saturday + Relax and have fun! Sundays ‘Write questions for the answers given below using How often. Example: Howoften does he go to drawing class? He goes to drawing class once a week. He plays basketball once a week. He works out at the gym a few times a week. He does his listening homework every day. He practices English with Angela once a month. Write answers about Ramon’s activities using expressions that show frequency. Example: How often does he go to drawing class? He goes to drawing class once a week. 1. How often does he do grammar homework? 2. How often does he update vocabulary cards? 3. How often does he bring a grammar book to school? 4. How often does he relax and have fun? Practice 22 47PRACTI Prepositions of Time of Time PREPOSITION EXAMPLE @ On: days and dates When do you do laundry? g On Saturdays. 3 ‘When do Canadian people celebrate N $ Year's Eve? = On December 81. | FX In: months ‘When do British people celebrate Chris In December. In: years When do Americans vote for a presid In.2000, 2004, 2008, and so on. At: specific time of day ‘What time does the class start? Al eight o'clock. Inthe moming When do you work? ‘Inthe morning. Inthe afternoon ‘When do you go to school?” Inthe evening Inthe evening. At night ‘When do you call your family? At night. In: seasons When do we have a vacation? Jn the summer. From .. . to: a beginning and ending time ‘What hours do they work? From nine Zo five. Circle the correct preposition to complete the sentence. . Example: I will graduate from college {in)/ on 2004. 1. People often go to church at /on Sunday. 7. At/In the morning, we walk for e: 2, My husband works from /for nine to six. 8. ‘The movie is from/at 7:30 to 9:30. 3. On/In the winter we read alot of books. 9. I_go to bed at /from midnight. 4, Iput the cat outside on / at night. 10. My wedding anniversary is in /on 5. My mother's birthday is for /in April. 11. He likes to relax on /in the even 6. Iwant to buy a car in/ at 2005. 12. She enjoys long walks in /at the 48 Practice 23ee. Fillin the blanks with the correct prepositions. Example: usually go to bed late at night. Tusually wake up (1) 6:30 on school days. I take a shower, and (2) around 6:50 I eat breakfast. I always feel sleepy g)___ tthe morning. I catch my train (4) 7:36. (6) Mondays, the train is very crowded. © Fridays, I sometimes get a seat. I study English (the train. Thave two classes (8) the morning and one (9) the afternoon. I go to school (10) inte 8-00 (1) pen ek Lod amatimyjob" (2) ee es 9301013) 6:30. I work at an ice cream shop, s0 I like my job (14) the summer, but I hate my job (i5)_________ the winter. It’s too cold! Answer these questions using prepositions of time. Use a long or short answer. Example: When do you usually go to bed? lusually go to bed at 11:30. or At 1:0. ‘When do you usually wake up? ‘What time do you eat breakfast? What time do you leave for school? ‘What time does school start? ‘What time do you get home? ;. What time do you eat dinner? . When do you wake up on weekends? . When do you do your homework? |. When do you talk on the telephone? When do you use a computer? . When do you watch TV? Whenisyowhiriiday? een Ee ‘When is the most important holiday in your country? ‘When do you relax? ‘When is it cold in your country?Possessive Forms of Nouns NOUN ENDING EXAMPLE Singular noun: Add apostrophe +s. use my father’s last name. father Taatien Idon’t use my mother’s last Forms of Nouns Plural noun ending ins: Add apostrophe only. My parents’ names are Ethel Lan ‘Ted and Mike are boys’ names. Jrregular plural noun: Add apostrophe +s. Whatare your children's children, i en Marilyn and Sandra are wome essive Poss: ‘Names that end ins: ‘Add apostrophe only. Do you know Mr. Harris’ wife? ‘Mr. Harris Do you know Charles's wife? Charles aa Add apostrophe + s LANGUAGE NOTE: ‘We use thie possessive form for people and other living things. For inanimate “objets, we usually use the form the o ‘Washington College is the name of my school. Pee Some of the following sentences can show possession with apostro} - Rewrite these sentences. Write “no change” for the others. Example: The hat of my father is new. Myf nat is new. The color of the house is white. Talways eat the dinners of my mother. ‘The name of this book is More Grammar Practice. ‘The name of my cat is Nemo. ‘What are the names of your best friends? . Who is the husband of Phyllis? ‘The roof of the house is white. like to go to the house of my friend. New Language Center is the name of my school. ‘The toy of the baby is on the floor. ‘Where is the food of the children? 50 Practice 24Red and blue are the favorite colors of my brother. ‘The color of the car is green. This is the pen of my teacher. The job of the doctor is to help sick people. Do you live in the house of your parents? ‘The subject of this class is English. The name of the mother of my best friend is Mabel. The glass of the window is clear my Write 10 sentences using words from the box below. Use the possessive form of © SSS ‘he noun when possible. You can use other words too. Example: mother's favorite color is yellow. my mother car my father pen my best friend book my sister/brother clothes my teacher favorite color my hometown shoes Andre pet Lee name Carlos job Jenna game Practice 24 51Possessive Adjectives SUBJECT POSSESSIVE PRONOUN ADJECTIVE EXAMPLE 1 my Llike my name. You're a new student. What's your name? he his He likes his name. Possessive Adjectives she ‘She doesn’t like her name. it it Is this your dog? Is it friendly? What's its we our ‘We use our nicknames. they their ‘They are new friends. Their last name is. LANGUAGE NOTE: Be careful not to confuse Mis and hers ‘My mother lives in Chicago. Her brother lives in Las Vegas. FRIED Flin the blanks with the correct subject, pronoun, or possessive adj from the choices enclosed in parentheses. Example: (his/he) Inthe morning, he washes hig (may /D. mother and go shopping this week. (they / their) family visits when ____ have a vacation. (our / we) \__ love new apartment. (ner / she) buys tree for garden. Goji) oes aw Nooks greatin sae ES new placelby ties Gotti you hand > _—__bbrother look jist the sare (he / his) buys ets at an expensive store. d/my) teacher and solve many math problems. (their / they) grades aren't so good. usually do (we / our) want to read books tonight. (its/it) paw is hurt and needs medical attentis (she /her) ______ rides the bus to job on weekdays. (you /your) dinner is ready. Are ready to eat? (his / he) watches favorite show on Fridays. (my /1) always lose pearl earrings. (they / their) and parents cook wonderful m a2 Practice 25Fillin the blanks with the possessive adjectives that refer to the subject. Example: Ilike my __ teacher 1. He opens book. She loves grandfather. The cat likes toy. Many teachers give students too much homework. ‘Sometimes my sister does homework in the bathtub. ‘Mr. Johnson buys shoes in the spring. Do you use dictionary every day? Ibring___ daughter to work with me sometimes. ‘We wear coats in winter. Ms. Winfrey always tells children to eat Some people wash ____ cars every day. He uses cell phone in class. She keeps__ pencils in The mouse eats cheese. Most people love ____ parents. ‘Sometimes Lisa eats lunch in the morning. Tearry_______ bag everywhere. Went ee. boeken Sheeats lunch at the same time every day. ‘Two of my friends do hhomework together. He talks to grandmother every week on the phone. ‘The computer needs hard drive. ‘You often clean car. You always buy shoes at the department store. We usually call mothers on Sunday. Does he want test grade now? ‘This bag always breaks at strap. Tam hungry for lunch right now.av Ne Possessive Pronouns EXPLANATION EXAMPLE ‘You don’t know my name. I know yours. yours = your ‘Your name is easy for Americans. Mine is hard. mine = my name LANGUAGE NOTE: |, "When we use a possessive pronoun, we omit the noun. Her children have English names. Hers have English names. [My chilatren have Spanish names. Mine have Spanish names. Possessive Pronouns SUBJECT PRONOUN POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE POSSESSIVE P! d my, mine you your yours he his his Poe Rewrite the second sentence of each item below, replacing the under words with a possessive pronoun. Example: Your coat is brown. My coat is blue. Your coat is brown. Mine is blue. 1. My birthday is in January. Your birthday is in March. 2. His cat is white. Her cat is black. 3, [like my brother. Do you like your brother? 4, My teacher is strict. Is your teacher strict? 5. Can Tuse your pen? My pen doesn’t work 6. Whose socks are these? Whose socks are those? ioe Practice 26‘My mother comes from Sri Lanka. Ravi’s mother comes from India. Yoko's dress is red. Julie's dress is red too. Miguel's house is big. Peter's house is small. Antonio and Carlotta’s jobs are difficult. Nina and Matt's jobs are easy. ‘You have an old red car. Our car is new. ‘My hair is red. Their hair is red too. Your shirts are pink. My shirts are green. Their class is boring. Our class is interesting. My parents always watch TV. Do your parents always watch TV? Pr) Joanna is comparing herself to her classmates. Complete Joanna’s second sentence. Example: My hairis long. (he/short) His is short, 1. My glasses are made of silver wire. (she / brown plastic) ‘My pet is a Siamese cat. (he / old parrot) My job is in the city. (they /in the country) My apartment has two bedrooms. (you / one bedroom) ‘My parents are careful with money. (their / spend a lot of money)The Subject and the Object [like movies because they entertain me. 3 7 Se e EXAMPLE EXPLANATION | oe 20 The subject (S) comes before the ver ey ‘The object (0) comes after the verb. s ‘We like movies. isa person or a thing. fe os v0 87 .¥ (0! ‘We can use pronouns for the subject *Q Bob likes Mary because she helps him. object. Bl sm 0 Sia fe, LANGUAGE NOTE: ‘There can be more than one subject, verb, or object in a sentence: s s Dogs and cals are favorite pets. v v She walks and jogs for exercise. Das. ° Ineed soap, toothpaste, and a hairbrush. OO PRRTPIRETE Write S, vor O over the subjects, verbs, and objects of these sentences. Ba. ° Example: She smells the roses. 1. Teat bananas. 5. She makes hats. . 2, Michael knows Dorothy. 6. Maggie and Tim grow vegetables. _ 3. He isadoctor. 7. Itisn'ta cloud. 4, They have money. 8. We love English. [REERHEI] Fillin the blanks with a subject to complete these sentences, Use students in your class as the subjects of the sentences. Example: Cher wears nice clothes. 1. speaks English well. E likes © 2 hasan. 4 reach 56 Practice 27‘isnever late to class. 8. helps me study. takes good notes. 9. has a job. 10. does homework. ME] Flin the blanks with an object to complete these sentences. Use your own ideas. Example: [need 2iew notebook Ihave ; . He studies iio ea . My teacher likes She loves: : . My friend is Tam > |. My friend wears like |. Everyone likes Write S, V, or 0 over the subjects, verbs, and objects in this paragraph. ov ° Example: The fog covers the city. ‘Weather affects everyone. Some people love bad weather, and some people hate bad weather. In the city, businessmen and businesswomen use umbrellas in the rain. The umbrellas keep them. from getting wet. In the city, people dislike the rain. People on vacation don’t like rain. Rain keeps people inside. People play sports outside on vacation, and rain stops outdoor baseball games and basketball games. Even so, some people like the rain. Farmers like rain because it helps the crops. Sun, rain, and good earth make the plants grow. Rain helps the crops become food. Sometimes the rain stops and the vegetables don’t grow. Then supermarkets charge more money for vegetables. Luckily, farmers have irrigation systems. Irrigation systems water the plants and,vegetables. People dislike bad weather, but good weather and bad weather grow our food. Practice 27 57Object Pronouns Object Pronouns SUBJECT PRONOUN SUBJECT 1 me You love x you me. I love ¥ he him She loves h she her He loves P it it We love i we us They love ' they them We love i LANGUAGE NOTES: 1. We ean use an object pronoun to substitute for an object noun: Tove my mother. I visit her once a week. 2. We use them for plural people and things: Thave two brothers. You know them. 8. An object pronoun can follow a preposition: fy sister has a son. She always talks about im. Se Pee Fillin each blank with the object pronoun of the underlined word. Example: [eat ice cream. I eat !© ¥ at night You help your brother. You help . Isee starsat night. Isee He cleans the garage. He cleans We like chicken very much. We like _ very mut ‘They need a two-bedroom apartment, They need Topen boxes at work. T open —__________——— at work, She writes a composition. She writes (ssid [t hits the car suddenly. It hits suddenly. sone os ‘The trees drop their leaves in fall. The trees drop — 10. He loves his wife very much. He loves very mm 11. My mother often calls you. My mother often calls — 12, Every year he promises Julia and me. Every year he promises 58 Practice 28Fill in the blanks with the object pronoun of the underlined word. Example: | understand you, and you understand 1. Romeo loves Juliet, and she loves too. © Itake care of my parents, and my parents take care of Her name is Elizabeth, but we call Beth. Tike sushi. Do you like too? I speak English in class, but I don’t speak at home. John walks toward George and looks at These are our photo albums. Please look at, Bo new When we are late, out boss gets angry at My friends sometimes write to me, and I sometimes write to 10. Ltalk to her, and she talks to 11. We help them, and they help 12. This is a new outfit. Do you like 2 13. These are new shoes. Do you like 2 14. She is our English teacher. We like alot. 15. Francisco is my best friend. I like being with is a great CD. Do you like KY Two friends are talking on the phone. Fill in the blanks with appropriate object pronouns. EXERC Example: How often do you write to them ms A: Ilike Miami, but miss my parents. B: How often do you see (1) 2 A: About twice a year. They often call (2) , and sometimes I send @) e-mail. B: How about your sister Joanne? Do you talk with (4) much? A: Not much. I miss (5) alot. B: Does she come visit (6) 2 A: No. She wants to, but hotels are too expensive, and my apartment is too small. Practice 28 59Questions about the Subject or about the Complement Questions about the Subject or about the Complement Compare the following statements and related questions about the comple and about the subject. WaawORD| DOT DOES SUBJECT VERB COMPLEM Susan needs something. ‘What does she need? She needs anew TV. ‘My parents live in Peru. ‘Where do your parents live? They live in Colombiz ‘Your sister likes someone. Whotm) does she like? She likes her boytrie SUBJECT VERB COMPLEMENT SHORT A Someone has my book. Who has my book? ‘Tom does. Someone needs help. Who needs help? Ido. LANGUAGE NOTES: 1 Most wit questions inthe present tense use do or does. These questions ask about the complement: He lives in Peru. [see someone. Where does he live? ‘Who(m) do yousee? 2, Some wh— questions ask about the subject: ‘Someone needs help. ‘Something is wrong. ‘Who needs help? What is wrong? Pee Choose the correct word to fill in the blanks. Example: (who / what) What is your name? do you do for work? 1. (who / what) = 2, (where / what) does he go after class? 60 Practice 293. (whom / who) is your teacher? 4, (what /who) is your phone number? 5. (where / who) do you keep your bicycle? 6. (who /whom) do you like? (formal wording) 7. (who /whom) do you trust the most? (informal wording) 8. (what / where) do you study after class? 9. (who / whom) cuts your hair? 10. (who / what) does she need for school supplies? 11. Gvhom /who) does he talk to? (informal wording) 12. (what / who) is the temperature today? Make questions from the following words. Add a question mark. ie 4 Example: Spanish /speaks/who Who speaks Spanish? does / Anna / where / walk eat / what / my teacher /does what / Paolo / does / sing what /I/ every day / do / carry studies / in my class / who /hard like / does / my father / what feels / uncomfortable / what Pee earee visits / who /me Make a question about the complement in each of the following statements. EXERCISE Change the pronouns as necessary, Example: Where does your best friend live? My best friend lives in Peru. ‘Tom likes apples. Thave a new car. Karen likes Bob. She sees a rose. ‘They write poems. He drives a truck. Juan makes toys. ‘My parents write to them. Senea eee My brother always eats hamburgers. 10. Julie thinks tennis is great. 61 Practice 29Forms and Uses of the Present Continuous Tense CTl Forms and Uses of the Present Continuous Tense SUBJECT BE VERB + -ING I am. reading. ‘You are learning. We are studying. They are practicing. Jim and Sue are writing. He is eating. She is sitting. It is sleeping. Jim is standing, LANGUAGE NOTE! 1. We ean make a contraction with the subject pronoun and a form of be- Most nouns can also make a contraction with #s: Dan's writing aletter. We're studying verbs. 2, To form the negative, put not after the verb am/ is/are: ‘Dan isn’t writing a composition. I'm not sleeping in class. 43, When the subject is doing two or more things, we don't repeat the verb be after amd: Children are making a snowman aad throwing snowballs. EXAMPLES USE Dan is writing a letter to his family now. To show that an action is in progress at this, moment. It’s snowing now. Tan andihis roommate are gdving weight. ‘To.show along-termaction that is in progress. is eee naan ope cemewete Tt may not be happening at this exact moment. He is wearing a sweater. ‘To describe a state or condition, using verbs such as sil, stand, wear, or sleep. He és sitting near the window. Pre Fillin the missing part of each sentence. Example: He's eat!!4 a sandwich They are playing baseball. 1, I'mthink of you. 2. My mother and father riding the train. 62 Practice 30aan Karla ‘wearing a new dress. ‘The students in my class are speak He’s learn Chinese. My teacher writing on the board. I taking notes. The boats sailing on the water. The sun shining down. ‘My brother is study computer science. 2. Write a sentence in the present continuous tense using the words given. Example: thecat/sleep Thecatissleeping 10. my brother / cook / dinner my sister / talk/ on the telephone my father /use / his computer my mother / exercise the dog / eat 1/do my homework the earth / turn the sun / set plants / grow I/think / about my friend Answer these questions using the present continuous tense with true information about yourself. Example: Who is helping you with your homework? My friend Lee is helping me with my homework. . What are you doing now? ‘What are you thinking about? . Where are you sitting? . What are you writing with? Is anyone sitting near you? Who is teaching you English (this semester)? ‘What other classes are you taking? What are you wearing? Are you sleeping? Are you eating? Practice 30 63Spelling of the -ing Form Spelling of the -ing Form en UEIEEEIEEEEESSSEIESESSSEEEEEESENSIT RULE ‘VERB -ING FORM ‘Add “ing to most verbs. cat eating (Note: Do not drop the y from go going the base form. : > study studying Fora one-syllable verb that plan planning ends in a consonant + vowel + consonant (CVC), double the | | | are final consonant and add —ing. eve sitting ae ove cvc Do not double a final 1, 2, show showing ae mix mixing stay staying Fora two-syllable verb that refée referring ends in CVC, double the final ; as consonant only if the last A ea syllable is stressed. begin beginning When the last syllable of a two- listen listening syllable verb is not stressed, do a ale not double the final consonant. ae ae offer offering Ifthe verb ends in a consonant live living + e, drop the e before adding a Hees. -ing. write writing EEUU Pa Write the —ing form of the verb. Two-syllable verbs that end in CVG have accent marks to show which syllable is stressed. Example: cook © ____co0king 1. walk 2. talk Practice 3110. taste 21. cry Bi think) SO 22. pay aes “commit ee 23. grow BS) Vacag eee 24, print pee ees as SRM 25. dpen 15. ocetir EXERCISE Cirele the correct present continuous verb in each sentence. Example: She to take the bus. ‘The Jones family are worrying / is worrying about the rent. He are drinking /is drinking hot chocolate. You am reading / read your homework every night this week. Jane is working / working all day. ‘We is having / are having a good time at our job. Those people is waiting / are waiting for the bus. The fish swimming / are swimming up the river. The baseball player is laughing / be laughing at the other team. Tare doing / am doing my grammar exercises tonight. 10. It israin /is raining right now. 11. Our baseball team is winning / are winning today. 12. The hot dog vendor is selling / selling many hot dogs with onions. SPARE e we PREVA] Make the following present continuous statements negative, Example: [am driving to the city tonight. Imnot driving to the city tonight. She is sitting beside him. He is marrying her soon. ‘The flowers are opening in the sunshine. Lam wiping off the tables. The customers are waiting for the check. Practice 31Questions with the Present Continuous Tense VERB SHORT SUBJECT BE -ING COMPLEMENT ANSWER Dan is wearing a sweater. Dan wearing ahat? No, he isn’t. Dan wearing? Dan wearing ahat? ‘Who wearing . ahat? playing — inside? they playing — inside? i they _ playing inside? LANGUAGE NOTE: When the question is “What ... doing?” we often answer with a different verb: ‘What's he doing? He's writing a letter. Questions with the Present Continuous Tense Pea Fill in the missing parts of the following present-continuous-tense questions. Example: Ar you eating dinner? 1, IsCarol do. the dishes? Why you 2. the kids watch read. that book? he ia V7, What video you renting? . What show the kids . Where he going? wateh. 2 . she still sleeping? Isn't it snow. right now? . n't you wear, 5. Who is driv. the car? socks? Pee) Write a question about each statement using the words given. Example: A girlis jogging. why/jog Whyleshejoaging? where/jog Whereis she jogging? why /not/relax Whyisn't she relaxing? 1. The professor is writing. a. what / write Practice 32b. where / write ¢. why /not / eat d. whom / write /to 2. He is leaving. a. who /leave b. where/he/ go c. how/he/ get / there d. what /he /take / with him 3. The leaves are turning brown. a, why /Ieaves / turn brown b. which /Ieaves / turn brown c. who /not / water / the plant 4. Jorge is studying English. a. why / study / English b. where / study / English c. who / practice / English / with d. why /not / study / computer science Write a short answer to each question. Example: Are you dreaming about flying? (no) No. imnot. Is he thinking and worrying about his friends? (yes) ~ Are they going home soon? _(no) Is she answering the test questions correctly? _ (no) Are we studying a useful language? _—_(yes) Is my life changing? _(yes) Am I waiting for the wrong train? (no) Is the taxi driver heading in the right direction? _ (yes) Are you eating lunch at twelve o'clock today? (no) Are they wearing funny shoes? —_(yes) 10. AmT working and thinking too much? —_(yes) CP mm we What are you doing right now? Write one sentence with two verbs. Use and. maneContrast between the Present Continuous and Simple Present Tenses Neen eee ET T=I=U=IS=I =n SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT CONTINUOUS He sometimes wears 2 suit. He is wearing jeans now. He doesn't usually wear shorts. He isn’t wearing a belt. Does he ever wear a hat? Is he wearing a T-shirt? ‘Yes, he does. No, he isn’t. ‘When does he wear a hat? ‘What is he wearing? EXAMPLE OF USE EXPLANATION He lives in Brazil. Use the simple present tense to talk about a foeueeewatide general truth, a habitual activity, or a custom. Ali is writing to his family now. Use the present continuous tense for an action in progress at this moment. He is learning more and more about American Use the present continuous tense for a longer culture all the time. action that is in progress at this general time. LANGUAGE NOTES: 1. When we use [ive in the simple present tense, we mean that this isa ‘person's home. In the present continuous tense, live means a temporary ‘or short-term residence: He is living in a dorm this semester, His family lives in Jordan. 2, “What do you do (for a living)?” asks about your job. “What are you. doing?” asks about your activity at this moment. Find the mistake in the underlined portion of each of the following sentences; then rewrite the sentence correctly. All statements should be in the present, Contrast between the Present Continuous and Simple Present Tenses continuous tense. Example: She is cook in the kitchen now. She is cooking in the kitchen now. 1. My mother speaking five languages. 2. They are walk to the movie together. 3. She doesn’t hoping to go to the concert. 68 Practice 33Tam do my laundry now. 5. Itissnow. 6. It snowing in the mountains often. Tam not study now because I have a headache. 8. Listen! She is sing. 9. What do you doing now? 10. What is she read? 11. Do you riding your bicycle every day? 12. He doesn't working in a hospital. Fill in each blank in the conversation with the verb wear in either the present simple form (wear) or the present continuous form (wearing). Example: ‘A: Francisco! I almost didn’t recognize you. Why aren't you _Wearirg _ your glasses? B: Idon't(1) my glasses every day. I usually \ (2) ___ them only when I come to class. A: Well, you are in class now! Shouldn't you be (3) them now? B: I'mnot (4) my glasses because I am 6) contact lenses for the first time today. A: How do you like contact lenses? B: I don’t like them at all. They're very uncomfortable. On the other hand, | like how look when I © them.All Future Tense with Future Tense with Will 51 SSS SESE SUBJECT WILL COMPLEMENT I will buy agift. She will give money. There will be 260 people at the wedding. LANGUAGE NOTES: 1. We use 1vill with all persons to form the future tense. Will doesn't have an=s form. 2, We can make a contraction with the subject pronoun and 2will: IZ, you'll, he'll she'll, itll, we'll, and they'll 3. Put not after will to form the negative. The contraction for will not is won't, Will not is very strong and formal. Won't is used often in informal conversation. 4, We can puta frequency word between wil and the main verb: She will never understand American customs. Pec Unscramble the words to form sentences. Example: it/today/sunny /be/will /€ will be sunny today. doctor /I/become/will/a you /will /in / Germany /live soon / get /will /a new job /he she /will / leave / never will / write / a book / they together / tomorrow / will / play / the girls have /a wonderful time / we / will not / will /rain /it /this weekend a party / will /be / there / not will / never /I/ promise / that Per) Fill in the blanks with appropriate verbs in the future tense. Use will or won't. I(1: have) avery busy summer. First, my family (2: come) to visit me in the city. We (3: go) museums and to many nice stores. My brother (4: see) all the big summer movies. My father and mother (5: not /go)__ to the movies. 70 Practice 34My sister (6: spend)__————_ all of her money on shoes. My mother and father (7: not /spend) money on clothes. They (8: want) to eat in nice restaurants. After three days, we (9: travel) to the shore. My family (0: stay) there for one week. We (11: take) apicnic swim) all day. I Tunch to the beach every day. My brother and sister (12: (13: play) volleyball with my friends. This (14: be) a great summer! I hope you (15: come) with us. Sees Rewrite the sentences belowin the future tense with will. Some sentences are negative. Example: He eatsasandwich. He will eat a sanalwich, She doesn’t drink soda. she will not drink soda. or She won't drink soda. Jessica goes to school. ‘My mother drives her car. Hank needs a hammer. ‘They do not eat cake. RE are allio ks AI SS ti | eka EE Paula walks to work. AaB: canst pa are Atha wtudles Spamtah pM oR ee Ken buys a plant. The trees are in bloom. Mina isn’t happy. eae ne Idon’t wear glasses. ‘You have good grades. ‘They fly home on holidays. I don’t wash the dishes . Weare happy. My boss has a baby boy. EHNA Imagine how you and the world will be different 20 years from now. Write two complete sentences using will. Practice 34 7A Future Tense with WillFuture Tense with Be Going To SUBJECT BE (NOT) GOINGTO+VERB COMPLEMENT am gaingto send” agift. are going to take a gift to the wedding. are going to be musicians at the wedding. is goingtobe any rain. eae Unscramble the words below to form sentences. Example: it/going/ rain /is /to / this afternoon itis going to rain this afternoon. going /I/am/to/ateacher/become you / study / computers / going / are / to to /is/ going / quit / he / his job the food / isn't / she /to / try / going ‘going/areVja'baby to /havelthey! ES _aiiteihslina have / the lawyers / going / are / to /a meeting are / to / going / we /to / Mexico / go going /a beautiful day /to/ be /it/is go/you/ to /a party / are / going / to 10. she /a puppy / buy /is/to/ going Rewrite the sentences below using going to. | Example: He will eat a sandwich. Hels going toeat a sandwich Todd writes a letter. My grandmother will walk her dog. You need a piece of paper. They don't drink water. Pam walks to school. Andrew is not a salesman. ‘We buy apples. The TV is making noise. 72 ‘Practice 359. Carol is not sad. 10. Lam doing homework. BREE] Write 10 sentences about plans for this weekend using going to. Examples: he/watchTV HeisgoingtowatchTy you/not/writealetter Youarenotgoing towritealetten I/see friends you / relax she /do grammar homework Fy Ae aes air eeeebame tea mE ode Meh, aR op NO AIRE Le we /watch a video |. they /not / go to the park they / go to the library T/listen to music it/not / be hot you / go to abirthday party ‘What are you going to do this weekend? Write what you are going to do and EXERCISE 3 what you aren't going to do. Example: flyakite lamnotgoing toflyakite. write a letter go shopping work study hard do laundry get a haireut cook a meal i 2, es 4, 5. talk on the phone 6. a 8. 9. sleep 10. go to the movies 11. play basketball 12. take along walk Practice 35 73Uses of Will and Be Going To To aaa: WILL BE GOING TO sa The newlyweds will be very The newlyweds are going to happy together. be very happy together. Some people will give money. Some people are going to give money. They are going to get married on March 6, Lam going to buy a gift. Uses of Will and Be C Iwill always love you. A: This gift box is heavy. Pll carry it for you. Read the sentences below. On the line provided, write the reason (prediction, ‘fact, plan, promise, or affer to help) the sentence uses will or be going to. Example: I'll do the dishes. offer to help There will be no cars in the year 2100. T'm going to go to the store. A band is going to play. We're going to have a picnic. Next time, I'll do my homework. Really! Til drive you there. Maria's going to become a florist. Iwill never do it again. Meinde sc. 5 ‘The book's going to fall off the table. . We are going to have a test in this class. He'll help you move. He has a truck. The world will change in the future. It will be cloudy tomorrow. You will write the rent check every month. Iwill help you practice your vocabulary. Til take you to the train in the morning.Circle the better expression to complete the sentence. % Example: 1am going to /(willcarry it for you. (offer to help) Twill always be/am your friend. (promise) We will / are going to go grocery shopping tonight. (plan) He tutors /will tutor the math students next week. (fact) ee ee ing To You will go / go far in your future. (prediction) She is / will be there at five o'clock. (fact) Lam going to /T'll type that paper for you on my computer. (offer to help) ‘They are going to /will take a biology class next month. (plan) ” pl S. Irespect / will respect and take care of the environment. (promise) a 3 & : 3 5 kj Make negative sentences with be + not going to + the following words. Example: /go to the bookstore today Im not. going to go to the bookstore toda; 1. I/eat dinner with your family this evening 2. He /learn another language 3. You/wash your hair tonight 4 They /travel abroad this year You will have a picnic with your friends. Write how you think each person will, offer to help, using will, Example: Martin lives near a convenience store. Martin's offer: “Ml bring the drinks and plastic cups.” 1. Judy likes cooking. Judy's offer: Juan has a car. " Juan’s offer: 3. Ingrid has a picnic basket. Ingrid’s offer: 4. Tomoko lives near a fruit and vegetable shop. ‘Tomoko's offer:Questions with Be Going To and Will Questions with Be Going To and Will WH- BE GOING BASE SHORT WORD (+NOT) SUBJECT BE TO+ FORM COMPLEMENT ANSWER They are goingto leave soon. Are they goingto leave tomorrow? No, they aren’t, When are they goingto leave? Why aren't they goingto leave tomorrow? Who is goingto leave? They are. WH- WILL/ BASE SHORT WORD WON'T SUBJECT (WILL)+ FORM COMPLEMENT ANSWER eat lunch. eat a sandwich? ‘Yes, she will. eat for lunch? asalad? lunch? Pee Unscramble the following words to form questions. Add a question mark. Example: he / going / another / study / to /language / is Is he going to study another language? they /to / have /'a baby /are / going going / we / are /to / married / get going / to /take /is /a vacation / who she / to /when / graduate / going / is so early / why / to eat / dinner / is /he / going who /is/ to bring / going / the soda to quit / your job / you /are / going the kitchen / won't / why / clean /you will /he /the garbage / take out what / Dring / will / they / to the party why / won't/ to /the pienic / you / come will / the napkins / buy / who 76 Practice 37EXERCISE mY Write a short answer for each question below. Example: Are you going to watch TV tonight? No, lint not. Is he going to eat dinner at home? Yes. Will you do your homework? Y€S. |. Are they going to call afriend? No. Isshe going to write a letter? Yo, ;. Are we going to read anew book? YS. ._ Aré you going to speak English with the teacher? YES. Will the dog come inside soon? No. Are you going to daydream during class? No. Is the baby taking a nap? Y22. Is she going to sweep the floor? No. . Will they buy some musie CDs? No. . Will you go to the anniversary party? Y2s, Will he use your computer? No. Pe Use the terms in the box below to write five questions you have about your own future, Use will or be going to, Refer to the chart for models. Example: When /owna business 1 z 4. Whenwill lowna business? When am Igoing to own a business? make a lot of money / be happy / have a lot of children /be very good at English / ‘win the lottery / travel abroad / own a home /be famous / have a good job / be healthy When When When When When Practice 37 TTFuture Tense + Time / If Clause TIME OR IF CLAUSE (SIMPLE PRESENT) MAIN CLAUSE (FUTURE) When I go to the store, Tam going to look at the list of gifts. If the newlyweds need dishes, Iwill buy dishes for them. MAIN CLAUSE (FUTURE) TIME OR IF CLAUSE (SIMPLE PRESENT) Twill go to the wedding if I get an invitation. She is going to thank the guests before they leave. LANGUAGE NOTES: 1. The sentences above have two clauses. We use the future tense only in ‘the main clause; we use the simple present tense in the time clause / if clause. . Ifthe time or ff clause comes first, we separate the two clauses with a comma. ‘Time clauses suggest a plan for the future. |. Uf clauses suggest a possibility in the future. The main clause action will not happen if the if clause action doesn't come true. EE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE rea Complete each statement. using will or be going io. Example: When this class is over, |willgo home. or —_ lamgoing to go home. Before I finish this exercise, ‘When I leave school today, When I complete this English class, Before I go to sleep tonight, when I wake up tomorrow. when I meet my friends. FRPRRTTIG] Complete cach statement using wil or be going to. Example: If I don't eat dinner, !'t? going to feel hungr If I don’t come to school, If I study every day, If Tdon’t study every day, If [make a lot of money, 78 Practice 38if I don't make a lot of money. if [move to another country. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb to complete each sentence. Use either will or be going to for time or éf clauses. Example: When! graduate ,1__amgoing to get __a good job. (graduate) (get) Do When, Saiaieiinens. ROT eam fost I a painter (grow up) (be) Il a lot of wonderful paintings, I (paint) (become) many of the paintings beforel__ famous. (sell) (become) When people the paintings,I__a lot of money. (buy) (make) a big house when I enough money. (have) a party when I into that big house. (move) Il a party, many movie stars to my . (have) (invite) house. HI movie stars, there (invite) (be) photographers at the party too. The photographers photos of my paintings when they (take) them. (see) 10. 1 very famous if lever (become) (grow up) Complete the following sentences with if, when, or before. (Sometimes two answers are possible.) She is going to buy an enormous mansion she wins $1,000,000. he learns to drive, he is going to take me to work every day. Iget home tonight, I am going to make dinner. I get home tonight, I will go to the grocery store. they move to our town, we will be very happy. Practice 38PRA Simple Past Tense of Regular Verbs EXAMPLE EXPLANATION: ‘The Wright Brothers dreamed about flying. For regular verbs, the simple past tense ends ‘They started a bieycle business. ue E ' BASEFORM PAST FORM ‘They invented the airplane. pases start started invent invented LANGUAGE NOTES: 1. The past form is the same for all persons. 2. The verb after to does not use the past form. ‘The Wright Brothers wanted to ly. . 3. Spelling of the past tense of rogular verbs: a. Added ord to most regular verbs: start —= started live —> lived. . Whenthe base ends in consonant + y, change y to ¢ and added: carry —> carried. ce. When the base ends in vowel + do not change the y: stay —> stayed. 4, When a one-syllable verb ends in a C-¥-0, double the final consonant + ~ed: ' stop—> stopped hug —> hugged. €. Do not double final w or: fix—m fixed show —> showed. 1. When a two-syllable verb ends in a C-¥-C, double the final consonant and add ~ed only ifthe last syllable is stressed: permit —> permitted. & When the last syllable of a two-syllable verb is not stressed, do not double the final consonant: 6pen —> opened. Simple Past Tense of Regular Verbs [FREER] Revnite the sentences below, changing the verbs tothe simple-past-tense verbs. Example: Ineedaticket. /neededla ticket. Llive in a small house. ‘We need money. He starts school on Monday. ‘They offer me a ride. Chris fixes my computer. ‘The tree moves in the wind. oak ee ‘The automatic doors will open. Monta kos ouisttebswvittl yw Ss ts SE aaa tadsearin a ted aeie 2% ‘The cat cries at the door, 10. We open the presents. 11. She types her compositions. 12. We watch TV all day. 80 Practice 3913. They drop the dishes. 14. The boys play soccer. 15. He permits games in class. 16. The teacher wants us to do well. 17. They paint pictures. 18. We travel to Tokyo. Write each sentence in the simple past tense. Example: He (marry) marri¢d his sweetheart. 1. The doctor (treat) her patients well. 2. We (try) to listen to the instructions. 3. The girls (study) their piano lessons. 4. The bus (arrive) on time yesterday. 5. The landlord (rent) the apartment last week. 6. Your friend (phone) to say hello. 7. I(stop)______— typing my composition two hours ago. 8. The woman (cancel) her dentist appointment five minutes ago. Write six sentences about your childhood using the simple past tense. Use the Ben : verbs in the box. Example: / with dolls, play like climb enjoy learn start want need live move watch pretend stay jump love hate use decide attend visit collect eae eeLreacrci Forms and Uses of the Past Tense of Be Toe ene ee nee EEE EERE ean SUBJECT BE WoT) COMPLEMENT We were in New York. 2 Madame Curie was ascientist. , Gandhi and King were not soldiers. I was not, alone. LANGUAGE NOTE: The contraction for was not is wasn't ‘The contraction for were not is weren't. pee eae > EXAMPLE EXPLANATION | insein was a scientist Classification of the subject 2 ‘The soldiers were brave. Description of the subject S _The war was in Europe. Location of the subject _The president was from Arkansas. Place of origin of the subject My sister was born in 1975. With born ‘There were fireworks to celebrate the With there holiday last sume SS Write the way de is used in each of the sentences below: classification, description, location, or origin. Example: The rug was on the floor location 1. Mitch was a salesman. Leila was from Iran. ‘Mary and Fred were in Australia. Hic h teras lie yeaa oR Gloria was hardworking. ‘Those flowers were from Daniel. This books iiscotinges tS Ret Mae oa eaten eeenna Ea Kim was born in Korea. ‘The band was on tour, Seeneoes Ttwas an English school, 82 Practice 40Make the following sentences negative. Use negative contractions. Example: The action film was wonderful. The action film wasn't wonderful. ‘The basketball games were exciting. There were many excited fans. The crowd was cheering ‘The teams were well matched. ‘They were very skilled at free throws. ‘The point spread was even. Iwas thrilled by the action. ‘We were sad to go home. Make sentences with the past tense of be. Some sentences will be negative. Example: my teacher /very energetic My teacher was veryenergetic. | our bosses /not/kind }Qurbosses weren't kind. my friend /a singer Manuel /so intelligent my uncle / not /in California they / from Haiti there /a mouse in the kitchen there / some books on the table Joe and Michael / good athletes T/not/a genius my mother / tall Ling / from the Philippines Liz / not / a designer you /not/in an airplane Think of a beautiful place you visited long ago. Write five sentences using there was / were to describe that place. Example: There was a forest with many tall trees. Practice 40 83Pera Questions with Was and Were WAS/ SHORT SUBJECT WERE COMPLEMENT ANSWER WH- — WAS/ ‘The firefighters were concerned. Were the firefighters ‘concerned? Yes, they were. were the firefighters concerned? (No, they = weren't.) : “al ‘The child wasn't alone. E a Why wasn’t the child alone? ae ‘ Someone was with the child. 2 Who was with the child? Ze Read each statement. Then write a yes / no question with the words in parentheses (). Give a short answer. Example: Iwas absent from class yesterday (you) Were you absent from class yestenday? No, lwasn't. 1, The telephone was an important invention. (the computer) Communication by e-mail is common now. (50 years ago) You are working on your English now. (yesterday) Iwas interested in animals when I was a child. (you) Iwas on a soccer team in elementary school. (you) Iwas tired yesterday. (you) My first-grade teacher was nice. (your first-grade teacher) My favorite toy was a stuffed chicken. (your favorite toy) 84 Practice 419. Iwas ina good mood yesterday. (you) 10. Iwas sick yesterday. (you) Read each statement. Then write a wh— question with the word in parentheses (). Example: Iwas angry yesterday. (why) Why were you angry yesterday? She was in love. (why) They were in the park. (when) ‘My sister was a student. (where) His mother was curious. (why) Iwas wearing a heavy coat. (why) My parents were members of the club. (when) Iwasn't excited. (why) You weren't nice tome. (when) He was a director of the program. (when) ‘We weren't honest with the others. (why) Unscramble the words to form questions. Example: sleepy /you/yesterday /were Were you sleepy yesterday? 1. born/you/were / where on the first day / were / you/ of class / nervous . you / were /a happy child . in English / were / interested / you / in elementary school Practice 41 85Simple Past Tense of Irregular Verbs Simple Past Tense of Irregular Verbs VERBS WITH NO CHANGE FINAL D CHANGES TO T bet-bet, cost-cost cut-cut, fit-fit hit-hit hurt-hurt let-let put-put quit-quit shut-shut bend-bent_ build-built Jend-lent send-sent, spend-spent VERBS WITH A VOWEL OR CONSONANT CHANGE feel-felt keep-kept leave-left loselost mean-meant* sleep-slept bring-brought buy-bought catch-caught fight—fought teach-taught think-thought break-broke freeze-froze steal-stole wake-woke begin-began arink-drank ring-rang sing-sang. sink-sank swim-swam. dig-dug hang-hung blow-blew draw—irew fly-flew. spin-spun win-won grow-grew know-knew throw-threw drive-drove ride-rode bleed-bled feed-fed leaded, shine-shone write-wrote meet-met_ read-read** sell-sold tell-told find-found wind-wound shake-shook take-took mistake-mistook lay-laid say-said*** pay-paid tear-tore wear-wore bite-bit lightit hide-hid become-became come-came fall-fell hold-held give-gave forgive-forgave lieday forget-forgot shoot-shot get-got stand-stood MISCELLANEOUS CHANGES be-was / were do-did go-went: have-had *Meant sounds like sent. *#*The past tense of read sounds like red. *"*Said soundsPa Fill in the blank with the past tense form of the verb in parentheses. Example: We (forget) forgot to bring our books today. 1, Adog (bite) me yesterday. 2. Who (break) the glass? 3. She (pay) _ the waitress for her coffee. 4. Talready (feed) the cats. 5. Raisa (sing) __ the most beautiful song. 6. a 8. Rain (fall) all day yesterday. Vito (buy) __ anew watch. My mother (teach) English. 9. He only (sleep) four hours last night. 10. Jim and Betty (ride) the train from New York to Boston, 11. 1 (see) a great movie last night. 12, Frances (go) to Italy two years ago. 13. She never (forgive) him for leaving her. 14. Fernando (make) a cake for our party. 15. Do you remember what she (wear) 2 16. She (keep) the bracelet as a souvenir, 17. June and Henry always (fight) he will give us a ride home. 18. He (say) 19. I (meet) avery interesting person yesterday. 20. We Gight) candles and (hold) hands. 21. Terry (speak) very quietly. 22. Katya (find) a dog in the park, 23. She (spin) around until she felt sick. 24, Carola (lose) her earring somewhere. 25. They (sell) their house for a lot of money. 26. Alan (drive) to work every day. 27. My new job (begin) yesterday. 28. He (understand) his new teacher perfectly. 29. Marcelo (choose) a blue shirt to wear that day. 30. I (forget) all the irregular verbs I learned last week. Write three sentences about the things that happened in your life last week. Use verbs from the chart at the beginning of this practice. Practice 42 87Negative Forms of Past Tense Verbs Example: 88 Negative Forms of Past Tense Verbs AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT Ricardo studied history. He became a writer. He moved to Oxford. NEGATIVE STATEMENT He didn’t study mathematics. He didn’t become a professor. He didn’t move to Cambridge. LANGUAGE NOTE: For the negative of past tense verbs, use clidn't (did not) + the base form for all verbs, regular and irregular. He thought about the test. He Ibought celery at the store. I “We ate ice cream for dessert. We Tthought English was easy. I Yesterday we went to the park. We Neil saw a cloud. He Twon second prize. Unfortunately, I The thief stole our television, but he Our teacher taught us history. He fed the birds at the park, but I Mom felt tired yesterday. She Mr. Jones drank coffee. He . Jeff rode his bicycle to school. He Tknew that English had irregular verbs, but I ‘She met Bobby at the restaurant. She Tbrought a sweater, but I ‘They made some spaghetti. They Iwrote a long letter yesterday. I I grew up in California. I Darla had a cold. She Kit ran to school today. Kit Practice 43 Fillin the blanks with the negative form of the underlined verb. didn’t think about the time. lettuce. fruit. about studying so much. shopping. an airplane. first prize our computer. us political science. the squirrels. sick. tea. the bus. how many! him at the party. acoat. pizza. my composition. up in New York. the flu. to school yesterday.Amy called to tell you about her coworkers and friends. These are the things < that her friends did but she didn’t do. Example: Jill slept until 11 in the moming. aid’ sleep until 11 in the morning. Angel cut her hair last week. Bob quit his job this week. Cara caught. cold. Darva woke at 4 a.m. 1 2 3 4 5. Erie chose some new plants. 6. Fred drove to Canada last month. 7. Helen swam in the ocean. 8, Irma fought with her sister. 9. Julio came to visit his mother. 10. Katie sat in the sun for one half hour. 11. Lee paid all his bills. 12. Michael shook out his rugs. 13. Peter did his laundry. 14. Soong Ye spoke to her family. What did Amy do yesterday? Choose the best verb to complete each sentence EXERCISE about her day. Example: She bought her mother a scarf at the new store. [hear draw get sick find stand bleed ring tear fall feel Amy (1) in the rain for two hours to wait for a bus. When the bus came, she (2) down on the sidewalk. She @) the knee of her jeans. Her knee (4) alittle bit. After she stood up, she (5) some money on the sidewalk. Sadly, she (6) sick from being wet and cold. From her bed, she (7) some great new music on the radio, and she (8)____________ some pictures. The phone (9)__— all afternoon. All her friends called. They wanted to know if she (10) better. Practice 43 89pen44 Questions with Past Tense Verbs | VERB SHORT ANSWER studied 2 g Did she study hard? ‘Yes, she did. g ‘Why aid she study physics? 5 Peter flew ‘to Japan. Q Did he fly alone? Yes, he did. 3 ‘When did he fly ‘to Japan? 8 Why didn’t he fly with someone? 2 © LANGUAGE NOTES: 1, Forall yes /no questions of past tense verbs, regular or irregular, we use did + the base form. 2. For most wlt~ questions, we use did + the base form. ree Read each statement. Write a yes / no question about the words in the parentheses (). Example: She hadacold. (a fever) Did she have a fever? 1. We ate breakfast in the country. (outside) 2. Igot my cousin Adaa present. (perfume) 3. He wrote several novels. (any plays) 4, Tomiko organized the meeting. (travel plans) 5. My mother bought anew car. (a red car) 6. George and Sophie hada baby. (a girl) 7. Carmen danced all night. (with Henry) 8. She worked on her homework. (composition) 90 Practice 449. Sigrid planted flowers. (vegetables) 10. Boris found a wallet yesterday. (any money) Complete the question based upon the answer given. Example: What kind of engine to talk to my friends. It’s dangerous to spell. It’s good to know the future. It isn’t possible to find a fast-food restaurant. It’s expensive to learn new video games. It's difficult to keep your door locked at night. Ttwasn't hard to find a cheap hotel room in this city. Itwas impossible to walk home in the dark. Ws easy to spell English words. 9. It isn’t easy to buy designer shoes and bags. 10. It's important to go dancing. 11. It’s fun to leave your bag in the library. 12. It was dangerous to ask for help. 96 Practice 47Complete each statement with an infinitive phrase. Example: Itisn’t difficult to learn English. 1. It'simpossible 2. It’s possible It’s necessary It isn't necessary 3 4. 5. It’s expensive 6. Itisn’t difficult 7. Wseasy 8. It’s important 9. It's dangerous 10. It’s fun 11. Itisn't hard 12. It’s good Ra Complete each statement with a subject + be verb form + adjective. Example: tobehere today ! happy to be here toda, T'mproud Tmlucky T'mhappy — 'mafraid ‘I'm prepared T'mready I'msad T'mnervous _I'mglad I'm thrilled to take the big math exam to respect my cultural heritage to meet you 2 to meet the future to drive on the highway at night to know people like you to speak a new language to win the lottery to lose contact with old friends Sener ees 10. to go home Practice 47 97nema’ Using the Infinitive to Show Purpose EXAMPLE EXPLANATION Twent to the store to buy a VCR. ‘We use the infinitive to show the purpose of an : action. We can also say in order to: Tbought a Cbg rena cis reek any ear VCR in order to record my favorite programs. programs. The saleswoman called another store to cheek the price. Pa Answer each question with an infinitive phrase to show purpose. Example: Why did you buy acell phone? Ta call my friends Using the Infinitive to Show Purpose . Why do you use a toothbrush? . What do you use a computer for? . Why did she go to the supermarket? Why do people go to discos? . Why do you need a pencil? . Why will you buy a car? Why did you go to the shopping mall? . Why did he buy a camera? |. Why did they go to the post office? . Why do you practice grammar? . Why do people take vitamins? = .. Why did they move to the city? . Why do people use credit cards? Why did you buy this textbook? Why do people take vacations?Answer these questions with information about yourself and other people. Use the infinitive to show purpose. Write complete sentences. Example: Why are you using eyeglasses? [171 using eyeglasses to read better: 1. Why are you studying English? Why did you decide to come to this school? . What do you use your dietionary for? . Why do you think people go to other countries? Why do people go on diets? . What do people use computers for? . Why do people go to the beach? ;. What can you use a cassette tape recorder for? ‘What do you need a bag for? How do you use your free time? + Why do people use makeup? . Why do you use a dictionary?may Overview of Modals ES f Modals LIST OF MODALS FACTS ABOUT MODALS © can 1. Modals are different from other verbs because they don't z mild take an -s, -ed, or -ing ending: oS ae Hecandrive. (not: He eans drive.) 5 Ber 2. Modals are different from other verbs because we don't use > wil an infinitive after a modal. We use the base form fe} Sid Compare: pits Hewants to leave. He must leave. Pats 3. To form the negative, put not after the modal. might He should not drive. must 4, Some verbs are like modals in meaning: have to, be able to: (have to) He can pay the rent = He is able to pay the rent. (be able to) WH- MODAL MODAL MAIN SHORT WORD (+NOT) SUBJECT (+ NOT) VERB COMPLEMENT ANSWER Mario should study English. He shouldn't study literature. Should he study grammar? Yes, he should. Why should he study grammar? he study literature? study literature? ren Underline the modals in the sentences below. Example: You must be here by 9:00. ‘We shouldn't talk in class. Do you have to play the music so loud? eee I can write with my left hand. Tcan understand French She might go tomorrow. ‘Why would we do this now? ‘There should be a sign somewhere. PAS Oe We must turn left soon, 100 Practice 499. May we leave early today? 10. Ishould take an aspirin. ) Unscramble these words to write statements. a Example: drive/she/can't She can't drive. he /pen / can / use /a . she / eat / her / should / dinner can't /they / swim |. leave / Gloria / apartment / might / her he /come / on Friday / may . do /it/ you / could / in the morning . you/ taking / will / be / notes . wouldn't /me / Alan /the secret / tell . my / may / mother / be / there you /listen / me /to / must ‘Unscramble these words to make questions. Example: drive/she/can’t Can't she drive? can / Spanish / you / speak . will /he /us / meet /there should /I/ buy / one |. you/ talk / must /so loudly . could /I/ water / glass / of /have /a . pass/me/would/you/the/please/butter sig (Martane jean!) Wii shew gu Wis a. see . the concert,/with /couldn’t/us/he/go/to |. Teave /a/ shouldn't / we /tip et as sstore/won't/there/be/there 005 ais i vt ial a Practice 49Can and Should EXAMPLE EXPLANATION Lean drive. Ability Ifyou go to discount stores, you ean save money. Possibility ‘The sign says “Parking on Weekdays Only.” You ean Permission park here only Monday through Friday. LANGUAGE NOTE: The negative of can is cannot (one word). The contraction is can't EXAMPLE EXPLANATION You should try it on before you buy it. Advice You should not drink it. ‘Warning LANGUAGE NOTE: The negative of should is should not. The contraction is shouldn't. Fill in each blank with can or can’t to tell about your abilities. Example: 1 ___©ar/t___play the piano. play an instrument. ride a motoreyele. speak two languages. run fast. ride a bicycle. write with my left hand. swim. use a computer. oP ee Serene cook 1 sing opera PPPITIP] Underline the modal and label the purpose of the modal in each sentence, For can, use ability, possibility, or permission. For should, use advice or warning. > Example: You can't chew gum in class. permission She can operate heavy machinery. He should drive more carefully. You should slow.down when driving. You should never eat from a punctured can. We can try to work together. ‘They can speak many languages. No one should walk in the street. Neg ser 102 Practice 508. You should stop eating salt or you will be ill. 9. You can get extra help on Wednesday. 10. We can come visit you next week. What should the person do in each of the following situations? Write a sentence of advice using should for each situation. Example: He losthis wallet. He should report it to the police. She is tired. He needs money. She has a cold. ‘She wants a new dress. His CD player is broken. EXE What warning would you give a person in each of the following situations? Example: The car is too expensive. YOu shouldn't buy it. The coffee is very hot. The test is difficult. The roads are covered with ice. The neighborhood is dangerous. That dog bites. A erat Pre What can and can’t students do in your class? Fill in the blanks. Example: We can’t listen to headphones. We ____talk with ourfriends. «6. We take notes . We use pencils. a bring our pets. . We cat. 8. wear hats. a WE aadis wey ieee 9. We speak our native 10. dance. language. wear sneakers. Practice50 103Must and Must versus Have To * Must and Must versus Have To en EXAMPLE EXPLANATION You must finish your composition by Friday. Rules ‘A driver must stop at a red light. Laws You must not eat on the bus. Prohibition LANGUAGE NOTE: The contraction for must not is mustn't EXAMPLE EXPLANATION Affirmative _ You must use a coupon by a certain Itisarule. date. ‘You have to use a coupon by a certain date Ihave to buy groceries tomorrow. It is a personal obligation or necessity. Negative You must not steal. It is against the law. Ifa sale sign says, “3 for $1.00,” It’s not necessary to buy three items you don’t have to buy three items. to get the sale price. LANGUAGE NOTES: 1, Inaffirmative statements, herve to and must are very similar in meaning. ‘They both show necessity. Have to is more common than must with a personal necessity or obligation. #7us¢ is stronger and usually tells about the rules: Thave to go to the bank today. Tmaust go to court next week. In negative statements, must and have to are very different. Must not shows that something is prohibited, against the rules: Don't / doesn't have to shows that something is not necessary to: You must not drive without a license, Idon’t have to drive to school. I can walk. i Pe Fillin each blank with must or must not to tell about laws in your city. Example: You frit recycle your bottles and cans. You throw your garbage in the street. 2. You pay your taxes. 3. You buy a token to use the subway. 4. You have a license to drive a car. 5. You park in a no-parking zone. 104 Practice 51Fill in each blank with have to or don’t have to to make true statements about your schedule. Remember that don t have to means not necessary to. Example: 1__haveto goto the post office today. meet someone today. Td take a test in this class make a call later. this week. wash the dishes now. Sao] go grocery shopping do laundry this week. tomorrow. clean my room later. 9.1 write a composition. 10. 1 work today. exercise today. 4 Fill in each blank with a verb to tell what these people have to or don’t have to do in these situations, Example: My cat is hungry. I have to feed Martha’s car is dirty. She has to Joseph is on vacation. He doesn’t have to Alberto needs money. He must Val and Henry are rich. They don’t have to Sarah isa teacher. She must David is a student. He has to The party is casual. You don’t have to Ihave a job interview toniorrow. I have to Katherine found someone's bag. She has to The teacher collected our compositions. He has to ‘They are diabetic. They must not - You drive a car. You must He missed six classes already. He must not ‘The assignment was optional. You don’t have to ‘To prevent injury, all children must it, ajob. homework to her students. sugar. an updated license. another class. it. seatbelts in a car. Practice 51a Might, May, and Will —— ann TITIES EEE SEER! EXAMPLE EXPLANATION Imay go out for dinner tonight. ‘May and might have the same meaning. They (Bigailie canes toe aes Imay go to Europe in the fall. Ifyou don't study, you might fail ‘Twill go to a movie tonight. ‘Will shows certainty about the future. I will meet my friends. Iwill go to Florida next month. Fillin each blank with a verb to express what may or might happen or be true. Example: It is cloudy today. It might __"/""_ this afternoon. ‘The baby is playing witha coin. She might it. ‘The dog is barking a lot. It might hungry. Idon’t know what we are going to do tonight. We may home. ‘Mom's upstairs working. She might the phone. Kenny's forehead feels hot. He may afever. George is a half an hour late. He might _ lost. Carol went out. She may at the store. ee Seren ‘This is a no-parking zone. We may aticket. Ineed a present for Charles. Imight him a CD player. 10. Imay iny friend at the movie theater later. Write what may or might happen in the following situations. Example: If you get a new job, YOu might: make more money. 1. Ifyou come to class every day, 2. Ifyou make too mueh noise in your apartment, 3. Ifyou smile at someone on the street, 106 Practice 52If you go to a foreign country, If you never practice English, If you eat very healthy foods, If you meet and fall in love, Ifyou move to a different city, prPrnans Ifyou go shopping this weekend, 10. Ifyou eat too many sweets, Fillin each blank with may, might, will, may not, might not, or won't to make true statements about your future. Example: I might not get married. cia have many (more) children. aya get a (new) job. saa) live in another country. 41 retire early. aml be very successful. can write a book. aa make a movie. 3 0 travel around the world. 91 Jearn another language. 10. 1 become famous. Complete these sentences. 1. Next year I may 2. InamonthI might §BS “Tomiorrowe will cinewi SS hw 0 9 Se ives Vik Snes aed lee alae int rr 4. Tonight I may not 5. Today I might not 6. Lei i ae ae a Practice52 107potit@onmends and Requests Using Modals ny Polite Commands and Requests Using Modals Nene EERE EEE ‘TO REQUEST EXPLANATION Would ‘These expressions are more polite than “Cash ouch my chedk please? TW “Neen Could TO ASK PERMISSION EXPLANATION May Can Coula | iriecronnen Diesen ‘These expressions are more polite than “Give me your pen. TO EXPRESS DESIRE EXPLANATION I would like to cash a check. Would like has the same meaning as want. Would like is softer than want. The contraction of would after a pronoun is "dz I’d like to cash a check. How would you like your change? LANGUAGE NOTES: 1. A command is very strong and Is impolite in some situations. It is softer ‘and more polite to use modals to make a request: Giveme my journal. versus May have my journal? 2, Some people consider May I... ? more polite than Can 1... ? for permission, Read the following conversation between a hairdresser (H) and a customer (C).. Change the underlined words in each sentence to make the sentence more polite. Change periods to question marks where necessary. Example: Do you want your hair cut? Would you like your hair out? H: What kind of haircut (1) do you want? C: (2) Iwanta trim. (8) Cut the ends a litte. And (4) make ita bit shorter in the front. All right. (5) Do you want a magazine? Yes. (6) Bring me Vogue if you have it. (7) Sit back a little. 1 (8) want to shampoo your hair first. C: (9) Use warmer water. 108 Practice 53es HI: Sure. (10) Do you want to color your hair too today? 10. CG: Yes. (11) Make it darker. il. H: Look at these color samples. “Which color (12) do youwant? ergo eine: ©: (13) Mix these two colors. 13. H: Mmm hmm. (14) Do you want anything = to drink? We have tea, coffee, and spring water. 14. ©: (15) want spring water 15. H: (16) Wait just a moment. 16. rs Po) Write what you would sayin the following situations in your class. Examples: Youwant someone to spell a word for you. Could you spell this, please? ‘You want to borrow some money. May | borrow 5 dollars until tomorrow? 1. You want your teacher to repeat something. 2, You want your teacher to speak more slowly. 3. You want your teacher to speak louder. 4, You want your teacher to explain something. 5. You want to ask a question. 6. You want to borrow some paper from a classmate. 7. You want to use someone’s dictionary. 8. You want to borrow someone's eraser. 9. You want a noisy classmate to be quiet. 10. You want to join someone’s group. Practice 53 109Noncount Nouns ‘There are several types of noncount nouns as described below. ES GROUP A: Nouns that have no distinct separate parts. We look at the whole. milk coffee pork bread oil yogurt cholesterol meat water ait soup butter GROUP B: Nouns that have parts that are too small or insignificant to count. Practice Title Noncount Nouns rice snow hair sugar sand grass salt com popeorn GROUP C: Nouns that are classes or categories of things. The members of the category are not the same. money (nickels, dimes, dollars) mail (letters, packages, postcards) food (vegetables, meat, spaghetti) fruit (cherries, apples, grapes) furniture (chairs, tables, beds) makeup (lipstick, rouge, eye shadow) clothing (sweaters, pants, dresses) candy (chocolates, candy bars, hard candies) GROUP D: Nouns that are abstractions. love beauty advice information happiness music life luck knowledge noise education art time fun nutrition intelligence experience crime truth ‘unemployment work Label each noun count or noncount. Pana Example: water _foncourr’ teacher RS paper silence truck wind light joy calendar erneree 110 Practice 54Pa. Fillin each blank with a noncount noun. Example: I want a better job, so I need more education, 1. He atea lot of » especially bananas and strawberries, 2. In South American countries, people eat a lot of beans and 3. “Many children like sweet foods such as and cake, 4. The in the yard is so green this year. 5. ‘There is too much in most sodas, 6. Tloveto see youthis week, butIdon'thave eae ce ected eee ee aie 8. Our office uses so much Thate to kill all those trees. 9. Isthere any in the kettle? I want to make some 10. There’s too much inhere. I can’t hear what you're saying. 11. Irespect my teacher: She has so much about English grammar, 12. How much do you have with you? I only have 10 dollars. 13, T'dlike some about trips to the Middle East. [ want to go there soon, 14. OK everyone, get busy, There's a lot of to do around here, 15. When Iam mayor, I promise to reduce - I promise to make this city safe. 16. Did you do all your last night? I didn't finish my composition. 17. Let's not go grocery shopping. We have a lot of in the refrigerator 18. went to the beach last week, and I still have in my shoes. 19. Look at all that ! Let's go skiing! 20. Let me give you some + Ifyou want to learn a language, you have to practice, practice, practice! Answer these questions using some of the noncount nouns from the chart at the beginning of this practice. Example: What do you look for in a girlfriend? Hook for patience, intelligence, and beaut, 1. What do you need to make a cake? 2. What are the most important things in life? 3. What are our basic needs? 4. What are some problems in big cities today? Practice 54a A Lot of, Much, and Many —— a Taaaia nnn COUNT (PLURAL) NONCOUNT Affirmative He baked many cookies. He baked a lot of bread. He baked a lot of cookies. Negative He didn’t bake many cookies. He didn’t bake much bread. He didn’t bake alot of cookies. He didn’t bake a lot of bread. Question Did he bake many cookies? Did he bake much bread? Did he bake a lot of cookies? Did he bake a lot of bread? How many cookies did he bake? How much bread did he bake? LANGUAGE NOTES: 1. We rarely use mach in affirmative statements. We usually use it with ‘questions and negatives. In affirmative statements, we use a lot of Did he drink much coffee? No, he didn’t drink much coffee. He drank a lot of water. 2, When the noun is omitted, we say a lot, not a lot oft Did he bake a lot of bread? No, he didn’t bake a. lot. Pat Fillin each blank with much, many, or a lot of. In some cases, more than one answer is possible. Example: Ibought __4/0t0f __ food yesterday. 1. Idon't have money with me today. 2, Isthere sugar in the cake? 3 people think she’s a good singer. 4. How minutes are there in an hour? 5. How time do we have? 6. There are magazines in the living room. 7. Didhe read books on vacation? 8. We didn't have ‘good experiences there. 9. Thave rwelry. 10. There isn’t oilin this dish ll. Isaw movies last month. 12, don’t have friends. 13. Does he have cars? 14. They don’t have candy left. 15. Did you see interesting birds? 16. There are ____ kinds of flowers. 112 Practice 5517. How times have you seen this show? 18. How work will it take to finish the project? 19. Idon'thave books. 20, How ____pairs of socks do you have? 21. Isthere snow outside? 22. There's not ‘snow, but there's a lot of ice. 23. My little sister has toys. 24. Thad comic books when Iwas little. 25. He doesn’t eat food. Write questions asking how much someone has. Make questions using much, 1944 TORY 2 many, or a lot of. Example: (you/books) Doyouhavealotofbooks? (he / free time) Ah Be they fiance) ea a So (ehe'/ homework) [ic SSS sii tie eal ois aa aaone eae CRC) ee 5. Qvour fttend!/jewelry) siesta bile lian: Sl Oe 6. 7. 8. 9. (he/sob experience) “Us (you /anger) (Gia /relatives) © ieee Sr Sa (weypationce))) a A Ge 10. (they / CDs) parry ie questions in Exercise 2 with short answers. Use a lot of, much, Example: Do you have many photographs of your trip? Yes, | have many photographs. SF ep Oo otal Practice55 113,RAC A Few, A Little, Some, Any, A, and An e SINGULAR COUNT PLURALCOUNT NONCOUNT Bee ‘Affirmative Tate a banana. Tateafewbananas. spent a little money. i Tate an apple. Tate some grapes. Tate some rice. ‘Negative Tdidn'teatan apple. I didn’t eat any grapes. I didn’t eat any rice. Didyoueatan apple? Did you eat any grapes? Did you eat any rice? 11, We use some in questions when we expect an affirmative answer (such as with requests and offers): ‘Do you want some fruit? “We use any with questions and negative statements. Fill in each blank with a few ora little. Examples: CouldIhave __alittle__ more time? Prone afew pencils in his bag. 1. There is cream in my coffee. 2 students in my class are married. 3. have good CDs at home. 4, Wehave____ extra time today. 5. Hehas___——___— knowledge on the subject. 6. Canyoulendme ___ dollars? 7. Ineed more minutes. 8. Could you put salt on this? 9. I'dlike more rice. 10. There are things I'd like to talk to you about. 11. Shehas___ really good friends. 12. Aren't there eggs in the refrigerator? 13. First, put oil ina pan. 14, She wants a ring with diamonds in it. 15. Show her appreciation! 16. He has more work to do, 17. They have children. 18, There are new words in this reading. 114 Practice 56still have You need Jorge has Thave Every day we learn ‘There are Yd like hope. patience to learn a language. compositions to finish before he can pass the class. money. Let's buy cookies. new grammar structures. movies I really want to see. coffee, please. Example: Doyouhave ___a"Y __ cheese? 1. Would you like tea? 21. 2. CanThave juice? 22, 3. There's bread on the counter. 23. 4, Could you get me onion? 5. Doyou have tomatoes? 24. 6. We need flowers. 7. Do you have sharp knife? 25. 8, Isthere pepper? 26. 9. Did you buy spaghetti? 10. Iwant glass of milk. ae 11. Are there large bags? 12. Do youhave can opener? 28. 13. There's garlic in the salad. 29. 14. There isn’t cheese. 30. 15. Let's add pepper. 31 16. Thisneeds salt. 32. 17. There aren't clean dishes! 18. Tl wash dishes, then. 33. 19. Are there napkins? 34. 20. Here’ olive oil. Fillin each blank with a, an, some, or any. Tileut carrots. Here's fresh head of lettuce. ‘Would you like more sauce? Let's invite friends over for dinner. She needs cooking lessons. He watched great chef on TV. He mixed up salad dressing. Did you want soup? Did he eat spinach? I drank cup of tea. ‘They drank lemonade. Did you give the cook credit? She doesn’t need advice. encouragement can go a long way. Practice 56 115E PRACTI Adjectives 2 > Leen ee ee UU UTE EIIE EEIEIEIEE EEE = EXAMPLE EXPLANATION zg << Mysister has a healthy baby. Adjectives describe nouns. Her son is active. His hair is curly and brown. Naney is a good friend. Adjectives are always singular. Ihave many good friends. Today is a beautiful, warm day. Sometimes we put two adjectives before a noun. We sometimes separate the adjectives with a comma. You have a blue bag. ‘After an adjective, we can substitute a singular count noun with one and a plural count noun: with ones. Thave a green one. ‘We had an interesting class. We didn’t have a boring one. ceount, Do you like romantic movies or scary ones? Do you prefer hot tea or iced? In questions and answers about choice, use the adjective alone with noncount nouns. Iprefer iced. LANGUAGE NOTES: fi F 1. We use adjectives before nouns or after the verbs be, become, look, seem, and other sense perception verbs. 2. Some -ed words are adjectives: married, excited, frustrated, worried, crowded, or bored, Fillin each blank with an appropriate adjective. Change a to an if the adjective begins with a vowel. Example: This is a1/nteresting class. Bena 1. Myroom is 6. Tama student. 2. Tiveina city. 7. Vike food. 3. Tlike ____ movies. 8. Icome froma ______ country. 4, My clothes are 9. My parents are 5. Tama person. 10. My teacher is ; 116 Practice 5711. My best friend is _ 13. Tamnot 12, The sky looks today. 14, Lam feeling ‘Write a question of preference with the words given. Use one or ones to substitute for the count noun. Use the adjective alone for the noncount noun. Follow the example. Then write a short answer. EXERCISE. 2 Example: funny movies / serious Do you prefer funny movies or serious ones? I prefer funny ones. sunny weather / rainy Do you prefer sunny weather or rainy? I prefer sunny. Jong hair / short, big families / small a modern house / old short, difficult tests / long, easy a happy but poor life / unhappy but rich fast-paced, action movie / romantic cheap used car / new expensive Practice 57re™59" Noun Modifiers NOUN + NOUN EXPLANATION She had a college education. ‘We sometimes use a noun to describe another She wrote her life story. LANGUAGE NOTES: 1. When bwo nouns come together, the second noun is more general than the first: ‘A department store isa store. 2. When two nouns come together the First is always singular: ‘A rose garen is a garden of roses. 3. Sometimes we write the two nouns separately: orangejuice desklamp vegetable garden 4, Sometimes we write the two nours as one word: Aashlight astray —motoreyele Fillin each blank by putting the two nouns in the correct order. Remember to take the s off plural nouns. Ifwe write the noun modifier as one word, you will see an asterisk (*). Example: | wanta (vegetables / garden) vegetable garden f 1. This is my favorite (show / television) : 2. Which (computer / game) do you like best? 3. The (videos / store) is near here. 4. Do you want to watch a (horror / movie) e. 5. She's wearing a (necklace / pearls) 6. She also has on a (diamonds /ring) 7. Ineed a (wool/ coat) 8. I got youa (*plant / house) : 9. There's a new (*light / bulb) in the cabinet. 10. Does he wear (*eyes / glasses) 2 11. Mimi's a (cat /house) 12. Tean’t find my (“brush /hair) ! 13. Iwish I could travel in a (time / machine) 14. This is such a useful (book / grammar) 15. Imade this from an (eggs / carton) 16. This is my favorite (box / music) 118 Practice 5817. My little sister is in (nursery / school) 18. Tlove the decorations in this (window / shop) 19. Just throw it in the (*can / trash) 20. I can't wait until (vacation / spring) 21. Twant to plant a (garden / flowers) 22. He wants to open a (coffee / shop) 28, I think it's on the (dinner / table) 24, We need a good (roads / map) 25. Watch out! There’s a (stop / sign) 26. Can you feel that beautiful (breeze / ocean) 27. My mom's a (expert / computers) Can Ihave some more (cream / ice) 29. You will find the grammar textbook in the (#book / case). 30. Check our route on the (map / road) 31. T'll drive you to the (station / train) 32. Put the food on the (table / dinner) Answer each of the following questions with one noun-modified word. Example: What isa drop of rain called? araindrop What is a case of books called? What is a storm with thunder called? What is a rocket in the sky called? What is a dress worn in the sun called? . What is a house in a town called? What is a flake of snow called? What is the middle of the night called? . What is a pack for your back called? . Whatis a fighter of fires called? . What is the time for dinner called? Practice 58Adverbs of Manner ADJECTIVE ADVERB EXPLANATION Steve was a patient teacher. —_He taught patiently. ‘We form most adverbs of eee manner by putting -ly at the He hada quiet voice. He spoke clearly. eailesn nea clecave: He hada thoughtful manner. He lived life thoughtfully. Adverbs of This isa fast car. He drives fast. Some adjectives and adverbs Thave a late class. jiamtwedivees have the same form. We had a hard test. Istudied hard. ‘Susan was a good doctor, She cared well for her This adverb is completely patients. different from the adjective form. LANGUAGE NOTES: 1. Adverbs of manner usually follow the verb phrase. ‘Subject Verb phrase Adverb Myfriend did hishomework quickly. 2, You can use very before an adverb of manner, ‘She speaks very quickly. Poa Fill in each blank with the correct form of the word in parentheses (). Ua Example: My friend reads (quick) quickly ‘ Leat very (slow) My teacher speaks (clear) —__________——_- Ltry to write (neat) He plays the piano very (bad) She reads very (fast) ________—_ George paints (beautiful) slept very (deep) last night. ‘They worked (hard) on their project. She dances so (wild) ! Could you speak more (quiet) please? ‘They play the music very (loud) ‘The children are playing (rough) You can come (late) to the party if you want. |. My husband cooks (good) 120 Practice 5915. You should read the instructions (careful) 16. We eat at this restaurant (frequent) 17. Ttry to live my life (creative) 18. We do our best to eat (healthy) Write a sentence to agree or disagree with the given statements. Ifyou want to make your adjective stronger, add very. You can use the adjectives in the box below. lightly /heavily or soundly quietly /loudly _ quickly or briskly or fast / slowly late/early softly/hard well /poorly or badly __neatly / messily gracefully / clumsily Example: You write carefully. No! write quickly. or Yes, lwrite very carefull You sleep lightly. You eat slowly. You walk briskly. You cook well. You draw well. You read quickly. ‘You talk quietly. You pronounce English well. You laugh loudly. You dance gracefully. ‘You dress méotiyy: © B00 TR we tele i You shop quickly. ‘You study late. ‘You run slowly. =) SSS You write messfly, «2-0 Bs altel ds oni sai A ‘Wouitypelbrisklyi—asa. =i! oh snenteenits wnt anesthe Fractice 9 (4Spelling of -ly Adverbs EXAMPLE ENDING easy Change y to ¢ and lucky add -ly. happy simple Drop the-e and double pat comfortable nice free brave LANGUAGE NOTE: ‘There is one exception for the last rule: true-truly. Fill in each blank with the adverb form of the underlined adjective. Example: This bed is so comfortable. I slept comfortably 4 This cake tastes wonderful. You bake Tl always be true. I love you . What crazy kids! They play so Itry to stay healthy. I eat as What a hearty meal! We ate ‘My car is so reliable. I can always trust it to run His voice isn’t clear. I wish he would speak ‘This is a reputable company. They are sure to do business ‘My room is messy. I do everything Don't be so hasty. You always act Your computer is unreliable. It seems to work T'm wearing a fancy dress. I'm dressed Her voice sounds so sweet. She sings so like Betty, but she’s irresponsible. She always behaves ‘Mimi is a clever chess player. She plays 122 Practice 60The adjective is in parentheses (). Use the adjective as it is, or change it to an adverb to fill in each blank. Examples: You did (bad) __Pacily __ on the test. Your composition was (good) ___good__ this time. Wendy, I'd like to talk to you about your class work. You're doing very (good) @) __. You started a little (slow) (2) but you are learning more (quick) (3) now. ‘Thanks. English isn’t so (difficult) (4) __ for me now. And I try to work (hard) (5) ____ on grammar. About your skills: You listen (careful) (6) ____, and you speak quite (fluent) (7)__.. However, you seem to read (careless) @) , and you need to write in your journal more (frequent) POR ems ts oe taatealenn Yes, I know: I don’t like the book we are reading very much. It’s not very (interesting) (o)___ And when we discuss the questions in groups, the other students are (shy) (11) and (quiet) (i2j)___ don't Like to be the only one speaking (loud) (3) Iknow, but you are doing a (great) (14) ______job. Keep up the (good) (15) _____ swore, Wendy. 123