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Di

p
lo

Do



 
 
 
 
 

 
      
  
 
 


 
  
  

 



  

 

 
  
     
     

  
 


 

 
    
 
  
 
 
  
 
      
  
  
     
  
   
    
       
      

  
  
 
  
      

 
   


    

  
    

        
  
  
      
  
  
  

   



   
 
              


 

 
 
  
  

   
 

 
 
   
 
 
 


 

  

 

  
 



 
   
  





  

 

 
    

 


 


   



    
 
 


 
  
  

 
 

  
   
    
  
  
 
 
 

      


 
       
 
      

 
  



       
      
    
 
     
   
     
    
   


 
       
    



 


    

 
  
   
   
    

 

 


  

 
   

    

    
  



   



   

   
  
  
      
    
 

    
  
 
 

  
 
   
     
 
 
        
 
 
   
    
   

      

      

 
  

 


     

 

  
  
 
   

 
 
 

   
    


    
    
  
  



     
    
 
 
     
  
 
 
    
  

  
 
 



 


   
 
   
      

 

 


 
  




 



   


 
 


 
 


 
    

 
  
      

          
 

r2
r1 r2
r1

y

O x
  
   

 
   
 


    
       
     
  
    
  
   
   
   
    

  
     

 


  
      

    


    
  
     
 

 
  
   

 
  


  

   
   
 


    







 
      
       
    


       
   

    



       
   

      


   


 

    

 
     


   
 


  

 


   

           
      
    
      

    
     
 




 
  
    


     


     
  
  




      

      
    
     
    






 
   

    
 
  
    




    
  

 
        


    
     
      
    

                     

    
   
   

 

 
  
  

  
 

  


     
 

   

 
 
         
     
       
      

     
 

    



    

     

 
  
  
    
 
 
   
 
  
      
  

    
   
 


   

 

     
 




      
     
 
 
  


  
 
      
 
 

    
 
    



 


      
 

 
  
   
      
 

 

 
  
   
    



 

  
 
 


   



  
 
    
    
  

     

      

   

    
  

      
 



          
  
    
  
 Design of Machine Elements

   F



   F 

     y 
F y     

F  F
 P 
 

y   
  
 CrVa      
 
   
P

    u 
 G   
u 
       

Fos 
        
F F  y y   

G 
 Di 
 Do Did d
CK        
  d
   K 

 K 
       
FDK
 
d 
     d 



 
d 

     d 

d   d
  

 dd
 
 d d 
      d   

 
d 
D Did  
D 
 C     
d 
C 

    


 K       

C   C  
 

 
   
  
 
   
   
  

   


  


    
 
  
   
   
   
 
 
      
        
  
     
        

 
                  
                   
     
 

 
     
   
 
    
 
           
        
         
 
 

   
  


   
  
 
   
 
 
  
  

  
F
Outer spring

15

90
75

Inner spring

   



   

  


  

 


    
 

  
     
 


  

 

FR = F1 + F2 = 261

1 = 2

 




 




 

     


   
          
     
      
  
             
   
   
  
 
    
    
 
 
 


   
 

  
  

       
  
      

      
 

   
   
   

 
      
 

  

   

  

   
 
       
   
  
  

   
 


     
    
  
     
   
 
  
 

     


     
     

     

     
       
     
    
    
   
      
  
  
 
 
  
     

400

300

200
F, N

100

0
10 20 30 40 50 60
y, mm

 

   


 

 

   


  
  
   
                      

    

   

  
  
  
      

 
  

  

 

   
    


 

 
 
    






 
  



  
  
  
 
 
  
    
    
  
       

      


         
        
    
 

       
     
 
 

     


      


 

        


             
          
 
           
   
    
 
   
  
    

 
  
 
  

   


        

      
 

       

    

      

     
    
   

 

      
 
     


   
 

 
   
 
      

   

  


 
     
       

 

  

     



 
  
  


 
     

       
 

     





 

   
 
      
        

  


 
   


       
    
       
      
        
     

      
  

       
   
       
  
   
 

 
   

     
      
 

    

    
    
    
   
 
 

 

       
  

   


  
 

 
 


     
 
    
    
     
      

     


    
 
     
 
  
  
   
  
   
       

   

     
    
   
     

      
             
       
               
         
 


 

     

    
   

 
 

  
   

   
  
  
 
       
 
 
        
 
 

  
  

   
   
   
 


   
  
   
 
 
 

   
    
  
 


          
 
 
   
  

   
   
  
   
   

  
  

  

        
  
 
 

      
     

         
    
    
 
       
     
 


       
 
  
   

   

     

  
 
 
      
   
 

  
  





  
   

 

 

 
   
 
  

   

 
     
 

   


  


 
   
   
    
   

   

  
   
   
    

    
    

   
 



     
    
       
 
     
       
     



 

     
     
 
 

 
      

  
        
 
     
    
         
    
      

  
    
  
 

   
 
      

  
 
  
       


 
       
   
      
 
  
  
 
 

    





 
 
  

    
 


 
  
 

 
     
 

 

    

  
    

   

   
  
  

   
 
 

     


 
   
                    

 
      

 


F = 3 kN

2l = 1200

b



    

   

   
 


 

 

 

     
      

  
   


  

  
 

  


  
  


  
  

 



 



    
 


 









 


 

720 F



  


     

 

    
  

     
             
 
 

 
      
  
  
  
  

    

 
 
      
 
                  
 

F L F
l LB l
Spring eye
Main leaf
Camber

U-Clips
Full length
leaves
Iraduated
leaver
Egg-shaped
ends Central 2F Ordinary Squared end,
band round ends tapered

 
 


   
 
   
  
 

   
      


  
   
     
   
    
      
 
  

  
 
  
     
          
  
            

 
        

l F



 
  
  
 
 
      
 
 

  
  
    

   
 

   

 
 
 

    
 

  
 

 
 

 
  


  
 

 
 






 


  

    
  

    
 


 
 


  



   
  

   




 

b
b 2






  

     

   
   

  
  
  
  


  
  
  

            



 
      
 

   


  
 
     

  
   
  
 

   
 
   
 
      

       


   
    
      
       
 
 
  
       

  
       
      
        

        
 
 
 
         
  
  
  
       

    




         

 
 
      



   
  
       

          
 
   
  
    
      
   
 

   
    
 

 
 
  
  


 
    
 
     

  
  
  

 
  
 
 
  
 
  
  

  
 
  
    


  

 
      
  
  
 
    
 

 
 
 

 

     
     
 
   

  


  
  
 
 

 
     


    
 
        
   

  
    
     


    
 
            
   

    
    
  
   

   
    
 



 


   

       
 
 
   
        



  

 

     
 


     





 


 





 
 

 


 
 
 
  
  
 

 

    

 
    
 


 
 
    

   


  

 


 


     


 
  
  
   
 

  


  

 


   


 

 

 



 
  

     

  

 

 
 
 

  

    


  

    
  

 

 

 
   

 
   
  

    

   

   


    

 
  

 
 

    
  
        
   
    
   
   
 
  
  



 
    
 
 

 
   


  
 

  

 
   

   

   

   
  
     




2F

Total depth
= ih

F L F



  
 
 
  

 
    
   

 
 
 
     

 

   
   
 
   
 
    
 
 

 
   
      


    
   
         
  
 
  
  
       

     
   
              
 
 

A
l B C=
2 R
R R-C

C
L


 


   


 

 



 
    


 
   
      
 
 

 
    


 
 

   
 
  
 


  
 
 
  
  

   

 
   


 
 



  
 

 
     


 

            

   


  
  
      
   

   
  
   

    
   
 

  
  
   
    
 

 

      
  
    
  
    
   
  
 
  
 
    

    

      
     

 

       
     
            
 
 
          
  

 
              

 
 

 



    


   
 
 

 

 


 
  
  
        

 
 
  
 
   
 
  
  
 
    

  
 
 

  

Front

W = 30,800

1200 Springs

cg 2200 cg
1200

2200
RF RR
Front Rear

Rear


 


 

      
  
   

  
     

  
 

    

 



   
 


 



  
     

     
  
    
 
    
 
   
  

   

     
 
     

      
 
   
    
        


  
  
   
      

    
    
             
 

    
   
    
   
   
     
 
 
         
          
        
 
    
    
   
      
 
     
     
 

   
 
      
  
    
    
  

  
   

       

    
    
             

    
   
    
   
   
     
 
       
     
           

          
     
              
 

   

 
     

   


    


     
     

 
  


     

   


               
  
     

    


    
        
 
        
 
     
  
  

    




   
     
    
 
  


   

  


    
  


 

 
 
   
 

 

   
   
    
 

        
    
                         
 

  
  
  
     
 
  
          

   
  

      

      

 
 
       
  
    
  
  

  
 
 

  
      
 
      
  


      

      
 
  
      


   


            
   
  
  
         
 

    
 
                
  

        
 

       


     

 
    
  

   


 
 
   
  

  
 

      

 
  

    


 
 



 
 



    
      

  
      
        

 


   
      
 
 


  
        
   
   
       
   
                       
 

 
     
 
 
   
 
 
   
 

      

 




 
  
 
 

    
 
  


        
 
  

  
 
   


   
 
 
 


 
    

  

 

Q
750

12.5



 
 
      

  
    
  

    



          



  
       
 
  

 
 



 



 
        

    
 
      
     
  

 

  
 

 
    

 
   

  

  


   
 

  
  

 
  


 


  

 
   
Mechanical Springs 

  Q FF   


     
CFl    
    
ib h       P 
   

    


F CK       

     
d     P 
   
Fy
      U 

F y   
    U     
 
F y    
  U     
 
     
           

  F        
 E G
       
     
        
F

720 mm



  
    
i  i 
l   d 
b  Do 
h  D Dod 
 

 
    

   

 


 


 
 

 
  
      



 
 



 
 





  
 



 



   
  
 
 

    
             





     


 

  
  
    
 

       


 
    
 
   

 




  


   
  
     
 


     


        




   
  
 
  

   

 

 
 
   

  
 
 

  





 
 
   


 




  
Mechanical Springs 

 
 

L  i 
 
 LB  d 
L  LB D
 L    C  
 d
b   D Cd  
h   G 
if  U  
C   
ig  K    
C   C
i ifig 
 E 
U  
U = 3 kNm

1800



 

 
F y F y
 
    U     
 

 Fl
  
 y 
Eb h i g  i f

 F  
y   F
          

F   F


F 
 Fl
      f 
b h i g  i f
 

    
  
         
   

       
 
  
    


     
   
    

  
   
 

         

 


  


  

 

  


 

 
   


 

 
 
   
   
  
 
 
 
    

    


   
   

    


 


    

P=d

 

   
   

 
 
  
 
     
 

 

  

 
  
  


 

   

    
 
 

 


   

 
     
 
    
   

 
 
  
 
         
    
     
     

    
 

 


 


 
 


 
 

      
     
     
 
   
    




 
    

    

  


  

 
















 Design of Machine Elements

 

F K Mb  c
   
A I
M  Mt d d
F  t   MbMt c  I
R D  
d 
A=

 
 Mt

K Mt   


DA Z  P  
 

M t  K D  d    
a 
 d D  P  
 y
M LD
 t
  
 
 EI  P  
L Di
I d 
Z  
c 
E 
D
C  
d

K C     
 P 

       
       

                 
   E 

 
 Mt  
   
 y  
 

   
 

  
            
      

   

 
 
      
   
 
   


    
 
  

 


     
     
 
 

         
 
     

   
  



    


 





   

         
 
    

     
     
    

 
  

 



  
    

 
     
 

   
 



       
    
  
 

 
  
      

 
      
      
   
  
   
  
       
  
     

  
  
  

 

   

   
 
      
 


 



         
      
   
    
   
   

 

 
         

   

 


            

 
  
 
        

 
 

 
   

 
  
 

 

    

  

       




 

 
    

   
  
 

    



        

     


  

 
   
   
   
    

 

  
  


  
   

 
  
    
  

  

    
 
   
   
 
  
   
     



   
    

 
  

 
   

  

  

    
 


   

  

     
  





 

   



   

 
   

 
 
  

   
 
 
  
   

  

   





 

   
   







   

      
 


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