CADASTRE

2034 Powering Land

& Real Property
Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia -
A National Strategy ANZLIC COMMITTEE ON
SURVEYING & MAPPING
 A Vision for Cadastre 2034
A cadastral system that enables people to readily
and confidently identify the location and extent
of all rights, restrictions and responsibilities
related to land and real property.

In future, citizens will know what can be done on land (rights), what cannot be
done (restrictions) and what must be done (responsibilities).
Foreword
We are facing change in many facets of life and our cadastral
environment is no different; state and territory governments
are on the brink of reforming cadastral systems.

In preparing Cadastre 2034, the objective of the
Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and
Mapping (ICSM) is to promote an organised and
consistent approach to managing these changes
in a way that supports both jurisdictional and
national interests.
Our aim is to establish a shared vision and aspirational
goals for the cadastral surveying and spatial sector
nationally. Our intent is for jurisdictions to converge
on important issues to achieve a unified approach to
the management of cadastral information.
At the heart of our mission is consumer expectations
and the opportunities afforded through integrated
social, economic and land-related information.
The emphasis is toward achieving a cadastral
system that enables the community to readily and
confidently identify the location and broader interests
that relate to land and real property. This includes
enhancing the usability and visualisation of cadastral
information by embracing 3 and 4 dimensional
capabilities.
A key element of this strategy is to ensure the
longevity of our cadastral systems. This requires a
strong commitment to improving the management
and sharing of cadastral information and the
dedication to preserve this valuable resource for
future generations.
Without these contributions we simply would not
have been able to develop a strategy that targets the
right issues. Nor would we have a plan that can be
translated and applied to real situations over time.
In delivering this strategy, we will not be working alone.
During the consultation period many professional
bodies, businesses and research organisations indicated
support for the strategy and are keen to participate in
future implementation stages.
Close collaboration with industry is vital. Over the
coming years we intend to make the most of the
relationships we have built and are keen to find
more ways to secure the expert advice of many in
our industry. The hard work required to deliver on
this strategy can only succeed through the collective
endeavours of the surveying and spatial community.
Michael Burdett
Chair
Intergovernmental Committee on
Surveying and Mapping

I would like to thank all of the individuals,

organisations and businesses who took part in
the consultation period and provided us with
their experience, visions and ideas for our future.
Contributions came from those engaged in advancing
the cadastral surveying and spatial sciences, either
through their day-to-day business endeavours, or
through research and development.

Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy 1

2 CADASTRE 2034 Powering Land & Real Property
Contents
Foreword 1
Cadastre 2034 4
Outlook 4
Purpose 4
Objectives 5
Vision 5
Mission 6
Goals 6
The Cadastral System 7
Significance of the Cadastral System 9
Anticipating 2034 10
Consumer Expectations 10
Digital Economy 11
Smart Cities 11
Vertical Living 11
Enabling technologies 11
Building New Foundations: Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities 13
Enduring Principles 15
Strategic Framework 17
Goals 18
Goal 1: Sustainably Managed 18
Goal 2: Accessible and Easily Leveraged 20
Goal 3: Linked Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities 22
Goal 4: Models the Real World 24
Goal 5: Federated Operation 26
The Delivery Model 28
A Collaborative Approach 31
Feature Articles
Enquiring on Interests 12
Realising Full Automation 14
Creating a Virtual World of Property 16
Responding to National Priorities 30
Appendix A Explanation of Terms 32
Appendix B Glossary of Abbreviations 33
Appendix C References 34

Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy 3

Cadastre 2034
Outlook
Cadastre 2034 anticipates that the modern
cadastral system we know today will not fulfil
community expectations in the future; we can
already see a gap emerging between what we
have and what will be needed.
Societal demands will change substantially over the
next 20 years as new technologies, environmental
challenges and social and political influences
gradually transform our inherent accountabilities,
traditions, practices and thinking.
Cadastre 2034 responds to these changes and
the challenges they represent. It builds on the
achievements of Cadastre 2014 that heralded the
creation of digital cadastres and continues the journey
to link cadastral information with broader social and
legal interests on land [1, 2].
4 CADASTRE 2034 Powering Land & Real Property
Purpose
The purpose of Cadastre 2034 is to establish a
single point philosophy on what the community
can expect and what the government has to
deliver in the future.
Cadastre 2034 is intended to guide the evolution
of jurisdictional systems and ensure a coordinated
and consistent approach to planning future policies,
legislation, standards, models and research.
Each jurisdiction will use this high level strategy to
work towards achieving the identified goals from
their own unique starting points. This includes
New Zealand, which shares the same vision and
expectations but has a different physical and
administrative environment [3].
Objectives
Cadastre 2034 identifies where current information
falls short of consumer expectations today, and
considers the user scenarios that will trigger changing
needs in the future. The intent is to capture the trends
and articulate the vision of what the community will
require of our cadastral system in the future.

The objectives of Cadastre 2034 are to:

Establish a common vision for all jurisdictions,

industry and academia.

Set down enduring principles to preserve the

essential components of the cadastral system
over time.
Express the goals required to achieve a consistent
and coordinated approach to the transformation
of the Australian cadastral infrastructure over the
next 20 years.
Identify the required outcomes that will guide
the governance, policy development, standards,
research programs and the design of future
systems.
Recommend actions and innovations that will lead
to the achievement of our vision.
Vision
In developing a vision for Cadastre 2034, a
fundamental principle is that land (and/or real
property) is the basis for human activity; and that
having knowledge about land is essential for wise
decision making in a modern society.
The cadastral system of the future is envisioned as
being a highly influential part of tomorrows decision
support systems; powering land and real property
management, development and investment.
This will require property and all other interests on
land to be managed in an integrated manner.

Our vision is:

A cadastral system that enables people
to readily and confidently identify
the location and extent of all rights,
restrictions and responsibilities related
to land and real property.

Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy 5

Mission
Planning for the future is only one part of the journey.
The most important aspect is taking ownership of the
plan and bringing together all facets, from strategic
actions to smart innovations, in order to create a
cadastral system we can continue to be proud of in
the future.

The challenge will be to manage the convergence

of consumer expectations for integrated
social, economic and land related systems, and
opportunities for growth, with the disruption that
comes with the phasing out of one technology and
the start of another.
Goals
The aspirational goals consider how we design,
organise, access, operate and leverage the cadastral
system of the future; doing so in a way that considers
not only the impact on the environment today, but
also how we develop, use and preserve cadastral
Our mission is: information resources for the future.

To promote and support innovation
and provide the leadership,
coordination and standards necessary
to deliver a unified cadastral
system that can be leveraged to
find sustainable solutions to meet
emerging needs and opportunities.
This mission recognises that if we do not have actions
aligned with the issues, opportunities and needs of
the future; then Cadastre 2034, as we imagine it today,
is unlikely to be realised.
Cadastre 2034 has five goals. Their purpose is to
achieve a cadastral system that:
is fundamental to land and property ownership
and is sustainably managed;
is truly accessible, easily visualised, and readily
understood and used;
is fully integrated with broader legal and social
interests on land;
provides a digital representation of the real
world that is survey accurate, 3- dimensional and
dynamic1; and
is a federated cadastral system based on common
standards.
The overarching objectives, and strategic actions
and innovations required to achieve these goals are
detailed in the Strategic Framework (page 17) and
following sections.

1
3-dimensional (or 3D) refers to information that contains length, height and depth; 4-dimensional (or 4D)
refers to changes over time and thus captures the dynamic nature of land and property elements.

6 CADASTRE 2034 Powering Land & Real Property

The Cadastral System
The cadastral systems of Australia underpin stable and reliable
registration of land based property rights. They serve as
the foundation for effective land tenure transactions and in
securing the legal status of property boundaries.

The cadastral system defines and records the location

and extent of property rights, restrictions and
responsibilities. It includes a geometric description of
land and real property boundaries (Figure 1) linked to
other records describing the nature of the interests,
the ownership or control of those interests, and often
the value of the parcel and its improvements [4,5].

With an estimated 7.8 million households across

Australia today and an anticipated 11.6 million by
20312, it is essential that our cadastral system endures
as a resource for the continued prosperity of future
generations.

The cadastral system comprises mechanisms that

collectively ensure all land and real property can
be easily, uniquely and accurately identified in a
common reference system. This includes a digital
representation of land parcels (digital cadastre), Figure 1: Cadastral systems include a geometric
instruments defining land, information delivery and representation of land and real property
access systems, a legal framework, survey marks and boundaries
other physical evidence of property boundaries,
registered surveyors, records of surveys such as plans,
and standards for definition and surveying of land
(Figure 2).

Land Registration System Land Planning System Land Valuation System

CADASTRAL SYSTEM
Digital representation Instruments Information Legal
of land parcels defining land delivery Framework
(digital cadastre) and access

Survey marks and Registered Records of Standards for

other physical Surveyors surveys definition and
evidence of boundaries including plans surveying of land

Figure 2:
Positional Framework
The Cadastral System
2
Australian Bureau of Statistics, prediction as at January 2013.

Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy 7

Significance of the
Cadastral System
Cadastral systems play an important and ongoing role,
contributing towards the economic and social prosperity
we know today and expect in our future.

The cadastral system, in combination with the land
registration system, is a powerful economic lever.
It assembles, manages and shares information that
defines and reinforces property rights. In turn, these
property rights translate into economic development,
social stability and physical well-being.
At the end of 2014, there were $1.4 trillion in housing
loans secured against land titles [6]. At the same time
the total value of all real property held in title in
Australia was estimated as $5.2 trillion [7]. Given that
the size of the Australian economy is $1.6 trillion
per annum (as at November 2014) [8], the value of a
sustainable cadastral system is self-evident.
The cadastral and land registration systems allow
people, businesses and governments to leverage and
manage this huge national asset base.
Best use of this fundamental national information
asset by government, land owners, investors and land
managers has the potential to benefit the economy
by an estimated $4.7 billion3 annually above normal
growth; in the short term through better knowledge
of earning capacity and in the long term through
sustainable management of our natural resources,
reduced financing risk on mortgage lending and
other initiatives.
Looking to the future, investment certainty and thus
economic sustainability can be delivered at three
levels:
on a global level, investor confidence can be
increased through mortgage-backed securities if
the cadastral and land registry systems are more
closely coupled with financial and share markets;
at a national level, by shifting to a more detailed
and consistent model to improve decision making
and usability of the digital cadastre for trans-border
land management and development; and
at a jurisdictional level, by increasing productivity
and reducing transactional costs through
improved cadastral supply chains, use of
community crowd sourced data for broader
interests on land, and the elimination of duplicated
processes across the land and utility sectors.

3
Calculated on improved return on investment of 0.1%

Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy 9

 Anticipating 2034
In 2034 cadastral systems will be further
embedded in our social and economic
structures - playing a significant role in
traditional land tenure, valuation and
utility systems, and in the governance
frameworks that stipulate how we
develop, use and occupy land.
The following will impact on the way we
respond as an industry.
10 CADASTRE 2034 Powering Land & Real Property
Consumer
Expectations
Todays online citizens are able to
access location information faster
than ever before and this trend is
set to continue.
Virtual knowledge environments
will be the norm. The next
generation will be a massively
online society wearing devices
that record, store and index the
things we see and hear.
Mobile devices are likely to be
used by citizens and property
developers for locating land
boundaries and the position
of utilities below ground to an
accuracy that meets most needs
other than legal definition.
This cultural shift towards self-
sufficiency is prevalent across
many industries today. People
want to be more self-reliant
and have access to the right
information and tools to make
sound judgments for themselves.
Land information will need to be
available on-demand anyplace,
anytime. The community will
expect to be warned immediately
of an impending threat to their
property, such as fire, flood
and storm. This will require an
integrated knowledge-base with
the digital cadastre a central
component.
Uncertainty around data quality
and spatial accuracy is an issue
that will require safeguards to
avoid inappropriate use.
Digital Economy
It is widely accepted that
traditional sectors will increasingly
be impacted by growth in
the digital economy as new
technologies and ways of doing
business evolve. The national
electronic conveyancing system
and rise in crowd-funded property
websites are contemporary
examples.
The Australian government
is investing in broadband
technologies that will reach
93% of the population over the
next 10 years. Given this broad
impact the cadastral sector will
need to continually assess and
respond to progressive changes,
develop new tools to improve
traditional business and consider
new services to compete in new
markets.
Smart Cities
Cadastral information has a
significant role to play in the
development of smart cities.
As society strives for safer, more
liveable and resilient communities,
digital technologies will be more
integrated and embedded across
government functions and
commercial services.
Linking cadastral information
with other information will be
an imperative. The collective
intelligence achieved through
system integration will lead
to more effective and active
engagement with citizens through
smart transportation systems,
emergency services, health care,
protection of the environment,
and the provision of utilities
such as energy, water and waste
management.
Vertical Living
Vertical living lifestyles will create complex
property scenarios that the future cadastral system
will need to contend with.
More people will be living in urban environments and
multistorey buildings will have shared services and
facilities. Transportation systems will be constructed
above ground as skyways to reach upper building
levels. Future skyscrapers will be characterised by
vertical market farming and used as a community food
source in addition to inner city carbon benefits.
New legislation will be required to enable the
increasing complexity of land and property
ownership to be administered.
Enabling technologies
Given the way the surveying and
spatial industry has embraced
technological change in the past,
the potential for future innovations
is likely to be substantial.
Cadastral supply chains will
be far more efficient, taking
full advantage of automated
workflows and integrated systems
that enable mobile business and
online consumer transactions. Big data sets containing
This will be made possible through information about land and
semantic web technologies that property will increasingly be
simplify and decode complex collected by sensors in machine
data so that it is easily accessible readable form and shared directly
and understood by the wider with data readers and other
community. technologies without requiring
human intervention.
It will be feasible for survey
accurate data to be transferred The challenge for industry will
directly from the field to the be to find ways to capitalise on
cadastral database in real-time. technological advances.
Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy 11
 FEATURE ARTICLE

Enquiring on Interests
Landgates Interest Enquiry is a spatial The system is proving so successful that the
information system that leverages the conveyancing industry are keen for the inclusion of
digital cadastre as a point of intersection more interests on land as stipulated in government
with other datasets to determine if legislation and policy advises Mike Bradford, Chief
interests overlap. Consumers query the Executive Landgate.
register to identify if there is any interest
An ultimate goal is to improve the quality of spatial
impacting an individual property.
information as this will lead to improved consumer
Interest Enquiry relies on the collaborative effort confidence and trust. Currently, spatial information
of several government agencies that provide the is collected and managed at differing levels of
base datasets, from which the property interest precision. Inaccurate data impacts the quality of
information is sourced and processed. There decision making at the parcel level.
are currently 66 interests available including,
The spatial relationships between data themes
Aboriginal Heritage, Bush Forever, Geothermal and
are logistically difficult to manage when data is
Mining Titles, Regional Planning Schemes and Acid
streamed from different agencies.
Sulphate Soil Risk zones.
Research needs to deliver real-time data
The Dampier to Bunbury Pipeline (Consortium)
management solutions that enable updates to be
use Interest Enquiry to mitigate the risk that
automatically propagated between themes. In this
developers will unknowingly purchase land that
way, if a cadastral boundary shifts, then so too will
falls within their hazardous industrial plant buffer
the spatial representation of the interests on the
zone. This buffer is stipulated by the Environmental
land, such as heritage precincts or planning zones.
Protection Authority as a measure to minimise risk
associated with hazardous materials.

12 CADASTRE 2034 Powering Land & Real Property

Building New
Foundations
Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities
There are various rights, restrictions and
responsibilities (RRR) on land, created and managed in
legislation and policy, which may have an impact on a
landowners enjoyment of land.
The densification of our cities is creating a complex
data management environment that is stretching the
capabilities of our existing cadastral systems.
Currently, our cadastral systems do not adequately
capture the relationships between what can be done
on land (rights), what cannot be done (restrictions)
and what must be done (responsibilities).
Our community has a growing expectation that
information will be available in a format that can be
used to make good decisions for the best use and
management of their land. This includes:
Rightsunder mining and commercial fishing
licences, or licences to use water or discharge
waste (or not).
Responsibilitiesunder different Acts to maintain
heritage sites, public drains, utility poles and other
infrastructure.
Planning and water restrictions to protect the
environment, including prohibited acts, such as
land clearing, water use, chemical use.
Land development controls to protect
infrastructure against potential sea level rise and
storm surge.
Fireand flood zones that have specific insurance
exclusions.
Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy 13
Consents granted under the environmental
protection and resource management Acts.
Rights and interests under the Native Title Act.
Location of unexploded ordinance, hazardous
materials and contaminated sites.
Registrable interests such as life and remainder
interests, as well as imposition, ownership
structures and registrations of trusts.
Legal and environmental information will increase
significantly over the coming decades as consecutive
governments introduce policy to better manage
climate change, water security, land development,
urbanisation, emergency management, social
inclusion, affordable housing, environmental
monitoring and global humanity etc.
This increase will put pressure on our digital cadastre
to become a central decision support tool for
government and the broader community. Better
information is needed about what is happening within
these different spheres, and in particular, information
about how the different systems of management and
policy interact.
The cadastral system can bridge this gap, providing
context within an integrated property management
model that links rights, restrictions and responsibilities
to land and real property in a way that is accurate,
readily visualised and includes the dynamic nature
of interests on land. This information can then be
queried by those making decisions.
Image: Gordon Bell / Shutterstock.com
 FEATURE ARTICLE
Realising Full Automation
Cadastre 2034 is envisaged as a fully
automated cadastral infrastructure where
surveyed land parcels are registered in real-
time directly from the field to the desktop.
This means a paperless process, void of
duplication and with significantly reduced
turnaround times.
Arriving at this point will require planned
research activities and these will need to
consider the enduring principles in their
application and intent.
The Cooperative Research Centre for Spatial
Information (CRCSI) is supporting the realisation
of Cadastre 2034 through its strategic
research priorities in modernising our spatial
infrastructure. Peter Woodgate Chief Executive
of the CRCSI advises that research projects are
focused towards improving spatial data supply
chains, building federated spatial models, and
developing crowd sourcing capabilities and
query-based spatial systems.
These research methods are concentrating
on the Web 3.0 paradigm and the semantic
tagging of content. This will prepare the
14 CADASTRE 2034 Powering Land & Real Property
cadastral industry to use an environment where
information will be categorised and stored in a
way that a computer can understand as well as a
human.
Next generation Web 3.0 will make information
searching much faster. Instead of multiple
searches, a single complex question will suffice.
I want to view a property for sale in the hills
region, with no water use restrictions and where
I can get to work in the city within 30 minutes.
What are my options? The Web 3.0 browser
will analyse your query, search the Internet for
possible matches, and organise the results in a
logical way.
Automated methods are currently being
developed by industry. The new ePlan
lodgement and validation system will provide
a fast, more secure and more efficient way of
processing land title plans. Several Australian
State and Territory agencies are currently
engaging with the surveying industry to
integrate ePlan into existing work practices. They
are using industry standard software produced
by local vendors.
Enduring Principles
Despite the technological disruption and changing
societal needs that will occur over the next 20 years,
a secure transparent system of land registration will
remain an enduring need.

This will be achieved through the continued

application of rigorous processes, standards and
policies that will create reliable and complete
information about each parcel of land, and through
a supporting legislative framework that accurately
reflects evolving community needs and aspirations.

With any new undertaking, there are fundamental

principles that must be incorporated into future
innovations to ensure that cadastral systems remain
secure, accessible, transparent and efficient over time.

The enduring principles are:

Certainty in the spatial extent of ownership.

Uniquely defined land (and/or property) that is

common to all registers ownership, valuation,
land use.

Integrity and security of the parcel boundary

system.

Strong relationship between regulators and the

industry.

Appropriate regulatory standards.

These enduring principles will continue to be an

integral part of the design of environments in which
cadastral systems are managed.

Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy 15

 FEATURE ARTICLE
Creating a Virtual World of Property
In the last 20 years we have seen a
significant increase in the number of
tunnels, underground parking places,
shopping malls, aboveground road and
railway networks, multistorey apartments
combining commercial and residential, and
roof top gardens.
These types of infrastructure have one thing in
common, their ownership is difficult to visualise
in a 2-dimensional digital cadastre.
During this same period we have seen a huge
leap in computer graphics and visualisation
technologies and in the development of
Building Information Models (BIM). Building
information modelling has the potential to
significantly advance cadastral data management
as it captures the planned and actual built
environment in 3-dimensions.
At the University of Melbourne researchers are
investigating 3-dimensional digital cadastres and
examining the problems and issues associated
with incorporating the third dimension into our
land administration systems [18]. This research
16 CADASTRE 2034 Powering Land & Real Property
is showing that it is not just data modelling
and visualisation that is proving complex. A
3-dimensional digital cadastre needs to consider
policy, legal and institutional aspects as well, said
Professor Abbas Rajabifard of the University of
Melbourne.
This means the current cadastral system needs
to evolve in a way that satisfies the legal status,
positional accuracy, registration of interests
and technology requirements of a future
3-dimensional cadastral system.
The Queensland government is taking advantage
of the fact that society has become avid
users of 3-dimensional computer simulated
environments, and is developing a new look
spatial infrastructure called 3dQLD for everyday
business.
The 3dQLD infrastructure will require land
surveying professionals to incorporate survey
accurate boundaries and 3-dimensional
measurements into everyday practice resulting
in an accurate 3-dimensional digital cadastre
evolving over time [19].
Strategic Framework
Vision:
Recognises that knowledge A cadastral system that enables people to readily and confidently
about land is essential for wise identify the location and extent of all rights, restrictions and responsibilities
decision making in a modern related to land and real property.
society and that this information
must endure.

Enduring Principles: Certainty Uniquely Integrity and Strong Regulatory

A set of enduring principles of extent of defined land security of relationship standards
to preserve the essential ownership parcels boundary between
components of the cadastre. system regulators and
industry

Goals: Sustainably Accessible and Linked Rights, Models the Federated

Define how we design, organise, Managed Easily Leveraged Restrictions and Real World Operation
access, operate and leverage the Responsibilities
future cadastre.

Actions and Innovations: Optimise Accessible on Linked with all Develop tools Harmonise data
Are benchmarked against the cadastral supply multiple devices interests on land for 3- and 4-D management
enduring principles to ensure chains cadastre
Customer- Vertically Federated
essential components of the
Develop centric delivery integrate all RRR Improve spatial models
cadastre persist.
sustainable model accuracy
Develop RRR Data access
business models
Improve accuracy Align legislation framework
Collaborate discoverability standards and survey law
Deliver agreed
Reform business Improve Develop Improve vertical policy direction
process metadata standards for datum
Build
indeterminate
Align policy Understand Link geodetic governance
RRR
and process customer needs and cadastral framework
frameworks Time-dependent frameworks
Develop an Apply national
RRR depicted
Align with investment Develop 3D and standards and
international framework Develop data 4D standards guidelines
standards integration tools and models
Knowledge Understand
Build capacity environments Engage Build capacity broader market
community

Outcomes: Integrity and Open, Linked rights, Survey accurate Unified access
The required outcomes guide the resiliency transparent and restrictions and digital cadastre to jurisdictional
governance, policy development, respect privacy responsibilities cadastres
Enhanced 3D and 4D
standards, research programs and
quality of life/ Consumer All interests on cadastre that Uniform policies,
the design of future systems
environment focussed land spatially models reality standards,
depicted guidelines and
Fiscally sound Easily integrated Legislation
legislation
for 3D and 4D
Equitable Readily visualised
cadastre and Clear roles and
and understood
Community land registration responsibilities
trusted system Real-time and system
easily leveraged
Global standards

Figure 3. The Cadastre 2034 Framework

Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy 17
Goal 1:
A cadastral system that is fundamental to
land ownership and managed sustainably

Objective
To retain the integrity and
societal benefits of the cadastral
system, whilst increasing the
efficiency and effectiveness of
its management and preserving
the information resource for
future generations.

Current Situation
Cadastral databases in many jurisdictions utilise In streamlining service delivery it is necessary to take
outdated technologies that have limited capacity to an all-encompassing view of how cadastral systems
meet emerging business needs. are designed, organised and operated. This includes
examining the entire cadastral supply chain from
State and territory governments are considering new data collection to product delivery, and consider
information technology environments to improve the people, programs, processing and storage
business integration. of information when we commit to improving,
Workflow automation and update propagation are on automating, sharing and preserving our land and
the agenda with many jurisdictions keen to generate property information.
efficiencies, and reduce costs associated with land Sustaining the integrity of the system over time is
transactions and data handing in general. paramount.
Establishing point of truth data sets is a significant
requirement as areas of data duplication exist due to
historical methods. There is a real need to increase
opportunities for data reuse, achieve productivity
improvements, reduce our environmental footprint
and enable flexibility to use cadastral information in
new ways.

18 CADASTRE 2034 Powering Land & Real Property

Outcomes
Goal one aims to achieve the following outcomes:
Processes, data and systems have integrity and
security, and are resilient.
Systems function in a way that maintain and
enhance quality of life and the environment.
Financial, regulatory and risk management
practices are sound.
Social and intergenerational equity is preserved.
The community has a strong sense of trust in the
cadastral system.
Enablers
ICSM Permanent Committee on Cadastre to
provide leadership for achieving Cadastre 2034.
Recognised cadastral custodial responsibilities.
Partnerships with relevant agencies, industry
groups and community.
Adoption and adherence to standards.
Strategic approach to investment in research.
Sustainable funding model.
Sustained growth in qualified professionals.

Actions and Innovations Benefits

The following actions and innovations are Improved government cadastral information
recommended to deliver outcomes: management processes, resulting in:

Optimise cadastral supply chains to reduce Reduced government administrative effort and
duplication across the land and utilities sectors better allocation of skills and resources.
and, in doing so, reduce our environmental Greater responsiveness in land-related processes
footprint and increase profit margins. and more timely land supply thereby promoting a
Develop a sustainable business model to manage competitive economy.
and upgrade the digital cadastre including More streamlined government services and
intellectual property management, return on reduced transaction times.
investment and funding.
Invest in public/private partnerships to
collaboratively maintain the digital cadastre.
Reform business and automate processes to
reduce the amount of effort required per land
transaction, eliminating red tape and reducing
consumer compliance costs.
Ensure legislation, policy, record keeping, data
storage and data management systems are
aligned with any technological advancements.
Work towards alignment with international
standards.
Build skills and knowledge resources aligned to
new methods.

Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy 19

Goal 2:
A cadastral system that is accessible, easily
visualised and readily understood and used

Objective
To maximise the potential of
the cadastral system by creating
more options for its use so that
it can be leveraged by society
economically, socially and
environmentally.

Current Situation
Todays digital networking and communication
infrastructures are providing a global platform over
which people and organisations interact, collaborate
and search for information.
However, inefficient access to land and property
information is currently limiting potential innovation
in the private sector [12]. This needs to change. Todays
society want to be able to stream information directly
to their mobile devices for social and business
transactions.
An easily visualised digital cadastre will generate a
stronger community understanding of land and real
property ownership, particularly when combined
with other property data such as Building Information
Models. Owners will be able to evaluate different
aspects of their property and enhance their home
improvement and land development experience.
Augmented reality has reached a new level of
capability with mobile devices and high-tech eyewear
now capable of superimposing information, pictures
and video over the physical world in front of us. This
means future building developments, underground
utilities, and rights, restrictions and responsibilities on
land can be visualised and communicated in the field
by professional users and the community alike.
Ready access to cadastral information will be a
step towards more collaborative organisational
environments. Partnerships are currently restricted
by older technologies as these are limiting online
capabilities.

20 CADASTRE 2034 Powering Land & Real Property

Outcomes
Goal two aims to achieve the following outcomes:
Open and transparent access to information,
balanced with respect for individuals privacy.
Consumer focussed.
A digital cadastre that can be utilised in multiple
environments and easily combined with other
information.
A digital cadastre capable of being readily
visualised and understood.
Current information is available in real-time, and
easily leveraged and analysed.
A digital cadastre that is interoperable with global
standards.
Actions and Innovations
The following actions and innovations are
recommended to deliver outcomes:
Position the cadastral system to deliver on
sustainable development objectives by enabling
its use in multiple information environments.
Establish a customer-centric service delivery
approach.
Develop methods to serve cadastral information
straight to the desktop or portable device of
anyone, anytime, anywhere - to maximise use.
Improve the discoverability of cadastral
information using next generation semantic web
technologies.
Make the reliability of data clear to the community
of users so they can make informed decisions on
what data will best suit their needs.
Understand the cadastral systems key value
streams in delivering future business opportunities
to a modern society.
Develop a public/private investment framework to
increase the utility and commercial value for on-
selling new products and services.
Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy 21
Present cadastral information in virtual
collaborative knowledge environments so the
community can draw the most value from its
application.
Develop a participatory model to include
community volunteered land and property
features.
Enablers
Strong government, industry, community
partnerships.
Commitment to transparency reforms and sharing
principles.
Consistent guidelines and standards.
Data access and interoperability frameworks.
An intellectual property culture that supports
innovation and investment.
Research into semantic web, data schemas and
knowledge representation.
Benefits
Real-time access to the digital cadastre through
various channels, resulting in:
Better use and integration of the cadastral
information across government, industry and the
community.
Meeting community expectations for access to
cadastral and land-related information anywhere,
anytime, and on any device.
A better understanding of what the social and
economic benefits to the community are, and how
these can be quantified to support future triple
bottom line reporting.
Industry value added services and new business
opportunities leading to a more diverse market
place.
Goal 3:
A cadastral system linked with broader legal
and social interests on land

Objective
A cadastral system linked to
knowledge about registered and
unregistered land-related rights,
restrictions and responsibilities so
that people can interact and make
wise decisions about land.

Current Situation
The digital cadastre is proving a valuable source of land public rights and restrictions was recognised as a
boundary data that can be incorporated within a spatial major challenge for Cadastre 2014 [1]. Since then some
infrastructure and compared and contrasted with other significant work has been undertaken to a stage where
registered and unregistered interests on land. we have moved well beyond conceptual models to
operational systems that allow citizens to enquire upon
However, many rights, restrictions and responsibilities
interests over any specific land parcel.
are not spatially depicted, and some cannot be
accessed easily. Nonetheless, our systems are far from complete, and
consolidated information on all land-related rights,
Property rights are traditionally embedded within a
restrictions and responsibilities is not readily available in
land title, but over the years successive reforms, such
a single reference framework. In addition, some rights,
as the national Water Act 2007 [13] and climate change
restrictions and responsibilities are best articulated
initiatives, have led to new interests on land being
in the third dimension, and in the fourth dimension
enacted but not formally linked with land ownership.
(time) if one considers seasonal criteria such as water
This means that land owners could be adversely
restrictions and fire bans.
impacted socially and financially (value and tradability)
because of their lack of awareness about their rights, Traditional work practises and cultures will need
restrictions and responsibilities. to change to take full advantage of volunteered
geographic information for the collection of social
If we are to improve decision making and make
interests on land. Solutions to differentiate authoritative
informed use of land, we need to link a wider range of
and anecdotal sources will be required to maintain the
interests on land within a broader cadastral framework.
integrity of a broader cadastral framework.
This is not a new objective. A cadastral system that
A new approach to property rights management is
shows the complete legal situation of land, including
required.

22 CADASTRE 2034 Powering Land & Real Property

Outcomes
Goal three aims to achieve the following outcomes:
A cadastral system linked with all rights, restrictions
and responsibilities on land and real property.
The spatial extent of all interests on land and
property are represented unambiguously and
depicted in a manner that meets the requirements
of evolving tenures.
Actions and Innovations
The following actions and innovations are
recommended to deliver outcomes:
Enablers
ICSM governance model to sustain and
guide inclusion of all rights, restrictions and
responsibilities in the broader cadastral system.
ANZLIC/ICSM policy direction and legal framework
for defining the extent of all rights, restrictions and
responsibilities.
Industry standards for the broader cadastral
system.
Agency and industry partnerships to fast track
spatial depiction of all rights, restrictions and
responsibilities.
ANZ Foundation Spatial Data Framework.

Enable the cadastral system to be linked to the

spatial extent of de facto and de jure rights and
interests on land and marine environments. Benefits
Build models that enable vertical linkages between Better government and community decision making,
data themes depicting interests on land. through:
Develop accuracy standards and models for the Improved access to information on the rights,
definition and depiction of all rights, restrictions restrictions and responsibilities pertaining to
and responsibilities in the broader cadastral land and real property, thus reducing consumer
system. investment risk.
Develop methods and standards to depict and Information being available in an understandable
manage indeterminate fuzzy boundaries related form making it easier for citizens to comprehend
to rights, restrictions and responsibilities, such as government policies and laws.
noise levels.
Build a capability to manage the dynamic nature of
rights, restrictions and responsibilities, such as daily
and seasonal variations.
Develop validation and automatic linking tools to
integrate with third party data.
Develop a participatory model to include
community volunteered data for sustainable data
collection of land and property features relating to
interests on land.

Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy 23

Goal 4:
A digital cadastre that is 3-dimensional,
dynamic and survey accurate

Objective
To modernise the digital cadastre
by incorporating survey accurate,
time series, and height data to
capture the complexity of our
environment.

Current Situation
The digital cadastre is an underutilised community
asset due to its current limitation in positional
accuracy and because it does not adequately
represent the 3 and 4 dimensional nature and
dynamic characteristics of mixed land use and real
property; where land and property have extent,
adjacency, height, depth and volume, as well as,
usage, materials and condition at any point in time.
To create a digital cadastre capable of supporting the
needs of emerging Smart Cities, a highly accurate
3-dimensional model is needed; one that is able to
better manage the ever increasing densification and
complexity of future developments both above and
below ground.
Land parcels that are limited in vertical dimension
are not adequately represented in the current digital
cadastre making it difficult to visualise security of
tenure as it relates to a building or an apartment
within a building.
The ownership of an apartment (volume of space)
and its associated shared property regimes (tenants
in common) can be more readily recognised and
authorised in a future 3-dimensional representation.
Institutional and legislative frameworks, that provide
the legal mandate for regulatory operation of the
cadastral system, will need to be reviewed to ensure
adequate provision for a 3-dimensional digital
representation.
The digital cadastre is now being used in integrated
information environments and for more purposes
than were ever imagined when first built.
Existing digital cadastres, largely collected by
digitising maps, are proving inadequate for emerging
business needs. When overlaid with other geographic
data and aerial photography, inaccuracies in the data
are apparent. While cadastral surveyors have been
submitting high-precision survey data, cadastral data
managers have had to adjust this survey data to fit

24 CADASTRE 2034 Powering Land & Real Property

the lower accuracy coordinates contained within the
existing digital cadastre. This has compounded the
data accuracy problem.
While our systems uphold integrity of ownership, it is
the varying accuracies across the data that is the issue.
We currently do not deliver to industry an accurate
digital boundary framework (digital cadastre) and the
assurance that infrastructure delivery and precision
farming is being performed within titled boundaries.[19]
Outcomes
Goal four aims to achieve the following outcomes:
A digital cadastre that is survey accurate.
A 3-dimensional digital cadastre that aligns with
the real-world.
A legislative framework that underpins a
3-dimensional digital cadastre and land
registration system.
A digital cadastre that is capable of depicting
dynamic (4-dimensional) elements.
Actions and Innovations
The following actions and innovations are
recommended to deliver outcomes:
Develop tools and legislation to model, manage,
transfer and visualise 3-dimensional
property data.
Develop methods to capture the dynamic people-
land relationship to support future land policy
including the temporal nature of RRR and property
history.
Apply new technologies to improve positional
and semantic accuracy of the digital cadastre,
and the currency of the digital cadastre through
implementation of automated processes.
Implement a demand driven spatial upgrade to
achieve survey accurate boundary representation
in priority areas.
Revise survey laws to ensure alignment of the
3-dimensional digital cadastre with the cadastre
on the ground.
Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy 25
Develop accuracy standards and models for the
depiction of 3-dimensional property (below and
above ground).
Propagate the dynamics of the geodetic reference
system to cadastral boundaries in a way that is
accurate and transparent to users.
Improve the integration of the vertical datum to
support complex 3 and 4-dimensional depiction of
rights, restrictions and responsibilities.
Skills development for land surveying professionals
to ensure 3-dimensional system elements are
maintained with integrity.
Enablers
Geodetic Strategy for a dynamic datum.
Industry consultation on revised Survey Law.
Research and development into 3-dimensional
digital cadastres.
Investigation of temporal and historical elements
associated with land and real property.
An extended ePlan Framework that includes
3-dimensional elements.
Benefits
Better managed land and real property, through:
The availability of high quality cadastral
information to support land use and land
development decision making.
The ability to visualise land and property in
3-dimensions and as a dynamic time series of
property events.
Clear representation of common property in
complex developments.
Goal 5:
A federated cadastral system based on
common standards

Objective
To operate in the national interest
and equip society with broader
land and real property models to
deal with local, cross-jurisdictional
and global challenges.

Current Situation
Making trade between countries simpler is
increasingly important to our nations business sector.
More services are becoming available online and
businesses operate across jurisdictions as a single
market. Nonetheless, there is still much to do before
our cadastral system becomes a major contributor
to Digital First, an Australian Government initiative
committed to achieving end-to-end digital transaction
services by 2017 [14].
Ultimately, Cadastre 2034 will lead to the provision of
seamless access to state and territory based digital
cadastres. This will be assisted through the Australian
and New Zealand Foundation Spatial Data Framework
[15]
. As one of the ten fundamental themes this
cadastral information will enable us to understand and
manage trans-boundary issues and address economic,
environmental, social and cultural issues in the
national interest.

Having to deal with individual jurisdictions for land and
property developments can be complex due to the
different methods of operation and laws. To compete
in a global economy, jurisdictions need to consider
common trade hubs or single window systems that
provide consumers with access to nationwide land
and property information.
In addition, the Property Law Reform Alliance is
working towards a Uniform Torrens Title Act through
a coalition of legal and industry associations. They are
committed to increasing productivity and reducing
transaction costs involving multiple properties across
jurisdictions. Its adoption will provide a basis for further
national reforms [16].

This is the imperative behind the federated approach.

To understand global and regional issues, government

needs a cadastral framework with which to collect,
collate and analyse regional needs.

26 CADASTRE 2034 Powering Land & Real Property

Outcomes ICSM governance framework providing leadership,
accountability, transparency, openness, integrity
Goal five aims to achieve the following outcomes: and efficiency.
Unified access to jurisdictional cadastral Application of open standards/interoperability.
information in real-time.
Jurisdiction collaboration to achieve mutual
Uniformity in polices, standards, guidelines and benefits for the public, government, and
legislation. corporations, as well as the land agencies
themselves.
Roles of custodianship and stewardship of a
federated cadastral system are clearly defined. ICSM communication framework to ensure a
unified vision and comprehensive stakeholder
engagement.
Actions and Innovations
The following actions and innovations are
recommended to deliver outcomes:
Benefits
Improved response to global, regional and trans-
Create harmonised cadastral data management
boundary issues via:
processes and federated cadastral data models
leading to national outcomes. Unified access to nationwide land and property
information.
Develop a data access framework that supports
common access to a consolidated version of the Adoption of interoperable standards, models,
broader digital cadastre. policies and laws.
Establish an agreed policy direction and
governance framework for a federated cadastral
system.

Develop standards and guidelines to facilitate data

discoverability, access and integration, nationally.

Understand industry and community needs for

national data sets to enable the delivery of future
business opportunities in a broader marketplace.

Enablers
National Collaborative Framework.

ANZ Foundation Spatial Data Framework Land and

Property Theme.

Uniform Torrens Title Act through the Property Law

Reform Alliance.

Common vision among stakeholders for a

federated cadastral system.

Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy 27

The Delivery Model
Citizens today have an expectation that government
information and services will be delivered seamlessly and
through multiple channels.

They are not concerned about which agencies
or levels of government deliver the services, but
rather that they have access to a consolidated view
of all available sources - government, industry and
community gathered data. They also expect that this
information can be relied upon for making sound
investment and lifestyle decisions.
To meet community expectations the cadastral service
delivery model of the future will be characterised by:
clear custodianship and stewardship;
a mix of authoritative and crowd sourced data with
clearly defined origin;
real-time data access via multiple channels;
a knowledge proposition, not just a standard
information offering;
a choice of 2, 3 and 4-dimensional virtual models;
and
a customer-centric service delivery approach
where feedback is embedded at key delivery
points.
The goals identified in this strategy are aligned with a
culture of reform and innovation along the cadastral
information supply chain. This is depicted in Figure 4.

seamless nationwide access to multi-agency data; Delivery of Cadastre 2034 will require holistic thinking,
innovative planning and a collaborative approach to
the integration of government information in the stewardship of information.
understandable forms;

a financially sustainable maintenance and

delivery model;

28 CADASTRE 2034 Powering Land & Real Property

 Goal 1: Sustainable management of the entire cadastral supply chain

SERVICE DELIVERY MODEL

State and Territory Cadastres
Federated
Data Data Data cadastre Value adding Consumer
collection management integration Realtime (horizontal to create Consumer and
and and (vertical) integration products and new volunteered
maintenance processing of state and and services markets feedback
territory-based
data)

Goal 4: Goal 3: Goal 5: Goal 2:

A digital cadastre Linked Rights, Federated Accessible and easily leveraged
that is survey accurate, Restrictions and Operation
dynamic and 3-dimensional Responsibilities

Figure 4. The Service Delivery model envisaged for integrated Cadastral Information

Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy 29

 FEATURE ARTICLE
Responding to National Priorities
Did you know that the regions of Port Phillip
and Westernport have the highest primary
production land values in Victoria, at $17
billion, even though the primary production
land is the second smallest area in the state?
According to Karen Connaughton, Director of
Environmental Account, Australian Bureau of
Statistics (ABS), this and other knowledge can
be derived through the Land Account Victoria,
an integrated system of spatial and statistical
information themes.
Further analysis of spatial relationships show that
the high value primary production area of Port
Phillip and Westernport is the result of the high
value of horticultural crops grown in the region,
the close proximity of markets and infrastructure,
and competition for land near Melbourne [17].
The Land Account Victoria demonstrates
how spatial information is transformed into
knowledge though data linking, and how this
knowledge can be used to inform debate on
issues that matter nationally.
30 CADASTRE 2034 Powering Land & Real Property
Finding solutions to national priorities requires
access to nationwide data. In the case of land
and property, this requires cross-jurisdiction
cooperation and a consolidated view of state and
territory data sets.
Current models require extending to include
vertically linked concepts for evidence-based
decision making, and not just traditional horizontal
integration to address trans-border issues.
A fully integrated land and property model is
currently not available nationally. Consumers are
required to source data from multiple agencies,
and collate and manage the data independent
of other users. According to Helen Owens,
Assistant Secretary, Data Policy, Department
of Communications, this is problematic and
expensive.
ANZLIC in conjunction with the Department
of Communications, Geoscience Australia and
PSMA Australia, is working toward a Foundation
Spatial Data Framework that will provide access
to a national view of land and property, which
can be used in multiple applications, similarly to
the Land Account Victoria.
A Collaborative
Approach
Successful delivery of the actions and innovations, to achieve
strategic outcomes, will require a collective effort.

Achievement of goals will be approached in a multi-disciplinary and multi-sectoral way (Figure 5).

Alignment Accountability Implementation

Policy
Peak Development
ANZLIC
Bodies

Lead Agency
Future Federated
Cadastral System

ICSM New methods

Industry Research and models
Groups Groups

Standards

PCC
Stakeholder Advisory Research and
Community
Innovation

Figure 5 Inter-relationship between the stakeholder communities

The inter-relationships between organisations and the New Methods and Models: Government, Industry
role they play in the evolution of the cadastral system and Academia.
is illustrated above and includes:
Standards: ICSM, PCC, ePlan Working Group.
Accountability: ICSM and Permanent Committee Research: CRCSI, Melbourne University, RMIT,
on Cadastre (PCC), Lead agency (often the land Curtin University, CSIRO.
agency) in each jurisdiction.
Advisory: SIBA, SSSI, other professional surveying
Alignment: ANZLIC, Peak Bodies: Registrars bodies, GITA, NIMLI, Community of users.
General.
Policy Development: Land agencies in each
jurisdiction, Land Surveyors Licensing Boards and
Department of Communications.

Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy 31

Appendix A
Explanation of Terms
Term Definition

Cadastral System A system that defines, records and delivers land parcel information
in support of tenure (ownership), land use and land value.

De jure and de facto rights Rights concerning law and concerning fact, respectively.

Digital Cadastre A digital model of cadastral boundaries and properties.

Interoperability Ability to exchange and use information.

Land In this document the term Land not only applies to dry land. It may
extend over water (marine cadastre), underground, in the airspace
and water column. It is used in the context of land-related rights.

Ontologies The structural frameworks for organising information.

Real Property Property that includes land and buildings, and anything affixed to
the land.

Semantic Web An extension of the World Wide Web that enables people to share
content beyond the boundaries of applications and websites.

Spatial Information Spatial Information describes the physical location of objects and
the metric relationships between objects.

Sub-decimetre A metric unit of length that is within one tenth of a metre to a

specified location.

Survey Accurate Digital Cadastre A digital cadastre based on the best survey information available
and not a digitised representation.

Supply Chain A network comprising different companies that contribute to the

production and distribution of cadastral information.

Tenure System A tenure system is a legal system for recording and transferring
rights, restrictions and responsibilities in land.

Value Chain The process or activities by which an organisation adds value to

cadastral information, including production, marketing, and the
provision of after-sales service.

Ubiquitous Everywhere

32 CADASTRE 2034 Powering Land & Real Property

Appendix B
Glossary of Abbreviations
Acronym Explanation

ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics

ANZLIC Australian and New Zealand Spatial Information Council

CRCSI Cooperative Research Centre for Spatial Information

CSIRO Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation

ICSM Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping

ePlan Electronic Plan

FIG International Federation of Surveyors

IE Interest Enquiry

GITA Geographic Information Technology Association

GNAF Geocoded National Address File

GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System

NIMLI National Infrastructure for Managing Land Information

PCC Permanent Committee on Cadastre

PSMA PSMA Australia Limited

ROI Return on Investment

RRR Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities

RMIT Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology

SIBA Spatial Industries Business Association

SSSI Surveying and Spatial Sciences Institute

VGI Volunteered Geographic Information

Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy 33

Appendix C
References
[1] Kaufmann, J. and Steudler, D., (1998), Cadastre 2014: A Vision for a Future Cadastral System, International
Federation of Surveyors, Switzerland.

[2] Hirst, B. (2010) Cadastre 2014 Australia and New Zealand: Now and the Future, Paper presented at FIG
2010, Sydney, Australia, available at http://www.icsm.gov.au/publications/fig/CongressPaper3824.pdf,
accessed December 2014.

[3] Land Information New Zealand (2014) Cadastre 2034: A 10-20 Year Strategy for Developing the Cadastre:
Knowing the Where of Land-Related Rights, available at http://www.linz.govt.nz/land/surveying/survey-
system/cadastre-2034, accessed December 2014.

[4] International Federation of Surveyors (1995) Statement of the Cadastre, available at http://www.fig.net/
commission7/reports/cadastre/statement_on_cadastre.html, accessed December 2013.

[5] Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping (ICSM) (2009] Fundamentals of Land Ownership,
Land Boundaries, and Surveying, available at http://www.icsm.gov.au/cadastral/Fundamentals_of_Land_
Ownership_Land_Boundaries_and_Surveying.pdf, accessed December 2013

[6] Australian Bureau of Statistics (2014) Housing Finance, Australia, available at http://www.abs.gov.au/
AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/5609.0Sep%202014?OpenDocument - Table 12, accessed November 2014.

[7] Australian Bureau of Statistics (2014) Total Value of Dwelling Stock, available at http://www.abs.gov.au/
AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/6416.0Sep%202014?OpenDocument - Table 6, accessed November 2014.

[8] Australian Bureau of Statistics (2013) Gross Value Added by Industry, available at http://www.abs.gov.au/
AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/5204.02013-14?OpenDocument - Table 5 accessed January 2014.

[9] ACT Government (2011) Draft Act Planning Strategy: Planning for a Sustainable City, available at http://
www.actpla.act.gov.au, accessed September 2013.

[10] SA Government (2013) The 30-year Plan for Greater Adelaide, available at http://www.plan4adelaide.sa.gov.
au/index.cfm, accessed September 2013.

[11] Khoshnevis, B (2012) Contour Crafting: Automated Construction, available at http://www.wimp.com/

printerhouse/, video, accessed October 2013

[12] ACIL Tasman (2008) The Value of Spatial Information: The impact of modern spatial information
technologies on the Australian economy, available at http://www.crcsi.com.au/Resources/general-interest,
accessed Oct 2013.

[13] Bureau of Meteorology (2007), Water Act 2007, Australian Government, available at http://www.comlaw.
gov.au/Series/C2007A00137, accessed October 2013

34 CADASTRE 2034 Powering Land & Real Property

[14] Australian Government, Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy (2013)
Advancing Australia as a Digital Economy: An Update to the National Digital Economy Strategy, available
at http://apo.org.au/files/Resource/Advancing-Australia-as-a-Digital-Economy-BOOK-WEB.pdf, accessed
December 2014.

[15] ANZLIC (2014) The Australian and New Zealand Foundation Spatial Data Framework, Edition 2, published by
the Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Communications, 2014, available at http://www.anzlic.gov.
au/foundation_spatial_data_framework, last accessed December 2014.

[16] Property Law Reform Alliance (2013) Draft Uniform Torrens Title Act, available at http://www.plra.com.au/,
accessed December 2014.

[17] Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012) ABS releases state land account for the first time, Media Release,
available at http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsfMediaRealesesByCatalogue/5EE0D50E58E4F864
CA257AD2000F1551?OpenDocument, accessed October 2013.

[18] Rohan Bennett, Abbas Rajabifard, Mohsen Kalantari, Jude Wallace, Ian Williamson (2011) Cadastral Futures:
Building a New Vision for the Nature and Role of Cadastres, International Federation of Surveyors, Article of
the Month June 2011

[19] Hellen, L (2013) Discussion Paper, 3dQLD - Building the boundaries and positioning Queensland, Version
1.1, available at http://3dqld.org/, accessed October 2013, pp16

Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia - A National Strategy 35

More Details
For further information regarding this strategy or to acquire additional copies please contact:
Lesley Waterhouse, Executive Officer
Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping - ICSM
Phone: +61 2 6249 9677 Mobile: +61 419 694 669 Fax: +61 2 6249 9921
Email: icsm@ga.gov.au Web: www.icsm.gov.au
Cnr Jerrabomberra Avenue and Hindmarsh Drive Symonston ACT 2609
GPO Box 378 Canberra ACT 2601 Australia

Copyright:

Intergovernmental Committee for Surveying and Mapping 2015.

Cadastre 2034: Powering Land and Real Property (Cadastral Reform and Innovation for Australia A National
Strategy) by the Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping is licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia License.
Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the Executive Officer,
Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping, GPO Box 378, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
Maps, images and photographs:
Images by Shutterstock. All rights reserved for photographs on pages 4 to 6, 9 to 14, 16 to 21, 23 to 30,
and inside cover.

Photographs by ICSM (Cover, pages 1, 8, 15); Land Victoria, Department of Environment, Land, Water &
Planning (page 2). Map image by Landgate (page 7).

Disclaimer:
This document is published by the Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping as an
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information, no guarantee is given nor responsibility taken by the Committee for error and omissions.
The information is provided solely on the basis that readers will be responsible for making their own
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Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping and has been produced by Geospatial Frameworks
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Graphic Design by Creative Loop www.creative-loop.co.uk
Cover Photography Courtesy Land and Property Information, NSW Department of Finance & Services

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