EasyPower - Harmonics Analysis

In this tutorial, you will be shown how to use several of EasyPowers harmonics analysis features.
Three features that will be covered in particular: the summation of all harmonics, the current flow of
individual harmonics, and the frequency scan.

Harmonics Focus
To run harmonics analysis, you must be in the Harmonics focus.

Open the file bigger.dez in your SAMPLES directory. Press the (Maximize) buttons to fill
your screen with the one-line.

Enter Harmonics focus by choosing the (Harmonics) button on the toolbar. A new toolbar
will appear. This new toolbar contains buttons that will be used in the harmonics calculations.
Your screen should look similar to Figure 1, except no analysis numbers will be displayed.

Summation of Harmonics
Click on the (Summation All) button. Total harmonic distortion values will be displayed on
the one-line as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Harmonic distortion calculations

By default, the (Current Total Harmonic Distortion) and (Voltage Total Harmonic Distortion)
toolbar buttons are pressed. Therefore, the vertical and horizontal numbers on the one-line indicate
ITHD and the diagonal numbers on the buses indicate VTHD. In the example above, the ITHD through the
capacitor on BUS-2 is 10.701 amps. The VTHD on BUS-2 is 0.004 per-unit (system base), or 0.4%.
(The current and voltage units can be modified in the Tools Harmonics Options One-line
Output menu dialog box.)

The (Current Root-Sum-Squared) and (Voltage Root-Sum-Squared) toolbar buttons will

display IRSS and VRSS values on the one-line. These currents and voltages, which include fundamental
Revised 2/16/00
and harmonics, are equivalent to IRMS and VRMS. In harmonics focus, the fundamental voltage at each
bus is assumed to be 1 per-unit. (This can be modified in the Tools Harmonics Options Control
menu dialog box.) The fundamental currents for each equipment item are assumed to be either the full
load current rating of the equipment or the calculated current at 1 per-unit voltage.

Additional summation information is also available for one-line display: (IT Product) and
(kVT Product) indicate interference that could occur on a nearby telephone circuit; (Voltage Sum)
determines peak voltage for comparison with equipment (i.e. capacitor) peak voltage capability;
(Losses) indicates the sum of fundamental and harmonic losses on individual equipment;
(Transformer K-factor) and (Transformer Derating) show derating values based on ANSI
C57.110; and (Conductor Derating) determines the maximum fundamental load that can be
supplied to a conductor with harmonics present.

Frequency Scan
Double-click on BUS-2 on the one-line. A frequency scan similar to the one in Figure 2 should
appear. Drag the splitter bar to the right to view the values for each calculated harmonic.

Figure 2: Frequency Scan

This frequency scan, by default, is based on a 1.0 per-unit current injection on BUS-2. The scan
displays the BUS-2 per-unit voltage with respect to the harmonic frequency of this injected current.
This per-unit voltage can also be considered a per-unit impedance as long as the current injection
remains 1.0 per-unit. The following equation gives evidence of this:

Zpu = Vpu / Ipu = Vpu / 1.0 = Vpu

Double-click in the plot area to customize the frequency scan window. For example, double-
clicking on the curve will enable you to specify a different style, color, and weight for the curve.
You can right-mouse click in the plot window to view all the available plot format options.

Revised 2/16/00
 Choose File Close from the menu to close the plot window. This will return you to the one-
line.

You may want to experiment with defining multiple curves for a plot. Pressing the (Define Plot)
button will bring up the Define Plot toolbar. To specify items to be plotted, select the items on the
one-line and press the (Add Item) button. Ten different plots can be defined for each database, and
each plot can display up to five curves. Press the (Exit Define Plot) button (or unselect Plot
Define Plots in the menu) to exit Define Plot mode.

To plot current (rather than voltage) with respect to frequency, simply define a non-bus item using the
Define Plot technique described above.

Harmonic Current Flow

There are two distinct methods for harmonic current flow solutions: 1) the Single Source Current Flow
and 2) the All Source Current Flow.

Single Source Current Flow

Select BUS-2 (so that it turns green).

Press the (Single Source Current Flow) button. Your one-line should display the values
shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Fifth harmonic current flow based on BUS-2 injection

The Single Source Current Flow displays currents and voltages thoughout the system based on a single
harmonic current injection at a bus. In the case above, 1.0 per-unit (or 481 amps) of 5th harmonic
current are injected into BUS-2. The resultant 5th harmonic current (in amps) and voltage (in system
per-unit) are displayed on the one-line. (The units and injection current can be modified in the
Tools Harmonics Options dialog box.) This information is useful for determining how a particular
harmonic current will flow and what equipment will be affected.

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All Source Current Flow

Press the (Find) button. A Find dialog box will appear.

Select 2W Transformer and type in TX-4 in the ID Name of Item to Find field.
Press OK.
Press the (All Source Current Flow) button. Your one-line should look similar to Figure 4.

Figure 4: Fifth harmonic current flow based on all source injections

The motors under bus SWG-12 represent an 18-pulse drive. Each motor injects a spectrum of
harmonics. (The injected harmonic spectrum is specified in each Motor Data database dialog box.
The EasyPower device library also contains typical harmonic spectra which can be imported.) The
currents and voltages are based on all the fifth harmonic injections from the sources in the system.
(This specified harmonic can be modified in the Tools Harmonics Options Control dialog box.)
Notice the fifth harmonic currents cancel on transformer TX-12due to phase cancellation. The All
Source Current Flow feature determines flows in a network with all sources contributing.

Harmonics Text Reports

The Tools Harmonics Options Text Output dialog box allows you to create harmonics text
reports. When the report checkboxes are checked, tabulated text report information is created during
each harmonics Summation All or Current Flow operation. These text reports can be accessed (after
they have been created) by selecting the appropriate report from the Window menu in EasyPower.

Conclusions
This has been a brief overview of EasyPowers harmonics program. Features such as IEEE 519
verification, filter modeling, zero sequence and triplen harmonics calculations, multiple Y-axes for
plots, harmonics bar charts, power flow link, and others are also available. The EasyPower - Users
Manual and the EasyPower help system cover these harmonic features in greater depth.

Revised 2/16/00