FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS Shunt-shunt configuration with the inclusion of the loading effect of the feedback circuit

Feedback configurations The block diagram of the configuration is shown in Fig. 1. As is known, the configuration leads
to voltage feedback with a current error.
As discussed in Neamen (pp. 738-749), there are four feedback topologies, namely:
Due to the shunt-shunt connection it can be ie
Shunt-shunt envisaged that a set of two port parameters,
based on common voltages, probably can +
This configuration gives voltage feedback with a current error. The open loop gain is thus be utilised to describe the behaviour of the
iin Az Vo
-

a transfer impedance (Az) and the feedback factor a transfer admittance ( y). Both the feedback system accurately. The y-

input- and output impedance are lowered by the feedback by a factor (1+Az y). parameters are based on common voltages
and can thus be utilised to analyse shunt- ifb
Series-series shunt configurations.

This configuration gives current feedback with a voltage error. The open loop gain is thus Utilising y-parameters the A-circuit is by

a transfer admittance (Ay) and the feedback factor a transfer impedance ( z). Both the described as

input- and output impedance are increased by the feedback by a factor (1+Ay z).
i1a = y11av1 + y12av o Fig. 1 Basic shunt-shunt configuration
Shunt-series
i 2a = y 21av1 + y 22av o
This configuration gives current feedback with a current error. The open loop gain is thus

and the -circuit as

a current gain (Ai) and the feedback factor a current gain ( i). The input- and output

impedance are lowered and increased respectively by the feedback by a factor (1+Ai i).
i1f = y11f v1 + y12f v o
Series-shunt
i 2f = y 21f v1 + y 22f v o .
This configuration gives voltage feedback with a voltage error. The open loop gain is thus

The equivalent circuits of the A- and -circuits, based on the y-parameters, are now

a voltage gain (Av) and the feedback factor a voltage gain ( v). The input- and output
substituted in Fig. 1. The complete equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. 2. Note that we also

impedance are increased and lowered respectively by the feedback by a factor (1+Av v).
consider the generator to be non-ideal with a generator resistor RS, and that the amplifier has
For all the configurations the closed loop gain is given by a load resistor RL.

ie A-circuit
A A
Af = =
1 + A 1 + T +
iin 1
YS
1
y 11a
y 12av o y 21av1
1
y 22a
1
YL
Vo
-

where T is the loop gain. The subscripts of A and will vary according to the type of feedback
configuration, as was discussed above. ifb
In Neamen it is shown how the closed loop gain (Af), the input impedance (Rif) and the output
1 1
impedance (Rof)are calculated for the four feedback configurations. These calculations, y 11f
y12f v o y 21f v1
y 22f
however, are only valid for ideal cases where the feedback network has no loading effect on
the input and output of the amplifier. This shortcoming results in the loss in elegance of the
design and analysis tools of feedback amplifiers, because no methodology is given for b-circuit
relatively complex circuits. The methodology also does not lead to an understanding of the Fig. 2 Complete equivalent circuit of the shunt-shunt configuration

power of the A- and -circuit concept.

In practice it is universally true that the feedback of the output voltage of the A-circuit, as well

as the forward feed of the feedback circuit ( -circuit), are negligible.

-1- -2-
It is thus universally true that Substitution into (1) leads to

y12a << y12f yo yi y y + y12f y 21a

i in = v o + y12f v o = o i vo
y 21f << y 21a . y 21a y 21a
v y 21a
o =
The equivalent circuit can thus be simplified, as is shown in Fig. 3. i in y o y i + y12f y 21a
ie A-circuit
+ + We know that, for a shunt-shunt configuration, the closed loop gain must be an impedance
iin 1 1
y 21av1
1 1 (Azf). We observe that the expression above is indeed a representation of the closed loop
YS V1 y11a y 22a Vo

YL gain. What is required now is to extract the A- and -circuit components from the expression.
- -
vo
ifb Azf =
i in
y 21a
1 1 =
y o y i + y12f y 21a
y12f v o
y11f y 22f

=
( y 21a yo yi )
b-circuit 1 + ( y 21a y o y i ) y12f
Fig. 3 Simplified equivalent circuit of shunt-shunt configuration Az

1 + Az y
It is now possible to analyse the circuit in terms of the y-parameters, with the loading effect
of the generator, load and feedback circuit included.
where
It is clear from Fig. 3 that, at both the input and output, the 3 resistors can be combined into
single resistors. y 21a
Az =
y i = YS + y11a + y11f yo yi
y o = YL + y 22a + y 22f y = y12f

The input current can be expressed as It can be envisaged that the above procedure can become very tedious for a relatively
complex A-circuit, because it will be very difficult to determine the y-parameters. It is,
i in = y i v1 + y12f v o (1) however, normally quite easy to determine the y-parameters of the feedback circuit, because
it normally consists of a combination of a few resistors.
and at the output the currents are added to give
In order to be able to analyse practical circuits, a procedure is followed as described below.
0 = y ov o + y 21av1 (2) In order to consider the loading effect of the feedback circuit, all the parallel resistors are
shifted to the A-circuit, where it is combined with the existing resistors of the A-circuit. The A-

From (2) we get that circuit is thus slightly modified. This has the advantage that the modified A-circuit and -circuit
now resembles the ideal shunt-shunt configuration as was discussed in Neaman.
yo
v1 = vo . The modified circuit is shown in Fig. 4.
y 21a

-3- -4-
 VCC
R2 (10V)
ie A-circuit
VTH = VCC = 0,973 V RC
+ + R1 + R2 R1
(51k)
C RF (10k)
iin V1
1
YS
1
y11f
1
y11a
y 21av1
1
y 22a
1
y 22f
1
YL Vo RTH = R1 || R2 = 4,965 k Vo
(82k)
- - RS C
The input voltage loop is shown in Fig.
ifb 6.The input loop can be described as (10k)
Rifx
VTH = IBQ RTH + VBE + ( + 1) RE IBQ Vi
+
R2
y12f v o RE
C
-
(5,5k)
VTH VBE
IBQ = = 4,92 A (0,5k)
RTH + ( + 1) RE
b-circuit ICQ = IBQ = 0,492 mA
Fig 4 Modified "ideal" equivalent circuit of shunt-shunt configuration Fig. 5 Circuit diagram of feedback amplifier
The small signal parameters are
The analysis procedure of the circuit is now as follows: calculated as
RTH

Identify the A-circuit and -circuit for the circuit and identify the feedback configuration
I
(shunt-shunt in our case) g m = CQ = 18,923 mA/V VTH
VT IBQ

For the shunt-shunt circuit, calculate the y-parameters of the -circuit.
Modify the A-circuit with the parameters y11f and y22f.
r = = 5,285 k

The feedback factor of the ideal feedback circuit is now (trivially) identified as y=y12f. gm RE
Now consider the modified A-circuit on its own and calculate the open loop gain Az. It is
important to note here that it is not necessary to calculate the y-parameters of the A-
Fig. 6 DC input loop

circuit. We can use the normal and well known equivalent circuits of, for example, the The A- and -circuits must
A-circuit
transistors, as long as the parallel resistors of the feedback circuit is handled correctly. now be identified. From Fig. 7
it is quite clear that it is a VCC
It is now relatively simple to determine the closed loop gain Azf from the calculated values
shunt-shunt configuration.

for Az and y.

We can calculate the values of Ri and Ro of the A-circuit as normal. However, always bear The -circuit must thus be
RC
described using the y- R1
in mind from where the observer is "looking" i.e. is the generator resistor included in Ri,,
and by the same token, is the load resistance part of the output resistance Ro? parameters. Note that the
feedback resistor RE is not a +

Now calculate Rif and Rof from the calculated values of Az and y as usual. RS
part of the feedback circuit. It
Examples 12.13 & 12.14 (Neamen, pp. 772-776) does, however, play an

important role ( -stability) in Vo
Seeing that the circuit is relatively simple, Neamen analyses the complete the dc condition of the circuit. +
Vi R2

-
feedback amplifier as a single entity. However, we are going to utilise the =100 RE

procedure above in order to demonstrate the power and elegance of the VA64 Consider the small signal - -
method. circuit (Fig. 8) and determine
the y-parameters. Remember,
The circuit is shown in Fig. 5. however, that the parameter b-circuit
y21f is negligible and thus not
First do a dc analysis of the circuit. necessary to calculate.
RF

Fig. 7 Determination of the A- and -circuit from circuit diagram

-5- -6-
 i1 i1 RF i2 v o = g mv ( RC || RF )
1
y11f = =
v1 v RF + + v
2 =0
V1 V2 i in =
- - RS || RTH || RF || r
i1 1
y12f = = vo
v2 v1 = 0
RF . Az = = g m ( RC || RF )( RS || RTH || RF || r ) = 335,431 k
i in

Fig. 8 Small signal -circuit
i2 1
y 22f = = Az
v2 RF Azf = = 65,892 k
v1 = 0 1 + Az y
i1 i2

The equivalent -circuit is shown in Fig.9.

+ + The voltage gain of the amplifier is now easily calculated from

The parallel resistors at the input and V1 RF y12f v 2 RF V2 vo vo

output of the circuit are also in parallel Azf = = = Av RS
with the input and output of the A-circuit.

- - i in v i RS
The resistive loading effect of the - Azf
circuit can thus be incorporated into the
Av = = 6,59
RS

small signal A-circuit. Fig. 9 Equivalent y-parameter -circuit

These values favourably compare with the exact values calculated in Neamen.

An ideal -circuit thus remains and it is characterised by

The input resistance of the A-circuit, as seen by the current source, is trivial and is given by
1
y = y12f = = 12,195 S
RF Ri = RS || RTH || RF || r = 1,989 k

The modified A-circuit is shown in Fig. 10. Note that the signal generator was transformed to For a shunt-shunt feedback configuration the input resistance is lowered. The input
an equivalent Norton current source and that the load resistor is also included as part of the resistance, with feedback, is thus calculated as
modified A-circuit.
Ri
iin
Rif =
1 + Az By
= 390,7

+ +

Vi/RS RS RTH RF Vp rp gmVp RF RC V o Note that the value of Rif is not required. In Neamen (p. 773) the required input resistance is
indicated in the sketch as the resistance seen when looking directly into the base of the
- - transistor. The Thevenin resistance and the source resistance (RS) are thus behind one's
back and not part of the calculations. Note that the mentioned two resistors will appear in
parallel with the input resistance (Rifx) that is required. We can thus say that
Fig. 10 Modified A-circuit
Rif = RS || RTH || Rifx = 390,7
v
We must calculate the parameter Az = o . Rifx = 442,85
i in
+ +
In order to calculate the
output resistance of the A-
circuit, the driver current
RS RTH RF Vp rp gmVp RF RC V x i
x

- -
source is open circuited,
and a test source applied
Fig. 11 Equivalent circuit for the calculation of Ro

-7- -8-
at the output, as is shown in Fig. 11. equivalent circuit of the feedback amplifier is shown in Fig. 13.

It is clear that the dependent source must be zero, because v =0. The output resistance is A-circuit
RS io

thus given by iin z11a z22a

Ro = RC || RF = 8,913 k + +
z12a i o z21a i in
- -

The output resistance of a shunt-shunt configuration will also decrease. The output resistance
with feedback is thus calculated as +
Vin - z11f z22f RL
Ro
Rof = = 1,75 k
1 + Az y + +
z12f i o z21f i in
- -

These values compare very well with the exact values calculated in Neamen.

Series-series configuration with the loading effect of the feedback circuit included b-circuit
Fig. 13 Complete equivalent circuit of a series-series configuration
The block diagram of the
configuration is shown in Fig. 12. + io In practice it is universally true that the feedback of the output voltage of the A-circuit, as well
As is known, the configuration Ve Ay

- as the forward feed of the feedback circuit ( -circuit), are negligible.
gives current feedback with a
voltage error.
Vin
+

-
io RL It is thus universally true that
Due to the series-series
+ z12a << z12f
connection it can be envisaged
that a set of two port parameters,
Vfb bz
- z21f << z21a .
based on common currents,
probably can be utilised to
describe the behaviour of the The equivalent circuit can thus be simplified as is shown in Fig. 14.
Fig. 12 Basic series-series configuration
feedback system accurately. The A-circuit
z-parameters are based on common currents and can thus be utilised to analyse series-series RS iin z22a io
configurations.
+
Utilising z-parameters the A-circuit is described as z11a z21a i in
-

v1a = z11a i in + z12a i o

v 2a = z21a i in + z22a i o Vin +
RL
- z11f

and the -circuit as

+
z12f i o z22f
v1f = z11f i in + z12f i o -

v 2f = z21f i in + z22f io
b-circuit

The equivalent circuits of both the A- and circuit is now substituted in Fig. 12. The complete Fig. 14 Simplified equivalent circuit of series-series configuration

-9- -10-
In order to consider the loading effect of the feedback circuit, all the series resistors are shifted The z-parameters are calculated as
to the A-circuit, where it is combined with the existing resistors of the A-circuit. The A-circuit

is thus slightly modified. This has the advantage that the modified A-circuit and -circuit now v1
resembles the ideal series-series configuration as was discussed in Neaman. The modified z11 = = RE1 || ( RF + RE 2 ) = 90
circuit is shown in Fig. 15. i1 i
2 =0

v2
z22 = = RE 2 || ( RF + RE1 ) = 90
i2 i1 = 0
A-circuit
iin z22a io z12 =
v1
i2 i = 0
RS +
1

z11a z21a i in
-
z11f z22f
To calculate z12 we observe from Fig. 17 that

RE1 RE1
Vin v1 = v2 = . RE 2 || ( RE 1 + RF ) i 2
+
RL
- RE1 + RF RE 1 + RF
v1 RE 1
z12 = = . RE 2 || ( RE 1 + RF ) = 10
+
z12f i o io i 2 RE 1 + RF
-

The A-circuit is now modified with the series resistors z11 and z22 and we are left with an ideal
b-circuit feedback network. For this feedback network we thus have

Fig. 15 Modified "ideal" equivalent circuit of series-series configuration

z = z12 = 10
The analysis procedure is similar to the one that
was discussed for the shunt-shunt configuration. The small signal parameters of the A-circuit is calculated as

Problem 12.36 (Neamen, p. 809) ICQ1

RC1 RC2 RC3 g m1 = = 19,231 mA/V
VT
(5k) (2k) (1k)

The ac equivalent -circuit is shown in Fig. 17. The

ICQ 2
configuration is identified as a series-ersies
io gm2 = = 38,462 mA/V
connection i.e. current feedback with a voltage VT
error. It is thus required to characterise the circuit ICQ 3
with z-parameters. gm3 = = 76,923 mA/V
VT
i RF i
V1
1 2
V2 r 1 = = 6,24 k
g m1
Vs
RE1 RE2 r 2 = = 3,12 k
RF gm2

(800) r 3 = = 1,56 k
RE1 RE2 gm3

Fig. 17 Small signal -circuit

(100) (100)
The modified A-circuit is shown in Fig. 18.

Fig. 16 Circuit diagram of amplifier

-11- -12-
 i i i i io v o RC 3 A
b1 b2 b3 o Ayf = = = v
+ + + +
vs vs RC 3
Vp1 rp1 b i RC1 Vp2 rp2 b i Vx RC2 Vp3 rp3 i
b RC3 Av = Ayf RC 3 = 98,85
b1 b2 b3

+ - - - -
Vs Die intree-weerstand van die A-baan word bereken as
-

z11 z22
vs
Ri = = r 1 + ( + 1) z11 = 17,13 k
i b1

Fig. 18 Modified A-circuit

Met terugvoer word die geslotelus intree-weerstand (a.g.v. die serie konfigurasie by die intree)
It is required to calculate Ay of the circuit. bereken as

io ib3 Rif = (1 + Ay z ) Ri = 1,49 M

= =
v x i b 3 r 3 + ( + 1) z22 r 3 + ( + 1) z22

vx i b 2RC 2 || r 3 + ( + 1) z22 It can be shown that the output resistance of the A-circuit is given by
= = g m 2RC 2 || r 3 + ( + 1) z22
v 2 i b 2r 2 Ro = RC 3 = 1 k
v 2 i b1RC1 || r 2 RC1 || r 2
= =
vs i b1 r 1 + ( + 1) z11 r 1 + ( + 1) z11 With feedback the closed loop output resistance increases (due to the series configuration at
the output) to
i
Ay = o
Rof = (1 + Ay z ) Ro = 86,97 k
vs
i v v
= o . x . 2
v x v 2 vs Shunt-series configuration with the loading effect of the feedback circuit included
RC1 || r 2
= . g m 2RC 2 || r 3 + ( + 1) z22 .
r 3 + ( + 1) z22 r 1 + ( + 1) z11 The block diagram of the

g m 2RC 2 r 3 + ( + 1) z22
configuration is shown in Fig. 19. As ie
RC1 || r 2 is known, the configuration gives
= . . io
r 3 + ( + 1) z22 RC 2 + r 3 + ( + 1) z22 r 1 + ( + 1) z11 current feedback with a current error.
iin Ai
g m 2 RC 2 RC1 || r 2 Due to the shunt-series connection it
= .
RC 2 + r 3 + ( + 1) z22 r 1 + ( + 1) z11 can be envisaged that a set of two
ifb io RL
port parameters, based on common
= 8,597 S voltages at the input and common
currents at the output, probably can bi
For the closed loop amplifier we have be utilised to describe the behaviour
of the feedback system accurately.
Ay The g-parameters can thus be
Ayf = = 98,85 mS utilised to analyse shunt-series
1 + Ay z Fig. 19 Basic shunt-series configuration
configurations.

The closed loop voltage gain can be calculated as Utilising g-parameters the A-circuit is described as

-13- -14-
 ie A-circuit io
i1a = g11av1 + g12a i o + g 22a
1
v 2a = g 21av1 + g 22a io i in V1
1
YS
1 +
g 21a v 1
g 11f g 11a -
g 22f
-

and the -circuit as

ifb RL
i1f = g11f v1 + g12f io
v 2f = g 21f v1 + g 22f i o
g 12 f i 0

The simplified equivalent circuits of the A- and -circuit is shown in Fig. 20.

A-circuit b -circuit
ie io Fig. 21 Modified "ideal" equivalent circuit of shunt-series configuration
+
g22a
iin 1
YS V1
1 +
g 21av1 Problem 12.30 (Neamen, p. 808)
g11a -

- The circuit is shown in Fig. 22.

=100
ifb RL VA64
First do a dc analysis in order to calculate the small sign al parameters of
the transistors.
1
g12f i 0 g 22f V+
g11f
(10V)
RC2
RC1
(2k)
b-circuit (40k)
Rifx
Fig. 20 Simplified equivalent circuit of shunt-series configuration
C io
RL
Note that we have, again, assumed that (500)

g12a << g12f RS RE

g 21f << g 21a .

i s (10k) IE1 C
(1k)

(0,2mA)

After the loading effects of the input and output of the feedback circuit have been added to the V-
(-10V)
C

A-circuit, the modified A-circuit and "ideal" -circuit are obtained, as is shown in Fig. 21. RF

The analysis procedure is similar to the one that was discussed for the shunt-shunt (10k)
configuration.
Fig. 22 Circuit diagram of amplifier

-15- -16-
 i = g12 = 90,909 103.
IC1 = IE1 = 0,198 mA
+ 1
IRC1 = IC1 + IB 2 IC1 = 0,198 mA ( 1)) The modified A-circuit is shown in Fig. 24.

The voltage on the base of Q2 is calculated as i b2 i ox

io

+ +
VB 2 = V + IC1RC1 = 2,08 V 1
VB 2 VBE 2 i s
RS
g11
Vp1 rp 1 gm1Vp1 Vx RC1 rp 2 b i b2
RC2 RL
IE 2 = = 1,38 mA
RE - -

IC 2 = IE 2 = 1,37 mA g22
+ 1

The small signal parameters are then calculated as Fig. 24 Modified A-circuit

IC1 Note that the current io (shown in the circuit diagram) is not the current flowing into the
g m1 = = 7,62 mA/V
VT modified A-circuit. It is thus not the current that is fed back to the feedback circuit and cannot
be used to calculate A1. The current iox, which is shown in Fig. 24, is the current flowing into

r 1 = = 13,1 k the two port network (A-circuit) and is thus the correct current to use in the calculations.
g m1
IC 2 i ox
gm2 = = 52,7 mA/V =
VT ib 2
ib 2 1
r 1 = = 1,9 k =
g m1 v x r 2 + ( + 1) g 22

i RF i vx
The feedback circuit is shown in Fig. 23. We must 1 2 = g m1RC1 || r 2 + ( + 1) g 22
V1 V2 v 1
now determine the g-parameters of the feedback
circuit. v 1 1
RE = RS || || r 1
iS g11
i1 1
g11 = = = 90,909 S i i v v
Ai = ox . b 2 . x . 1
v1 i RF + RE i b 2 v x v 1 iS
2 =0

v2 Fig. 23 Feedback circuit 1

g 22 = = RF || RE = 909,09 = . g m1RC1 || r 2 + ( + 1) g 22 .RS || || r 1
i2 v1 = 0
r 2 + ( + 1) g 22 g11
i1 RE g m1 RC1 r 2 + ( + 1) g 22 1
g12 = = = 90,909 103 = . .RS || || r 1
i2 v1 = 0
RF + RE r 2 + ( + 1) g 22 RC1 + r 2 + ( + 1) g 22 g11
g m1 RC1 1
= .RS || || r 1
The A-circuit is now modified with a parallel resistor at the input and a series resistor at the RC1 + r 2 + ( + 1) g 22 g11
output. The remaining "ideal" feedback circuit is characterised by
= 852,933

-17- -18-
The closed loop gain is now calculated as Series-shunt configuration with the loading effect of the feedback circuit included

Ai The block diagram of the

Aif = = 10,86 configuration is shown in Fig. 26. As + +
1 + Ai i
is known, the configuration gives Ve
-
Av Vo
voltage feedback with a voltage -
This is, however, not the gain
that is required. The diagram i ox i o
error.
V1
+

i1
(Fig. 25) is used to calculate the Due to the series-shunt connection
correct gain value. Closed loop it can be envisaged that a set of two
is
amplifier
RC2 RL
port parameters, based on common
+

io =
RC 2
i ox
currents at the input and common
Vfb
- v
b
RC 2 + RL voltages at the output, probably can
be utilised to describe the behaviour
RC 2 + RL
iox = io of the feedback system accurately.
Fig. 26 Basic series-shunt configuration
RC 2 Fig. 25 Closed loop amplifier showing load resistors The h-parameters can thus be
utilised to analyse shunt-series configurations.
We know that
Utilising h-parameters the A-circuit is described as
i R + RL io
Aif = ox = C 2 . v1a = h11a i1 + h12av o
iS RC 2 iS
io RC 2 i 2a = h21a i1 + h22av o
= Aif = 8,69
iS RC 2 + RL

and the -circuit as
The input resistance of the A-circuit is calculated using Fig. 24.
v1f = h11f i1 + h12f v o
v 1 1 i 2f = h21f i1 + h22f v o
Ri = = RS || || r 1 = 3,742 k
iS g11

The simplified equivalent circuits of the A- and -circuit is shown in Fig. 27.
The closed loop input resistance is calculated as
RS A-circuit
Ri
Rif = = 47,645 + +
1 + Ai i 1
h11a
Ve h21a i1
h22a Vo
When calculating the required closed loop input resistance, the generator resistor RS is at the - -
+
back of the observer. The required value is thus calculated as
V1 i1
Rif = RS || Rifx + h11f
Rifx = 47,87 Vfb h12f v o
+ 1
- h22f
-
b-circuit
Fig. 27 Simplified equivalent circuit of series-shunt configuration

-19- -20-
Note that we have, again, assumed that a) Assume that

=100
VBE=0,7 V
h12a h12f IC1 = IC 2 = 0,5 mA VA64
h21f h21a . VC 2 = V + IC 2RC = 0,7 V
Vo = VC 2 VBE = 0 V
After the loading effects of the input and output of the feedback circuit have been added to the

A-circuit, the modified A-circuit and "ideal" -circuit are obtained, as is shown in Fig. 28.
With Vo=0 we can confidently assume that IR2<<2 mA. We also know that IRL=0.
A-circuit
IE 3 2 mA
+ RS +
IC 3 =
1 1 IE 3 = 1,98 mA
Ve h11a h21a i1
h22a h22f Vo + 1
- h 11f -
+ b) The feedback circuit is a series-shunt configuration. We thus have voltage feedback with
a voltage error and need h-parameters to characterise the feedback circuit.
V1 i1
+ The feedback circuit is shown in Figh. 30.
+ The ideal current source is taken as an open i R2 i 2
Vfb h12f v o - circuit. V1
1
V2
- (50k)
The h-parameters are calculated as
R1
b-circuit (10k)
v1
Fig. 28 Modified "ideal" equivalent circuit of series-shunt configuration h11 = = R1 || R2 = 8,33 k
i1 v
2 =0

v1 R1 Fig. 30 Feedback circuit

The analysis procedure is similar to the one that was discussed for the shunt-shunt h12 = = = 0,167
v2 i1 = 0
R1 + R2
configuration.
i2 1
Problem 12.22 (Neamen, p. 806) h22 = = = 16,667 A/V
v2 i1 = 0
R1 + R2
The circuit V+
(12V)
diagram is The loading resistors of the feedback circuit are now added to the A-circuit and the
shown in Fig. remaining ideal feedback circuit is then characterised as
29. RC
(22,6k)
R1
Q3 v = h12 = = 0,167
R1 + R2
RS R2
Q1 Q2 Vo The small signal parameters of the transistors in the A-circuit is calculated as
+ (1k) (50k)
2mA RL
Vi R1
(4k) IC1
(10k) g m1 = g m 2 = = 19,231 mA/V
1mA VT

V-
Fig. 29 Circuit diagram
-21- -22-
 The output voltage is expressed as
r 1 = r 2 = = 5,2 k
g m1
v o = ( + 1) i b 3Ry
IC 3
gm3 = = 76,154 mA/V
VT v y = i b3 r 3 + ( + 1) Ry

r 3 =

= 1,313 k vo ( + 1) Ry
=
gm 3 v y r 3 + ( + 1) Ry

The modified A-circuit is shown in Fig. 31. Note that the loading resistance at the input We can further say that
is added in series, while it is added in parallel at the output. The half circuit concept for
differential amplifgiers cannot be used here to simplify calculations, because the applied
voltage is not a pure differential mode or common mode signal. v y = i b 2RC || r 3 + ( + 1) Ry (1)

At point X we have

RC
( + 1) i b1 + ( + 1) i b1 = 0
ib3 i b1 = i b1 (2)
RS ib1
+ ib2 rp3 bib3 The input voltage can be expressed as
Vi rp1 bib1 bib2 rp2
R1||R2
+ v i = i b1 ( RS + r 1 ) i b 2Rx
Vo RL||(R1+R2)
= i b 2 ( RS + r 1 ) i b 2Rx [From (2)]
Ro64
= i b 2 ( RS + r 1 + Rx )
-
(3)

Fig. 31 Small signal circuit of the modified A-circuit It follows from (1) and (3) that

vy i b 2RC || r 3 + ( + 1) Ry
=
The circuit can be simplified as is shown in Fig. 32. vi i b 2 ( RS + r 1 + Rx )
RC || r 3 + ( + 1) Ry
=
RS + r 1 + Rx
RS ib1 ib3
+ Now we can calculate the voltage gain as
rp1 bib1 bib2 rp3 bib3
+ X vo vo v y
Av = = .
Vy RC
vi vy vi
Vi ib2 +
RL||(R1+R2) ( + 1) Ry RC || r 3 + ( + 1) Ry
rp2+R1||R2 Vo = .
(Rx) (Rx) r 3 + ( + 1) Ry RS + r 1 + Rx
- -

Fig. 32 Simplified small signal circuit of the A-circuit

-23- -24-
 ( + 1) Ry RC r 3 + ( + 1) Ry
Av = .
r 3 + ( + 1) Ry ( RS + r 1 + Rx ) RC + r 3 + ( + 1) Ry
( + 1) Ry RC
=
( S 1 x ) RC + r 3 + ( + 1) Ry
R + r + R
= 107,744

The closed loop gain is calculated as

Av
Avf = = 5,683
1 + Av v

The input resistance of the A-circuit, as seen by the source vi, is calculated from (3) as

vi v
Ri = = i = RS + r 1 + Rx = 19,73 k
i b1 i b 2

The closed loop input resistance is now calculated as

Rif = Ri (1 + Av v ) = 374,03 k

-25-