Name_________________

Unit 8
Atomic Theory and
Periodicity

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 Name_________________
Chemistry Unit 8: Atomic Theory and Bonding

Assignment WB Page Number Can Only Done?

be done in
Class
Podcast 8.1 Online + CB Pages
Video Clip + Discussion with In Class
your teacher: Mindwalk
Worksheet A
Podcast 8.2 Online + CB Pages
Black Box Lab Teacher Handout X
Demo: Spectral Tubes + In Class X
Discussion with Teacher
Demo: And Then There Was In Class X
Light + Discussion with your
teacher
Take Home Lab: Let there be Pg 7
Light
Lab: Flame Tests Pg 8-9 X
Worksheet B Pg 16-17
Podcast 8.3 (CB 15-27)This is Online + CB Pages
a long one
Lab-Activity: Periodic Trends Pg 11-12
Worksheet C Pg 18
Worksheet D Pg 19-20
Lab: Model Building Teacher Handout
Podcast 8.4 (CB 29-35) Online and CB Pages
Worksheet E Pg 21
Molecular Modeling Computer Online: See Teacher
Activity
Worksheet F Pg 22
Unit 8 Exam In Class

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Take Home Lab

Parent/Student Experiment

Title: And Then There Was Light....

Subject/Concept: Chemistry - Photon Emission

Purpose:
The purpose of this activity is to observe the emission of photons in your own home!
Dont worry, this happens all the time!

Materials:
several commercial bandage strips (3 x .75 with pull-apart packaging - no strings!)
CURAD, KING SOOPERS, OR SAFEWAY brands work well
regular Wintergreen LifeSavers candies or Wintergreen LifeSavers Holes

Procedure:

In an absolutely pitch dark room (bathrooms often work), do the following:

Pull apart the bandage strip packaging with very quick pulls of about a half inch or so.
You should see the emission of a small purple photon!
While your partner looks on, crush the wintergreen candy between your teeth and your
partner will see the emission of a small photon!

Questions:
1. What is the source of the emitted photon?
2. Make a drawing of the Rutherford-Bohr model of an atom showing the movement
of an electron during the process of light emission.

For Credit:
To receive credit, complete the questions for this lab on a separate piece of paper. Also,
your parent or guardian must write a short note confirming that you performed the experiment
for them and explained the results to their satisfaction using the concept of photon emission and
electron energy levels. Attach your note to the back of this sheet.

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Flame Test Lab
Chemists began studying colored flames in the 18th century and soon used "flame
tests" to distinguish between some elements. Different elements burn with different
colored flames. Although some of the flames you will be seeing will appear similar in
color, their light can be resolved (separated) with a prism into distinctly different
bands of colors on the electromagnetic spectrum (ROYGBIV). These bands of colors
are called atomic line spectra, and they are UNIQUE to each element. Niels Bohr
studied the line spectrum for hydrogen, and wondered what the specific line
spectrum had to do with the structure of the atom. He postulated that an electron
can have only specific energy values in an atom, which are called energy levels. Bohr
believed that the energy levels for electrons were quantized, meaning that only
certain, specific energy levels were possible. How does an electron move between
energy levels? By gaining the right amount of energy, an electron can move, or
undergo a transition, from one energy level to the next. We can explain the emission
of the light by atoms to give the line spectrum like this:
1. An electron in a high energy level (excited state) undergoes a transition to a
low energy level (ground state).
2. In this process, the electron loses energy, which is emitted as a photon (a
particle which behaves like a wave)
3. The energy difference between the high energy level and the low energy level
is related to the frequency (color) of the emitted light.
Pre-lab questions:
1. Bohr's important discovery was that energy levels of electrons are quantized (only
existing in certain, specific levels). In what year was this discovery made?
_____________

2. What happens to an electron when energy is added?

3. What is released when an electron loses energy?

4. What determines the frequency (color) of photons?

5. Why do you think the frequencies (color) for a specific element is always the same?

Procedure: In this lab, you will be observing the colors of the flames for 7 different
elements: lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, strontium, barium, and copper.
Each element is dissolved in a solution of its chloride salt. There is a different solution
at each lab station. You will go around to all 7, perform the flame test, and make
CAREFUL observations of the colors. You will then be given an unknown solution, for
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 Name_________________
which you will have to use your notes below to determine which unknown you were
given.

Post- Lab Questions:

1. If you had 2 colors that seemed identical, how could you tell them apart more
accurately?

2. Albert Einstein determined this equation:

energy (in joules) of a photon is equal to Planck's constant times the frequency of
the light:
E = h Frequency () has units of 1/sec (which is a Hertz, or Hz)
Planck's constant (h) = 6.63 x 10-34 Jsec
a) If the frequency of a red spectrum line is at 1.60 x 1014 Hz, how much energy does
each photon of this light have?

b) If the frequency of a violet spectrum line is at 2.50 x 1014 Hz, how much energy
does each photon of this light have?

c) On the far ends of the visible spectrum of light, there exists ultraviolet (UV)
radiation and infrared (IR) radiation.
- UV radiation is dangerous. UV radiation is located just past violet on the spectrum.
IR radiation is harmless. It is located just past red on the spectrum.
Based on what you calculated in parts a & b, explain -why- UV is more
dangerous than IR:

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 Name_________________

Lab: A Black
Box

Overview:
As humans, we rely on our senses to tell us about the world around us. Does that mean
we can only understand those things we can see, feel, hear, taste, or touch? Of course
not. Sometimes we can sense things indirectly. For example, let's say you're alone in
the house, and leave a juicy cheeseburger on the table for a few minutes while you
answer the phone. You return five minutes later and find that the cheeseburger is gone.
You also notice your dog contentedly sitting under the table. Perhaps it looks at you and
burps. It's pretty obvious that the dog must have eaten the cheeseburger since
cheeseburgers don't walk away by themselves. You didn't sense the event directly, but
based on everything you've experienced about the world before allows you to logically
figure out what must have happened. Scientists must also use indirect observations to
answer many questions about things that are impossible or difficult to observe directly.
This is certainly true about our understanding of atoms.

In science, the term "black box" is used to describe something when we understand
how it behaves (and can even make predictions about what it will do in a given
situation), but are not able to see exactly what is going on inside it to make it behave the
way it does. Atoms are a great example of a scientific "black box."

We are doing this lab because, before we begin to study atoms, it's a good idea to
experience what it's like to investigate a "black box." The 4 boxes you'll be using are
literally boxes, but you'll follow the same basic methods that scientists use to study
anything that cannot be directly observed. Here's how you to proceed with this lab:

1. Make and record as many observations about the box as you can without removing
any rods or looking inside. It is helpful to team up with another lab pair and their box so
that you can compare notes. Draw a sketch of what you think the inside of the box is
like based on these observations.

2. Decide which rod you would like to remove, and write down a prediction of what will
happen when you do this. Try it, and record what happens.

3. You may then use another lab pair's box to remove a second rod. Record what
happens. Remember that each time you remove a rod you are possible changing the
contents of the box in a way that cannot be reversed. Take your time, and only remove
one rod at a time.

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 Name_________________
4. Draw a final sketch of what you think the inside of the box looked like before you
removed any rods. Continue with the next box until you have developed models for all
four boxes.

Discussion Notes:
a) Discuss how this activity relates to what scientists do in real-life, giving examples.

b) Discuss your confidence in the models of the boxes you have developed. Would you
be willing to publish the results? Do you think it is possible that your model will change if
new information is discovered? How is this similar to the model of the atom that
scientists have developed?

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Model Building
Using Styrofoam balls and toothpicks, build each shaped structure that is taught in the podcasts.
Credit is earned when you show these to your teacher and answer the following questions:

1. What is VSEPR?
2. What is the pattern on angles for those atoms with 4 shells (or clouds) as you go from 4
atoms connected to 2 atoms connected?
3. Why do you think this pattern occurs?
4. How does the shape of the molecule affect the polarity of the molecule?
5. Using your models, explain to your teacher why water is a polar molecule.
6. Using your models, explain why carbon tetrachloride is a non-polar molecule.

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 Name_________________
Molecular Shapes
clouds
2 Linear Diatomic In molecules where
the outside
molecules are
different, shapes
Polarity depends upon that tend to be
electronegativity nonpolar usually
difference become polar.
Linear Triatomic, Usually nonpolar Polar if >0.5
CO2, HCN Nonpolar if <0.5
3 Remember to count Also: If there ever
the number of is a two molecule
clouds of electrons, atom (diatomic) that
not the actual number molecules polarity
of electrons. A depends upon the
double or triple bond electronegativity
counts as one difference of the
Trigonal Planar: BF3, SO32-, NO3- effective pair. atoms
Bent, 12O Usually polar
120 Usually nonpolar NO2-
4

Tetrahedral; 109: Usually

Pyrimidal: 107 Usually Bent: 104.5
nonpolar CH4, CF4
polar: NH3, PCl3 Usually polar: H2O, OF2

Molecular Shapes
clouds
2 Linear Diatomic In molecules where
the outside
molecules are
different, shapes
Polarity depends upon that tend to be
electronegativity nonpolar usually
difference become polar.
Linear Triatomic, Usually nonpolar Polar if >0.5
CO2, HCN Nonpolar if <0.5
3 Remember to count Also: If there ever
the number of is a two molecule
clouds of electrons, atom (diatomic) that
not the actual number molecules polarity
of electrons. A depends upon the
double or triple bond electronegativity
counts as one difference of the
Trigonal Planar: BF3, SO32-, NO3- effective pair. atoms
Bent, 12O Usually polar
120 Usually nonpolar NO2-
4

Tetrahedral; 109: Usually

Pyrimidal: 107 Usually Bent: 104.5
nonpolar CH4, CF4
polar: NH3, PCl3 Usually polar: H2O, OF2

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 Name_________________
Periodicity Graphs
Directions: Construct three computerized graphs using the data from the table below.
Graph 1: electronegativity (on y-axis) versus atomic number (on x-axis)
Graph 2: first ionization energy (on y-axis) versus atomic number (on x-axis)
Graph 3: atomic radius (on y-axis) versus atomic number (on x-axis)

On each graph, use a connected line between data points. Also, the title of each graph must also include
your initials. For each graph, include a short explanation which:
(A) defines the property on the y-axis,
(B) discusses the general trend of the property across the rows of the periodic table
(Periodic Trends), and
(C) discusses the general trend of the property down the columns of the periodic table
(Group Trends).
More information on this subject can be found in Chapter 13 of your text book.

Periodic Trends - Element Data Table

Element Atomic Number Electronegativity First Ionization Atomic Radius
Symbol (use on x-axis) (no units) Energy (kJ/mole) (picometers)
------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------
H 1 2.1 1312 37
He 2 - -(skip) 2371 50
Li 3 1.0 520 140
------------------------------------------------------------------
Be 4 1.5 900 90
B 5 2.0 800 80
C 6 2.5 1086 77
------------------------------------------------------------------
N 7 3.0 1402 71
O 8 3.5 1314 66
F 9 4.0 1681 64
------------------------------------------------------------------
Ne 10 - -(skip) 2080 70
Na 11 0.9 495.8 157
Mg 12 1.2 737.6 136
------------------------------------------------------------------
Al 13 1.5 577.4 143
Si 14 1.8 786.2 118
P 15 2.1 1012 109
------------------------------------------------------------------
S 16 2.5 999.6 103
Cl 17 3.0 1255 91
Ar 18 - -(skip) 1520 94
------------------------------------------------------------------
K 19 0.8 418.8 196
Ca 20 1.0 589.5 174
------------------------------------------------------------------

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 Name_________________
Periodic Trends Graph

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 Name_________________
WS A: History of the atom and Electron Configurations

1. Identify the two particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

2. What is an electron?

3. Identify the scientists (Thompson, Bohr, Rutherford, or Newton) who proposed each of the
models illustrated below:

4. What specific evidence (from the gold foil experiment) led Rutherford to come to the
each of the following conclusions?
a. The nucleus occupies very little space in the atom.

b. An atom is made of mostly empty space.

c. The nucleus is positively charged.

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 Name_________________

5. For each of the elements listed below, complete the following:

a. long hand electron configuration
b. orbital diagram (boxes with arrows)
c. short hand electron configuration (begins with a noble gas)

1. Li

2. Na

3. K

4. B

5. Al

6. Ne

7. Ar

8. Mg

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 Name_________________

9. P

10. Ni

11. Zn

12. Br

13. H

14. He

15. Ca2+

16. N3-

17. Na1+

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 Name_________________
WS B: Light and Light Equations
1. If an electron goes from level 4 to level 2 what happens? Be specific.

2. Fill in the following table

Violet Blue Green Yel Orange Red

Energy (Joules) Wavelength- Frequency (s-1) Color of

(meters) Light/type of
electromagnetic
radiation
6.3 x 10-19 J
2.4 x 10-7 m
100 s-1
1.5 x 10-14 J
10
2.2 x 1013 s-1
525 nm

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 Name_________________

The diagram above represents the spectra of three different elements. Explain the
following:
a. Why are they different

b. Why are they not a continuous series of colors (ROYGBIV)?

c. How are these used in the field of Astronomy?

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 Name_________________
Part C: Periodicity

1. List the following atoms in order of increasing electronegativity:

a. Cr, Ni, Ga, K

b. P, As, F, Hg, Fr

2. List the following atoms in order of increasing atomic radius:

a. Cr, Ni, Kr, Ga, K

b. P, As, F, Hg, Fr

3. List the following atoms in order of increasing ionization energy:

a. Cr, Ni, Kr, Ga, K

b. P, As, F, Hg, Fr

4. Why are alkali metals stored in kerosene or mineral oil? Why are they not allowed to sit
out in the air?

5. The Mg+2, and the Na+1 ions each have ten electrons surrounding the nucleus. Which ion
would you expect to have the smaller radius?

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Worksheet D: Bonding Introduction

1. What type of atoms combine to form a covalent bond?

2. What type of atoms combine to form a ionic bond?

3. What type of atoms combine to form a metallic bond?

4. Give two examples of a covalent compounds?

5. Give two examples of a ionic compounds?

6. Give two examples of a metallic compounds?

7. Describe how a covalent bond forms between two atoms.

8. How does a covalent bond differ from an ionic bond?

9. _________________is defined as the energy required to break the chemical bond

between two atoms and separate them.

10. _________________is the tendency of an atom to attract bonding electrons to itself when
it bonds with another atom.

11. _________________is the attraction between two atoms in which bonding electrons are
shared _________________between two atoms

12. In general, if the difference in electronegativity between two atoms is zero the bond
formed is _________________

13. If the electronegativity difference between two atoms is between 0.5 and 2.1 the bond
formed is _________________

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 Name_________________
14. If the electronegativity difference between two atoms is greater than 2.1, the bond is
_________________

15. In an ionic bond, the valence electrons are ___________.

16. In a metallic bond the valence electrons form a ______________________________

17. Rank the bonds (ionic, covalent, metallic) in order from strongest to weakest.

18. Classify each of the following compounds as either: Ionic, Covalent, Metallic.

a. H2O ______________
b. NaCl ______________
c. MgSO4 ______________
d. CsCl ______________
e. Fe ______________
f. Hg ______________
g. He ______________
h. Ca3(PO4)2 ______________
i. NH4Cl ______________
j. NH3 ______________
k. P2O5 ______________
l. Ag ______________
m. AgNO3 ______________
n. AgCl ______________
o. Titanium ______________
p. Barium Phosphate ______________
q. Sulfur Dioxide ______________
r. Bromine ______________
s. Tungsten V Bromide ______________

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 Name_________________
WS E: Lewis Structure Worksheet: (do on your own paper: this will take quite a bit of
paper)
Draw the Lewis Structures
Determine the shape
Determine the polarity of the molecule

1. HCl 19. PO33-

2. Br2 20. CN-
3. SeBr2 21. CO2
4. CF4 22. CO
5. PI3 23. I2
6. O2 24. CO32-
7. N2 25. SO2
8. H2 26. OCN-
9. OI2 27. SCN-
10. CS2 28. O3
11. SiBr4
For the following structures: You do
12. F2 NOT have to determine the shapes

13. HCN 29. H3CCOOH

14. NH4 + 30.CH3CH2OH
15. NO2 31. H3COCH3
16. SO3 32. H3CCH3
17. SO42- 33. H2CCH2
18. NO3- 34. HCCH

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 Name_________________
WS F: Intermolecular Forces

Predominant Predominant Substance with Higher

Substance #1 Intermolecular Force Substance #2 Intermolecular Force Boiling Point
(a) HCl(g) I2
(b) CH3F CH3OH
(c) H2O H2S
(d) SiO2 SO2
(e) Fe Kr
(f) CH3OH CuO
(g) NH3 CH4
(h) HCl(g) NaCl
(i) SiC Cu

2. Rank the following substances in order from lowest to highest melting point.
CO2, NaCl, Ag, H2O, He, HBr

3. Rank the following substances in order from lowest to highest freezing point.
H2O, Ca3(PO4)2, Cr, C2H6, OF2

4. Rank the following substances in order from highest to lowest boiling point.
Cl2, Ne, Ca, Cr(OH)3, CH3CH2OH, Diamond

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 Name_________________
WS A: History of the atom and Electron Configurations

1. Identify the two particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

Proton--Neutron

2. What is an electron?

Negatively Charged Particle in the Nucleus

3. Identify the scientists (Thompson, Bohr, Rutherford, or Newton) who proposed each of the
models illustrated below:

a. Bohr
b. Dalton
c. Rutherford
d. Thompson

5. What specific evidence (from the gold foil experiment) led Rutherford to come to the
each of the following conclusions?
a. The nucleus occupies very little space in the atom.
Only a few of the alpha particles hit the nucleus

b. An atom is made of mostly empty space.

Only a few of the alpha particles hit the nucleus

c. The nucleus is positively charged.

Alpha Particles are positively charged so they deflected.

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 Name_________________
5. For each of the elements listed below, complete the following:
d. long hand electron configuration
e. orbital diagram (boxes with arrows)
f. short hand electron configuration (begins with a noble gas)
1s 2s 2p 3s2 3p6 4s1
2 2 6

1. Li
1s 2s1
2 [He] 2s1

1s 2s

2. Na
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 [Ne] 3s1

1s 2s 2p 3s

3. K
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p64s1 [Ar] 4s1

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

4s

4. B
1s2 2s2 2p1 [He] 2s2 2p1

1s 2s 2p

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 Name_________________

5. Al
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 [Ne] 3s2 3p1

1s 2s 2a 3s 3p
p

6. Ne

1s2 2s2 2p6 [He] 2s2 2p6

1s 2s 2p

7. Ar
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 [Ne] 3s2 3p6

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

8. Mg

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 [Ne] 3s2

1s 2s 2p 3s

9. P

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 [Ne] 3s2 3p3

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

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 Name_________________

10. Ni

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p64s13d8 [Ar] 4s13d8

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

4s 3d

11. Zn

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p64s13d10 [Ar] 4s13d10

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

4s 3d

12. Br

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p64s13d10 4p5 [Ar] 4s13d10 4p5

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

4s 3d 4p

13. H

1s1

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 Name_________________

1s

14. He
1s2

1s

15. Ca2+

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 [Ne] 3s2 3p6

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

16. N3-
1s2 2s2 2p6 [He] 2s2 2p6

1s 2s 2p

17. Na1+
1s2 2s2 2p6 [He] 2s2 2p6

1s 2s 2p

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 Name_________________
WS B: Light and Light Equations Name ____________________
1. If an electron goes from level 4 to level 2 what happens? Be specific.

2. Fill in the following table

Violet Blue Green Yel Orange Red

Energy (Joules) Wavelength- Frequency (s-1) Color of

(meters) Light/type of
electromagnetic
radiation
6.3 x 10-19 J 3.15x10-7 m 9.5 x 1014 s-1 UV
8.28x10-19 J 2.4 x 10-7 m 1.2 x 1015 s-1 UV
6.62x10-34 J 3.00x106 m 100 s-1 Long Radio
1.5 x 10-14 J 1.32x10-11 m 2.3 x 1019 s-1 X-Ray
1.99 x 10-26 J 10 3.0 x 107 s-1 Radio
1.48 x 10-20 J 1.36x10-5 m 2.2 x 1013 s-1 IR
3.78 x 10-19 J 525 nm 5.7 x 1014 s-1 Green

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 Name_________________

The diagram above represents the spectra of three different elements. Explain the
following:
d. Why are they different
Each atom has different orbital levels. They each have the same orbitals (1s, 2s, 2p, etc). But
each has a different value for energy. This then translates into different energy levels. The
lines are made when electrons fall from a higher level to a lower level. They are different
because the height of the levels is different in each atom

e. Why are they not a continuous series of colors (ROYGBIV)?

They are not continuous because the electrons can only have certain allowable energy levels.
The electrons are said to be quantized.

f. How are these used in the field of Astronomy?

In astronomy these are used to identify the elements in the stars.

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 Name_________________
Part C: Periodicity Name ____________________

1. List the following atoms in order of increasing electronegativity:

a. Cr, Ni, Kr, Ga, K

K < Cr < Ni < Ga < Kr

b. P, As, F, Hg, Fr

Fr < Hg < As < P < F

2. List the following atoms in order of increasing atomic radius:

c. Cr, Ni, Kr, Ga, K
Kr < Ga < Ni < Cr < K

d. P, As, F, Hg, Fr
F < P < As < Hg < Fr

3. List the following atoms in order of increasing ionization energy:

e. Cr, Ni, Kr, Ga, K
K < Cr < Ni < Ga < Kr

f. P, As, F, Hg, Fr
Fr < Hg < As < P < F

4. Why are alkali metals stored in kerosene or mineral oil? Why are they not allowed to sit
out in the air?
When they are exposed to air they lose their one valence electron and react.

5. The Mg+2, and the Na+1 ions each have ten electrons surrounding the nucleus. Which ion
would you expect to have the smaller radius?

The Mg+2 ion is smaller because it has one more proton which causes the electron
cloud to be held more tightly, thus making it smaller.

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 Name_________________
Worksheet D: Bonding Introduction Name ____________

1. What type of atoms combine to form a covalent bond?

a. Non-Metal to Non-Metal

2. What type of atoms combine to form a ionic bond?

Metal to Nonmetal

3. What type of atoms combine to form a metallic bond?

Metal-Metal

4. Give two examples of a covalent compounds?

CO, H2O, C6H12O6, etc

5. Give two examples of a ionic compounds?

NaCl, Ca3(PO4)2, NH4Cl

6. Give two examples of a metallic compounds?

Iron, Copper, Zinc, Brass

7. Describe how a covalent bond forms between two atoms.

Valence Electrons Share

8. How does a covalent bond differ from an ionic bond?

Ionic Bonds: valence electrons are transfered

9. Bond Energyis defined as the energy required to break the chemical bond between two
atoms and separate them.

10. electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract bonding electrons to itself when it
bonds with another atom.

11. Dipole Forcesis the attraction between two atoms in which bonding electrons are shared
unevenly between two atoms

12. In general, if the difference in electronegativity between two atoms is zero the bond
formed is Non-Polar

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 Name_________________
13. If the electronegativity difference between two atoms is between 0.5 and 2.1 the bond
formed is Polar

14. If the electronegativity difference between two atoms is greater than 2.1, the bond is
Ionic

15. In an ionic bond, the valence electrons are Transferred

16. In a metallic bond the valence electrons form a Sea of valence electrons

17. Rank the bonds (ionic, covalent, metallic) in order from strongest to weakest.

Covalent > Ionic > Metallic

18. Classify each of the following compounds as either: Ionic, Covalent, Metallic.

a. H2O Covalent
b. NaCl Ionic
c. MgSO4 Ionic
d. CsCl Ionic
e. Fe Metallic
f. Hg Metallic
g. He None
h. Ca3(PO4)2 Ionic
i. NH4Cl Ionic
j. NH3 Covalent
k. P2O5 Covalent
l. Ag Metallic
m. AgNO3 Ionic
n. AgCl Ionic
o. Titanium Metallic
p. Barium Phosphate Ionic
q. Sulfur Dioxide Covalent
r. Bromine Covalent
s. Tungsten V Bromide Ionic

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 Name_________________
WS E: Lewis Structure Worksheet: Name _________
Draw the Lewis Structures
Determine the shape
Determine the polarity of the molecule

1.HCl
Linear Diatomic
1. H Cl Polar

2.Br2
Linear Diatomic
2. Br Br Non Polar

3.SeBr2
Bent 104.5
3. Se Polar
Br Br
4.CF4

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 Name_________________

4. F
Tetrahedral
Non Polar
C
F F F

5.PI3

5. P
I I I
Pyrimidal
Polar

6.O2
6. Linear Diatomic
O O Non Polar
7.N2

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 Name_________________

7. Linear Diatomic
N N Non Polar

8.H2
8. Linear Diatomic
H H Non Polar

9.OI2
9. O Bent 104
Polar
I I
10. CS2

10. S C S
Linear Triatomic
Non Polar

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 Name_________________

11. SiBr4
Br
11. Si Tetrahedral
Non Polar
Br Br
Br

12. F2
Linear Diatomic
12. F F Non Polar

13. HCN

Linear
13. H C N Triatomic
Polar

14. NH4 +

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 Name_________________

H
14. N
H H
H
Tetrahedral
Non Polar

15. NO2

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 Name_________________

15. N
O O
Bent 120
Polar

16. SO3

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 Name_________________

O
16. S
O O

Trigonal Planar
Nonpolar

17. SO42-

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 Name_________________

2-
O
17. S O
O
O
Tetrahedral
Nonpolar

18. NO3-

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 Name_________________

-
O
18. N
O O

Trigonal Planar
Nonpolar

19. PO33-

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 Name_________________

3-
P
O O O

Pyrimidal
Polar

20. CN-

C N
Linear Diatomic
Polar

21. CO2
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 Name_________________

21. O C O
Linear Triatomic
NonPolar

22. CO

C O
Linear Diatomic
Polar

23. I2

I I
Linear Diatomic
Non Polar

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 Name_________________

24. CO32-

O
24. C
O O

Trigonal Planar
Nonpolar

25. SO2

Bent 120
Polar

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 Name_________________

26. OCN-
1-
26. O C N
Linear Triatomic
Polar

27. SCN-
1-
27. S C N
Linear Triatomic
Polar

28. O3
Bent 120
28. O O O Nonpolar

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 Name_________________

For the following structures: You do NOT have to determine the shapes

29. H3CCOOH

H O
H C C
O H
H
30. CH3CH2OH

31. H3COCH3

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 Name_________________

H H
H C O C H
H H
32. H3CCH3

33. H2CCH2

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 Name_________________

34. HCCH

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 Name_________________
WS F: Intermolecular Forces Name _______________

Predominant Predominant Substance with Higher

Substance #1 Intermolecular Force Substance #2 Intermolecular Force Boiling Point
(a) HCl(g) Dipole I2 LDF HCl
(b) CH3F Dipole CH3OH H-Bond CH3OH
(c) H2O H-bonding H2S Dipole H2O
(d) SiO2 Covalent Network SO2 Dipole SiO2
(e) Fe Metallic Kr LDF Fe
(f) CH3OH H-Bond CuO Ionic CuO
(g) NH3 H-Bond CH4 LDF NH3
(h) HCl(g) Dipole NaCl Ionic NaCl
(i) SiC Covalent Network Cu Metallic SiC

2. Rank the following substances in order from lowest to highest melting point.
CO2, NaCl, Ag, H2O, He, HBr

He < HBr < H2O < Ag < NaCl

3. Rank the following substances in order from lowest to highest freezing point.
H2O, Ca3(PO4)2, Cr, C2H6, OF2

C2H6 < OF2 < H2O < Cr < Ca3(PO4)2

4. Rank the following substances in order from highest to lowest boiling point.
Cl2, Ne, Ca, Cr(OH)3, CH3CH2OH, Diamond

Diamond > Cr(OH)3 > Ca > CH3CH2OH > Cl2 > Ca

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