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Laplace Transform:
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DGDnotes_Jan13
f (t )e
st
a. The Laplace Transform: F ( s) = dt
0
1 + j
The inverse Laplace transform: f (t ) =
2j j
F ( s )e + st dt
b. Transfer function:
Y (s)
In s domain, we define H ( s) = as Transfer function, Y ( s ) = H ( s) * X ( s ) .
X ( s)
num( s ) p( s)
In general Y ( s) = = , the denominator polynomial is called the
den( s ) q( s )
characteristic equation, the roots of it (poles of the system) determine the character
of the system response in time domain.
3. examples:
dst 1 0 1
a. x(t)=u(t) X ( s ) = x(t )e st dt = e st dt = e st = e z dz =
0 0 0 s s s
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DGDnotes_Jan13
1
b. x(t ) = e at , X ( s ) = x(t )e st dt = e at e st dt = e ( s + a )t dt =
0 0 0 s+a
dx(t )
c. x (1) (t ) =
dt
, X (s) =
0
x(t )e st dt = sX ( s) x(0 )
d 2 y (t ) dy (t )
d. M 2
+b ky (t ) = r (t ) ,
dt dt
4.zeros/poles
num( s ) p( s )
In general, Y ( s ) = = , the roots of the numerator are called zeros, the roots
den( s ) q ( s )
of the denominators (characteristic function) are called poles of the system. At the
zeros, the output Y(s) becomes zero, at he poles the output Y(s) becomes infinite. The
roots / poles s = a + jb , in the complex s domain we can draw the zeros and poles,
they graphically portrays the character of the natural transient response of the system.
50 s 1 50
For example, H ( s) = 2 2
, X (s) = , then Y ( s ) = , and
( s + 1) + 50 s ( s + 1) 2 + 50 2
y (t ) = e t sin(50t )
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DGDnotes_Jan13
50 s 1 50
if H ( s) = , X ( s) = , Y (s) = , then y (t ) = et sin(50t )
( s 1) 2 + 50 2 s ( s 1) 2 + 50 2
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DGDnotes_Jan13