Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2003
1
1.1 Langley
,
.
, Langley (Abbott and Fowle Jr, 1908). Langley
1906 Smithsonian Institute
.
1.1.1
(
1.1) Beer-Lambert,
(z=) (z=0) :
Eb ( )( z =0) = Eb ( )( z = ) e ( )sec (0.1)
Eb() (
irradiance) , -
()
.
, -
, ,
:
( ) = R ( ) + ( ) + m ( ) + m ( ) ++ ( )
1 2
(0.2)
R M
(Rayleigh) (Mie) .
() -
, .. , .
z Eb()(z=)
Eb()(z=0)
1.1: -
2
, . -
, -
(UV-B) UV-A (.. 340-360 nm)
. -
( (0.2)) .
(0.2),
, -
, -
- - . -
( (0.2)), -
, -
, ..
, . -
,
.
, -
,
(.. Pinatubo 1991).
(0.1) :
ln ( Eb ( )( z = 0) ) = ln ( Eb ( ) ( z = ) ) ( ) sec (0.3)
-
(z=0) sec, :
(0.3) -
sec.
,
, -
-
.
( ), -
.
() sec.
, ,
(0.2).
(0.3), (0.2),
, .
,
,
.
sec -
( ),
,
( .. , 2003)
,
b() sec,
( )
(b(), sec) -
3
3.2
=360 nm
2.8
ln(Eb() [mW m-2 nm-1]
2.4
2.0
ln(Eb() = -0.23 sec + 3.086
1.6
1.2
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0
sec
1.2: Langley, b()
().
.
b y = a + bx
(0.3). 1.2 b()
, . -
sec.
b() sec=0, sec (),
(0.3).
sec=0,
. (0.3) sec 1 , -
0,
sec=1. -
( sec). sec
(airmass).
, -
. -
, .
,
. -
-
sec, sec=0, b(),
ln( Eb ( )) .
(0.3), -
, -
.
4
1.1.2
Langley -
(0.1),
. -
( -
), (.. laser, -
).
Langley,
.
-
. -
,
.
(0.3) :
2 2 2
ln ( E ( )
1
b ( z = 0) )d = ln ( E ( )
1
b ( z = ) )d sec ( )d
1
(0.4)
, 1 2, (-
280nm 3m ),
() .
-
,
( .. , 2002). -
( 1-2)
(-
).
,
-
. 1-2%,
,
.
(global irradiance) -
Langley Beer-Lambert,
, -
,
. 1.3
. -
, -
-
.
, 1.3 2 -
. -
.
, -
. -
.
5
-
. -
.
. ( -
) , -
. ,
1.1.1,
Eb sec, -
-
.
-
sec, . -
( sec) , -
, .
1.2 sec 12.00
( ) 4 , 16.00
.
,
,
( -
) .
( 70)
-
.
( -
) . -
8.0
=360 nm
6.0
ln(Eb() [mW m-2 nm-1]
4.0
0.0
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0
sec
6
.
Harrison & Michalsky, 1994.
-
:
.
(.. -
Cirrus), .
.
.
,
, ,
.
.
.
, -
-
.
.
,
.
-
. , -
.
. , -
-
Langley. , , -
, -
-
-
.
1.1.3
, Langley -
, -
. - - -
-
.
Langley,
-
. , -
. -
7
,
.
-
,
-
.
1.1.1,
.
-
,
. -
( .. O3, SO2,
, ..), (.. 3), -
(.. SO2,
NOx). (0.2) , .
,
, , -
. -
, , -
( Mie), -
. -
.
,
, Hansen and Travis, (1974), -
Rayleigh R :
R = 0.008569 4 (1 + 0.0113 2 0.00013 4 ) (0.5)
Rayleigh:
p
R = R (0.6)
po
p po
(po = 1013.15 hPa).
(0.3)
, -
. , .., (0.3) :
ln ( Eb ( )( z =0) ) + R ( ) sec = ln ( Eb ( )( z = ) )
(0.7)
( ) + 3 ( ) + so2 ( ) + x ( ) sec
8
LANGLEY
1200
800
400
0
280 300 320 340 360
(nm)
( 1, 2 3). -
, 290-500 nm,
1nm, -
Langley.
290nm, -
290 nm -
.
Langley
UV-B (.. < 300 nm), -
, .
. ,
,
.
1
2
,
3
,
1
, : E ( ) = ( )s( )d , s()
2
(slit function) ,
E(), 1 2
s() .
9
,
,
.
-
(
1.4).
-
, ( 1.2).
Lang-
ley,
.
, -
, -.
,
-. -
,
(0.8), -
.
2
2 N
cse = 1 0.01673cos (0.8)
365.25
-
, . () -
, - :
E ( ) = cse EN ( ) (0.9)
( -
),
,
-
.
1.1.4
, Langley
, -
( Mie). -
,
, .
-
(
). -
(.. 3, SO2, NOx), -
, -
(.. >340 nm
>320 nm SO2),
10
0.7
0.6
-0.91
() = 0.17
0.5
.
0.4
0.3
0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36
(m)
1.5:
() ( ) .
Angstrom.
.
(0.3) :
ln ( Eb ( )( z =0) ) + R ( ) + 3 ( ) + so2 ( ) + x ( ) sec =
(0.10)
= ln ( Eb ( )( z = ) ) ( ) sec
,
Xi ( -
) -
ki() . -
i :
i ( ) = X i ki ( ) (0.11)
(0.10) ,
.
-
Langley.
, -
Angstrom a,
, -
. Angstrom -
:
( ) = ( ) (0.12)
11
. -
,
, .
1.5 -
Angstrom,
. -
(0.12), 0.17
, 1 m.
1.1.5
Langley
,
( < 320 nm ),
.
,
.
.
1.2
, -
,
.
1.2.1
, -
.
1 1.0
()
()
()
0.8
0.1
0.6
FWHM
0.4
0.01
0.2
0.001 0.0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
(nm)
1.6:
).
1 nm.
12
( .. , 2002), -
, (.. -
)
. ,
-
- +, . -
, -
, :
+
E ( ) s ( ) d
E ( ) =
(0.13)
+
s ( ) d
FWHM=1.0 nm
0.8
1200
0.6
800
0.4
400
0.2
0 0.0
308 309 310 311 312
(nm)
1.7:
,
.
13
FWHM, Full
Width at Half Maximum ( ). 1.7 -
-
-
. -
-
( -
308.5, 310.0, 310.5 311.0 nm),
(.. 308.0 311.1 nm).
(0.13), -
, -
,
.
-
- .
, -
.
1.2.2
. , ,
, -
, .
FWHM=1 nm, -
.
(0.13)
-
,
(0.13).
. 1.8,
(FWHM=0.05 nm) 0.01 nm,
UARS
(0.13),
FWHM=1nm. (0.13)
,
1.8
.
( 20%) -
-
.
-
, , -
, ..
.
14
3000
FWHM = 0.55 nm ( )
FWHM = 1 nm ( )
(mW m-2 nm-1)
2000
1000
15
4
10
3
10
(mW m-2 nm-1) 2
10
1
10
100
-1
10
10-2
[Es()]
10-3 [E's()]
[E'()]
[t'()]
10-4 [t()]
[E()]
10-5
290 300 310 320
(nm)
1.9:
.
-
, E ( ) , -
t ( )
s().
-
, -
,
.
:
E ( ) = t ( ) Es ( ) (0.15)
,
, -
.
,
E ( )
(0.15), -
.
-
(0.13) ()
( ).
,
. -
16
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6 ()
1.4
(FWHM = 1nm)
1.2
1.0
.
0.8
0.6 ()
1.10: -
,
(). () -
me FWHM = 1 nm.
1.10
.
-
.
, -
-
.
,
().
1.2.3
, -
-
.
-
-
.
-
,
( .. 1.1.5). -
-
,
.
17
,
,
, .
. -
,
, -
. ,
.
, a( ) , -
, a( ) , , s(),
:
( ) s ( )d
( ) = +
(0.16)
+
s ( ) d
, ., , ..., 2003.
, ., . , . , ,
..., 2002.
Harrison & Michalsky, Objective Algorithms for the Retrieval of Optical Depths from
Ground-Based Measurements, Appl. Opt. Vol 33, No 22, 5126-5132, 1994.
Abbott, C.G. and F.E. Fowle Jr. "Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory of the Smithsonian
Institution, Vol II" Part 1, pp. 13 - 64 , Washington Government Printing Office, 1908.
Slaper, H., H. A. J. M. Reinen, M. Blumthaler, M. Huber, and F. Kuik, Comparing ground-
level spectrally resolved solar UV measurements using various instruments: a technique re-
solving effects of wavelength shift and slit width, Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 2721-2724, 1995.
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