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AN: 1046750 ; Riemer, Nick.; The Routledge Handbook of Semantics
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The Routledge Handbook

of Semantics
The Routledge Handbook of Semantics provides a broad and state-of-the-art survey of this
field, covering semantic research at both word and sentence level. It presents a synoptic view of
the most important areas of semantic investigation, including contemporary methodologies and
debates, and indicating possible future directions in the field.
Written by experts from around the world, the 29 chapters cover key issues and approaches
within the following areas:
meaning and conceptualisation

meaning and context
lexical semantics
semantics of specific phenomena
development, change and variation.
The Routledge Handbook of Semantics is essential reading for researchers and postgraduate
students working in this area.
Nick Riemer is a senior lecturer in the English and Linguistics Departments at the University
of Sydney, and a member of the Laboratoire dhistoire des thories linguistiques, Universit
Paris-Diderot. He specializes in semantics and in the history and philosophy of linguistics.
Account: s8989984
Routledge Handbooks in Linguistics
Routledge Handbooks in Linguistics provide overviews of a whole subject area or sub-discipline

in linguistics, and survey the state of the discipline including emerging and cutting-edge areas.
Edited by leading scholars, these volumes include contributions from key academics from around
the world and are essential reading for both advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students.
The Routledge Handbook of Syntax The Routledge Handbook of the English

Edited by Andrew Carnie, Yosuke Sato and Writing System
Daniel Siddiqi Edited by Vivian Cook and Des Ryan
The Routledge Handbook of Historical The Routledge Handbook of Language

Linguistics and Media
Edited by Claire Bowern and Edited by Daniel Perrin and Colleen Cotter
Bethwyn Evans
The Routledge Handbook of
The Routledge Handbook of Language Phonological Theory
and Culture Edited by S. J. Hannahs and Anna Bosch
Edited by Farzad Sharifan
The Routledge Handbook of Theoretical
The Routledge Handbook of Semantics and Experimental Sign Language
Edited by Nick Riemer Research
Edited by Annika Hermann, Roland Pfau
The Routledge Handbook of Morphology and Josep Quer
Edited by Francis Katamba
The Routledge Handbook of Linguistic
The Routledge Handbook of Linguistics Anthropology

Edited by Keith Allan Edited by Nancy Bonvillain
Account: s8989984
The Routledge Handbook

of Semantics
Edited by
Nick Riemer
Account: s8989984
First published 2016
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
2016 selection and editorial matter, Nick Riemer; individual chapters, the
contributors
The right of the editor to be identified as the author of the editorial material,
and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in
accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
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registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The Routledge Handbook of Semantics/Edited by Nick Riemer.
pages cm. (Routledge handbooks in linguistics)
Includes index.
1. SemanticsHandbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Historical semanticsHandbooks,
manuals, etc. 3. Generative semanticsHandbooks, manuals, etc.
4. Lexicology. I. Riemer, Nick, 1972-
P325.R78 2015
401.43dc23
2015003748
ISBN: 978-0-415-66173-7 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-315-68553-3 (ebk)
Typeset in Times New Roman

by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon, UK
Account: s8989984
i.m. Peter Koch

Account: s8989984
Account: s8989984
Contents
List of figures x
List of tables xi
List of contributors xii
Acknowledgements xvi
Introduction: Semantics a theory in search of an object 1

Nick Riemer
PART I
Foundational issues 11
1 (Descriptive) Externalism in semantics 13

Steven Gross
2 Internalist semantics: meaning, conceptualization and expression 30

Nick Riemer
3 A history of semantics 48
Keith Allan
PART II
Approaches 69
4 Foundations of formal semantics 71

Jon Gajewski
5 Cognitive semantics 90
Maarten Lemmens
6 Corpus semantics 106

Michael Stubbs
vii
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Contents
PART III
Meaning and conceptualization 123
7 Categories, prototypes and exemplars 125

James A. Hampton
8 Embodiment, simulation and meaning 142

Benjamin Bergen
9 Linguistic relativity 158

Daniel Casasanto
PART IV
Meaning and context 175
10 Semantics and pragmatics 177

John Saeed
11 Contextual adjustment of meaning 195

Robyn Carston
PART V
Lexical semantics 211
12 Lexical decomposition 213

Nick Riemer
13 Sense individuation 233

Dirk Geeraerts
14 Sense relations 248

Petra Storjohann
15 Semantic shift 266

John Newman
PART VI
Semantics of specific phenomena 281
16 The semantics of nominals 283

Sebastian Lbner
17 Negation and polarity 303

Doris Penka
viii
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Contents
18 Varieties of quantification 320

Anna Szabolcsi
19 Lexical and grammatical aspect 338

Stephen Dickey
20 Tense 354
Ilse Depraetere and Raphael Salkie
21 Modality 370
Ilse Depraetere
22 Event semantics 387

Jean-Pierre Koenig
23 Participant roles 403

Beatrice Primus
24 Compositionality 419
Adele E. Goldberg
25 The semantics of lexical typology 434

Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Ekaterina Rakhilina and Martine Vanhove
PART VII
Extensions 455
26 Acquisition of meaning 457

Soonja Choi
27 Expressives 473
Ad Foolen
28 Interpretative semantics 491

Franois Rastier
29 Semantic processing 507

Steven Frisson and Martin J. Pickering
Index 525
ix
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Figures
5.1 Semantic prototype category (radial network) 95

5.2 Extension, schematisation and instantiation in a schematic network 96
5.3 A (simplified) schematic network for kill 96
5.4 A (simplified) schematic network for work ones X off 102
7.1 A semantic network representation of the meaning of BIRD 126
7.2 A feature representation of the meaning of BIRD 127
12.1 Componential analysis of some English words for marine vessels 217
15.1 The core concepts underlying semantic shift in Cognitive Grammar 270
15.2 Core concepts applied to a semantic shift in fruit 270
15.3 Isolectal map for Russian dux 276
16.1 Operations of the Relation layer 291
16.2 Operations of the levels Unit and Quantity 294
16.3 Operations of determination on the seven layers 300
17.1 Hierarchy of negation and distribution of different classes of NPIs 313
25.1 Semantic maps of emptiness in Mandarin and in Serbian 446
25.2 A three-dimensional plot of cutting and breaking events 447
25.3 Probabilistic semantic maps of the go, come and arrive domain
in Sora and Classical Greek in the Gospel according to Mark 448
25.4 Cold in Armenian, English, Palula and Kamang 449
x
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Tables
3.1 A componential table 59

19.1 Extended typology of situation type 339
19.2 PF:IMPF in Classical Arabic (Dahl, 1985: 83) 342
19.3 Figures for four Russian aspectual pairs by tense and aspect 343
19.4 Perfective and imperfective markers in Mandarin Chinese 344
19.5 The Russian system of aspectual pairs 347
19.6 Russian viewpoint aspect and tense 347
19.7 Parallels between nouns and situation type 351
21.1 Classifications of modal meaning 373
21.2 Classification of root possibility meanings based on Depraetere
and Reed (2011) 375
24.1 Georgian morphological paradigm based on Gurevich (2006: section 3.2) 423
24.2 English argument structure constructions 424
25.1 Hand vs. arm, foot vs. leg, finger vs. toe in English, Italian, Romanian,
Estonian, Japanese and Khalkha Mongolian 435
25.2 Sibling terms in six languages 438
xi
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Contributors
Keith Allan MLitt, PhD (Edinburgh), FAHA, is Emeritus Professor of Linguistics at

Monash University and Honorary Associate Professor at the University of Queensland. His
research interests focus mainly on aspects of meaning in language, with a secondary interest
in the history and philosophy of linguistics. Author of several books and many contributions
to scholarly books and journals, he has also edited several books and edits the Australian
Journal of Linguistics. Email: keith.allan@monash.edu. Homepage: http://profiles.arts.
monash.edu.au/keith-allan.
Benjamin Bergen is Professor of Cognitive Science at the University of California, San

Diego, where he directs the Language and Cognition Lab. His research addresses mean-
ing-making processes in language production and comprehension, including how lexical
and grammatical knowledge contribute to meaning in both literal and figurative language.
Robyn Carston is Professor of Linguistics at University College London and Research

Coordinator at the Centre for the Study of Mind in Nature, Oslo. Her main research interests
are in pragmatics, semantics, relevance theory, word meaning and figurative language. She
has published a monograph, Thoughts and utterances: the pragmatics of explicit communication
(Blackwell, 2002), and is currently preparing a collection of papers to be published under the
title Pragmatics and semantic content (Oxford University Press).
Daniel Casasanto is Assistant Professor of Psychology at the University of Chicago, and a

founding editor of the journal Language and Cognition (Cambridge University Press). His
research explores how linguistic, cultural and bodily experiences shape our brains and minds.
Soonja Choi has conducted cross-linguistic studies since the mid-1980s (using both naturalistic
and experimental data) comparing acquisition of Korean with other languages on negation,
modality, lexicon and, more recently, spatial semantics and motion event expressions. Her
primary goal is to understand the nature of interaction between language and cognition from
infancy to adulthood in these semantic domains.
Ilse Depraetere is Professor of English Linguistics at the University of Lille III. Most of her
publications relate to tense, aspect and modality in English. She has written a grammar of
English with Chad Langford.
Stephen Dickey is Associate Professor in the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures
at the University of Kansas. His research interests are in comparative Slavic verbal aspect
xii
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Contributors
and the history of Slavic aspectual systems, especially with regards to prefixation, language
contact and theories of language change, and cognitive grammar.
Ad Foolen taught general linguistics at Radboud University Nijmegen for 40 years (he retired
in 2015). His research focused on modal particles, expressive constructions, the conceptual-
ization of emotions and the history of twentieth-century linguistics. From 2004 to 2015, he
was secretary/treasurer of ICLA, the International Cognitive Linguistics Association.
Steven Frisson is a lecturer in the School of Psychology at the University of Birmingham.

His principal research interest is semantic processing, especially the interpretation of words
in context. He has published widely on this and related questions. Some of the projects he is
currently involved in include reading processes in people who stutter, semantic processing in
people with schizophrenia, online perspective-taking and theory of mind use, and low-level
eye movements in clinical populations.
Jon Gajewski received his PhD from MIT in 2005 with a dissertation titled Neg-raising:
polarity and presupposition.Since 2005 he has worked at the University of Connecticut,
where he is currently Associate Professor. He is also currently an Associate Editor for the
Journal of Semantics and a member of the associate editorial board of Linguistic Inquiry.
Dirk Geeraerts is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Leuven. His main research
interests are in lexical semantics, lexicology and lexicography, with a specific focus on
social variation and diachronic change. He is the author, among many other works, of
Theories of lexical semantics (Oxford University Press, 2010). Homepage: http://wwwling.
arts.kuleuven.be/qlvl/dirkg.htm.
Adele E. Goldberg is Professor of Psychology at Princeton. Her research focuses on the

psychology of language, including theoretical and experimental aspects of grammar and its
representation, acquisition of form-function correspondences, and constructional priming.
She is the author, among other works, of Constructions at work: the nature of generalization
in language (Oxford University Press, 2006) and Constructions: a construction grammar
approach to argument structure (University of Chicago Press, 1995).
Steven Gross is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Johns Hopkins University, with

secondary appointments in Cognitive Science and Psychological and Brain Sciences. He
specializes in the philosophy of language, philosophy of mind and metaphysics. Forthcoming
work includes Meaning without representation, co-edited with Nicholas Tebben and Michael
Williams for Oxford University Press.
James A. Hampton, educated at Cambridge and UCL, is currently Professor of Psychology

at City University London, and is a recognized expert on how people conceptualize the
world, with particular reference to prototype representations, intuitive thought and conceptual
combination.
Jean-Pierre Koenig first studied at the cole Normale Suprieure (rue dUlm) and the cole des
Hautes Etudes en Science Sociales in Paris and then at the University of California, Berkeley,
where he received his PhD in 1994. He joined the Linguistics department at the University at
Buffalo (the State University of New York) that same year and is now the chair of that department.
xiii
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Contributors
Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm is Professor in General Linguistics at the Department of

Linguistics, Stockholm University. Her main research interests include semantically oriented
typology, where she often combines synchronic and diachronic approaches across many lan-
guages, and in particular areal typology.
Maarten Lemmens is Professor of Linguistics and Language Teaching at the Universit

de Lille 3. His current research focuses on causative, posture and static location verbs, on
the grammaticalization of light verbs in Odia, and on co-verbal gesture. He is President of
the International Cognitive Linguistics Association and former editor-in-chief of the journal
Cognitextes.
Sebastian Lbner is Professor for Semantics at the Institute for Language and Information
at Heinrich Heine University Dsseldorf, Germany. His major research interests include
nominal semantics, verb semantics, lexical semantics and frames. He is the author of
Understanding semantics (2nd edition, Routledge, 2013).
John Newman is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Linguistics, University of

Alberta. He is the author of the monograph Give: a cognitive linguistic study, editor of the
volumes The linguistics of giving, The linguistics of sitting, standing, and lying and The
linguistics of eating and drinking, and editor-in-chief of the journal Cognitive Linguistics.
He has published on corpus linguistics and cognitive linguistics, with a particular focus on
the syntax and semantics of verbs.
Doris Penka is a research fellow in the Zukunftskolleg of the University of Konstanz. She
received her PhD in 2007 from the University of Tbingen with a dissertation on the syntax
and semantics of negative indefinites, which was published by Oxford University Press in
2011.
Martin J. Pickering is Professor of the Psychology of Language and Communication at the

University of Edinburgh. His research focuses on language production, language compre-
hension, dialogue, reading and bilingualism, with a concentration on syntax and semantics.
He has published widely on all these topics.
Beatrice Primus is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Cologne. Her major areas of
research include cases, semantic roles and grammatical relations. She is the author of Cases
and thematic roles ergative, accusative and active (1999) and Semantische Rollen (2012).
Ekaterina Rakhilina is Professor of Semantics at the School of Linguistics, National

Research University, Higher School of Economics, Moscow. Specializing in theoretical and
corpus linguistics, her main interests are lexical typology, especially comparison of coherent
lexical fields, meaning structure and polysemy, and construction grammar in cross-linguistic
studies of meaning.
Franois Rastier is Directeur de recherche (Senior Researcher) at the CNRS (Centre national
de la recherche scientifique) in France, specializing in semantics. His research focuses on the
study of texts from philology to hermeneutics, working on textual typology from a historical
and comparative point of view. He is the author of 500 publications, including ten books,
notably Smantique interprtative (PUF, 1987), Meaning and textuality (Toronto UP, 1997),
xiv
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Contributors
Arts et sciences du texte (PUF, 2001), Semantics for descriptions (Chicago UP, 2002,
with Anne Abeille and Marc Cavazza) and La mesure et le grain. Smantique de corpus
(Champion, 2011).
Nick Riemer is in the English and Linguistics Departments at the University of Sydney, and
the Laboratoire dhistoire des thories linguistiques, Universit Paris-Diderot. He specializes
in semantics and in the history and philosophy of linguistics.
John Saeed is Professor of Linguistics and a Fellow of Trinity College, University of Dublin.
He is the author of Somali (John Benjamins, 1999), Semantics (3rd ed., Wiley-Blackwell,
2009), and Irish sign language: a cognitive linguistic account (Edinburgh University Press,
2012, with Lorraine Leeson).
Raphael Salkie is Professor of Language Studies at the University of Brighton, where he

teaches grammar, translation and discourse analysis. He is responsible for the INTERSECT
translation corpus.
Petra Storjohann is a researcher at the Institut fr Deutsche Sprache in Mannheim, where

she is editor-in-chief of the Paronymwrterbuch lexicographical project. Her research
focuses on the corpus analytic study of lexical-semantic relations in texts and discourse,
methodological aspects of corpus linguistics and critical discourse analysis. Her publications
include an edited volume, Lexical-semantic relations. Theoretical and practical perspectives
(John Benjamins, 2010).
Michael Stubbs has been Professor of English Linguistics, University of Trier, Germany
since 1990. He previously taught at the Universities of Nottingham and London, UK. He has
published widely on educational linguistics, text and discourse analysis and corpus linguis-
tics. He retired from regular teaching in 2013, but continues to write about corpus semantics
and stylistics.
Anna Szabolcsi received her PhD from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. From 1990 to
1998 she taught in the Linguistics Department of UCLA; since 1998 she has been Professor
of Linguistics at New York University. Her research is in syntax and semantics.
Martine Vanhove is Director of Research at the CNRS-INALCO research unit LLACAN

(France). As a field linguist, she is specialized in Cushitic and Semitic languages. Her main
research interests include the syntax-prosody interface and semantic and lexical typology.
xv
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Acknowledgements
Figure 15.3 in Chapter 15 is reproduced from page 208 of Alexandre Franois chapter
Semantic Maps and the typology of colexification, in Martine Vanhove (ed.) From polysemy
to semantic change: towards a typology of lexical semantic associations (2008), by kind
permission of John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam/Philadelphia.
Figure 25.2 in Chapter 25 is reproduced from page 143 of Asifa Majid, Melissa Bowerman,
Miriam van Staden and James S. Bosters article The semantic categories of cutting and
breaking events: a crosslinguistic perspective, Cognitive Linguistics 18: 133152, by kind
permission of de Gruyter, Berlin.
xvi
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Copyright 2015. Routledge. All rights reserved.

The Routledge Handbook

meaning and conceptualisation

Routledge Handbooks in Linguistics provide overviews of a whole subject area or sub-discipline

The Routledge Handbook of Syntax The Routledge Handbook of the English

The Routledge Handbook of Historical The Routledge Handbook of Language

The Routledge Handbook of Linguistics Anthropology

The Routledge Handbook

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

ISBN: 978-0-415-66173-7 (hbk)

Typeset in Times New Roman

i.m. Peter Koch

Introduction: Semantics a theory in search of an object 1

1 (Descriptive) Externalism in semantics 13

2 Internalist semantics: meaning, conceptualization and expression 30

4 Foundations of formal semantics 71

6 Corpus semantics 106

Meaning and conceptualization 123

7 Categories, prototypes and exemplars 125

8 Embodiment, simulation and meaning 142

9 Linguistic relativity 158

10 Semantics and pragmatics 177

11 Contextual adjustment of meaning 195

12 Lexical decomposition 213

13 Sense individuation 233

14 Sense relations 248

15 Semantic shift 266

16 The semantics of nominals 283

17 Negation and polarity 303

18 Varieties of quantification 320

19 Lexical and grammatical aspect 338

22 Event semantics 387

23 Participant roles 403

25 The semantics of lexical typology 434

26 Acquisition of meaning 457

28 Interpretative semantics 491

29 Semantic processing 507

5.1 Semantic prototype category (radial network) 95

3.1 A componential table 59

Keith Allan MLitt, PhD (Edinburgh), FAHA, is Emeritus Professor of Linguistics at

Benjamin Bergen is Professor of Cognitive Science at the University of California, San

Robyn Carston is Professor of Linguistics at University College London and Research

Daniel Casasanto is Assistant Professor of Psychology at the University of Chicago, and a

contact and theories of language change, and cognitive grammar.

Steven Frisson is a lecturer in the School of Psychology at the University of Birmingham.

Adele E. Goldberg is Professor of Psychology at Princeton. Her research focuses on the

Steven Gross is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Johns Hopkins University, with

James A. Hampton, educated at Cambridge and UCL, is currently Professor of Psychology

Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm is Professor in General Linguistics at the Department of

Maarten Lemmens is Professor of Linguistics and Language Teaching at the Universit

John Newman is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Linguistics, University of

Martin J. Pickering is Professor of the Psychology of Language and Communication at the

Ekaterina Rakhilina is Professor of Semantics at the School of Linguistics, National

Raphael Salkie is Professor of Language Studies at the University of Brighton, where he

Petra Storjohann is a researcher at the Institut fr Deutsche Sprache in Mannheim, where

Martine Vanhove is Director of Research at the CNRS-INALCO research unit LLACAN

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