Atoms

IIT JAM
Chemistry (CY)
SAMPLE THEORY
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
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Chemistry (Atomic and Molecular Structure)
Unit-2 Atomic and Molecular Structure
1. FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES
The word atom has been derived from the Greek word a-tomio meaning indivisible i.e., an
ultimate particle which cannot be further subdivided. The atomic theory of matter was first proposed on
a firm scientific basis by John Dalton, his theory called Daltons atomic theory, regarded the atom as the
ultimate Particle of the matter.
According to This Theory
(i) Matter Consist of indivisible atom.
(ii) All the atoms of a given element have identical Properties including identical mass, atoms
of different elements differ in mass
(iii) Compounds are formed when atoms of different element combine in a fixed ratio.
(iv) Chemical reaction involve reorganisation of atoms. These are neither created or destroyed
in a Chemical reaction.
Composition of Atom
The emission of negatively and positively charged Particles from radioactive elements as well as
from gases on the passage of electricity through them at very low pressure convinced the scientists that
atom is not indivisible but consist of much smaller particles like electron, proton, neutron, positron,
neutrino, meson etc. out of these particles, the electron, proton and the neutron are called fundamental
particles
Atom
Classified into two Parts
Nucleus External part of

(Discovered by Rutherford) nucleus
0
Electron (1e )
Neutron (0n1) Proton (1p+) Other
(Discovered by (Discovered by J.J. Thomson)
(Discovered by Particles 19
James Chadwick Goldstein) Charge = 1.610 c
19
charge = 0 Charge = +1.610 c 31
Mass = 9.110 kg
27
Mass = 1.671027 kg Mass = 1.6710 kg e/m = 1.76 1011 c / kg
e/m = 0 e/m = 9.579104 c/kg
+ + +
Positron (e or 1e or ) Neutrino () Antiproton (1p )
(Discovered by Anderson) Discovered by (Discovered by
Pauli and fermi) Chamberlain Sugri
and weighland)
Some important terms :
(1) Atomic number : Represented by z. It is the number of protons in the nucleus.
(2) Mass number : Represented by A. It is the sum of number of protons and number of
neutrons.
A P N
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(3) Representation of an element : An element can be represented by

z
XA or zAX where X = symbol of element
Z = Atomic number
A = Mass number
for example :
6
C 12 : p = 6 ep
n = 12 6 = 6
e = 6
8
O 16 : p = 8
n = 16 8 = 8
e = 8
(4) Isotopes : These are the atoms of same element having same atomic number
1
H1, H2,
1
H3
1 17
Cl35, 17
Cl37 8
O 16, 8
O 17, 8
O 18
p= 1 1 1 17 17 8 8 8
n= 0 1 2 18 20 8 9 10
e= 1 1 1 17 17 8 8 8
(5) Isobars : These are the atoms of same elements having same mass number but different
atomic number
for example:
18
Ar40, 19
k 40, 20
Ca 40
p = 18 19 20
n = 22 21 20
e = 18 19 20
(6) Isotones : These have different atomic number, mass number, but same number of
neutrons
for example :
6
C 14, N15,
7 8
O 16
p = 6 7 8
n = 8 8 8
e = 6 7 8
(7) Isodiaphers : These have different mass number atomic number but same number (np)
for example :
5
B11, 6
C 13, 9
F 19
p= 5 6 9
n = 6 7 10
(n p) = 1 1 1

(8) Isoelectronic series : These have different atomic number, mass number but same
number of electrons.
for example :
N2O , CO2 , CNO = 22 e
CO , CN , N2 = 14 e
+ 2+
H ,

He , Li , Be = 2 e
(9) Isosters : These contain same number of atoms and same number of electrons
for example :
N2 and CO CO 2 and N2O
7 + 7 6 + 8 6 + 16 7 + 7 + 18
Total e = 14 14 22 22
(10) Determination of average atomic weight :
w1x1 w 2 x 2 w 3 x 3 ....
Avg. wt
x1 x 2 x 3 ....
x1 and x2 = Abundance of isotopes

w1 and w2 = Isotopic mass
Ex. Chlorine has two isotopes 17

Cl35 and Cl37
17
These are found in nature in 3 : 1 ratio or 75% : 25% respectively. Calculate average atomic mass
w1x1 w 2 x 2
Sol. Avg. At. wt = x1 x 2
35 3 37 1
= 3 1
= 35.5 Ans.
2. THE BOHRS THEORY OF HYDROGEN - LIKE ATOM
Bohr proposed a quantum mechanical model of the atom. This model was based on the
quantum theory of radiation and the classical laws of physics.
The postulates on which Bohrs model is based are following -
Postulate - I
The atom has a nucleus where all the protons and neutrons are present. The size of nucleus is
very small. It is present at the centre of the atoms.
Postulate - II
The electrons revolve round the nucleus in certain permitted circular orbits of definite radii. The
force of attraction between the nucleus and the electrons is equal to Centrifugal force of the moving
electron.
Postulate - III
Out of infinite number of possible circular orbits around the nucleus, the electron can revolve only
h
on these orbits whose angular moment is an integral multiple of i.e.,
2
nh
mvr
2
Where, m = mass of the e-
v = velocity of e-
r = radius of the orbit
Postulate - IV
When electrons move in permitted discrete orbits, they do not radiate energy, such orbits are
called stationary or non-radiating orbits.
The greater is distance of the orbit from the nucleus, more will be energy associated with it, these
orbits are also called energy level and numbered as 1,2,3,4 .... or K, L, M, N ....
E1 < E2 , <E3 , <E4 ....
(E2 E1) > (E3 E2) , > (E4 E3) ....
Postulate - V
The emission or absorption of energy in the form of radiation only occurs when an electrons
jumps from one stationary orbit to another.
E E2 E1 h
This equation is known as the Bohr frequency Condition. Energy is absorbed when the electron
jump from inner to outer orbital and is emitted when it moves from outer to an inner orbit.
Applications
(1) Radius of orbital
Let the charge on nucleus be +ze where z is the atomic number of the element. The electron
with charge e and mass m revolving around the nucleus of radius r with velocity v. The electrostatic
force of attraction between the nucleus and the electron is given by
1 Ze2
Fe
4 0 r 2
Ze2 1
Fe k2 k = Constant = 4
r 0
The centripetal force, Fc, acquired by the electron is given by :
me v 2
Fc
r
these forces are equal and oppose in direction
v Centrifugal force
me v 2

e r
Centripetal force
+ze kze 2
2
r
kze 2 m e v 2

r2 r

kze2
or v2
rme
1 ze2
or v2 ... (1)
4 0 rme
According to III postulate -
nh
mevr =
2
nh
or v = 2 m r ... (2)
e
Putting the value of v in equation (1)
n 2h 2 Kze 2
2

4 2m e r 2 m er
n2h2
or r
42mekze2
for H atom z = 1
n2 h2
r
42meke2
now putting the value of h, me, , e and k we get -

r = 0.529 n2 1010 m
r 0.529 n2
for other than H atom -
n2
r 0.529
z
Relationship between Total energy, Potential energy, and kinetic energy :
T.E Total Energy

K.E Kinetic Energy
T.E = K.E + P.E
P.E Potential energy
we know that
1
K.E = me v 2 ... (1)
2
kze2
P.E = ... (2)
r
1 2 Kze2
T.E = mv
2 r

ze 2 m e v 2

r2 r
Kze2
me v 2 ... (3)
r
Substituting the value Substituting the value

kze2 2
of mv from equation
of from equation (3)
r (3)
1 1 kze2 kze 2
T.E me v 2 me v 2 T.E
2 2 r r
1 2
1 kze
T.E mv 2 T.E
2 2 r

T.E K.E
PE
T.E
2
(2) Energy of Electrons

E = K.E + P.E
1 kze2
= mv 2 -
2 r
kz 2 kze2
=
2r r
kze2
E =
2r
Putting the value of r
kze 2 4 2m ekze 2
E =
2 n2h 2
2 2 z 2k 2m e e 4
=
n 2h2
for H atom z = 1,
2 2k 2m e e 4
So E =
n2 h2
Putting the value of , k, me, e and h.
z2
E 13.6 ev
n2
z2
or E 21.79 10 19 Joule
n2
1 ev = 1.6 10-19 Joule

3. Velocity of Electron
me v 2 ze2
2 (in CGS system k = 1)
r r
nh
mvr
2
nh
v ze2
2
z 2e2
v = n h

z
v = 2.188 108 cm / sec
n
2.188 108
v cm / sec for H atom
n
Hydrogen spectrum
Hydrogen spectrum is an example of line emission spectrum or discontinuous spectrum.
When an electric discharge is passed through hydrogen gas at low pressure, a bluish light
is emitted.
This light show discontinuous line spectrum of several isolated sharp lines
Spectral series n1 n2 Region of EMR

1. Lyman series 1 2, 3, 4 UV
2. Balmer series 2 3, 4, 5 Visible
3. Paschen series 3 4, 5, 6 IR
4. Brackett series 4 5, 6, 7 IR
5. Pfund series 5 6, 7, 8 IR
6. Humphrey series 6 7, 8, 9 IR
The various spectral lines are shown in the following figure -

RH
8 cm 1
64
R
7 H cm 1
49
RH
6 cm 1
Humphrey (IR) 36
Principal Quantum
Series R
5 H cm 1
number (n)
Pfund (IR) 25
Series R
4 H cm 1
Brackett (IR) 16
Series R
3 H cm 1
Paschen (IR) 9
Series RH
2 cm 1
Balmer (Visible) 4
Series 1
1 R H cm
Lyman (UV)
Series
The Origin of hydrogen spectrum
To evaluates wavelength of various H-line Ritz introduce the following expression -
1 1
RH 2 2 cm 1
n1 n2
here RH = Rydberg Constant
(109678 cm-1)
For other than H atom -
1 1 1
RH z2 2 2 cm
1
n1 n2
This equation is known as Balmer-Rydberg equation. Using this equation, the wave number of
photons of the various spectral series are as follows :
1. lyman series :
1 1 1
RHz2 2 2 ; n2 2, 3, 4 ....
1 n2
2. Balmer series -
1 1 1
RHz2 2 2 ; n2 3, 4, 5 ....
2 n2
3. Paschen series :
1 1 1
RHz2 2 2 ; n2 4, 5, 6 ....
3 n2

4. Bracket series :
1 1 1
RHz2 2 2 ; n2 5, 6, 7 ....
4 n2
5. Pfund series :
1 1 1
RHz2 2 2 ; n2 6, 7, 8 ....
5 n2
The Bohrs theory successfully accounts for the spectra of hydrogen atom and hydrogenic, i.e,
hydrogen-like ions such as He+, Li+2 , Be3+, etc.
Calculation of total numbers of spectral lines in the Emission Spectra
Maximum number of spectral lines when an electron jumps from nth level to ground level is equal
n(n 1)
to
2
5(5 1)
for example, in the case of n = 5, number of lines produce is 10
2
5 4
5 3
5 2
5 1
4 3
4 2
4 1
3 2
3 1
2 1
When an electron returns from n2 to n1 state, the number of lines in the spectrum will be equal to-
n2 n1 n2 n1 1
2
for example an electron returns from 6 to 3 then, the number of lines will be
6 3 6 3 1 34
6 lines
2 2
3. WAVE - PARTICLE DUALITY
de Broglie proposed that an electron like light behave both as a material particle and as a wave nature.
de Broglie derived an expression for calculating the wavelength of the wave associated with the electron.
h

mv
This equation is known as the de Broglie equation. The de-broglie equation can be easily derived
by using the Einsteins mass-energy relationship.

E = mc2 ... (1)

According to planks equation :
hc
E = h = ... (2)

from equation (1) and (2)
hc
mc 2

h h

mc p
or
1

p
Momentum of the moving electron is inversely proportional to its wave length
Let kinetic energy of the particle of mass m is E
1
E = mv2
2
2mE = m2v2
or mv = 2m E p
h h
or
p 2mE
Daviation and Germer made the following modification in de Broglie equation -
1
mv 2 ev
2
m2 v 2 2evm
mv 2evm
12.27 10 10 m
for e- only
v
v = Potential
4. HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE
Uncertainty Principle : In 1927, werner heisenberg presented a principle known as Heisenberg

uncertainty principle which state as : It is impossible to determine simultaneously the position and
momentum a given instant
The mathematical expression for this principle
h
p. x
4
h
or m v . x
4
p = Uncertainty in momentum
x = Uncertainty in position
v = Uncertainty in velocity
Heisenberg uncertainty principle not applicable for moving macro particle because for these
uncertainty in momentum or velocity is negligible
Heisenberg uncertainty principle in terms of energy and time -
h
E . t
4
E = Uncertainty in energy
t = Uncertainty in time
= Uncertainty in frequency
h
h t
4
1
or t
4
Ex. Calculate the wavelength associated with an electron moving with a velocity of 1010 cm per sec.
h 6.6 10 34
Sol. = .07
mv 9.1 1031 1010 10 2
Bohrs Theory Verses De-Broglie Equation
h
According to Bohrs theory - angular momentum of an electron is an integral multiple of
2
This postulate can be derived with the help of de-broglie concept of wave-nature of electron.
Consider an electron moving in a circular orbit around nucleus. If the two ends of the electron wave meet
to give a regular series of crests and through, the electron wave is said to be in phase. i.e, the
circumference of Bohrs orbit is equal to whole number multiple of the wave length of the electron wave.
(wave in phase) (wave in out of phase)

So 2r = n
2r
= ... (1)
n
from de Broglie equation
h
... (2)
mv
h 2r

mv n
nh
mvr
2
5. SCHRODINGERS WAVE EQUATION
The atomic model which is based on the particle and wave nature of the electron is known as
wave-mechanical model of the atom.
This was developed by Erwin schrodinger in 1926, Schrondinger gave a wave equation to describe
the behaviour of electron wave in atoms and molecules, In Schrondingers wave model of an atom, the
discrete energy levels or orbits Proposed by Bohr are replaced by mathematical function,, which are
related to the Probability of finding electrons at various places around the nucleus.
The differential equation is
2 2 2 8 2 m
(E v) 0
x 2 y 2 z 2 h2
this equation is known as schrondinger wave equation,
Here, x, y and z are cartesian co-ordinates of electron
m = mass of electron
E = total energy of electron
(psi) = wave function
h = planks constant
Significance of and 2
The wave function represents the amplitude of the electron wave. The amplitude is
thus a function of space coordinates and time. (i.e, = x,t ) and describe atomic model
. 2 is a probability factor, it describe the probability of finding an electron within a small
space. The space in which there is maximum probability of finding electron is termed as
orbital, wave function can be plotted against distance r from nucleus as
1S 2p
3S

node
node 3p
2S
For hydrogen wave function, number of nodes can be calculated as :
(i) Number of radial nodes = (n 1)
(ii) Number of angular nodes =
(iii) Total number of nodes = (n )
(iv) Number of nodel planes =
Operator form Schrodinger Wave Equation

H E
2
h 2 V = Hamiltonian operator
where H 2
8 m
= T V
Here, T = kinetic energy operator
V = potential energy operator
Conditions for Acceptable Wave Function
The eigen functions are said to form an orthogonal set if
*
n m d nm (called the kronec ker delta)

*
for Orthogonal Condition n m d 0 (n m)
*
for Normalised Condition n m d 1 (n m)
Well Behaved Wave Function :

The well behaved wave function or acceptable wave function is that which satisfy the following
conditions.
(i) must be continuous
(ii) must be finite
(iii) must be single valued.
for examples -
(i) Continious
(ii) finite
(iii) not single valued for all
value of x
x
Not acceptable wave function
(i) Continious
(ii) Single valued
(iii) not finite for some value of
x wave function become infinity
x
(i) Single valued

(ii) finite
(iii) but not continious
x
(i) Continious
(ii) Single valued
(iii) finite for all values of x
x
Acceptable wave function
6. QUANTUM NUMBER
The solution of the schrodinger wave equation for hydrogen atom gives three quantum numbers
n, l and m. The numbers which required to the complete information of an electron present in the atom
called quantum numbers.
or
A set of four numbers which define the position of an electron in an atom is known as quantum
numbers.
There are four quantum numbers are required for complete information of an electron in
an atom
There are four quantum numbers are required for complete information of an electron in
an atom
There are three quantum numbers are required for complete information of orbital in an atom
The four quantum numbers are :
1. Principal quantum number (n)
2. Azimuthal quantum number ()
3. Magnetic Quantum number (m)
4. Spin quantum number (s)
1. Principal Quantum Number (n)
Given by Bohr
It is denoted by n
Principal quantum number gives
1. The energy level of electrons around the nucleus
Value of n = 1 2 3 4 5
Designation of shell = K L M N O
2
2. The number of orbit of electrons = n
3. Maximum number of electrons in a shell = 2n2
4. The distance of electron from the nucleus
n2
rn 0.529
z
5. Higher the value of n greater is the magnitude of energy

E1 < E2 < E3 < E4 < E5 ....
Energy separation between shells decrease on moving away from nucleus.
13.6z 2
Value of Energy En ev
n2
6. The velocity of electron in an orbit
z
Vn 2.1 106 m/s
n
7. The angular momentum of electrons
nh
mvr
2
2. Azimuthal Quantum Number

It was given by sommerfield
It is also called angular quantum number, subsidiary quantum number or secondary
quantum number.

It is denoted by
It gives the shape of sub orbitals as well as the angular momentum of electrons in
suborbitals.
h
Angular momentum = 1
2
( 1)
Suborbital Value of Shape

s 0 Spherical
p 1 dumb-bell
d 2 double-dumb-bell
f 3 complex
g 4 complex
The total value of for any value of n will be 0 to n 1
It is impossible that n
Maximum numbers of electrons in a subshell
= 2 2 1
s = 2 electrons
p = 6 electrons
d = 10 electrons
f = 14 electrons
g = 18 electrons
3. Magnetic Quantum Number
It was given by Linde
It is denoted by m
It gives the orientation of orbitals for a given value of .
Total values of m = (2 + 1), which lies between to +
for examples -
= 0, m = 0;
= 1, m = 1, 0, +1
= 2, m = 2, 1, 0, +1, +2 etc.
for s ; m = 0 (only one orientation possible)
Z
Y
For p ; m = 1, 0, + 1 (3 orientations possible)

px, py, pz

z z z
y y y

+ x x x
+
+
px py pz
For d; m = 2, 1, 0, +1, +2 (Five orientations possible)
2 2 2
dxy, dyz, dz , dxz, dx - y
y z z y z
z x y z y
+
+ + +
x y x + x x
+
+ + +
+
2 2 2
dxy dyz dxz dx y dz
All the orbitals of same shell in the absence of magnetic field possess same energy i.e, they are
degenerate
4. Spin Quantum Number
It was given by Gold Schmidt
It is denoted by s
Spin quantum number represents the direction of electron spin around its own axis,
for any electron the value of s
1
s
2
1
for clockwise spin s = +
2
1
for anticlockwise spin s =
2
Spin electron produce spin angular momentum
h
s s(s 1)
2
1
Total spin of an atom = n
2
Spin multiplicity is given by (2s + 1)
for example :
C = 1s2 2s2 2p2
excited state = 1s2 2s1 2p3
1 1
Spin multiplicity = 2 5 = 5
2 2

7. PAULIS EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE
It is impossible that all four quantum numbers are same for any two electrons present in a orbital.
For example :
2px2
n m s
st
for I electron 2 1 1 +
nd
for II electron 2 1 1
Same Same Same Not Same
An orbital accommodates two electrons with oppose spin. These two electrons have same value
of n, , m. the fourth i.e, spin quantum number will be different.
Aufbau Principle
Aufbau is a German word meaning building up.
According to this principle in a atom electrons filled in the increasing order of the energy of the
orbitals that means electrons filled first in lower energy orbital then higher energy orbitals with maximum
spin multiplicity.
Sequence of filling electrons :
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s <
3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < sp < 6s <
4f < sd < 6p < 7s < sf < 6d <
7p < 8s
n=1 1s
n=2 2s 2p
n=3 3s 3p 3d
n=4 4s 4p 4d 4f
n=5 5s 5p 5d 5f
n=6 6s 6p 6d
n=7 7s 7p
n=8 8s
figure - order of filling of various subshells.

(n + ) rule : According to this, the subshell with lower value of (n + ) is filled up first. When two
or more than two have same value of (n + ), then the subshell with lowest value of n is filled up first.
for example -
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s
n = 1 2 2 3 3 4 3 4 5
= 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 1 0
(n + l) = 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 5
8. HUNDS MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITY RULE
It states that electrons are distributed among the orbital of a subshell in such a way as
to give the maximum numbers of unpaired electrons with parallel spin. Thus the orbital
available in a subshell are filled first singly before they begin to pair.
for examples:
25 2P
N(7) [ He ]
O(8) [ He ]
F(9) [ He ]
Ne(10) [ He ]
Exception -
Cr 25 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 4s2
2 2 6 2 6 5 1
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
Cu29 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 4s2

2 2 6 2 6 10 1
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
A simple reason behind this is that half filled and full filled subshell have got extra stability.
9. ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF SIMPLE HOMONUCLEAR DIATOMIC MOLECULES
Energy Level Diagram for Simple Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules

The energy level of these orbitals have been determined experimentally from spectroscopic data.
The order of their increasing energy is given below and shown in the figure.

(2p z )
(2p x ) (2p y )
2p (2p x ) (2p y ) 2p
(2pz )
Energy
(2s)
2s 2s
(2s)
Atomic Molecular Atomic
orbitals orbitals orbitals
The electronic configuration is given in the following order:

(1s) < *(1s) < (2s) < *(2s) < (2pz) < (2px) = (2py) < *(2px) = *(2py) < *(2pz)
It is found that for some elements (Li, Be, B, C and N) the above energy level is not correct for
these elements the energy levels of (2pz) MO is higher than (2px) or (2py) MO. This is due
to the mixing of 2s and 2pz AOs
Due to this fact that a new sequence of energy of MOs is obtained, which is given below-
(1s) < *(1s) < (2s) < *(2s) < (2px) = (2py) < (2pz) < *(2px) = *(2py) < *(2pz)
The above energy level of different MOs is shown in these figure :

(2p z )
(2p x ) (2p y )
2p 2p
(2pz )
Energy
(2p x ) (2p y )
(2s)
2s 2s
(2s)
Atomic Molecular Atomic
orbitals orbitals orbitals
Molecular Orbital Configuration of Some Homonuclear Diatomic Molecule

1. Hydrogen Atom
The electronic configuration of hydrogen atom is 1s1. When hydrogen molecule is formed by the
combination of two hydrogen atoms we have two electrons of same energy which occupy (1s) MO.
H2 : (1s)2
Nb Na
Bond order =
2
Nb = Bonding electrons
Na = Antibonding electrons
1
B.O = (2 0) = 1
2
(Is)
(Is)2
H H
H2
2. Hydrogen molecule ion (H2+) :
H2 : (1s)1
1 1
B.O (1 0)
2 2

3. Helium Molecule Ion (He2+)
He2 : (1s)2 * (1s)1
1 1
B.O (2 1)
2 2
4. Helium Molecule
He2 : (1s)2 * (1s)2
1
B.O (2 2) 0
2
Because in this case bond order is zero therefore He2 molecule does not exist.
5. Lithium Molecule (Li2)
In Li2 molecule there are six electrons out of which four electrons belong to k shell and only two
electrons are to be distributed in MOs
Thus MO configuration of Li2 is as
Li2 : kk (2s)2
1
B.O = (2 0) = 1
2
6. Beryllium Molecule (Be2) :
Be2 : kk (2s)2 *(2s)2
1
B.O = (2 2) = 0
2
Because in this case bond order is zero therefore Be2 molecule does not exist.
7. Boron Molecule (B2) :
B2 : kk (2s)2 *(2s)2 (2px)1 (2py)1
1
B.O = (4 2) = 1
2
1 1
Since there are two unpaired electrons (2p x ) and (2p y ) in B2 molecule hence it is
Paramagnetic in nature.
8. Carbon Molecule (C2) :
C2 : k k (2s)2 (2s)2 (2p x )2 (2p y )2
1
B.O = (6 2) = 2
2
Since there is no unpaired electron in N2 molecule hence it is diamagnetic in nature.
9. Nitrogen Molecule (N2) :
N2 : k k (2s)2 (2s)2 (2p x )2 (2p y )2 (2p z )2

1
B.O = 8 2 3
2
Thus nitrogen contain triple bond (N N). It is diamagnetic in nature.

10. Oxygen Molecule (O2)
O2 : k k (2s)2 (2s)2 (2p z )2 (2p x )2 (2p y )2 (2p x )1 (2p y )1
1
B.O = 8 4 2
2
Thus oxygen molecule contain a double bond (O = O)
It is Paramagnetic due to the Presence of two unpaired electrons.
11. Fluorine Molecule (F2)
F2 : k k (2s)2 (2s)2 (2p z )2 (2p x )2 (2p y )2 (2p x ) 2 (2p y )2
1
B.O = 8 6 1
2
Thus a fluorine molecule Contain a single bond and it is diamagnetic in nature
12. Neon Molecule (Ne2)
Ne2 : k k (2s)2 (2s)2 (2p z )2 (2p x )2 (2p y )2 (2p x ) 2 (2p y ) 2 (2p z ) 2
1
B.O = 8 8 0
2
Since bond order in neon molecule is zero. Hence, molecule does not exist.

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IIT JAM

Unit-2 Atomic and Molecular Structure

Nucleus External part of

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(3) Representation of an element : An element can be represented by

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(10) Determination of average atomic weight :

x1 and x2 = Abundance of isotopes

Ex. Chlorine has two isotopes 17

The centripetal force, Fc, acquired by the electron is given by :

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According to III postulate -

Putting the value of v in equation (1)

now putting the value of h, me, , e and k we get -

for other than H atom -

Relationship between Total energy, Potential energy, and kinetic energy :

T.E Total Energy

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Substituting the value Substituting the value

(2) Energy of Electrons

1 ev = 1.6 10-19 Joule

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Spectral series n1 n2 Region of EMR

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E = mc2 ... (1)

Uncertainty Principle : In 1927, werner heisenberg presented a principle known as Heisenberg

Heisenberg uncertainty principle in terms of energy and time -

(wave in phase) (wave in out of phase)

5. SCHRODINGERS WAVE EQUATION

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Well Behaved Wave Function :

(i) Single valued

5. Higher the value of n greater is the magnitude of energy

7. The angular momentum of electrons

2. Azimuthal Quantum Number

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Suborbital Value of Shape

For p ; m = 1, 0, + 1 (3 orientations possible)

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7. PAULIS EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE

figure - order of filling of various subshells.

8. HUNDS MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITY RULE

Cu29 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 4s2

Energy Level Diagram for Simple Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules

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The electronic configuration is given in the following order:

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Molecular Orbital Configuration of Some Homonuclear Diatomic Molecule

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3. Helium Molecule Ion (He2+)

He2 : (1s)2 * (1s)1

He2 : (1s)2 * (1s)2

C2 : k k (2s)2 (2s)2 (2p x )2 (2p y )2

N2 : k k (2s)2 (2s)2 (2p x )2 (2p y )2 (2p z )2

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10. Oxygen Molecule (O2)

O2 : k k (2s)2 (2s)2 (2p z )2 (2p x )2 (2p y )2 (2p x )1 (2p y )1

F2 : k k (2s)2 (2s)2 (2p z )2 (2p x )2 (2p y )2 (2p x ) 2 (2p y )2

Ne2 : k k (2s)2 (2s)2 (2p z )2 (2p x )2 (2p y )2 (2p x ) 2 (2p y ) 2 (2p z ) 2

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