I.

INTRODUCTION
As is well known, switching-mode power supply is the core of modern power
conversion technology, which is widely used in electric power, communication system,
household appliance, industrial device, railway, aviation, and many other fields [1], [2].
As the basis of switching-mode power supply, converter topologies attract a great deal of
attention and many converter topologies have been proposed. Buck converter and boost
converter have the simple structure and high efficiency.

However, due to the limited voltage gain, their applications are restricted when the
low or high output voltage are needed [3]. Luo converters can obtain high voltage gain by
employing the voltage lift technique, but the topological complexity, cost, volume, and
losses increase at the same time. [4][6]. Interleaved converters can achieve high step-up
or stepdown conversion ratio with low-voltage stress, while their operating mode,
converter structure, and control strategy are complicated [7][10]. Quadratic converters
can achieve the voltage gain of cascade converters with fewer switches; however, the
efficiency of these converters are low [11], [12]. Additionally, some switched networks
are added into the basic converters to obtain the high-voltage step-up or step-down gain,
at the price of complicating construction and increasing cost [13][23]. Compared with
the above-mentioned converter topologies which can only step-up or step-down voltage,
the voltage bucking/boosting converters, which can regulate output voltage under wider
range of input voltage or load variations, are popular with the applications such as
portable electronic devices, car electronic devices, and so on.

The traditional buckboost converter with simple structure and high efficiency, as we
all known, has the drawbacks such as limited voltage gain, negative output voltage, and
floating power switch, meanwhile discontinuous input and output currents. The other
three basic nonisolated converters: 1) Cuk converter; 2) Sepic converter; and 3) Zeta
converter, which also have the peculiarity of step-up and step-down voltage, have been
provided. However, the limits of the voltage gain along with other disadvantages in Cuk,
Sepic, and Zeta converters are also nonignorable. The quadratic buckboost converter,
proposed by Maksimovic and Cuk in [24], has one common-ground power switch;
meanwhile, it can achieve the voltage gain D2/(1 D)2. However, due to the diodes D1
and D2 clamp the output voltage to the input voltage while the duty cycle is bigger than
0.5, so that this converter can only work in step-down mode. By combining KY converter
and the traditional synchronously rectified buck converter, Hwu and Peng proposed a new
buckboost converter [25] which can realize the continuous output current, positive
output voltage, continuous conduction mode (CCM) operation all the time, and no right-
half plane zero. Unfortunately, its voltage gain of two multiplies the duty cycle (2D) is
not sufficiently high or low in the situation where the converter needs to operate in a wide
range of output voltage. Moreover, based on the Cuk converter, a new buckboost
converter, which has the low output voltage ripple, minimal radio frequency interference,
and one common-ground power switch, is proposed in [26]. However, as a seventh-order
circuit, the converter has complex construction, and both its input terminal and output
terminal do not share the same ground. Besides, the voltage gain is still limited. In [27], a
boostbuck cascade converter, aggregating two separated converters with current source
and current sink, is applied for the thermoelectric generator. Nevertheless, the voltage
gain of this cascade converter is also constrained.

1.2LITERATURE SURVEY

Review of non-isolated high step-up DC/DC converters in photovoltaic grid-

connected applications

With the shortage of the energy and ever increasing of the oil price, research on the
renewable and green energy sources, especially the solar arrays and the fuel cells,
becomes more and more important. How to achieve high step-up and high efficiency
DC/DC converters is the major consideration in the renewable grid-connected power
applications due to the low voltage of PV arrays and fuel cells. The topology study with
high step-up conversion is concentrated and most topologies recently proposed in these
applications are covered and classified. The advantages and disadvantages of these
converters are discussed and the major challenges of high step-up converters in renewable
energy applications are summarized. This paper would like to make a clear picture on the
general law and framework for the next generation non-isolated high step-up DC/DC
converters.

A high-efficiency high step-up converter with low switch voltage stress for fuel-cell
system applications

In this paper, a novel high step-up converter is proposed for fuel-cell system applications.
As an illustration, a two-phase version configuration is given for demonstration. First, an
interleaved structure is adapted for reducing input and output ripples. Then, a Cuk-type
converter is integrated to the first phase to achieve a much higher voltage conversion ratio
and avoid operating at extreme duty ratio. In addition, additional capacitors are added as
voltage dividers for the two phases for reducing the voltage stress of active switches and
diodes, which enables one to adopt lower voltage rating devices to further reduce both
switching and conduction losses. Furthermore, the corresponding model is also derived,
and analysis of the steady-state characteristic is made to show the merits of the proposed
converter. Finally, a 200-W rating prototype system is also constructed to verify the
effectiveness of the proposed converter. It is seen that an efficiency of 93.3% can be
achieved when the output power is 150-W and the output voltage is 200-V with 0.56 duty
ratio.

Modeling PWM DCDC converters out of basic converter units

An alternative approach to modeling pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) DC/DC converters

out of basic converter units (BCUs) is presented in this paper. Typical PWM DC/DC
converters include the well-known buck, boost, buck-boost, Cuk, Zeta, and Sepic. With
proper reconfiguration, these converters can be represented in terms of either buck or
boost converter and linear devices, thus, the buck and boost converters are named BCUs.
The PWM converters are, consequently, categorized into buck and boost families. With
this categorization, the small-signal models of these converters are readily derived in
terms of h parameter (for buck family) and g parameter (for boost family). Using the
proposed approach, not only can one find a general configuration for converters in a
family, but one can yield the same small-signal models as those derived from the direct
state-space averaging method. Additionally, modeling of quasi-resonant converters and
multiresonant converters can be simplified when adopting the proposed approach.

A family of single-stage switched-capacitor inductor PWM converters

A family of single-stage-switched-capacitor-inductor converters with different voltage

conversion features and similar structures is presented in this paper. Unlike conventional
switched-capacitor/switched-inductor converters that are produced by cascade operation,
all of the proposed converters are operated in single-stage mode. Though each of the
proposed converters employs two energy transfer components, i.e., one switched
capacitor and one inductor, energy flowing though the two components both directly
come from the input power sources and then is directly released to output terminal. This
design can meet the high efficiency requirement and simple structure. A small resonant
inductor is also used in these converters to limit the current peak caused by switched
capacitors and to improve efficiency. The detailed analysis of circuit operation and design
consideration is given. Simulation and experimental results are also provided to verify the
performance of the new family of converters.

1.3 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

Existing system:

Switching mode power supply is the core of modern power conversion technology,
which is widely used in electric power, communication system, household appliance,
industrial device, railway, aviation and many other fields.
Buck converter and boost converter have the simple structure and high efficiency.
However, due to the limited voltage gain, their applications are restricted when the
low or high output voltage are needed.

Proposed system:

In this proposed system, An additional switched network is inserted into the

traditional buck-boost converter, a new transformer less buck-boost converter is
proposed.
The main part of the proposed buck-boost converter is that its voltage gain is
quadratic of the traditional buck-boost converter so that it can operate in a wide range
of output voltage, that is, the proposed buck-boost converter can achieve high or low
voltage gain without extreme duty cycle.
Moreover, the output voltage of this new transformer less buck-boost converter is
common-ground with the input voltage, and its polarity is positive.
 CHAPTER-2
POWER ELECTRONICS
The application of solid state electronics in which the electric power is controlled and
converted is called power electronics. As it deals with designing, computation, control, and
integration of electronic systems where energy is processed with fast dynamics which is non
linear time varying ,it is referred in electrical and electronic engineering as a research subject.
Mercury arc valves are the first electronic devices with high power. The conversion is
performed in modern systems with tryistors , diodes, transistors which are the semiconductor
switching devices, pioneered in the 1950s by R.D.Middle Brook and others. In power
electronics processing of substantial amounts of electrical energy is done in contrast to
electronic systems concerned with transmission and processing of signals and data. The most
typical power electronics device found in many consumer electronic devices,such as battery
chargers,peronal computers,,television sets,etc is an AC/DC converter. Its power ranges from
tens of watts to several hundred watts. The variable speed drive which is used to control an
induction motor is the common application in industry.VSDs power ranges from few hundred
watts to tens of mega watts.
2.1 History
Power electronics had started with the development of the mercury arc rectifier which
was invented by Peter Cooper Hewitt in 1902.It converts alternating current(AC) to direct
current(DC).A research had started and continued on applying of thyratrons and grid
controlled mercury arc valves for power transmission from 1920s. A valve with grading
electrodes was developed by Uno Lamm which made mercury arc valves useful for
transmission of high voltage direct current.
In 1947 Walter H.Brattain and john bardeen invented the bipolar point contact
transistor at Bell labs under the direction of William Shockley. The bipolar junction transistor
which was invented by shockley, improved the performance and stability of transistors,and
reduced the costs of transistors. In the 1950s,semiconductor power diodes were invented
which replace the vaccum tubes. In 1956 there was great increase in the range of power
electronics applications with the introduction of the silicon controlled rectifier(SCR) by
general electric. The switching speed of bipolar junction transistors was allowed for high
frequency DC/DC converters in1960s. power MOSFET became available from 1976 and the
Insulated gate bipolar transistor(IGBT) was introduced in 1982
2.2 Types Of Systems
The power conversion systems are classified based on the type of input and output power as
follows:
AC to DC (rectifier)
DC to AC(inverter)
DC to DC (DC to DC converter)
AC to AC(AC to AC converter)
2.2.1 Devices
The capabilities and economy of power electronics system are determined by the
active devices that are available. Their characteristics and limitations are a key element in the
design of power electronics systems. Formerly, the mercury arc valve, the high-vacuum and
gas-filled diode thermionic rectifiers, and triggered devices such as the thyratron and
ignitron were widely used in power electronics. As the ratings of solid-state devices improved
in both voltage and current-handling capacity, vacuum devices have been nearly entirely
replaced by solid-state devices.
Power electronic devices may be used as switches, or as amplifiers.[3] An ideal
switch is either open or closed and so dissipates no power; it withstands an applied voltage
and passes no current, or passes any amount of current with no voltage drop. Semiconductor
devices used as switches can approximate this ideal property and so most power electronic
applications rely on switching devices on and off, which makes systems very efficient as very
little power is wasted in the switch. By contrast, in the case of the amplifier, the current
through the device varies continuously according to a controlled input. The voltage and
current at the device terminals follow a load line, and the power dissipation inside the device
is large compared with the power delivered to the load.
Several attributes dictate how devices are used. Devices such as diodes conduct when
a forward voltage is applied and have no external control of the start of conduction. Power
devices such as silicon controlled rectifiers and thyristors (as well as the mercury valve
and thyratron) allow control of the start of conduction, but rely on periodic reversal of current
flow to turn them off. Devices such as gate turn-off thyristors, BJT and MOSFET transistors
provide full switching control and can be turned on or off without regard to the current flow
through them. Transistor devices also allow proportional amplification, but this is rarely used
for systems rated more than a few hundred watts. The control input characteristics of a device
also greatly affect design; sometimes the control input is at a very high voltage with respect
to ground and must be driven by an isolated source. As efficiency is at a premium in a power
electronic converter, the losses that a power electronic device generates should be as low as
possible. Devices vary in switching speed. Some diodes and thyristors are suited for
relatively slow speed and are useful for power frequency switching and control; certain
thyristors are useful at a few kilohertz.
Devices such as MOSFETS and BJTs can switch at tens of kilohertz up to a few
megahertz in power applications, but with decreasing power levels. Vacuum tube devices
dominate high power (hundreds of kilowatts) at very high frequency (hundreds or thousands
of megahertz) applications. Faster switching devices minimize energy lost in the transitions
from on to off and back, but may create problems with radiated electromagnetic interference.
Gate drive (or equivalent) circuits must be designed to supply sufficient drive current to
achieve the full switching speed possible with a device. A device without sufficient drive to
switch rapidly may be destroyed by excess heating.
Practical devices have non-zero voltage drop and dissipate power when on, and take
some time to pass through an active region until they reach the "on" or "off" state. These
losses are a significant part of the total lost power in a converter. Power handling and
dissipation of devices is also a critical factor in design. Power electronic devices may have to
dissipate tens or hundreds of watts of waste heat, even switching as efficiently as possible
between conducting and non-conducting states. In the switching mode, the power controlled
is much larger than the power dissipated in the switch. The forward voltage drop in the
conducting state translates into heat that must be dissipated. High power semiconductors
require specialized heat sinks or active cooling systems to manage their junction temperature;
exotic semiconductors such as silicon carbide have an advantage over straight silicon in this
respect, and germanium, once the main-stay of solid-state electronics is now little used due to
its unfavourable high temperature properties.
Semiconductor devices exist with ratings up to a few kilovolts in a single device.
Where very high voltage must be controlled, multiple devices must be used in series, with
networks to equalize voltage across all devices. Again, switching speed is a critical factor
since the slowest-switching device will have to withstand a disproportionate share of the
overall voltage. Mercury valves were once available with ratings to 100 kV in a single unit,
simplifying their application in HVDC systems. The current rating of a semiconductor
device is limited by the heat generated within the dies and the heat developed in the
resistance of the interconnecting leads. Semiconductor devices must be designed so that
current is evenly distributed within the device across its internal junctions (or channels); once
a "hot spot" develops, breakdown effects can rapidly destroy the device. Certain SCRs are
available with current ratings to 3000 amperes in a single unit.
Solid-state devices
Device Description Ratings

Uni-polar, uncontrolled, switching device used in

Up to 3000
applications such as rectification and circuit
amperes and 5000
directional current control. Reverse voltage
volts in a single
blocking device, commonly modeled as a switch
silicon device.
Diode in series with a voltage source, usually 0.7 VDC.
High voltage
The model can be enhanced to include a junction
requires multiple
resistance, in order to accurately predict the diode
series silicon
voltage drop across the diode with respect to
devices.
current flow.

This semi-controlled device turns on when a gate

pulse is present and the anode is positive
compared to the cathode. When a gate pulse is Up to 3000
Silicon-controlled present, the device operates like a standard diode. amperes, 5000
rectifier(SCR) When the anode is negative compared to the volts in a single
cathode, the device turns off and blocks positive or silicon device.
negative voltages present. The gate voltage does
not allow the device to turn off.[4]

The thyristor is a family of three-terminal devices

that include SCRs, GTOs, and MCT. For most of
the devices, a gate pulse turns the device on. The
Thyristor device turns off when the anode voltage falls
below a value (relative to the cathode) determined
by the device characteristics. When off, it is
considered a reverse voltage blocking device.[4]

The gate turn-off thyristor, unlike an SCR, can be

Gate turn-off turned on and off with a gate pulse. One issue with
thyristor(GTO) the device is that turn off gate voltages are usually
larger and require more current than turn on levels.
 This turn off voltage is a negative voltage from
gate to source, usually it only needs to be present
for a short time, but the magnitude s on the order
of 1/3 of the anode current. A snubber circuit is
required in order to provide a usable switching
curve for this device. Without the snubber circuit,
the GTO cannot be used for turning inductive
loads off. These devices, because of developments
in IGCT technology are not very popular in the
power electronics realm. They are considered
controlled, uni-polar and bi-polar voltage
blocking.[5]

The triac is a device that is essentially an

integrated pair of phase-controlled thyristors
connected in inverse-parallel on the same
chip.[6] Like an SCR, when a voltage pulse is
present on the gate terminal, the device turns on.
The main difference between an SCR and a Triac
Triac
is that both the positive and negative cycle can be
turned on independently of each other, using a
positive or negative gate pulse. Similar to an SCR,
once the device is turned on, the device cannot be
turned off. This device is considered bi-polar and
reverse voltage blocking.

The BJT cannot be used at high power; they are

slower and have more resistive losses when
compared to MOSFET type devices. To carry high
Bipolar junction current, BJTs must have relatively large base
transistor(BJT) currents, thus these devices have high power
losses when compared to MOSFET devices. BJTs
along with MOSFETs, are also considered
unipolar and do not block reverse voltage very
 well, unless installed in pairs with protection
diodes. Generally, BJTs are not utilized in power
electronics switching circuits because of the I2R
losses associated with on resistance and base
current requirements.[4] BJTs have lower current
gains in high power packages, thus requiring them
to be set up in Darlington configurations in order
to handle the currents required by power electronic
circuits. Because of these multiple transistor
configurations, switching times are in the hundreds
of nanoseconds to microseconds. Devices have
voltage ratings which max out around 1500 V and
fairly high current ratings. They can also be
paralleled in order to increase power handling, but
must be limited to around 5 devices for current
sharing.[5]

The main benefit of the power MOSFET is that the

base current for BJT is large compared to almost
zero for MOSFET gate current. Since the
MOSFET is a depletion channel device, voltage,
not current, is necessary to create a conduction
path from drain to source. The gate does not
contribute to either drain or source current. Turn
on gate current is essentially zero with the only
Power MOSFET power dissipated at the gate coming during
switching. Losses in MOSFETs are largely
attributed to on-resistance. The calculations show
a direct correlation to drain source on-resistance
and the device blocking voltage rating, BVdss.
Switching times range from tens of nanoseconds to
a few hundred microseconds, depending on the
device. MOSFET drain source resistances increase
as more current flows through the device. As
 frequencies increase the losses increase as well,
making BJTs more attractive. Power MOSFETs
can be paralleled in order to increase switching
current and therefore overall switching power.
Nominal voltages for MOSFET switching devices
range from a few volts to a little over 1000 V, with
currents up to about 100 A or so. Newer devices
may have higher operational characteristics.
MOSFET devices are not bi-directional, nor are
they reverse voltage blocking.[5] ||

These devices have the best characteristics of

MOSFETs and BJTs. Like MOSFET devices, the
insulated gate bipolar transistor has a high gate
impedance, thus low gate current requirements.
Like BJTs, this device has low on state voltage
drop, thus low power loss across the switch in
Insulated-gate
operating mode. Similar to the GTO, the IGBT can
bipolar
be used to block both positive and negative
transistor(IGBT)
voltages. Operating currents are fairly high, in
excess of 1500 A and switching voltage up to
3000 V.[5] The IGBT has reduced input
capacitance compared to MOSFET devices which
improves the Miller feedback effect during high
dv/dt turn on and turn off.[6]

The MOS-controlled thyristor is thyristor like and

can be triggered on or off by a pulse to the
MOSFET gate.[6] Since the input is MOS
MOS-controlled technology, there is very little current flow,
thyristor(MCT) allowing for very low power control signals. The
device is constructed with two MOSFET inputs
and a pair of BJT output stages. Input MOSFETs
are configured to allow turn on control during
 positive and negative half cycles. The output BJTs
are configured to allow for bidirectional control
and low voltage reverse blocking. Some benefits
to the MCT are fast switching frequencies, fairly
high voltage and medium current ratings (around
100 A or so).

Similar to a GTO, but without the high current

requirements to turn on or off the load. The IGCT
can be used for quick switching with little gate
current. The devices high input impedance largely
because of the MOSFET gate drivers. They have
low resistance outputs that don't waste power and
very fast transient times that rival that of BJTs.
ABB has published data sheets for these devices
and provided descriptions of the inner workings.
The device consists of a gate, with an optically
Integrated gate-
isolated input, low on resistance BJT output
commutated
transistors which lead to a low voltage drop and
thyristor(IGCT)
low power loss across the device at fairly high
switching voltage and current levels.
An example of this new device from ABB shows
how this device improves on GTO technology for
switching high voltage and high current in power
electronics applications. According to ABB, the
IGCT devices are capable of switching in excess
of 5000 VAC and 5000 A at very high
frequencies, something not possible to do
efficiently with GTO devices.[7]

2.2.2 DC to AC converters
DC to AC converters produce an AC output waveform from a DC source.
Applications include adjustable speed drives (ASD), uninterruptable power supplies (UPS),
active filters, Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS), voltage compensators, and
photovoltaic generators. Topologies for these converters can be separated into two distinct
categories: voltage source inverters and current source inverters. Voltage source inverters
(VSIs) are named so because the independently controlled output is a voltage waveform.
Similarly, current source inverters (CSIs) are distinct in that the controlled AC output is a
current waveform.
Being static power converters, the DC to AC power conversion is the result of power
switching devices, which are commonly fully controllable semiconductor power switches.
The output waveforms are therefore made up of discrete values, producing fast transitions
rather than smooth ones. The ability to produce near sinusoidal waveforms around the
fundamental frequency is dictated by the modulation technique controlling when, and for
how long, the power valves are on and off. Common modulation techniques include the
carrier-based technique, or pulse width modulation, space-vector technique, and the selective-
harmonic technique.
Voltage source inverters have practical uses in both single-phase and three-phase
applications. Single-phase VSIs utilize half-bridge and full-bridge configurations, and are
widely used for power supplies, single-phase UPSs, and elaborate high-power topologies
when used in multicell configurations. Three-phase VSIs are used in applications that require
sinusoidal voltage waveforms, such as ASDs, UPSs, and some types of FACTS devices such
as the STATCOM. They are also used in applications where arbitrary voltages are required as
in the case of active filters and voltage compensators.
Current source inverters are used to produce an AC output current from a DC current
supply. This type of inverter is practical for three-phase applications in which high-quality
voltage waveforms are required.
A relatively new class of inverters, called multilevel inverters, has gained widespread
interest. Normal operation of CSIs and VSIs can be classified as two-level inverters, due to
the fact that power switches connect to either the positive or to the negative DC bus. If more
than two voltage levels were available to the inverter output terminals, the AC output could
better approximate a sine wave. It is for this reason that multilevel inverters, although more
complex and costly, offer higher performance.
Each inverter type differs in the DC links used, and in whether or not they require
freewheeling diodes. Either can be made to operate in square-wave or pulse-width
modulation (PWM) mode, depending on its intended usage. Square-wave mode offers
simplicity, while PWM can be implemented several different ways and produces higher
quality waveforms.[8]
Voltage Source Inverters (VSI) feed the output inverter section from an approximately
constant-voltage source.
The desired quality of the current output waveform determines which modulation
technique needs to be selected for a given application. The output of a VSI is composed of
discrete values. In order to obtain a smooth current waveform, the loads need to be inductive
at the select harmonic frequencies. Without some sort of inductive filtering between the
source and load, a capacitive load will cause the load to receive a choppy current waveform,
with large and frequent current spikes.[8]
There are three main types of VSIs:
1. Single-phase half-bridge inverter
2. Single-phase full-bridge inverter
3. Three-phase voltage source inverter

2.3 Single-phase half-bridge inverter

Fig 2.1 The AC input for an ASD.

Fig 2.2 Single-Phase Half-Bridge Voltage Source Inverter

The single-phase voltage source half-bridge inverters, are meant for lower voltage
applications and are commonly used in power supplies.[8] Figure 2 shows the circuit
schematic of this inverter.
Low-order current harmonics get injected back to the source voltage by the operation
of the inverter. This means that two large capacitors are needed for filtering purposes in this
design. As Figure 2.2 illustrates, only one switch can be on at time in each leg of the inverter.
If both switches in a leg were on at the same time, the DC source will be shorted out.
Inverters can use several modulation techniques to control their switching schemes. The
carrier-based PWM technique compares the AC output waveform, vc, to a carrier voltage
signal, v. When vc is greater than v, S+ is on, and when vc is less than v, S- is on. When
the AC output is at frequency fc with its amplitude at vc, and the triangular carrier signal is at
frequency f with its amplitude at v, the PWM becomes a special sinusoidal case of the
carrier based PWM.[8] This case is dubbed sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM).For
this, the modulation index, or amplitude-modulation ratio, is defined as ma = vc / v .
The normalized carrier frequency, or frequency-modulation ratio, is calculated using the
equation mf = f / fc .
If the over-modulation region, ma, exceeds one, a higher fundamental AC output
voltage will be observed, but at the cost of saturation. For SPWM, the harmonics of the
output waveform are at well-defined frequencies and amplitudes. This simplifies the design
of the filtering components needed for the low-order current harmonic injection from the
operation of the inverter. The maximum output amplitude in this mode of operation is half of
the source voltage. If the maximum output amplitude, ma, exceeds 3.24, the output waveform
of the inverter becomes a square wave.[8]
As was true for PWM, both switches in a leg for square wave modulation cannot be turned on
at the same time, as this would cause a short across the voltage source. The switching scheme
requires that both S+ and S- be on for a half cycle of the AC output period.[8] The
fundamental AC output amplitude is equal to vo1 = vaN.
Its harmonics have an amplitude ofvoh =vo1 / h.

Therefore, the AC output voltage is not controlled by the inverter, but rather by the
magnitude of the DC input voltage of the inverter.[8]
Using selective harmonic elimination (SHE) as a modulation technique allows the switching
of the inverter to selectively eliminate intrinsic harmonics. The fundamental component of
the AC output voltage can also be adjusted within a desirable range. Since the AC output
voltage obtained from this modulation technique has odd half and odd quarter wave
symmetry, even harmonics do not exist.[8] Any undesirable odd (N-1) intrinsic harmonics
from the output waveform can be eliminated.

2.4 Single-phase full-bridge inverter

Fig 2.3: Single-Phase Voltage Source Full-Bridge Inverter

FIGURE 4: Carrier and Modulating Signals for the Bipolar Pulsewidth Modulation
Technique
The full-bridge inverter is similar to the half bridge-inverter, but it has an additional
leg to connect the neutral point to the load.[8] Figure 3 shows the circuit schematic of the
single-phase voltage source full-bridge inverter. To avoid shorting out the voltage source,
S1+ and S1- cannot be on at the same time, and S2+ and S2- also cannot be on at the same
time. Any modulating technique used for the full-bridge configuration should have either the
top or the bottom switch of each leg on at any given time. Due to the extra leg, the maximum
amplitude of the output waveform is Vi, and is twice as large as the maximum achievable
output amplitude for the half-bridge configuration.
States 1 and 2 from Table 2 are used to generate the AC output voltage with bipolar
SPWM. The AC output voltage can take on only two values, either Vi or Vi. To generate
these same states using a half-bridge configuration, a carrier based technique can be used. S+
being on for the half-bridge corresponds to S1+ and S2- being on for the full-bridge.
Similarly, S- being on for the half-bridge corresponds to S1- and S2+ being on for the full
bridge. The output voltage for this modulation technique is more or less sinusoidal, with a
fundamental component that has an amplitude in the linear region of ma less than or equal to
one vo1 =vab1= vi ma.
Unlike the bipolar PWM technique, the unipolar approach uses states 1, 2, 3 and 4
from Table 2 to generate its AC output voltage. Therefore, the AC output voltage can take on
the values Vi, 0 or V [1]i. To generate these states, two sinusoidal modulating signals, Vc
and Vc, are needed, as seen in Figure 4.
2.5 AC/AC converters
 Converting AC power to AC power allows control of the voltage, frequency, and
phase of the waveform applied to a load from a supplied AC system .[10] The two main
categories that can be used to separate the types of converters are whether the frequency of
the waveform is changed.[11] AC/AC converter that don't allow the user to modify the
frequencies are known as AC Voltage Controllers, or AC Regulators. AC converters that
allow the user to change the frequency are simply referred to as frequency converters for AC
to AC conversion. Under frequency converters there are three different types of converters
that are typically used: cycloconverter, matrix converter, DC link converter (aka AC/DC/AC
converter).
2.6 AC voltage controller
The purpose of an AC Voltage Controller, or AC Regulator, is to vary the RMS voltage
across the load while at a constant frequency.[10] Three control methods that are generally
accepted are ON/OFF Control, Phase-Angle Control, and Pulse Width Modulation AC
Chopper Control (PWM AC Chopper Control).[12] All three of these methods can be
implemented not only in single-phase circuits, but three-phase circuits as well.
ON/OFF Control: Typically used for heating loads or speed control of motors, this
control method involves turning the switch on for n integral cycles and turning the switch
off for m integral cycles. Because turning the switches on and off causes undesirable
harmonics to be created, the switches are turned on and off during zero-voltage and zero-
current conditions (zero-crossing), effectively reducing the distortion.[12]
Phase-Angle Control: Various circuits exist to implement a phase-angle control on
different waveforms, such as half-wave or full-wave voltage control. The power
electronic components that are typically used are diodes, SCRs, and Triacs. With the use
of these components, the user can delay the firing angle in a wave which will only cause
part of the wave to be outputted.[10]
PWM AC Chopper Control: The other two control methods often have poor harmonics,
output current quality, and input power factor. In order to improve these values PWM can
be used instead of the other methods. What PWM AC Chopper does is have switches that
turn on and off several times within alternate half-cycles of input voltage.[12]
2.7 Matrix converters and cycloconverters
Cycloconverters are widely used in industry for ac to ac conversion, because they are
able to be used in high-power applications. They are commutated direct frequency converters
that are synchronized by a supply line. The cycloconverters output voltage waveforms have
complex harmonics with the higher order harmonics being filtered by the machine
inductance. Causing the machine current to have fewer harmonics, while the remaining
harmonics causes losses and torque pulsations. Note that in a cycloconverter, unlike other
converters, there are no inductors or capacitors, i.e. no storage devices. For this reason, the
instantaneous input power and the output power are equal.[13]
Single-Phase to Single-Phase Cycloconverters: Single-Phase to Single-Phase
Cycloconverters started drawing more interest recently because of the decrease in both
size and price of the power electronics switches. The single-phase high frequency ac
voltage can be either sinusoidal or trapezoidal. These might be zero voltage intervals for
control purpose or zero voltage commutation.
Three-Phase to Single-Phase Cycloconverters: There are two kinds of three-phase to
single-phase cycloconverters: 3 to 1 half wave cycloconverters and 3 to 1 bridge
cycloconverters. Both positive and negative converters can generate voltage at either
polarity, resulting in the positive converter only supplying positive current, and the
negative converter only supplying negative current.
With recent device advances, newer forms of cycloconverters are being developed,
such as matrix converters. The first change that is first noticed is that matrix converters utilize
bi-directional, bipolar switches. A single phase to a single phase matrix converter consists of
a matrix of 9 switches connecting the three input phases to the tree output phase. Any input
phase and output phase can be connected together at any time without connecting any two
switches from the same phase at the same time; otherwise this will cause a short circuit of the
input phases. Matrix converters are lighter, more compact and versatile than other converter
solutions. As a result, they are able to achieve higher levels of integration, higher temperature
operation, broad output frequency and natural bi-directional power flow suitable to regenerate
energy back to the utility.
The matrix converters are subdivided into two types: direct and indirect converters. A
direct matrix converter with three-phase input and three-phase output, the switches in a
matrix converter must be bi-directional, that is, they must be able to block voltages of either
polarity and to conduct current in either direction. This switching strategy permits the highest
possible output voltage and reduces the reactive line-side current. Therefore the power flow
through the converter is reversible. Because of its commutation problem and complex control
keep it from being broadly utilized in industry.
Unlike the direct matrix converters, the indirect matrix converters has the same
functionality, but uses separate input and output sections that are connected through a dc link
without storage elements. The design includes a four-quadrant current source rectifier and a
voltage source inverter. The input section consists of bi-directional bipolar switches. The
commutation strategy can be applied by changing the switching state of the input section
while the output section is in a freewheeling mode. This commutation algorithm is
significantly less complexity and higher reliability as compared to a conventional direct
matrix converter.
 CHAPTER 3
DC-DC Converter Basics

A DC-to-DC converter is a device that accepts a DC input voltage and produces a DC

output voltage. Typically the output produced is at a different voltage level than the input. In
addition, DC-to-DC converters are used to provide noise isolation, power bus regulation, etc.
This is a summary of some of the popular DC-to-DC converter topologies.

3.1 BUCK CONVERTER STEP-DOWN CONVERTER

In this circuit the transistor turning ON will put voltage Vin on one end of the
inductor. This voltage will tend to cause the inductor current to rise. When the transistor is
OFF, the current will continue flowing through the inductor but now flowing through the
diode.

We initially assume that the current through the inductor does not reach zero, thus the
voltage at Vx will now be only the voltage across the conducting diode during the full OFF
time. The average voltage at Vx will depend on the average ON time of the transistor
provided the inductor current is continuous.

Fig 3.1 Buck Converter

 Fig 3.2 Voltage and current changes

To analyze the voltages of this circuit let us consider the changes in the inductor current over
one cycle. From the relation

. (1)

the change of current satisfies

. (2)

For steady state operation the current at the start and end of a period T will not
change. To get a simple relation between voltages we assume no voltage drop across
transistor or diode while ON and a perfect switch change. Thus during the ON time Vx=Vin
and in the OFF Vx=0. Thus

. (3)

which simplifies to

(4)
or

(5)

and defining "duty ratio" as

. (6)

the voltage relationship becomes Vo=D Vin Since the circuit is lossless and the input and
output powers must match on the average Vo* Io = Vin* Iin. Thus the average input and output
current must satisfy Iin =D Io These relations are based on the assumption that the inductor
current does not reach zero.

Transition between continuous and discontinuous

When the current in the inductor L remains always positive then either the transistor
T1 or the diode D1 must be conducting. For continuous conduction the voltage Vx is either
Vin or 0. If the inductor current ever goes to zero then the output voltage will not be forced to
either of these conditions. At this transition point the current just reaches zero as seen in
Figure (buck booster boundery). During the ON time Vin-Vout is across the inductor thus

(7)

The average current which must match the output current satisfies

(8)
 Fig 3.3 Buck Converter at Boundary

If the input voltage is constant the output current at the transition point satisfies

(9)

Voltage Ratio of Buck Converter (Discontinuous Mode)

As for the continuous conduction analysis we use the fact that the integral of voltage
across the inductor is zero over a cycle of switching T. The transistor OFF time is now
divided into segments of diode conduction ddT and zero conduction doT. The inductor
average voltage thus gives

(Vin - Vo ) DT + (-Vo) dT =0 (10)

 Fig 3.4 Buck Converter - Discontinuous Conduction

(11)

for the case . To resolve the value of consider the output current which is half

the peak when averaged over the conduction times

(12)

Considering the change of current during the diode conduction time

(13)

Thus from (6) and (7) we can get

(14)

using the relationship in (5)

 (15)

and solving for the diode conduction

(16)

The output voltage is thus given as

(17)

defining k* = 2L/(Vin T), we can see the effect of discontinuous current on the voltage ratio

of the converter.

Fig 3.5 Output Voltage vs Current

As seen in the figure, once the output current is high enough, the voltage ratio depends only
on the duty ratio "d". At low currents the discontinuous operation tends to increase the output
voltage of the converter towards Vin.

3.2 BOOST CONVERTER STEP-UP CONVERTER

 The schematic in Fig. 6 shows the basic boost converter. This circuit is used when a
higher output voltage than input is required.

Fig 3.6 Boost Converter Circuit

While the transistor is ON Vx =Vin, and the OFF state the inductor current flows through the
diode giving Vx =Vo. For this analysis it is assumed that the inductor current always remains
flowing (continuous conduction). The voltage across the inductor is shown in Fig. 7 and the
average must be zero for the average current to remain in steady state

(18)

This can be rearranged as

. (19)

and for a lossless circuit the power balance ensures

.. (20)
 Fig 3.7 Voltage and current waveforms (Boost Converter)

Since the duty ratio "D" is between 0 and 1 the output voltage must always be higher than the
input voltage in magnitude. The negative sign indicates a reversal of sense of the output
voltage.

3.3 BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER

Fig 3.8 schematic for buck-boost converter

With continuous conduction for the Buck-Boost converter Vx =Vin when the transistor is ON
and Vx =Vo when the transistor is OFF. For zero net current change over a period the average
voltage across the inductor is zero

.. (21)

which gives the voltage ratio

(22)
and the corresponding current

.. (23)

Since the duty ratio "D" is between 0 and 1 the output voltage can vary between lower or
higher than the input voltage in magnitude. The negative sign indicates a reversal of sense of
the output voltage.

3.4 CONVERTER COMPARISON

The voltage ratios achievable by the DC-DC converters is summarised in Fig. 10.
Notice that only the buck converter shows a linear relationship between the control (duty
ratio) and output voltage. The buck-boost can reduce or increase the voltage ratio with unit
gain for a duty ratio of 50%.

Fig 3.9 Comparison of Voltage ratio

3.5 CUK CONVERTER

The buck, boost and buck-boost converters all transferred energy between input and
output using the inductor, analysis is based of voltage balance across the inductor. The CUK
converter uses capacitive energy transfer and analysis is based on current balance of the
capacitor. The circuit in Fig. below(CUK converter) is derived from DUALITY principle on
the buck-boost converter.
 Fig 3.10 CUK Converter

If we assume that the current through the inductors is essentially ripple free we can examine
the charge balance for the capacitor C1. For the transistor ON the circuit becomes

Fig 3.11 CUK "ON-STATE"

and the current in C1 is IL1. When the transistor is OFF, the diode conducts and the current in
C1 becomes IL2.

Fig 3.12 CUK "OFF-STATE"

Since the steady state assumes no net capacitor voltage rise ,the net current is zero

(24)

which implies
 .. (25)

The inductor currents match the input and output currents, thus using the power conservation
rule

(26)

Thus the voltage ratio is the same as the buck-boost converter. The advantage of the CUK
converter is that the input and output inductors create a smooth current at both sides of the
converter while the buck, boost and buck-boost have at least one side with pulsed current.

3.6 Isolated DC-DC Converters

In many DC-DC applications, multiple outputs are required and output isolation may need to
be implemented depending on the application. In addition, input to output isolation may be
required to meet safety standards and / or provide impedance matching.

The above discussed DC-DC topologies can be adapted to provide isolation between input
and output.

3.7 Flyback Converter

The flyback converter can be developed as an extension of the Buck-Boost converter. Fig (a)
shows the basic converter; Fig (b)(replacing inductor by transformer) replaces the inductor by
a transformer. The buck-boost converter works by storing energy in the inductor during the
ON phase and releasing it to the output during the OFF phase. With the transformer the
energy storage is in the magnetisation of the transformer core. To increase the stored energy a
gapped core is often used.

In Fig (c) the isolated output is clarified by removal of the common reference of the input and
output circuits.
 Fig 3.13 Buck-Boost Converter

(a) Replacing inductor by transformer

(b) Flyback converter re-configured

3.8 Forward Converter

The concept behind the foward converter is that of the ideal transformer converting the input
AC voltage to an isolated secondary output voltage. For the circuit in Fig. (forward
converter), when the transistor is ON, Vin appears across the primary and then generates
 (27)

The diode D1 on the secondary ensures that only positive voltages are applied to the output
circuit while D2 provides a circulating path for inductor current if the transformer voltage is
zero or negative.

Fig 3.14 Forward Converter

The problem with the operation of the circuit in Fig above(forward converter) is that only
positive voltage is applied across the core, thus flux can only increase with the application of
the supply. The flux will increase until the core saturates when the magnetising current
increases significantly and circuit failure occurs. The transformer can only sustain operation
when there is no significant DC component to the input voltage. While the switch is ON there
is positive voltage across the core and the flux increases. When the switch turns OFF we need
to supply negative voltage to rset the core flux. The circuit in Fig. below shows a tertiary
winding with a diode connection to permit reverse current. Note that the "dot" convention for
the tertiary winding is opposite those of the other windings. When the switch turns OFF
current was flowing in a "dot" terminal. The core inductance act to continue current in a
dotted terminal.
Fig 3.15 Forward converter with tertiary winding
 CHAPTER-4
BOOST CONVERTER

4.1 Introduction

A boost converter (step-up converter) is a power converter with an output DC voltage

greater than its input DC voltage. It is a class of switching-mode power supply
(SMPS) containing at least two semiconductor switches (a diode and a transistor) and at least
one energy storage element. Filters made of capacitors (sometimes in combination
with inductors) are normally added to the output of the converter to reduce output voltage
ripple.

Fig 4.1 Schematic diagram of Boost Converter

Power can also come from DC sources such as batteries, solar panels, rectifiers and DC
generators. A process that changes one DC voltage to a different DC voltage is called DC to
DC conversion. A boost converter is a DC to DC converter with an output voltage greater
than the source voltage. A boost converter is sometimes called a step-up converter since it
steps up the source voltage. Since power (P = VI or P = UI in Europe) must be conserved,
the output current is lower than the source current.

A boost converter may also be referred to as a 'Joule thief'. This term is usually used only
with very low power battery applications, and is aimed at the ability of a boost converter to
'steal' the remaining energy in a battery. This energy would otherwise be wasted since a
normal load wouldn't be able to handle the battery's low voltage.*

This energy would otherwise remain untapped because in most low-frequency

applications, currents will not flow through a load without a significant difference of
potential between the two poles of the source (voltage.)
4.2 Block Diagram
The basic building blocks of a boost converter circuit are shown in Fig.

Magnetic
Field Storage

Voltage Element
Switch Switching Output
Control Element
Source Rectifier and

Fig4.2 Block diagram Filter

The voltage source provides the input DC voltage to the switch control, and to the magnetic
field storage element. The switch control directs the action of the switching element, while
the output rectifier and filter deliver an acceptable DC voltage to the output.
4.3 Operating principle

The key principle that drives the boost converter is the tendency of an inductor to
resist changes in current. When being charged it acts as a load and absorbs energy (somewhat
like a resistor), when being discharged, it acts as an energy source (somewhat like a battery).
The voltage it produces during the discharge phase is related to the rate of change of current,
and not to the original charging voltage, thus allowing different input and output voltages.

Fig4.3 . The two configurations of a boost converter, depending on the state of the
switch S.

The basic principle of a Boost converter consists of 2 distinct states (see figure ):
 in the On-state, the switch S (see figure) is closed, resulting in an increase in the inductor
current;
In the Off-state, the switch is open and the only path offered to inductor current is through
the flyback diode D, the capacitor C and the load R. This result in transferring the energy
accumulated during the On-state into the capacitor.

The input current is the same as the inductor current as can be seen in figure. So it is not
discontinuous as in the buck converter and the requirements on the input filter are relaxed
compared to a buck converter.

Continuous mode

When a boost converter operates in continuous mode, the current through the inductor (IL)
never falls to zero. Figure shows the typical waveforms of currents and voltages in a
converter operating in this mode. The output voltage can be calculated as follows, in the case
of an ideal converter (i.e. using components with an ideal behavior) operating in steady
conditions:

Fig4.4 Waveforms of current and voltage in a boost converter operating in continuous mode.

During the On-state, the switch S is closed, which makes the input voltage (Vi) appear across
the inductor, which causes a change in current (IL) flowing through the inductor during a time
period (t) by the formula:

At the end of the On-state, the increase of IL is therefore:

D is the duty cycle. It represents the fraction of the commutation period T during which the
switch is on. Therefore D ranges between 0 (S is never on) and 1 (S is always on).

During the Off-state, the switch S is open, so the inductor current flows through the load. If
we consider zero voltage drop in the diode, and a capacitor large enough for its voltage to
remain constant, the evolution of IL is:

Therefore, the variation of IL during the Off-period is:

As we consider that the converter operates in steady-state conditions, the amount of energy
stored in each of its components has to be the same at the beginning and at the end of a
commutation cycle. In particular, the energy stored in the inductor is given by:

So, the inductor current has to be the same at the start and end of the commutation cycle. This
means the overall change in the current (the sum of the changes) is zero:

Substituting and by their expressions yields:

This can be written as:

Which in turns reveals the duty cycle to be

From the above expression it can be seen that the output voltage is always higher than the
input voltage (as the duty cycle goes from 0 to 1), and that it increases with D, theoretically to
infinity as D approaches 1. This is why this converter is sometimes referred to as a step-
up converter.

Discontinuous mode

In some cases, the amount of energy required by the load is small enough to be transferred in
a time smaller than the whole commutation period. In this case, the current through the
inductor falls to zero during part of the period. The only difference in the principle described
above is that the inductor is completely discharged at the end of the commutation cycle (see
waveforms in figure ). Although slight, the difference has a strong effect on the output
voltage equation. It can be calculated as follows

Fig:4.5 Waveforms of current and voltage in a boost converter operating in discontinuous

mode.

As the inductor current at the beginning of the cycle is zero, its maximum value (at
t = DT) is

During the off-period, IL falls to zero after T:

Using the two previous equations, is:

The load current Io is equal to the average diode current (ID). As can be seen on figure 4, the
diode current is equal to the inductor current during the off-state. Therefore the output current
can be written as:

Replacing ILmax and by their respective expressions yields:

Therefore, the output voltage gain can be written as flow:

Compared to the expression of the output voltage for the continuous mode, this expression is
much more complicated. Furthermore, in discontinuous operation, the output voltage gain not
only depends on the duty cycle, but also on the inductor value, the input voltage, the
switching frequency, and the output current.

4.4 APPLICATIONS

Battery powered systems often stack cells in series to achieve higher voltage. However,
sufficient stacking of cells is not possible in many high voltage applications due to lack of
space. Boost converters can increase the voltage and reduce the number of cells. Two battery-
powered applications that use boost converters are hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and
lighting systems.

The NHW20 model Toyota Prius HEV uses a 500 V motor. Without a boost converter, the
Prius would need nearly 417 cells to power the motor. However, a Prius actually uses only
168 cells and boosts the battery voltage from 202 V to 500 V. Boost converters also power
devices at smaller scale applications, such as portable lighting systems. A white
LED typically requires 3.3 V to emit light, and a boost converter can step up the voltage from
a single 1.5 V alkaline cell to power the lamp. Boost converters can also produce higher
voltages to operate cold cathode fluorescent tubes (CCFL) in devices such
as LCD backlights and some flashlights.
 CHAPTER 5

PROPOSED CONVERTER STRUCTURE&OPERATION

Fig.5.1. Proposed transformer less buckboost converter

Fig. 5.1 shows the circuit configuration of the new transformer less buckboost
converter, which consists of two power switches (S1 and S2), two diodes (D1 and D0), two
inductors (L1 and L2), two capacitors (C1 and C0), and one resistive load R. Power switches
S1 and S2 are controlled synchronously.

According to the state of the power switches and diodes, some typical time-domain
waveforms for this new transformer less buckboost converter operating in CCM are
displayed in Fig.5 2, and the possible operation states for the proposed buckboost converter
are shown in Fig.5 3. For Fig.5 3(a), it denotes that the power switches S1 and S2 are turned
on, whereas the diodes D1 and D0 do not conduct. Consequently, both the inductor L1 and
the inductor L2 are magnetized, and both the charge pump capacitor C1 and the output
capacitor C0 are discharged. For Fig.5 3(b), it describes that the power switches S1 and S2
are turned off while the diodes D1 and D0 conduct for its forward biased voltage. Hence,
both the inductor L1 and the inductor L2 are demagnetized, and both the charge pump
capacitor C1 and the output capacitor C0 are charged. Here, in order to simplify the circuit
analyses and deduction, we assumed that the converter operates in steady state, all
components are ideal, and all capacitors are large enough to keep the voltage across them
constant.
 Fig 5.2 Typical time-domain waveforms for the proposed buckboost converter
operating in CCM

Fig.5 3. Equivalent circuits of the proposed buckboost converter in two possible

states. (a) State 1. (b) State 2.

5.2 Operating Principles

As shown in Fig. 5.3, there are two states, i.e., state 1 and state 2, in the new transformer less
buckboost converter when it operates in CCM operation
State 1 (NT < t < (N + D)T):

During this time interval, the switches S1 and S2 are turned on, while D1 and D0 are reverse
biased. From Fig.5.3(a), it is seen that L1 is magnetized from the input voltage Vin while L2
is magnetized from the input voltage Vin and the charge pump capacitor C1. Moreover, the
output energy is supplied from the output capacitor C0. Thus, the corresponding equations
can be established as

VL1 = Vin (1)

VL2 = Vin + VC1. (2)

State 2 ((N + D)T <t< (N + 1)T):

During this time interval, the switches S1 and S2 are turned off, while D1 and D0 are forward
biased. From Fig. 5.3(b), it is seen that the energy stored in the inductor L1 is released to the
charge pump capacitor C1 via the diode D1. At the same time, the energy stored in the
inductor L2 is released to the charge pump capacitor C1, the output capacitor C0, and the
resistive load R via the diodes D0 and D1. The equations of the state 2 are described as
follows: VL1 = VC1 (3)

VL2 = (VC1 + V0). (4)

If applying the voltage-second balance principle on the inductor L1, then the voltage across
the charge pump capacitor C1 is readily obtained from (1) and (3) as

VC1 = D /1 D Vin. (5)

Here, D is the duty cycle, which represents the proportion of the power switches turn-on time
to the whole switching cycle. Similarly, by using the voltage-second balance principle on the
inductor L2, the voltage gain of the proposed buckboost converter can be obtained from (2),
(4), and (5) as M = V0 Vin = D 1 D 2 . (6) From (6), it is apparent that the proposed buck
boost converter can step-up the input voltage when the duty cycle is bigger than 0.5, and step-
down the input voltage when the duty cycle is smaller than 0.5.
 CHAPTER 6

MATLAB DISCUSSION& SIMULATION RESULTS

 CHAPYRT 7

CONCLUSION

This paper has proposed a new transformerless buckboost converter as a fourth-order

circuit, which realizes the optimization between the topology construction and the voltage
gain to overcome the drawbacks of the traditional buckboost converter. The operating
principles, steady-state analyses, small signal modeling, and comparisons with other
converters are presented. From the theoretical analyses, the PSIM simulations, and the circuit
experiments, it is proved that the new transformerless buckboost converter possesses the
merits such as high step-up/step-down voltage gain, positive output voltage, simple
construction, and simple control strategy. Hence, the proposed buckboost converter is
suitable for the industrial applications requiring high step-up or step-down voltage gain.
REFERENCES

[1] W. H. Li and X. N. He, Review of non-isolated high step-up DC/DC converters in

photovoltaic grid-connected applications, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 4, pp.
12391250, Apr. 2011.

[2] C. T. Pan and C. M. Lai, A high-efficiency high step-up converter with low switch
voltage stress for fuel-cell system applications, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 6,
pp. 19982006, Jun. 2010.

[3] T. F. Wu and Y. K. Chen, Modeling PWM DCDC converters out of basic converter
units, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 870881, Sep. 1998.

[4] F. L. Luo, Six self-lift DCDC converters, voltage lift technique, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 12681272, Dec. 2001.

[5] F. L. Luo and H. Ye, Positive output cascade boost converters, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng.
Elect. Power Appl., vol. 151, no. 5, pp. 590606, Sep. 2004.

[6] Y. He and F. L. Luo, Analysis of Luo converters with voltage-lift circuit, Proc. Inst.
Elect. Eng. Elect. Power Appl., vol. 152, no. 5, pp. 12391252, Sep. 2005.

[7] Y. T. Chen, W. C. Lin, and R. H. Liang, An interleaved high step-up DC DC converter

with double boost paths, Int. J. Circ. Theor. Appl., vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 967983, Aug. 2015.
[8] L. W. Zhou, B. X. Zhu, Q. M. Luo, and S. Chen, Interleaved non-isolated high step-up
DC/DC converter based on the diodecapacitor multiplier, IET Power Electron., vol. 7, no.
2, pp. 390397, Feb. 2014.

[9] C. T. Pan, C. F. Chuang, and C. C. Chu, A novel transformerless interleaved high step-
down conversion ratio DCDC converter with low switch voltage stress, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 61, no. 10, pp. 52905299, Oct. 2014.

[10] C. T. Pan, C. F. Chuang, and C. C. Chu, A novel transformerless adaptable voltage

quadrupler DC converter with low switch voltage stress, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol.
29, no. 9, pp. 47874796, Sep. 2014.

[11] J. A. Morales-Saldaa, R. Loera-Palomo, E. Palacios-Hernndez, and J. L. Gonzlez-

Martnez, Modelling and control of a DCDC quadratic boost converter with R2P2 , IET
Power Electron., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 11 22, Jan. 2014. [12] Y. M. Ye and K. W. E. Cheng,
Quadratic boost converter with low buffer capacitor stress, IET Power Electron., vol. 7, no.
5, pp. 11621170, May 2014.
[13] B. Axelrod, Y. Berkovich, and A. Ioinovici, Switched-capacitor/ switched-inductor
structures for getting transformerless hybrid DCDC PWM converters, IEEE Trans. Circuits
Syst. I, Reg. Papers, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 687696, Mar. 2008. [14] E. H. Ismail, M. A. Al-
Saffar, A. J. Sabzali, and A. A. Fardoun, A family of single-switch PWM converters with
high step-up conversion ratio, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Reg. Papers, vol. 55, no. 4, pp.
11591171, May 2008.

[15] M. Zhu and F. L. Luo, Enhanced self-lift Cuk converter for negative-topositive voltage
conversion, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 22272233, Sep. 2010.

[16] Y. Tang, T. Wang, and Y. H. He, A switched-capacitor-based activenetwork converter

with high voltage gain, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 29592968, Jun.
2014.

[17] K. I. Hwu and W. C. Tu, Voltage-boosting converters with hybrid energy pumping,
IET Power Electron., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 185195, Feb. 2012.

[18] C. C. Hua, H. C. Chiang, and C. W. Chuang, New boost converter based on Sheppard
Taylor topology, IET Power Electron., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 167176, Jan. 2014.

[19] L. S. Yang, T. J. Liang, and J. F. Chen, Transformerless DCDC converters with high
step-up voltage gain, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 31443152, Aug. 2009.
[20] M. Prudente, L. L. Pfitscher, G. Emmendoerfer, E. F. Romaneli, and R. Gules, Voltage
multiplier cells applied to non-isolated DCDC converters, IEEE Trans. Power Electron.,
vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 871887, Mar. 2008.

[21] Y. Ye and K. W. E. Cheng, A family of single-stage switched-capacitor inductor

PWM converters, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 11, pp. 51965205, Nov. 2013.

[22] K. I. Hwu and Y. T. Yau, High step-up converter based on charge pump and boost
converter, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 24842494, May 2012.

[23] K. I. Hwu and Y. T. Yau, KY converter and its derivatives, IEEE Trans. Power
Electron., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 128137, Jan. 2009.

[24] D. Maksimovic and S. Cuk, Switching converters with wide DC conversion range,
IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 151157, Jan. 1991.

[25] K. I. Hwu and T. J. Peng, A novel buckboost converter combining KY and buck
converters, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 22362241, May 2012.