8/29/2017

Immune System
Overview
Non-specific Defenses (first,
second)
The Immune System Mechanical
Chemical
What You Really Need to Phagocytosis
Know Inflammation
Gail Lupica PhD, RN, CNE Specific Defenses (third line of
Nurs 211 defense)
The Immune response

Immune response=
Complex!!
Complex system that relies on an
elaborate communications among the many
different kinds of immune system cells.

Able to recognize and respond to

ANTIGENS whether they are infectious
agents or part of the body (self antigens).

1
 8/29/2017

Immune System
Overview
Antigens (complex proteins) (self or
foreign) allow cells to distinguish
between self and non-self.
Self antigens- cell markers destroy foreign
antigens because they are recognized as
invaders.
T and B cells
T cells help to destroy infected cells
and coordinate the overall immune
response.
B cells are best known for making
antibodies. An antibody binds to an
antigen and marks the antigen for
destruction by other immune
system cells.

memory
memory cells of the immune system
recognize the same invaders and a
response is developed ( cell antibody =
immunoglobulins).

-memory cells remember -

response

2
 8/29/2017

Immune System
Overview
Components of the Immune
System
Immune cells (B and T cells =
lymphocytes)
Thymus (source of mat of T cells)
Lymph nodes/Lymphatic tissue
Adenoids, tonsils, spleen

Bone marrow (source of mat of B

cells)

Immune System
Overview

Lets look at the Primary and

Secondary Immune responses
Antibodies/Immunoglobulins exposure
to an antigen(substances that elicit immune
response)

3
 8/29/2017

Immune System

Lets look at the cells of the Immune

system

Immune System
two types of lymphocytes:
T- Lymphoctyes (cell mediated-
70%)
B- lymphocytes (humoral
immunity)

4

Immune System
Antibodies/ Immunoglobulins
Are proteins with a unique sequence of amino acids
on a common base
Binds to a specific matching antigen and
KILLS IT!
They are the basis for how immunity to a
disease develops.
Found in general circulation.
There are five classes, each with a special
structure, and function:
8/29/2017
Immune System
Antibodies/ Immunoglobulins
Produces by plasma cells in response
to a challenge by an antigen
Antibodies (immunoglobulins known to
have specificity for a particular
antigen)
5 classes of
antibodies/immunoglobulins
IgG- 80% of the serum antibodies,
activates complement, enhances
phagocytosis
IgM- makes up 13% of the serum
antibodies -first antibody produced
during an immune response. -the
classical complement pathway
5
 8/29/2017

5 classes of
antibodies/immunoglobulins
Immune System
IgA -6% body secretions (saliva,
mucous, tears, colostrum and milk)
IgD - is found on the surface of B-lymphocytes
may control of B-lymphocyte activation.. Natural vs.
IgE can bind to mast cells and Acquired Immunity
basophils (def) where it mediates (table)
allergic reactions

Immune System Immune System

Active Passive What are Cytokines?

Natural Natural contact Passed Chemicals that act as messengers
with antigen
through
through
placenta to
to cells. T cells activate B cells
clinical unborn infant or with secretion of cytokines
infection-- fed to infant
--You get the through They can cause proliferation,
chicken pox,
mumps,
colostrum/
breast milk differentiation, secretion or
measles (lots of IgA) activity. There are over 100
Artificial Immuniza
tion with an
Injections or
infusions of types.
antigen--- human
Immunization immune
with live or globulin
killed
vaccines

6
 8/29/2017

Immune System Immune System

Cytokines Hypersensitivity disorders: The
Types: immune system overreacts against
Interleukins foreign antigens
Colony stimulating Factor (CSF) Types:
Erythropoetin (hormone) Type 1, 11, 111= humoral
(immediate)
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
Type 1V = cellular (delayed)

Hypersensitivity disorders
Type 1
IgE mediated response
Mast cells and Basocells release chemical
mediators when an antigen (allergen) is
bound to an Ig E antibody on a second
exposure to this allergen.
Example:???

7
 8/29/2017

Angio edema

urticaria Hypersensitivity disorders

Type 11
Antibody Mediated Cytotoxic
Disorders
What does cytotoxic mean?
Result of IgG and IgM class antibodies
interacting with tissue/cell surface antigens
Subsequent activation or cell-mediated cytotoxicity
(the cell is doomed) occurs.
Example???

8
 8/29/2017

Hypersensitivity disorders
Type 111
Immune Complex Disorders
mediated by the formation of antigen-antibody
complexes (immune complexes), which cause a
release of Vasoactive mediators causing tissue damage (by
altering blood flow, and increasing vascular permeability.)
Immune complexes produce damage both in the
vascular lining itself and the organs where
they may deposit (kidney, lung, joints) causing an
inflammatory response.
Example:???

Hypersensitivity disorders How much did you learn?

Type 1V
Cell mediated delayed (24-72
hours) Hypersensitivity
Describe the development of
It is mediated by T-cells that are Cytotoxic and release antibodies to a specific antigen
inflammatory chemicals in the surrounding tissue.
These substances attract T or B lymphocytes. The
coagulation cascade is activated causing formation and
deposition of fibrin.
Example???

9

How much did you learn?
Predict why a person only has chicken
pox once in a lifetime
How much did you learn?
Where is IgG found in the body?
8/29/2017
How much did you learn?
Why is a secondary response to an
antigen faster and greater than
the primary response
How much did you learn?
Explain why a newborn infant is
protected from infection by the
measles virus immediately after
birth but later will be given measles
vaccine.
10
 8/29/2017

Great Job!!

11