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-1-
Department of Consulting
Engineering & Technical
Electro-Mechanical Services

1- Definitions
2- Cable Classifications
- 2.1 Low voltage cables
- 2.2 Medium voltage cables
- 2.3 High voltage cables
3- Cable operation
- 3.1 Electrical Load
- 3.2 Voltage Drop
- 3.3 Neutral Cross Section
4- Connections
- 4.1 Feeders
- 4.2 Nominal current ()
- 4.3 Voltage Drop

- 4.4 Neutral Conductor Cross Section in 3-Phase System

- 4.5 Cross Section of Conductors In Branch Lighting Circuits

- 4.6 Branch Circuits for ( Sockets & Lighting outlets )

) (
-2-

5- Maximum Demand and Diversity Factor
6- Circuit Design
- 6.1 Nominal Current ( )
- 6.2 Protection Current (In)
- 6.3 Choice of Correction Factors
- 6.4 Calculation of Total Correction Factor
- 6.5 Calculation of Current Carrying Capacity (Iz)
- 6.6 Revision of Some items
- 6.7 Example of Calculation of Short Circuit Currents

- 6.8 Example for Choice a Suitable Cable Cross Section Area for Load

7- Cables Installation
- 7.1General Precautions for Cable Installations

- 7.2 Precautions of Installation for Underground Cables

- 7.3 Color Code
8- References
-3-
1 Definition of Cables & Conductors
:
( )single conductor
2 Cable Classifications
:
2. 1 Low Voltage Cables (0.6/1-1.2) KV
(: )
* (:)PVC
Single core cables with solid or -1

stranded copper conductors and
PVC insulated ()1 PVC
Single core cables with flexible -2

copper conductors and PVC () PVC
insulated ()2
Multi core cable with flexible -3

copper conductors PVC insulated () PVC
and PVC sheathed PVC
()3
Single core cable,with stranded -4

circular copper conductors, PVC PVC
insulated and PVC sheathed ()4 PVC
Multi core cables with stranded -5

copper conductors PVC insulated PVC
and PVC sheathed PVC ()5
-4-
Aluminum conductors, PVC PVC
insulated and PVC sheathed. ()6 .PVC

copper conductors,PVC PVC
insulated, steel tape armoured .PVC
and PVC sheathed.
()7

Aluminum conductors, PVC PVC
insulated, steel tape armoured .PVC
and PVC sheathed.
()8

copper conductors, PVC PVC
insulated, steelwiresarmoured .PVC
and PVC sheathed.
()9

Aluminum conductors, PVC
insulated, steelwiresarmoured PVC
and PVC sheathed. ()11 PVC
-5-
( :) XLPE
Single core cables with stranded -11
circular copper conductors, XLPE
insulated, and PVC sheathed. XLPE PVC
()11

circular Copper conductors, XLPE
insulated, and PVC sheathed. XLPE
()12 PVC

circular Aluminum conductors,
XLPE insulated, and PVC XLPE
sheathed. ()13 PVC

circular copper conductors, XLPE
insulated, steel tape armoured, and XLPE
PVC sheathed. ()14 PVC

circular Aluminum
conductors,XLPE insulated steel XLPE
tape armoured and PVC sheathed. PVC

()15
Multi core cables, with stranded -16

copper conductors, XLPE
insulated steel tape armoured and XLPE
PVC sheathed. .PVC ()16
-6-
Multi core cables, with stranded -17
Aluminum conductors, XLPE
insulated steel tape armoured and XLPE
-7-
()1
()2
()3
-8-
()4
()5
()6
-9-
()7
()8
()9
- 10 -
()11
()11
()12
- 11 -
()13
()14
()15
- 12 -
( ) 16
()16
()17
- 13 -
2.2 Medium voltage cables :
From (6 --- 36) KV
* :
(6 / 10 12 ) KV
(8.7 / 15- 17.5) KV
(12 / 20 24 ) KV
( 18 / 30 36 ) KV
Single & multi core copper -1

conductor XLPE insulated and XLPE
PVC sheathed. PVC ()18
Single & multi core Aluminum -2

conductor XLPE insulated and XLPE
Multi core copper & Aluminum -3

conductor XLPE insulated, steel XLPE
tape armoured and PVC sheathed. PVC
()21
Multi core copper & Aluminum -4

conductor XLPE insulated, steel XLPE
wire armoured and PVC PVC
sheathed.
()21
- 14 -
()18
()19
- 15 -
Department of Consulting ()21

()21
3.2 2.3 High voltage cables ) 38/ 66-72.5 ) KV::
:
( )
Single core copper conductors, -1

XLPE insulated, copper XLPE
screened and HDPE sheathed HDPE
()22
Single core copper conductors, -2

XLPE insulated, Lead XLPE
screened and HDPE sheathed HDPE
- 16 -
()23
()22
()23
- 17 -
- 18 -
3.1 Electrical Load:
91.
3-2 Voltage Drop:

%2.5
- 19 -
3.3 Neutral Cross Section
.
) (harmonics
. ) (3-phase
( )
() .
- 20 -
- 21 -
4.1 Feeders:
%25 +
4.2 Nominal current:

4.3 Voltage drop:

%2.5
%5
4.4 Neutral conductor cross section in 3 phase-systems

.
:
16 2
)(phase
(3525 2 )2
51 2

25 + 51 3( :35+713( )2)2
- 22 -
4.5 Cross section of conductors in branch lighting circuits
( )

() 111
( )
%125 .
41 ( )
(221) 1.42 ( )1.43
1.52 1.25
1.23 (
.)1.8
1.29 1.25 .
2 2 3 2

.

.
- 23 -
)4.6 Branch circuits for( sockets & lighting outlets
:

- 24 -
- 25 -
5 .Maximum demand and diversity factor
:
- 1 ( )
(.)1
- 2 ()
( )23
- 3 ()
- 26 -
( )1

5,0 2
) (rated current () 2
055

05 %05+

0
- 27 -
( )2

- 28 -
()3

( )2

- 29 -
- 30 -
6 . Circuit design

() .
* - :
Design current : ( )
Protection current : ()In
Relevant correction factors :
Calculationof total correction factor : ) (CF
Cable current carrying capacity : ) (IZ
Iz I n
C.F
:
-1 )(Iz
-2
-3
: 6.1 Nominal current

( )
P

V P.F
)(Output power P: :
)(Nominal voltage v: ( 221) :
)(Power factor P.F: :
- 31 -
* : 6.2 protection current In
In >In
In
6.3 choice of Correction factor

* : CF :
) (full load
:
) (Ca ()4
) (grouping ) (Cg
()5
( )5 .
- 32 -

.
) (IEC-269-3
In ) (0.725Iz :
In 0.725Iz
In
CF 1.725
( )thermal insulation
Ci Ci=0.5
- 33 -
6.4 Calculation of total correction factorsCF:
CF
()4

- 34 -

( ) 5
- 35 -
* : Iz
* : Iz
)1
30 A
Cg= 0.7 Ci= 0.5

Ca= 0.97

IEC269-3

In
Iz
CF
Cf = 1
) (Ca Cg
Cg x Ca = 0.7 x 0.97
Ci 1.5
Ci Cg.Ca
= Cf.Ci = 1 x 0.5 = 0.5CF

Iz:
30
Iz 60 A
0.5
- 36 -
)2
()
IEC269-3 Cf 1.725
Iz
30 30
IZ 82.75 A
C f Ci 0.725 0.5
)3

30 A Cg= 0.5 Ci= 0.5
Ca= 0.97
Ca Cg
1.485 Ci 1.5
IEC269.3 Cf
1.725 CF . :
CF = C f xCa x Cg
:
30
Iz 85.3 A
0.725 0.485
6 . 6 Revision of some items

: :
- 1
.
- 37 -
- 2 voltage drop :
%2.5
5.5
) (single phase 221.
381
9.5.
Calculation of voltage drop :
:
mV I B L
Vc
1000
:
VC:
IB:
L:
mV: //

() 7 6

:
= * 1111
IB* mV
( 5.5) ( 9.5) .
- 38 -
Tables of Voltage Drop / Ampere / meter for each cross section :
* For Copper Cables: - * For Aluminum
Cross section mV/A/m Cross section mV/A/m

4 mm 9.2 16 mm 3.9
6mm 6.2 25mm 2.5
10mm 3.7 35mm 1.8
16mm 3.2 50mm 1.3
25mm 1.5 70mm 0.93
35mm 1.1 95mm 0.69
50mm 0.82 120mm 0.56
70mm 0.59 150mm 0.48
95mm 0.45 185mm 0.4
120mm 0.38 240mm 0.34
150mm 0.34 300mm 0.3
185mm 0.3
240mm 0.27
300mm 0.18
()7 ()6
Calculation of short circuit current -3 :
Breaking capacity
selectivity
U S 1.05U n
Is.c
Zt Zt
- 39 -
:
Is.c :
Zt :
Us :
Un :
Zt :
Zt
) :
Rs.c
:
2
3U S
Xs.c m.ohm.
)PS .C ( K .V . A
XSC : .
US : :
PSC(KVA) :
.
USC: Short circuit impedance voltage for transformers
)PSC(KVA ) US ( VOLTS )RSC (M.OHM )XSC(M.OHM
250000 231 0.095 0.633
500000 231 0.047 0.316
) Transformer:
:
2
3U S
Zs.c )Us.c (m. ohm
PSC ( KVA) *10 3
- 40 -
:
Zs.c :
Us :
Us.c :
( ) 1.16 1.15 1.14 ()8
221/381 ( )7
Xs.c .
Rs.cPcu=3 Rsc
: Pcu .
Rs.c .
- 41 -
( ) 8

Impedance, reactance and Resistance
- 42 -
) Circuit Breakers
Rs.c Xs.c .
Rs.c
Xs.c 1.15 .
) Cables & conductors
Rs.c :
Rsc L
A
L A 71 :
= 21mm.ohm.mm2/m
= 33mm.ohm.mm2/m
Xs.c :
Xs.c = 0.07x L
Xs.c = 0.15 x LWHRE: L = LENGTH OF CABLE .
25 2 .
) Bus bars:
L
Rb
A
L A
21 . ./2
33 . ./2
( Xb .) = Xb = 0.15 x L
.
- 43 -
6.7 Example for Calculation of Short Circuit Currents:
[ (])1
) Medium voltage:
R1 X1 X1 Un = 380v
511 . . X1 :
3Us 2
X1 m.ohm )(Us = 1.05Un
)PSC ( K .V . A
( 3 * 220 *1.05) 2
X1 m.ohm
)PSC ( K .V . A
(380 1.05) 2
0.32m.ohm
500 103
) Transformer :
R2 X2
Us.c 1.15 ()8
X2 :
(380 1.05)2 0.05
X2 7.96m.Ohm
1000
X1 +X2 = 0.32 + 7.96 = 8.28m.ohm

) Bus duct:
X3 R3 :
L
R
A
21X 5
R3 0.088m.ohm
1200
)X3 = 0.15 x 5 = 0.75 m.ohm(Where length of bus bar =5 meters
- 44 -
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM FIG (1)
)1(
- 45 -
) Main circuit breaker :
ra Xa:
Xa = 0.15m. ohm
) Bus bars :
)Xb = 0.15 x 2 = 0.3m.ohm (Where length of bus bar =2 m
) Branch circuit breaker :
Rs.c Xs.c
Xs.c = 0.15m.ohm
:
=R4
X4 = 0.6m.ohm
Aluminum cable )
R5 = L = 33 50 11m.ohm
A 150
)X5 = 0.07 x 50 = 3.5m.ohm (Where length of cable=50 m

Wherethe cross sectional areaof cable =150mm2
-:
) )(a
R1 + R2 = negligibly small
X1 + X2 = 8.28m.ohm
220 1.05
Is.c(a) 27.9 28kA
( R1 R 2) 2 ( X 1 X 2) 2
- 46 -
(b) )
R1 + R2 + R3 = negligibly small
X1 + X2 + X3 = 0.32 + 7.96 + 0.75 = 9.03m.ohm
220 1.05
Is.c(b)
( R1 R 2 R3) 2 ( X 1 X 2 X 3) 2
220 1.05
Is.c(a)
( X 1 X 2 X 3)
Isc(b) 220 1.05 25.51 26kA

9.03
(c) )
R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 = negligibly small
X1 + X2 + X3 + X4 = 9.03 + 0.6 = 9.63m.ohm
220 1.05
Is.c(c)
( R1 R 2 R3 R 4) 2 ( X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4) 2
R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 = negligibly small
220 1.05
Is.c(c)
( X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4)
220 1.05
Is.c(C ) 23.921 24k. A
9.63
(d) )
R1 + R2 + R3 + R4+ R5 = 0 + 0 + 0.088 + 0 + 11 = 11.088

X1 + X2 + X3 + X4 + X5 = 9.63 + 3.5 = 13.13 m.ohm
Zt R 2 X 2
(11.088) 2 (13.13) 2
122.94 172.4 295.34 17.19m.ohm

220 1.05
Is.c(d )
( R1 R 2 R3 R 4 R5) 2 ( X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 X 5) 2
- 47 -
R1 + R2 + R3 + R4+ R5 = negligibly small
220 1.05
Is.c(d )
)( X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 X 5
220 1.05
13.44 14kA
17.19
6.8 Example ForChoiceASuitable Cable Cross Section Area For Load

: ()2
500k .V.A 10500/380 volt 251.
)1- Current carrying capacity (In
)2- Voltage drop (Vc
)3- Correction factors (Ca& Cg
4- Short circuit current
1 - current carrying capacity :-
power 500 103

In 760 Ampere
3 U 3 380
240mm
345 Ampere
- 48 -

= No. of cables
= 760 amp.
345 amp.
= 2.2 3 Cables
* 3 )(3x240+120 mm
I / cable 760 / 3 253.3 254 Amper
)SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM FIG (2

()2
- 49 -
2 . Calculation of voltagedrop:
:
Vc mV I n L
mV : // ( )
In : Nominal current
L:
Vc:
= ( 241)2 0.27 x 103 mV /ampere/m
Vc )= 0.27 103 254 (ampere) x 250 (meter

= 17.14 17.2 volt
/ 4.5%= 17.2 = percentage of voltage drop

380
* :
= %2.5 = 9.5 volt
* 9.5
%2.5
VC 10 3
In
mV L
9.5 103
In 140 Ampere
0.27 250
* 240 mm
cables 760 5.4 6

140
- 50 -
* ) (In ( 6)
In = 760 126 Amp

6
) ( 3 Application of correction factors :-
a ) Ca Ca = 1
( )
b ) Cg grouping factor
3 Cg Cg = 0.7
* CF
CF =Ca x Cg = 1 x0.7 = 0.7

:
I B 126
Iz 180 ampere
CF 0.7
180 A 126A
:
1 Voltage drop
2 (Iz) . ( )
4 Calculation of short circuit currents: -
- 51 -
a)Medium voltage -:
R1 X1 Un = 380
511.. X1 :
(380 1.05) 2
=X1 =0.32 m.ohm
500( KVA) 10 3
b) Transformer:
R2 X2
U.S.C %4
= X2
380 1.05 0.04
2
12.73 m.ohm
500
X1 + X2 = 12.73 + 0.32 = 13.05 m.ohm
C )Low voltage cable :
Rs.c= L 21 250m
2
21.87 22m.ohm
A 240mm
R/6cable = 22 3.66 m.ohm

6
Xs.c /6cable= 0.07 x 250 (m)/6 = 2.91m.ohm
D )Main circuit breaker
Ra Xa
Xa = 0.15m.ohm
- 52 -
E) Bus bars:
Rb Xb .3m
Xb = 0.15 x 3 = 0.45 m.ohm
* Short circuit impedance:
X X 2 ... R1 R2 R3 ...
2 2
= Zt 1
= 3.662 13.05 2.91 0.15 0.452
= 13.39 274.2 287.59 16.9 m.ohm
Is.c= 220 1.05 231 13.66KA

Zt 16.9
Is.c = 15K.A
ISC ( )
90 q = 8.6xIs.c t
Where
q = cross section area in mm
t = time in sec.
1 sec
q = 8.6x 15 1 = 129~150 mm
150mm
( )t,q,Is.c
240mm .
- 53 -
6 3 240 + 120mm .
- 54 -
( ) 8
- 55 -
- 56 -
7.1 General precautions for cable installations
- 1
:
- phase Neutral
.Earth
-
.
( -
)
.
-
single phase ) (3-phase
.
-
.
- 3( 2) ()
.
- .
- 3.2
-
.
- 57 -
7- 2 Precautions of installations for underground cables
- 2
:
() 81
1 .

11
61
11
11 5
31 - (.)24
- 58 -

:

31 1
() 2
3
1 4
1.5-1
15 5
6
- 11 .
31 .
- 3 51 :
- .
* :
- 59 -
* :
- .
- 4.
- 60 -
7-3 Color code :

1 ( )9
- 2 ) (P.V.C ()1
( )3 2 1
( )4 .
( ) 9

()
- 61 -
1
2
- 62 -

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- 2.2 Medium voltage cables

- 2.3 High voltage cables

- 3.1 Electrical Load

- 3.2 Voltage Drop

- 3.3 Neutral Cross Section

- 4.2 Nominal current ()

- 4.3 Voltage Drop

- 4.5 Cross Section of Conductors In Branch Lighting Circuits

- 4.6 Branch Circuits for ( Sockets & Lighting outlets )

5- Maximum Demand and Diversity Factor

- 6.1 Nominal Current ( )

- 6.2 Protection Current (In)

- 6.3 Choice of Correction Factors

- 6.4 Calculation of Total Correction Factor

- 6.5 Calculation of Current Carrying Capacity (Iz)

- 6.6 Revision of Some items

- 6.7 Example of Calculation of Short Circuit Currents

- 7.1General Precautions for Cable Installations

- 7.3 Color Code

Single core cables with solid or -1

Single core cables with flexible -2

Multi core cable with flexible -3

Single core cable,with stranded -4

Multi core cables with stranded -5

Multi core cables with stranded -7

Multi core cables with stranded -8

Multi core cables with stranded -9

Multi core cables with stranded -11

Multi core cables with stranded -12

Multi core cables with stranded -13

Multi core cables with stranded -14

Multi core cables with stranded -15

tape armoured and PVC sheathed. PVC

Multi core cables, with stranded -16

PVC sheathed. .PVC ()16

PVC sheathed. ()17 PVC

Single & multi core copper -1

Single & multi core Aluminum -2

Multi core copper & Aluminum -3

Multi core copper & Aluminum -4

Department of Consulting ()21

3.2 2.3 High voltage cables ) 38/ 66-72.5 ) KV::

Single core copper conductors, -1

Single core copper conductors, -2

3-2 Voltage Drop:

4.3 Voltage drop:

4.4 Neutral conductor cross section in 3 phase-systems

(221) 1.42 ( )1.43

Protection current : ()In

Relevant correction factors :

Calculationof total correction factor : ) (CF

Cable current carrying capacity : ) (IZ

: 6.1 Nominal current

)(Nominal voltage v: ( 221) :

)(Power factor P.F: :

6.3 choice of Correction factor

= Cf.Ci = 1 x 0.5 = 0.5CF

6 . 6 Revision of some items

* For Copper Cables: - * For Aluminum

Cross section mV/A/m Cross section mV/A/m

) Cables & conductors

X1 +X2 = 0.32 + 7.96 = 8.28m.ohm