RUDIM ENTARY TREA TISE

ON

L O G A R I T H M S

BY HE N R Y PA W ,

CIV I L E NG IN EE R .

L O NDO N :

JO HN W E AL E , 59
, H IG H HO LBO RN

1 8 53 .
 PR E F A C E .

TH E followin g little work is int

e nded to h av e a tw ofold
h to
bot l i an d illu st l
j
o b ec t ex
p a n r ate th e use an d a
pp i ca i
t on

of logar ithms for h e practical calculat

t o r an d to setfor t h and
,

d e m on st
r at h eir
e t n atur e an d r
p po i
er t e s h e matical
for th e M at
stu d en t . While , th e r efo r e , th e Th eore tical an d ical
Prac t

par t
s h av e been kep t di st in c t so t h at ei t
h,er m i h tbe s e a
g p
ely st
ra t u d ie d or r efer r e d t o t , h
h ey h av e been so w r i tten wi t
r efer en c e t h er , as
e ach ot to for m buto ne ed
c n n ec t i se ,
r eat
t
o
o
w hi ch he
t u d en t
st , o bec ome t
who r eally wish es t h or ough ly
ed
i
acqua n t wi th t
he . sub ect
j , should ir e l
e nt
y p eruse . F or ,
h ough a
alt kn owled ge of h ematical pmpe r ties i s
their mat n ot

i al
essent t
o a knowledge of h e ir
t u se , ye t h ey
t ar e so in t
i
ely
mat connected , he acqui r ement of
thatt one g ly
r eat faci li
at
t he
es t acqui remen tof he ot
t her .

H L . .

O LD Wrxnson , h J u ly, 1 8 50
9t .
 C O N TE N TS .

PM }
C HA PTE R I . E xplana t
ion and Denitions of Loga rithms :
II . O n the E xponen t . of Pow ers 4
III . hms
O f various Sy ste ms o f Logar it 8
IV . M od e of ca lc ula t
ing Logar ithms, a nd Demonstra tion of
heir Proper ties
t 12
V . Descripti n of Logarithmic Tables
o 31
. hmic A rithmetic
V I Logar it 48

A PPE N D I X . Table of the Logar ithms of ev ery Pr ime Number from

2 t0 1 0 00 . 62
Table by the aid of w hich the Number answ er ing t
o

0
hm can be found t
any Logar it o six places 64
 0N L O G A RITHM S . 3

a r i thmeti ca l ser ies fo r m e d by th e c o ntin u e d a d d ition of uni t y ,

c o mme nc in
g w i h
t th e cyp h er th en w ill t h e n u m be rs i n t
, h e

l o w er lin e e xpr ess th e n u m be r of r a tios o f u ni t y t o th e r s t

te r m, of w h ich t h e r a tio o f u ni t
y to a ll th e o th e r te r ms i s

m a d e up , a n d the r efo re th ey w ill be th e lo ga r i th ms of the

n um bers i n t h e line abo ve th e m Fo r e xamp le .

ar e he
t n u mber s forming a g eometr ica l
1 , 3 , 9, 27 , 8 1 , 243
m ;

{
ar e the log a r it hms forming an a r i t
h
of wh i ch 0 l 2 3 4 6
meti ca l ser ies .

ar e he
t n u mber s for ming a g eo metr i ca l
so , 1 , 7 4 9 3 43 240 1

ser i es

he log a r i thms for ming an a r i t

{
a re t h
of W h l ch 0 1
o

2 3 4
met
i ca l ser ies .

he W e
{
a re t w ins 8
And agai n, 1 00 , 1 0 00 , 1 0 0 0 0
g eo metr ica l ser ies ;

ar e the log a r ithms forming an

Of Wh i ch 0 1 2 3 4
h met
a rit i ca l ser ies
"

N o w fro m th e v ery natu r e of a g eo m e tr ica l se r i es i t fol

, ,

lo ws th a ti t
, s t erm s ar e all pow er s of t h e co n s tan tn u mber by
th e m u lt i plicati on o f which th ey a r e p r od uced an d th e r efor e , ,

i n p lac e of w r itin g th e n umbe rs th e msel ve s w e m igh t i n tro ,

d u c e th e exp r essio n d enoting th e p ower wi th o ut ac tually p er ,

fo r m in g th e m ultiplicat i on an d w e sh ould th us obtain for th e

,

th r e e g eo me tr ical ser ies abov e , wr i t

i ng th em v er tically instead
of i n h or izon t a l lin es

N os . L og s. Nos . L ogs . Nos . L ogs .

l
l0 : 10
100 = l0 2

In th ese w e p ercei v e i mm ed iately th at th e n umber s d en ot

e r m ed t
in g th e p o w ers, or , as th ey a r e t h e in d i ces or cap onent s ,

of t h e p o wer s a r e th e sam e as th e ar i t
, h me tical ser ies gi ven
above a n d t h atth ey are th e refo r e th e logar i th m s of th e n um
,

bers i n th e r st colu mn s Th e con stan t n u mbe r , of w h ich

.

th e pow er s ar e su cc essively taken i s te r med th e r o otor r a d ix , ,

and may h a v e a n y v al ue t hatw e pl ease a ssi g ned t o it Th u s .

,

we der i ve an ot h er d en i tion of a loga ri th m , which m ay be d e

Itmustbe borne in mind tha ta

1, an d a

a, w ha t he
e ver t value

of a may be .

13 2
4 RU DI M E N TA R Y TR E A TIS E
sc r ibed as he i nd ex
t o r eap on en t
, t
o which ba se
a cer ta i n r oo to r

mustbe in vo lved , in o r d er to be equa l to the n um ber of wh ic h it

is the log a r i t hm I ti s ther efor e , e v id en t th a t a gi v en n u m :
.
,

be r may h ave any n umbe r of logar ith ms c o r r espon ding w i th

i t; or th a tth e sa me logar ithm may se r e for sev e r al d iffe r e n t v

n u mbers , a ccor d in t o t h e val ue assu m e d for t h b ase o r r o o t

g e
to be i n volv e d o r wh a ti s t , h e sam e th ing th e co mmon r a ti o ,

of t h e geometri cal p r ogr essio n Thus i n th e exa m p l es ,

abo ve t , h e bases o r common ra tio s ar e 3 7 and 1 0 , , .

W e h ave th er efor e th ree d istinctly die r ent d eni tio RS

.
, , .

wh i ch may be giv e n o f loga r it h m s d ep e n d ing u pon th e p a r

,

ticula r way in whi ch t h ey ar e r egar ded a nd we sh al l r eca p i tu ,

la te th e se d en i tion s be fo re p roce e din g far the r in or d e r to

, ,

i n sur e th eir b ein g th or ou gh ly u n d ers too d .

1 Th e lo gar ith m of a giv en n u mbe r is t

. h e n um ber of ra tios
o f som e assu m e d c o n st a n t n u m be r t o un it , co n t in ed in t h e
y a

rat io of th e gi v en n u mber t o u ni ty .

2 L ogar i th m s ar e a ser ie s of n umbers in a r i thmet

. ical p r o m

r essi on an s we r i n t th i s o f n u mber s in g eo met i

g , g o a n o e r s er e r

c a l p r og r essio n ; so t ake n t ha t0 in th e r st corr e spond swith

1 i n th e la tter .

8 Th e loga r it
. h m o f a n umber is th e in d ex or expon en tof t
.

t h e p ow er to which a g iven c on stan tbas e or r oo t m ust be i n

,

v olv e d t o be e ua l t o th a tn u mbe r
, q .

Wh ich e ver of th ese d eni tion s may be ad op te d , th e same

en r al r o er t i m ay be d e d uc e d as belon i n t l a r it
h m
g e p p es
g g o o g s ;
w e sh all h ow ev er i n t
, h e follo win g page s c on sid er them
, ,

u n d er t h e n otion in volved in th e th i r d d en i t ion as th e ex ,

n n t
s f t h w f m on st an tr oot A n d , i n or d er
p o e o e p o e r s o s o e c .

o a mor e er fec tc on ce t i n of t h u b ect h ll

t p p o e s j , w e s a rs t c on
si d er t h e pr op erties of th e expon en t s of o we rs n erall
p g e y .

C HA P TE R I I .

O n the E c .
onent
s o f Powers .

I n algebra, th e powers of a quan t it

y , o r th e n umber of t im es
th at th a tquan tit h b n em lo e d as a fac t or t o p roduce
y a s e e p y
a gi ven quant ity, ar e d en o t
e d by th a t n u m be r b ein g w ri tt
en

See page 1 30
 ou L O G A RITHM S . 5

mewha t to
'

so t h e r igh t and abov e th e n umber or le tter ex

r essi n t h o r i in al qu an t i t r r oo t of t h w T h
p g e g y o e p o e r us , .

te n 6 ; th e cub e of a w ; an d th e fth
"
the s qua r e of 6 is w r i t
2
,

o wer o f 1 2 I n t h e rstexa m p le , as 6 e n t ers t w ice a s

p ,

a fac t or , it is calle d t h e secon d p o we r , a n d is d en o ted by 2

w r i tte n o ve r th e 6 i n th e s ec o n d exam pl e, as a: e n ters th r e e
tim es as a fact o r , i tis calle d t h e th ir d p o we r , a n d i s d en o te d
by a 3 w r itten above th e x ; and in th e las t ex a mple , as 1 2
'
'

en ter s v e ti mes as a fact o r , i ti s t er me d t h e fth po we r , an d

i s w r itte n The n u mber th us p lace d o v e r a n um ber , to
d e n o te th e p ower to wh ich i t is r equire d t o be r ai s e d is ,

ter m e d th e i nd ea or exp o nen to f t h atp o we r ; as th e for m er of

th es e t e r ms i s so me t i mes e mploye d in a d iffer e n t sen se to ,

a vo i d a mbi u it w e sh all use on ly t h e las t Th s i n t h e

g y u , .

fo r e goi ng examples 2 3 , a nd 5 ar e th e ex po n en t s of t he

, ,

p o w e rs , t o w h i c h t h e q u a nt i t i e s 6 , a , a n d 1 2 a r e t o b e r e
spec t iv ely rai sed or in vol ved .

F requ ently le tters a r e em ployed in st ead of n u mbe rs as ex

p on en t e o f p o w e r s ; th u s , x

d e n o te s t h a t t h e q u a n ti ty r e
p r e
se n t ed b x i t b e ra i e d t t h e w r r e n t d b
y s o s o
p o e
p r e s e e y ; a

and b , t hat th e quan tit b h f
'

y i s t o b e r a i s e d t o t e p o w e r o n ,

or t he n th pow e r The quan tities , as a: or b i n th e for ego ing

.
,

e x am p le s, wh ich h ave t o be i n vol ve d , o r t h e po wers of wh ich

are t o be t ake n ar e t, e r me d t h e r oo t s or ba s es .

Wh en i tis d esired to multiply any two powe rs of a quan

tit y , a v e r
y l i t tle c o n s i d e r a t io n w i ll s h o w th a t t h e i r
p ro d u c t
w i ll be equal t o we r of t h a tsa m e t it w h ne n t
o a
p q u an
y , o s e e x
p o
is th e sum of th e two ex ponen ts of the powe r s to be mul ti
p lie d F o r l e t s su p p s t h e p w e t b m l ti li d t b e
.
, u o e o r s o e u
p e o

an d re , t
i
3 he n c c a n , a n d or
"
3 x, t h er efo r e , . x
m a ne a t he exp o nen tof w h ic h 5 is e qual to
"
,

3 2 , th e sum of th e ex pone n ts o f th e two fac to r s A n d th e .

c on v e rse of t h is r u le h old s goo d , fo r if itis r equir ed t o d i vid e

o we r of a i nt i t b a ny o t h w f t h s a me
a
p g v en
q u a y y e r
p o er o e

q ua nt i ty i
, t i s on l ne ce ssa r
y y t o s u b tr ac t t h e e x
p o n e n t o f th e

di visor fr om th e e x pon e n t o f th e d i vid en d to o btain the e x

o n en of t h eir i T h l i i d d i vid e

p t q uot e n t u s , . e t t b e re q u re t o

" " "

we h a ve
"
:s by :c , c
. as

he
t expone n tof whi c h is e
qu al o 6
t 2 .

L e tus n extexa min e fo r

he
t val ue of h e p ower
t of a
p ow e r ;

instance th e square o f a
,
"
I n th is case we see ato nc e th atth e .
,

hing more than is mu ltip lied by it
squa re of : c is no t
"
s elf, and by
6 a n DIM E NTA BY T E A R TISE
our for mer rule for the m ultip lica tion of p o wer s w e ha ve a x
,
"
,

i i tw o uld ha ve b e e n
x x ; f w e h ad r equir e d th e cu be of
o we r of : 6 w e m us t a d d
" " " "
ar an d fo r e ver y h i h e r
"
t
a w 23 .
, g p
an o t h er 3 to th e ex po n en t; itis th er efor e obviou s th a tas th e ,

e xpo n e n to f t h e o r iginal po we r h as to be ta ke n as ma n y ti m e s
as t h e expo n e n to f th e po wer to which ith as to be ra is ed , th a t
th e n e w exp o n en t will be equal t o th e p rod uc t o f th e o th e r
two ; th u s, i n th e a bo ve exam p les 3 x 2 3 th e r efo r e
, .

"
a an d 3 x 3
, 9 th e r efor e , ax Th e con v e rse o f
.

th is r ule also h old s g oo d for if i ti s r e qu i r ed t

, o ex tr ac tan
y r o o t
of a
p o w e r w e h a v e on l
, y t o di vi d e th e e x on en t o f t
p h e p ow e r

by th e e xpo n en to f th e r oo t, to obtai n th e e xpo n e n t d e sire d .

Th us th e squa r e r oo tof w is beca use 4 2 2 ; a nd th e
"
s qua re r oo t of w i s beca use 6 -E 2 3 .

Th e fo ur p r oc esses which we h ave h e r e d escr ibe d ar e tho s e

w h ic h a r e of th e m ostfr e que n toc cur r en ce an d as i t i s essen ,

tial th a tth ey sh ould be p e rfec t ly co mp r eh e n d e d befo r e en te r

in g o n t h e u se of logari th ms, we shall r ecap i tula te th e m in th e
fo r m of rules .

1 The m ult
. iplica tion of th e pow er s of any q uan t ity i s p e r
fo r m ed by th e add ition of th e ir expon ents ; tha t is, a x z "
,

m)
.

2 .Th e d ivision of t h e p ow er of a qua n ti t y yb a n y ot h er

p o we r of t h e sa m e q u a n ti t y i s
p e r,fo r m e d by s ub t ra c tin
g th e
e x o n en tof t
p h e d i v iso r f r o m t h e e x
p o n e n t o f t h e d i v i d en d ;
"'
th a tis .
l
3 Th e i nv olu t io n of any p ower of a quan tit to som e w r
.
y p o e
is p e rfor me d by m ultiplyi n g its exp on ent by th e expo n e n t of
th e po we r to wh ich i tis t o be rai se d ; t h at is , th e n th pow er
'
of : c is x
"

4 The ex t
. ion of th e r oo tof any p ower is pe rfor m ed by
r ac t

d i vid in g i ts expon e nt by t h e expon en t of th e roo t r equir ed ;

h atis , th e n t
t m
h r oo tof m is w "

I n th e la st exam ple w e h av e an ex pon en t d iffer in g fr om

any w hich we ha ve r e v iousl m i h n a m ely a l
p y e t w t , f r a c ti o n a
,

e x p on en t; i t s u se , h ow e v er , in t h at ex ample sufcien t ly ex
p la i ns i t s m ea n i n , wh ich is t
g h a t th e ,
q ua n ti t
y to w h ic h i t i s
at t ac h e d i s t o be r aise d t o t h e po we r d en o te d by th e n u me
ra t o r of t h e frac tio n an d is th e n to h av e th e r o ot e xtr ac ted ,
,

wh ic h i s d en ot e d by t h e d en omina tor o f th e sa me ; or , the

r oc e sses m a b r e ve r se d , a n d t h t t t t d
p y e e r o o rs ex rac e ,

an d t h en th e po wer r ai se d , si nce th e o r d e r i n which these

o erat i f r me d m akes no diffe ren ce i n t h l
p ons ar e
p e r o e n a re
8 nunm nnu nr m m r rsn

d ir ectn t h p ower of m, an d i s equal t o t h e prod uctarisin g fr o m

the m ultiplication of n fac to r s each equal to w , .

2 The n eg a tive i n t
. eg r a l ex o n en t
p , a s w h i ch d e n o tes
th e i n ver se n th powe r of v , an d is e qua l t . o u ni t d iv i d e d n
y
ti me s by
l

3 . . i ona l expon en t, as min, whi ch d e n o t

The p osi tive fr a ct es
h e d i r ectn th ro otof w and i s e qual t
t , o a quan ti ty whic h , be i n g
multi pli ed n ti mes by it s elf, shall be e ua l t
q o re .

. i on a l exp on en t, a s w 7 , wh ich d e n o t
4 Th e neg a tive fr a ct es

th e i nver se n th r ootof v, and is equal to unit

.
y d i vid e d by th e

h r oo tof : 17
d i r ectn t .

C HA PTE R III .

0f va r i o us ems
Syst f
o hms
L og a r i t .

WE n ext
p roc ee d h
wit th e co n si d erat i on of logar ith ms,
u n d er t h e v ie w su ggeste d in th e th ir d d enitio n giv en of th e m
i n th e r stch ap te r , as th e e xpon en t s of t h e p owers of so m e
con st a n t n u mber , t ak en as a base for t h e system . It was
t h er e sta te d th at any v al ue m igh t be assum ed for this base ;
two o nly h a ve , h ow e v e r , been e m ploye d , n amely, 2 7 1 828 1 8
-

and 1 0 . Th e r st was th at a d op te d by Baron N api er , th e

i n v en tor o f logar ith m s, a n d was em ployed by h im in th e rst
syst e m of lo a ri t
g h m s , w h ic h w as c al cula t e d b y B ri gg s T .h e
r easo n w h
y s u c h an i n tri ca te n u m b e r w a s a d o
p te d , a n d n o t
som e si mp le i n t e ge r , will be r esen t l l i n e d ; it ma b
p y ex
p a
y e
s u fci e n t a t p r esen t t o st at e, t h at th e syst e m h avi n g t his
n umbe r for i t s base , bein g cap able of bein g e x r essed mor e
p
si m l , a n d c alc ula t
p y e d m o r e e asily , t h an a n
y o t h e r , w as th e
r e aso n o f i t s ad op t ion ; fr om whi ch cir c umst a nc e , t hey have
also been occasionally d esi n a t ed t h e na t u r a l sy st em o f lo a
g g
r it hm s th ey ar e h o wever , m ore fre que n tly te r med N ap ie rean
,

o r H p er bo li c lo a ri t h m Th l tt t m d i d f m
y g s . e a e r e r , er ve ro c er
ta1n r elations, fo u nd to exist bet ween t h e logar ithms of this
syst e m an d t h e asymp to tic spac e s o f th e hyper bola, an d which
w er e belie ved t o be p eculia r t o it , is v e ry p ro p er ly falling
i n to d isuse , since i t is n ow kn o wn th at th e sa m e proper t

'

y
belon gs to e ve ry syste m , th e only d iffe r en ce bein g i n the angle
i nclud ed be tween th e as ympto te s, which d epen d s u pon and
v ar ies wi t h the v alu e of th e base ; fo r i n th e system of which
we a r e n ow sp eakin g , in wh ich th e base e quals the
 0N L O G A RITHM S . 9

B ympmtes ar e at right an gles t o each o t her ; in th e o t

'

h er
S y stem , h a vi n g 1 0 for i t s base t h ey m ake an an gle of
"
,

I t was so on p erceive d by Br iggs who ha d c alc ulate d the ,

rst table o f N a pi e rean logar i th ms , that se v e ral i m p o r t

'

a nt

a d va n t a g e s w ere po ssesse d by a syst e m of lo ar it

g h m s w h o s e
b ase was 1 0 ; h e con sequ e n tly p ro po se d it to Ba r o n N ap ie r by ,

i vho m i t was a d o p t e d an d it i s n o w u n i v er sally em lo e d fo r

,
p y
th e p ur p ose s of calc ulat i on ; alth o u gh the N a p ie r ean loga
r it h m s a r e always e m p loye d in th e Differ en tial a n d In teg ral
C a lc ulus a n d th e o th e r h igh er br a nc hes o f a nalysi s
, .

Th e lo ga r i thms of an y par ticula r syste m a r e im med ia tely

r e d uc e d t o t h ose of a ny oth er syste m by mer ely bein g m ulti ,

li d b a con st n t n um be r , wh o se v alue d e e n d s o n t h t
p e y a
p e e

la tiv e v al ues of th e bases of th e two syste ms Th us th e

.
,

lo gari th m s belon gin g to th e commo n , or as i t is som e time s

te r m e d Br ig g ea n , syste m wh ose bas e is 1 0 , ar e con v e r te d
,

i n to th e N apier ea n , wh ose base is 2 7 1 8 28 , by being m ulti

p l i e d by 2 3 0 2 5 8 5 1 , wh i le th e N a
p ier ea n ar e r e d u c e d to t h e
Briggean by being di vi ded by the sa me n u mber or , wha ti s ,

th e sam e thi n g, bei n g m ult iplied by i t s r ecip rocal

W e sh all n o tstO p h e r e to p rov e th is or to ex plain i ts r eason
, ,

a s i t would in v olv e co n si d er a t ions wi th w h ich th e stud en t i s

s u p ose d at r esen t n ot t o be acquain t d i t d m t ti
p p e ; s e o n s r a on
w i l l be gi ven in a subsequ en tchap t er
*
.

W e sh all n ow p r ocee d to explai n why th e bas e of th e

s st e m w as al t e r e d fr om 2 7 1 8 28 t o 1 0 , an d t o oi nt ou t t h
y p e
ad v an tages th e r eby a ttai ne d .

I n th e table s belo w we h ave given th e n u mbers wh ose

lo ga r ith m s a r e th e r st six i n teger s i n both systems the ,

le han d t
f t -
a ble be in g t ake n t o t h e N apier ean base , and the
righ th an d to th e base of 1 0
-
.

N os . Ba se . Logs . Logs.

2
2 7 1 8 28
3
2 7 1 8 28
4

5
1 48 4 1 2 7 1 8 28

By r efer ence to th e r igh t-han d table it will be seen tha t

h e c om mon logari thm of l is 0 th atof 1 0 is l an d of 1 0 0 is
t , ,

See pag e 22 .

B 8
10 a u nm nx ra a r RE A TISE
'
T

2 ; i tis r equisit e , h ow e ver , fo r th e p u rpo s es of ge ne ral c o m p u

ta tio n th a t w e sh oul d kn o w the logar i th ms o f a ll th e i n te r
m ed ia te n u mbe rs i nclud ed be twe en th e se , a s fr o m 1 to 1 0 ,
fro m 1 0 to 1 0 0 , an d so on N o w , sinc e th e lo gar i th m o f l
.

i s 0 , a n d of 1 0 i s I , i t follo ws th a t th e loga r ith ms of a n y i a

e n u mbe rs , g r eat
te r m e d ia t er t h a n 1 , bu t less tha n 1 0 , m u s t
be so me fraction , wh o se v al u e lie s b etw ee n 0 a nd 1 ; a n d i n
l ike m a n n er tha t, sinc e th e l oga r i thm o f 1 0 0 is 2, th e l o ga
r ith m o f a ny i n te r me d iate n u mber be twee n 1 0 an d 1 0 0 , m u s t
ha v e a valu e be twee n 1 an d 2 I n ter pola tin g , the r efo r e , th e se
.
,

fraction al v al ues of th e logar ith ms of th e i n te r me dia te n u m

be r s , we obt a in t h e folld wi ug series :

N as Log s . Nos . Logs .

1 10 0m m 11 10 1 0 413 9

10 12 10 W 7 91"
2
0 4771 2 11-1 1394
3 10 13 10
4 10 I4 10
5 10 OM 15 10 7 60 9

0 7 8 1 150 41 2
6 10 7 15 16 10
0 3 451 9 M 3045
7 10 17 10
8 10 9 0309 18 = 10 1 9 5527

0 9 5424 1 9 7875
9 10 19 10
PM
10 10 20 10
&c . &c .

A ll n u mber s w h ich a re w e rs o f h ave in

10 n ec e ssar ily
p o ,

tege rs for th eir logar i th ms, bu t t h e loga ri t

h m s of all th e in ter
me d ia te n u mber s a r e c omp oun d e d of a n i n tege r an d a d eci mal
fr ac tion . Th e d ec im al p o r tio n is ter m e d th e ma n tissa and ,

th e i n t ege r , w hich p r ec e d es i t i s ca lle d t

,
h e i nd ex or cha r ac ,

te r i stic ; as h o we v e r th e for m e r of th ese te r ms is fr equent

, , ly
e m lo ed i n a diffe r e nt se n se , w e s hall h er e o n l us e th
p y y e

la tte r .

I n th e for egoing Table , i f w e co mpar e th e loga ri thm of 2

w i th tha tof 20 we sh all n d t
, ha t th ey only d iffer in the
c h a r ac t ic , th e m a n tissa or d eci mal p or tio n be in g i dent
e r is t ical
in bo th ; th e r eason of th is w ill be v e r y e vid e n t, if we con
si d e r t ha t 20 is 2 mul tiplied by 1 0 a n d th e refor e thatthe ,

logar ith m of 20 is equal to th e loga ri thm of 2 with thatof 1 0 ,

add e d t o i t a n d as t
, , h e lo ga r ith m of 1 0 i s an in tegr al number ,

its a d d itio n on ly a ffec ts the value of th e ch a r ac te ri st ic In .

fac t th e ad d i tio n of l to the ch ar ac te r istic is m u ltiplying t

, he
n umber wh ich i tr e r ese n t s by 1 0 ; in li ke ma n n er , a ddin 2
p g
 on L O G A R I T HM S . 11

ic , is m ultiplyi ng the n u mber by 1 0 0 , an d

'

to th e er ist
ch a rac t
'

so o n . Th us th e loga r i th m

O f 2 is 0 3 0 1 0 3 ;
Of2 x 10 2 0 is 0 3 0 1 0 3 l 1 3 0 10 3 ;
0f2 x 100 20 0 is 0 3 0 1 0 3 2 2 30 1 0 3 ;
Of2 x 1 000 20 0 0 is 0 3 0 1 0 3 3 3 30 1 0 3 .

Th e m an tissa or th e d ec im al p o r tio n of th e logar ith m , is

,

a l w ays t h e sa me wi th th e sam e gure s w h e th er th ey ar e d ec i ,

m a ls o r i n tege rs ; i t i s o n ly the ch a r a cter istic wh ich ch an ges

i ts v al u e w ith a c h an ge in th e p o sitio n of th e d eci m al p oi n t
, .

T he v al u e o f th e ch a r ac te ris tic of th e loga r ith m of a n u mbe r

i s a lways o n e less th a n th e n u m be r of i n tegers i n th at n u m
b e r ; th u s in th e a bo v e exa m pl e w he n th e n u m be r is 20 th e
, ,

c h a r ac t ic is 1 , wh e n 20 0 it is 2 , a n d w hen 20 0 0 iti s 3
e r is t .

T he ch ar ac ter istic , th er e fo r e , o f th e logar ith ms of a ll

n u m bers

E qu al t
o , or gr ea t
er han 1 , butless th an 1 0 , is l ,
t
10, 100 2 , ,

1 00, 1 000 3, ,

1 000 , 1 0 00 0, 4,
&c . (be &c . .

By way fur ther illustra tion w e w ill t

of a ke th e n um ber
,

6 7 8 54 an d successi vely d iv id e i tby 1 0 exa mini n g th e cha n ge

, ,

th u s p r o d uce d in th e v alue of th e co rr espo n d ing logar ith ms :

Nos . Logs .

6 7 8 54 48 3 1 57 6
38 3 1 57 6
6 7 8 54 28 3 1 57 6
6 7 8 54 18 3 1 57 6
6 7 8 54 08 3 1 57 6
'
6 7 8 54 1
0 6 7 8 54 2
'

0 0 6 7 8 54
'
- 3

We h ere pe rc e iv e , as w e h av e alr ea d y s tate d th at, th e ,

g u r e s r e mai n ing una ltered n o ch an ge tak es p lace in th e

,

m a n tissa o f the logari th m , butthat as th e n umber i s succes

s i v ely d i v id ed b 1 0 th l f th h r a ct i ti i
y , e v a u e o e c a e r s c s
d i minish e d by un i ty W e see fur ther tha t, w h en the n um
.

be r is wh olly a d eci m al frac tion the cha ra c ter is tic of i ts le gs

,
.

ri t hm is n eg a ti ve ; whe n th e r st gur e afte r th e d ecimal

12 r nm r rsn

RUDIM E RIA BY
*

poi nt is a sign i c a nt gur e th e c h arac t

e r is tic o f i ts 1 0 9
r ith m is 1 , w h en a n oug htis in t e r pose d aft er t h e d e c i m al
p o in t, so th a t h
t e r st s i g n i c a n t u r e is t
g h e seco n d d e c i m a l
g ur e , th e c har ac teri stic i s 2 w ith two noughts i t i s
,
3,
and
g e ne r all
y ,th e c h a rac t e r i sti c o f th e lo ga r it h m o f a d e c i
mal fr action is a n egati v e n umber , greate r by u nity tha n th e
n u mber of n ou h t f ll w i th d i m l i t I t d of
g s o o n
g e ec a
p o n . n s e a
w r iting , as we h av e abo ve, 3 , th e ch arac te ri s ti c is
p lac e d t o th e le ft o f t h e m an ti s sa , w i th t h e n e
g a ti v e s i g n

a bo ve i t, th us 3 8 3 1 57 6 The n ega ti ve sign is plac e d a bove,

.

i n st
e a d of be o r e t
f h e c h arac te i
r ist o d e no t
c, t e h
t a t i t is o n ly
t h e cha r a cter i stic a n d n ot th e m antissa that is n e ga ti ve .

Thus, the cha rac t er istic of th e log a rith m of

1
'
is 1 ,
'
01 2,
00 1 3,
0001 4 .

&c . &c .

Since th e charact er isti c of th e logari t h m of any n u mber

d oes notd ep en d upon th e value o f th e gu r es composin g th at
n u mbe r an d i s so easily foun d b at t nt ion to th for e oin
, y e e
g g
r u le s i t is usual t
, o o mi t t h e m altogeth e r in th e tables of
logar it h ms an d only to giv e th e man tissa o r d ecima l p or tio n.
,

I t i s only logari th ms h avin g 1 0 for th eir bas e w h i ch p os

sess t his i mp or tan tp rop er ty, o f h a vi n
g th e sa m e m a n i
ts sa for
th e sa me gur es an d t , his was th e r eason of tha t nu mber
bein g p roposed by Briggs for th e bas e of the common syst em
of lo arit
g h m s .

C H A PTE R IV .

M od e of ca lcu la t
ing L og a r ithms, a nd Demons t i on
rat of he ir
t
P r op er ties .

In t h e followi ng C hapt er t h e expressions, or formula) em

p loyed for t h e c al c ula ti on of lo ar it
g h ms ar e m at h e m atically ,

d educe d , an d d emonst r at i on s ar e giv en of all th e p ropert ies of

logarith ms r efe rr ed to in any other por tio n of the work By .

those notfamiliar wit h math emat i cal investigati on , th e p

All the numerals are signican t gures, wi t

h the exception of the cypher.
o
 o n L O G A R THM S

I . 13

s hi p m msy be o mit
i t is in nowise n ecessar y t
ed , as
t o t he
r er u n d erst a n d in g of t h e remai n d er of t h e w or k ; t h e sub
p p o
ld h ve r ha ve be en h ar dly c om let w i h
je c t w o u o w
, e ,
p e t o ut i t,

an d it was consi d e re d t h at a r igi d d e mon stra tio n would be far

mo re sa tisfac to ry to th ose by whom it could be followed tha n .

a m e re en un cia t ion of th e s everal propositions with outany

p r oo f ; a n d t h at , th e r e aso n o f th e se v er al
p r o o si tion s an d
r ules b ei ng u n d e rs t oo d , t h ey w ould become muc mo re r mly
xe d i n th e me mo ry an d t h eir p rac t
, i cal applicat ion and
ad a p t io n to pec ulia r cases r en d er ed far mo re easy
'

at

DE FINITION S .

1 The Power o f a n umber o r quanti ty is th e productar is

. ,

i ng fr om th e multiplica t i on of that number , any n umber of

tim e s by i t self .

2 The Ro o t o r ba se of a po we r is the nu mbe r o r quantity,

. , ,

by th e co n t i n ua l multiplicat i on of which by i t self t hatpotte r ,

is p r o d uce d .

3 The.
W en t, o r i nd ex of a p ower is t he nu mber of ,

t imes th atth e r oo tof th a tpo wer enter s i nt o it , a s a fac t

or .

4 The E ap mw nt o r in d ex of a r oo t i s t
. , he n um ber of times ,

t ha t i t m us t be e m l
p y
o e d a s a facto r , to p r od uc e a
g i ve n

P0 w er . 1

5 A L og a r i thm of a n u mber t
. o any base, is t , h e ind exor
ex on en to f t h e p o wer t o wh ich t h at base m ustbe in volve d ,
p
to be e qu al t o th e nu mbe r .

6 A Syst
. em o f L og a r i h
t ms , i s t h e c ollec tio n o f th e logs .

rithms of a seri es of n umbe r s, t a ken t o t h e sa me base .

Sc a o u mir Th e loga rith m of any n u mber , as a to any

.
,

base b, is e xpresse d by lo g, a: in like manner , the logar i thm

of t he sam e nu mber , t o a ny o t h er ba se as s, is writ ten logs rt , .

7 A se r ies of n umbe rs is i n A r i t
. hmetica l Pr ogressi on,
when eac h n u mbe r is de rived fro m th at Wh ich p reced es it,
by the ad d it io n of a co nstan tnumber .

BO BO LI UM S uch a serie s is called an A ri th met

. i c S o e} ,
and any on e o f t h e n um be rs co m posin g i t, a t

en .

8 The Common Dier ence is t

. he c onstan tn umber, by t
. he
cont inual a d d itio n of w hich , an a rithme tical ser ies i s fo rmed .

9 A ser i e s of n u mbe rs is in G eometr i ca l Pr og r essi o n whe n

.
,

ch nu mber is d e riv e d fr o m t
eit hatwhich pr eced es it, by the .

multip lica tio n by a con st a n tn u m ber .

SC HOL I UM S uch a seri e s i s called a G eometri ca l Ser ies

. .

1 0 The Commo n Ra t
. io , is t he constan t numbe r , by the
 a n o m a uu a v r mu n sn
'
14 '

i nual
con t multiplication by which , a g eo me t
r ical serie s is
fo r med .

Sc a o u v u In i nv estiga tions si milar to th e followin g, th e

.

ter m coei cie nt is e mploye d i n a so me wha tex t e n d ed si n i

g
ca t io n, to mea n any qua n ti ty or expression ( ho we v e r com p li
os ted
) yb w h ic h the q ua nti t
y , m o re i m media t
e ly u n d e r c o n
si de ra tio n i s m ultiplied
. .

Thus in th e expr e ssio n,

,

g )
av a w )
;5
1
?
-

3 2
3

2
z + z ,

he quant
t i tie s L
A ( L
A
- l
) an d :
A ( L
A A

2
loo ked upon as th e co e fci ents of a an d 2 i v ely
"2 "
ar e r espec t .

1 1 The C ha r a cter istic o f a L ogar i t

. h m , is the integral
n umbe r t o th e le fto f th e d eci mal po in t
.
.

1 2 The M a n t
. issa of a L oga r ithm i s the d ecimal n u mber , ,

to th e r i ghto f th e d ec imal p oi nt .

1 3 A S ign ica n tFt

.
g u r e i s e v e r
y g u r e buta cyph e r ; h
t e
cyp her signifyin g n o act ual qua n t ity but bein g e mployed ,

o nly t o d eter min e t h e place of th e o th e r gur es .

Pa or osu '
rou A .

THE ORE M . In io n o
a n equa t f he fo r m
t

+ &c .

he i ci en tof a ny p o wer of x on o ne sid e of t h i o n , is

t
co e e equa t

equa l t o t he coeicie n tof the like p o wer of a: on the o ther sid e ;

tha tis, A = a , B = b, C = c , &c .

Beca use , i n the abo ve ex pr ession , the v alues of the coo

c ie n t ly i n d epen d e n to f th e v alue o f
e a r e p e r fec t th e re fo re ,

we may assu me a: t o hav e a n

y v alue we
please wit h o ut d e ,

st royin g t h e equa tion .

L et ther efore ,
,
a: he
O, t ion
equat h en becomes
t
A a .

Now , sin c e A an d a ar e equal , w e may r e mov e h em from

t
he
t ori ginal equation , wh ich the n bec om es
B a: s

+ d z + + &c .
 '
nornnm xar

10 raslm
'
sn

A
2
A
'
A

i

ll } ;

A BA 3
11 A
2

( 24 24 24 24
3

A r ranging this last exp ression acco r d in t h

t e p owers If
g o
A, we ha ve

+ 3; r y + m 8w .

1 1 11 l
f y +
z y

I
y

l - e
lg l
+
'

o o o &O .

6 4

t
b i die .
[ ]
I

Now in bi d er t
, o obt a in t he cob H
he values of t i ciet B, G ,

&c in terms o f A le tus pu t2: fo r A A

. , . BA2
CA
3
&c , .

then th e a bo ve exp r essid n becomes

"
6 l z .

E xtr acting he
t rooton bor nsid es, we have;

b =( l

an d rai sin h em to th e po we r
t of r , itbecomes
g
T

'
b J
~
18 s no w m a n! TBM
'
IIBB

1 y h
t e refor e : 1
o b l, and if we it
su bst ut
e his
t va u l e
y w e
. h a ve

A :

1 1
(b 1) a
l) 4
&c .

PRO POS ITI ON C .

PRO BLE M . F r om the equa tion

2 3
A A
+ &c
2 3
.

t er mi ne t
o d et he va lue o f A , er ms
in t of b and n .

If. in th e ion n
eqwat both si des a re rai sed t
o the

o we r of a i tbeco mes b ; then expan ding n e r ms
in t

p ,

of x , we Obt
ain ( P r op B, .

3
A
+ &c
9
n
1 w + 0

2
in which ( P rop . B,
l 1
A I
:

A lso a nd n
i b i m of A t h av e
ex p g n t
e r s e, we ( P rop . B,
2 3
A
bl r =1 + A Aw + A 2
a
2
+

A w + "
&c .

2 3

If no w in th e e qua tio n 6 itute he values of

4
subst t

n , we
Ir
b and obtai ned above , i tbeco mes

&c .

%
l 2 " 3
--
A ,
re + A1
2
.

From which we h ave, by P rop . A ,

A A A I
2 2 2
A A A I

A 3,
3 3
A A
 ON L o e aa tr n x s. i9
F r o m each of which we obt
a in

A 1
1 .

S u b stitut in g for A l i ts val ue g iven above . and for A i ts

v alu e d ete r mi n e d i n P r o B w h
p , e a ve .

1 l
( n 1)
( n -
( n l ) &c

.

2 3
A
I 1
(b 1) - 1) 2 l 3
) - &c .

"
S C HO L I O M Sin ce I)
. n , i tfollow s from t he d en i tion o f ,

a l o ga r i th m page 4 th a tA is th e lo ga r ith m o f th e numbe r n

. ,

to th e ba se 6 N ow as 6 may h av e any va lue tha tw e please

.

a s s ig n ed t o it , an d as e ve r y d i ffe r ent valu e of 6

,
g iv es a d i f

fe r e n tvalue of A, i tfollo ws th a t th ere may be a ny n um be r of

l o g a r ith ms co rr espon d i ng w ith th e n um ber n , because a ny
n u m b er o f v al u e s m ay be g i ve n to th e base b * .

W e m ay therefor e assu me such a val ue for b as shall give

1) l 3 in
A b ) l,

h e expr ession
w h ic h case t [ ,
1 abo ve ] h m becomes
for th e logari t

A= (
n
g o
. &c .

This is th e v alue for A actually taken by Baron N a pier ,

an d e m ployed by h im in his rs tTa bl e of L oga r it h ms, fr o m

w hi ch c i rc umst a nc e loga r ith ms c alculat
, ed t h is base are
o t
ter me d N ap i er ea n Log a r it
hms .

PRO PO S I TI O N D .

PRO BLE M . I n the equa tio n

2 3
A A A A 4
A + &c .

er mi ne t
o det he va lu e o b when A is ma d e equa l to u ni t
t f , y .

S ubstitu tin g th e assumed value of he above expres

A , in t
si on , i tbeco mes

See page 8 .
 m
mr Isn
'

go
a Ben i m RY rr
ax

{
A 1 l I
b _
_
1 + __ As 3 c
A + + 4 + A
2 573 2 3 4
. .

N ow , as t his expr ession is true , wha tever he t he val u e o f

i tisr t
rue when A l i n which case i tbec om


"
A, es ,

1 1 1
+ &c

"
Fro m w hi ch expressfon , a s i ti sT apidly co nvergen t
, we m a y

'
-

eas ily d e ter mi ne the v dlue o f b, to da ny r eqd ire d d e gr ee o f
'

exac t
n ess .

Se n o u mr . Th e followi ng is th e calc ulatio n fo r t

h e r s t; (
-
.

h ir tee n te rms
t .

'
1 4 00 0
a
} a: 0 00
h

! 3 2 6 67
s,
4
4 '
0 4l 66 7
52 .
. 3 33
6 : 889

7 '
O O O 1 98 , 4 1 2 6 98
,

8 87
9 32
10 57 3
ll 0 52
12 088

I n w hich th e rst n ine d eci mals a re c or rec t Th is mi m '

ber i s us ually d eno te d by s a nd is as stated i n the sc holiu m'

, , ,

to t h e p r eced ing prop osi tion , the base of t

. h e Nap ierean sys
te rn of logari t h ms .

IPBO PO SI TIO N E .

PRO BL E M . To o bta in a r ap idly converg ent ser ies, for ca l

i ng the log a r i thms of n umber s
cu la t .

i
In the expression Pr op G

.
, if its p ut A f or i t
t s e quita
lentvalue i n the d enomin ator , we h av e

A = log, n = l
) l )

% ( n l) 3
he
t
22 BUD IM BNTA BT TRE A TIS E

PRO PO S I TI O N F .

PRO BL E M . To r ed uce th e lo g a r i thms of a system h a v i n g o ne

'
ba se, to those ha vi ng a d ier entbase .

We h a ve , in P rop E [ l ]
.
, ,

1 1 1
log, u =
X ( { n 1) l '
) ( n 1
)

I n wh ich ex
p r ession th e coe fcien t is an t fo r
const e very
K
lo gari th m h av in g b fo r i ts base i t s v alue be in
g e nt i r ely i a
,

d e pe n d e n t of n ( Pro p B an d w e h av e fur t
.
, h e r s h o wn
P ro p D ) t h h h e base o f t h m f l i h m s is
( . a t
, w en t e syst e o o ga r t
ta ke n e u al t 2 7 1 8 28 1 82 8 e, t h valu e o f A i s r e d u ced
q o e
to uni t y ; i n t hi s cas e th er e for e ,, w e h a ve

log, u = 1)
( n l) 2
( n l
)

+ 650 .
J

This system, th er efor e , h a v in g s for i ts bas e , h as bee n ca lled

th e n a tu r a l system of lo g ar ith ms, bec a use i tcan be ex pressed
in ter ms o f n al o n e an d h as un ity for i t
, s c o e i c ien t .

N ow , we have ( Prob B, .

1
) ( b Ir

fr om wh ich , by compa rison wi th [ 1 ] above we

a n e xp r e ssion .

i mm ed iat
ely p erce i v e t
h atlo g, 6 A , or th a t th e v alue of A ,
l
th e d e no mi nator of th e a nt co e fc i en t
con s t for em
any syst

of h ms t
loga ri t o th e base 6 is , e qual t
o th e N a pierean loga

h m of
r it b . Th e a n tcoe fci en t
co n st 1 is c alle d he modulus
t
A
of he
t t
system
o wh ic h i t belo n gs ; an d t o r ed uc e logarithms
ha vi ng on e base t o t hose h av in g a d iffe re n t on e , it is only
n ece ssa ry to d i v ide them by th e m o d ul us of th ei r o wn system,
by w h ich th ey be com e r e d uc e d to n atu r al , o r N apierean lo
h
ar i t m s an d t h en to m ult i l th m b th m d l f h
t e
g ,
py e v e o u us o

syst e m ha v i ng t he re qui r ed bas e

See page 9 .
 O N Lo s xa rr rn rs . 25

PRO PO S ITI O N H .

THE O RE X .The log a r i thm of a ny number q to t he base p ,

multip lied by the lo g a ri th m of p to th e ba se q, is a lwa ys equal

o u nit ; t
t h a ti s, lo g q 10 1
y p n . .

Le tlogp q l, an d logq p h en
h; t q, an d q
"
= 11 .

If th e rs tof th ese, 11 b raised t he pow er
o t of k,
g e,

we h av e
l . h t
p q .

Butq p , h er efor e p
t p , an d

l k log, q log, p mustequal , uni t

y .

PRO PosITI O N I .

PRO BL E M . To deter mi ne the va lue of lo g , I , I being the

bas e of th e N api er ean syste m of lo gar i th ms .

C omp ar in g th e ex p ressio n fo r the v alu e o f A , gi ven in th e

Scholiu m to P r o positio n 0 , wi th th e fo rm ula [ 2] in th e same .

we see th at A is t h e N ap ier ean logar i th m of b or 5A =15 ; ,

ther efor e lo g. 6 A .

Now w e ha v e , fro m Theo r em H ,

log. b log, a
. 1,

Ther efor e log. t

2 3 0 258 50 92

This is th er efor e t he mod ulus

h e val ue of t [ P r op . he
F ] of t
common syst em o f lo ari th m
g s .

PRO PO SI TI O N K .

THE O RE M If a ser ies of log a r i thms to t

. he sa me base a r e
in a r ithmeti ca l p r og r essi on , the corr esp o nding n umber s will

for m a ser i es i n g eo metr ica l p r og r essi on .

That is if in b n , :
ll
n n b b" n th e 6 " l
,
, , a , , , ,

values of t h e exp on en ts of b ar e such th at l1 , l2, lb fo r m ,

an a r ithmetica l p r og ression , th en will n 1 , n2 , n a, n , for m a ,

geom e tr ica l p g
r o r essi on .

For , let 3 be t h e common d ifer ence of th e arith metical

series, t h en
0
26 BUDII BM A BY m an

he
t . duo . &c .

3 l'
L et b n
; , h en ,
t it
subst ing
ut he
in t above for b , b .

l l
b b &c h e ir
t equa ls n n 1 , n, , a , ain
we obt
, , ,
) , s
.

na n n
l ,

n
,
n, = na n
,
&c . &c .

Or , we that each ter m of t

see he ser ies n ,, ns, &a , is .

a qual t
o t h e p r eced ing ter m mu ltip lied by th e con stant qua n
ti t
y n ; t
3
h ey are , h
t erefor e ( Def in g eom e t
r ic a l p g
ro re s .

sion , n bein h
t i commo n r a t
io
; g e r .

,
SO HO LI UM . I tshould be observed h at,
t sin ce b 3,
he
t commo n h e series of logar ith ms, is th e lo
d if er ence of t
gari h
t m o f the common r a tio of th e seri es of number s .

PRO Po srrI O N L .

PRO BLE M To ded uc e a n exp r essio n for the li mit of the

.

i ncr ement of a log a r it hm, p r od uced by a ny g i ven i ncr ease in .

t he co r r esp ond ing na tur a l number .

I
I f, in th e exp r essi on P rop E w e put 1 for
;
.

i tbecomes

1 1 l l 1 1

5 2
933 4 e
 0 N ro o m s . 27

equal th e i ncre mentoccasioned in t hm

h e logar it of b, by ia
s val u e by un i t
cr e as i n g i t y .

1 1
I n th e e xp re ssi on he he rstterm,
t
56 5 .

2
1
i s g r ea ter t he su m of all he succeed in g er ma, and
'

,
'
han t t t
6
he re fo re
t

1 l 1
lo g
(3 + 1
) log ( b 1) 10 g b
-

Th a ti s , th e d ier ence be t h ms of two num

ween t h e logarit
ber s diffe r in g by u nity, i s l e ss th an th e m od ulus of h
t e syste m
divi d e d by th e lesser of t hose n u mber s .

Boa o mm r 1 In t he common system of logarith ms, th e

.

mod ulus
i - has been sh own [ P p i
r o osi t on I] o be
t equal t
o

48 42944 8 2
'
in thi s case , h er efore , we have
t

43 429448 2
'

log ( 6 1) log 6
b

SC R O LI UM 2 In th e case of the logarit

. hms of several
consecut i v e nu mbers, each gr eater by u nit y tha n th e
p r e
cedi ng p ut t
,
h e m od ulus of th e syste m, we have
in g m for t

log ( b + 1 ) - log b <
g
log ( b 2)
z

Ei
log ( b 3)

from which we see t h at he n u mbers increas e, th e r a t

, as t e of
increase of their logarith ms de crease ; t
h us, the addi tion of

unit
y t
o 6 in cr eases i t hm by
s logar it whi le t
he ad d it
ion of

m
unit o b
t 1 i nc reases i t hm
s logar it only
y
b 1
howeve r b is a large number b and b
, l are v er y n ear ly
,

equal an d t
, h erefore the r a t
e of i nc r ease of t
he logari t hms
may be consid ered propor tional to that of the correspond
.

o 2
 28 -
BUDII E NTA BY TRE ATIs:

ing number s, so long as th e incrementof the lat

ter is sma l l ,
as compar ed wi t
h th e n umbe r i tself .

PRO PosITIO N M .

THE O RE M The sum of th e log a r ith ms

.
f
o wo number s,
t is
he log a r ithm of their p r od uc t
t .

L etA = log, m, an d l = log, n, h en b

t
l
=m , and

b =n
Now .

A n d because

th er efor e A l i s th e logarithm of m n, t o th e base b ; o r ,

the su m of the lo g a r i thms of m a nd n is the loga r ithm of thei r
p r o d uct .

PRO PosITIO N N .

THE O RE M The log a r it

. h m of the quo t ient of two number s
is equa l to the log a r ithm of the d ivid end , wi t
h t he log a r i thm of
the d ivisor subt ed fr om i t
r ac t .

L etA an d 1 d enote th e same as i n th e for egoin g proposi

i on
t Then
,"
m b A __r

A nd because
A 3 m
b
n

h erefor e A l is t
t h e logari th m of t h e base b ;
o t or , he
t

loga r ithm of the quot ien t of m d ivid ed by n , is equa l t o the

hm
log a ri t of m, wi th the loga r i thm of n subtr a cted fr om i t .

PRO PO SITIO N O .

THE O RE M The lo g a r ithm of a ny p ower of a number , is
.

equa l t
o t he loga r ithm of tha t number , mult

ip lied by the se
p orrentof the p o wer .
 o n LO G A BITBHB . 99

A n d b ecause

h e r e fo r e
t n ) is hm o
th e loga ri t f m t o th e bas e 6 ;

o r , h
t e

lo g a r i th m of he
t nth r oo t of m , i s equ a l t
o n ti mes t h e l og o

r ith m of m .

PROPOSITION P .

TH E OR E M The log a r i thm of a ny r oo t of a nu mber i s

. ,

equ a l t
o t he eap o n en t
h e log a r i thm of tha tnu mber , d ivid ed by t
of th e r o ot .

L e tx = Jog, m, t h e squar e r oo tof m = a2,

"
h en m b ; lett
and th e logari thm of m= 1, th e n

A
h e refor e ,
t A, an d l
g
.

I n like m anne r , if t
he cube r oo to f m y, an d h e loga
t .

h m of y
r it p , th e n

m =y o
y o
y = b =
x
h er efor e, 8p
t A, a nd p
3

And gen erally if th e . h root of

nt m z, an d h e loga
t
hm of z
r it 9 th e n ,

A
h e r efor e ,
t n q A, a nd q

or . he loga r ithm
t of he
t h r o ot o
nt f m is, equa l he
o t
t tg
o a .

hm cy
r it m divide d by
, n .
80 s no w ma n ! n u n s:

PRor osm on Q .

THE ORE M . I n the syst hm whose ba se is 1 0,

em of lo g a ri t

the ma ntissa is the sa me for the sa me or d er of g ur es , wh et her

eg er s or d ecima ls
tho se gu r es a r e i n t .

If t h e gur es composi n g th e two numbe

'
or d e r an d on ly d ier in t
, h e place of th e d eci mal p o i n t, t he
two nu mbe rs may be mad e equal by alter in g th e po si tio n of
'
t he point in one of th em whic h will in eec t be m ul tip ly
, , ,

i ng or di vi din g by 1 0 , for eve ry place t hat th e d ec i m al is

mo ve d to th e r ig htor to t h e left .

The logari th m of th e n u mbe r wh ich h as th us been m ulti

t ip lied or d ivi d ed by 1 0 , o r some i ntegral p o wer of 1 0 m ust ,

h av e th e logarith m of th at po wer of 1 0 a d d ed to o r sub

tr ac t ed fro m i t i n or d er t
, o be st ill th e corr ec tlo gar i th m of
t h atn u mbe r ; an d i twill th e n beco me equal to th e log ar i th m
of t h e ot he r n um be r .

Now , th e logarithm of any powe r of 1 0 to th e base 1 0 is ,

obvi ousl t h t f th t w d as th n n ti
y e exp on en o a
p o e r a n e,e x
po e s
i n tegral , the lo gar ith m of e v ery in t e ra l p ower o f 1 0 m ust
g
i tse lf be an in teger with n o d ec imals or man tissa
, Th e a d .

di tio n or subtr ac ti on th er efor e, o f th e logar ith m o f the

,

p o w er of 1 0 , b
y wh ich th e n u m be r h as b ee n m u ltip l ied or

d ivid ed will n ot affect i ts m a ntissa w h ich will con se qu en tly

, ,

be th e sa me as befor e i ts valu e w as alt e r ed A n d th e refo re

.

t h e mantissa of th e two logar ith ms wer e or iginally th e same .

PROPO SITION R .

THE ORE M . The cha r a c ter istic of the log a r i thm of a number
to t he ba se 1 0 , i s a lwa ys o n e le ss tha n the n umber of i v eg r al .

g u r es i n h
t a tn u m b er .

L etth e nu mber consistof only on e i n t eger ; t h en i t

s value
m ust be less than 1 0 ; now th e logar ith m of 1 0 is here
t
for e the logarith m of th e n u m ber m ust be less than th atof
1 0 an d th er e for e i t
, s ch arac t ic must be 0 ( followed by
e ri st
so me d eci mal) an d in t
, h is case is on e less th an th e n umber
of i n te gers i n th e n u mb e r .

Th en , let th e n umber h e succ essively mul ti plied by 1 0,

an d at t h e sa me ti me let th e lo ga ri th m of 1 0 or 1 be such , ,

ce ssi vely add ed t o th e ch arac ter is tic of i t hm

s logar i t .

No w each multiplicatio n by 1 0 will ad d an in teger t , o the

nu mbe r , I tt h e same t i m e tha ti twill add 1 to th e charact er
istic of i ts logari th m , an d th ere for e as originally th e ch aract er .
82 BUDIM E NTA B! mu m

i n eith er of th e oth er series may be immediately fo u n d ; on

i nspect i on of th e t a bles The n um ber gi v e n i s ter m ed th e
.

a r g u men to f t he tables and th e n u m ber so ugh tthe r esu lta n t

,
.

Th us i n th e table a specim en of which is gi ven a tp ag e 3 3 ,

th e n u mbers i n t he left-h an d mar gin an d a t the h ea d o f th e

table a re th e a r g u men t by wh ich we ar e d i r ect , e d wh e r e t o

n d th e logar ith ms of those n umbe rs whic h loga ri th ms ar e th e ,

r esul t a nt s Wh en w e th us seek in any column O f a ta ble fo r

.

the ar gu m en t by wh ich t o n d som e ot h er n umbe r w e a r e ,

said t o ent er t h a t c ol u mn wi th th e a rgu me n t Fo r ex a m p l e .

,

if we ar e looking in th e table a tpage 3 3 for th e logar i th m o f

2 56 5 we ent
, er t he co lum n of nu mbe rs ( d istin guish e d by N .

at t he to p) wi th th e a r g umen t 256 5 a n d on th e same li n e in ,

the co n ti gu ous colu mn w e n d th e r esu lt a n t40 90 8 7 4 wh ic h ,

is th e loga ri th m r equir e d .

Ta ble s of the L ogar ith ms of N u mbe rs ex ist u nd e r a g r e a t

ety o f f or m s an d ar,e ca lc ula te d to a g r e a te r o r le ss n u m
be r of d ec imal plac es accor d ing to th e p ur poses t
, o whic h t h ey
a re i nt en d e d t o be a li d F r A st ro n o m ical an d Tr i o n o
g
pp e o .

m e tr ical calc ula tio ns w her e consid erable acc ur acy is r equir ed
, ,

tables ar e used in w hich th e lo gar ith ms ar e car r ie d to se v e n

l ac es o f d e ci ma ls ; fo r o r d in a r t b l f i l
p yp p u r o s e s a es o S x
p a c e s
w ill be foun d a mple a n d e ven i n m any cases ve l ac e s w il l
p
be sufcien t We Sh all d esc ri be so me of th e best an d m ost
.

e n er ally e m loye d t bl s t ven si x an d ve l

g p a e o se ,
p a ce, s , .

Th e best table s of th e L ogar ith ms of N um be rs to se ve n

.

p l ac e s ar e t
, h o se by B a b b a
g e a l th ou
gh f or g e n e r,a l u se w e
sh ould r eco mm e n d H u t on s which con t ai n lo a r i t m i S

t g, h c in e s ,

ta n gen t s &c , to t .h e sa me n u mber of plac es al so th e n a tur al

, ,

S i n es an d tan gen ts an d a gr eatvari ety of oth er tables wh ich

,

w i ll be foun d of fr equen t use W e hav e gi ven o n th e o ppo

.

si t a e as a s eci me n of t h t b l ti f
e
p g p e se a e s a p o r on o o n e ,

a e of t
p g h e sam e .
 34 Run n u mn nr m m :

The nat u ral n umbers wh ich fo r m t h e a r g uments of the t a ble

ex t en d fr om 1 0 0 0 0 t o 1 0 7 999 t h e r es ulta n t
, s, o r log r i th ms
ans we r in g t o t h em fr o m 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 to 5 0 33 4 1 97 3 , t
, h e fo r me r
being gi ven to 5 a nd 6 places w hile th e la tter e xte nd to 7 and
,

8 p lac es I
. n t h e ex tr e m e le ft-han d colu
mn h ead ed N , wh ic h
is the c olumn of ar g um en ts only th e rstfour gur es of the
,

n at u ral n umbers a r e gi ve n t h e last gu r e m ustbe so ugh t fo r

,

alon g t h e top of th e ta ble , i n t h e lin e o f gu res i mmed ia te ly

h e wo rd s L oga rith m of N u mbers ; a nd t

u nd er t h e r es ult
ant , or th e loga r i t h m it s elf w ill be foun d a tt
, h e i nter secti o n
of t h e two lin es i n wh ich th e two po r tio ns of th e arg u m e n t
we r e fo un d tha t i s o n th e same line wi th t
, h e r st f o u r
gur e s a n d in th e sa me co lumn as th e las tg ure
, We oh .

se r ve h o w e ve r , u po n loo king a tt
, h e ta ble tha t wh ile th e rst
,

c olumn o f r es ult s h a vin

an t
( g 0 a t t h e top) c o n ta i n s 7 g u r es ,

th e o th e r n in e co lumn s con t ai n o n l
y 4 T
. h e e x p l a n a t i o n of
th is i s as follo ws th e fou r gu r es g iv e n in the se co lu mn s ar e
,

o n ly t h e fo u r nal gur es o f th e lo gar ith m tha t is th e 4th , ,

5t h 6 th a n d 7 th , d ecimals, th e r s tth r ee gu r es o r th e l st
, , , ,

2md , an d 3 rd , d eci mals ar e the sa me as tho se of th e loga

,

rit h ms i n th e r st co lum n of r esul tant

o
s , an d bein
g t h e sa m e
i t i s co nsid er e d un n ec essar y to r ep ea t t h em a s th ey may be
,

as e asily s u li e d fr o m t h e rs t column , an d con si d e r able

pp
sa v i n
g o f S p ac e i s e ffec t e d by t h e ir om ission I t i.s i n o r d er
to al lo w of this sav in g o f spac e , by th e o missi on of th e si m ilar
gu re s , th a tth e p eculia r ar ra n ge m en tof th e tables, by wh ic h
a p or t ion o f th e a r gum en t i s foun d in th e Sid e column an d a
or ti on a tt h e h ea d o f t h e t able , h as been ad o pt ed I t i s not
p .
,

h o w e v e r always t
,
h e case th a tth e in itial gu res foun d in th e
,

r stcolu mn a r e th e cor r ec t i n i tial gur es fo r all th e o th er

loga r ith ms in the sa m e line , because as th e loga r i th ms s ue :

c essi vely inc r ease , aft e r a c er t a in in t e rv al th e last o f t

, he
i n itial gur es or th e 8 td d ec imal beco mes al ter e d in value ,
a nd t h is alteration is equ al ly li kely to occ u r in any o n e o f th e
c o lu mns A n ex a mp le of this occ urs a tthe th ir d lin e o f th e
.

t a ble , i n w h ich t h e i ni tial gur es 40 6 a pply as far as th e ,

column h ea d e d wi t h 7 th ey h e r e , h o weve r , ch a n ge , an d in the

,

n ex tcol um n becom e 40 7 , a n d so con t inue u n til th e n in th li n e,

i n whic h th ey ch an ge to 40 8 in th e c olum n h ead e d wi th 6 .

V ario us m eth o d s h av e bee n a d o p ted fo r d ir ec t in g atten t ion to

ial g ur e s ; i n H u tt a bles i t i s

th is ch ange i n th e init on s t

sh ow n by a lin e bein g d r a wn o v e r t h e rs tgu r e of e a ch of

th e logar ith ms to which th e alter e d in itial gu r es ar e t o be
'
B i

ap lied , an d i n som e ot h r t b l i n bb a g e s t
p e a e s, as a ,
 o n ro o m . 85

s how n by th e rst cyph er be ing pu t i n smal ler t yp e , as

0 33 8 I
0 1 68
]
I th as be en sh o wn , i n th e conclusion of the p revi o us ch ap
ter ( Sc holiu m 2 , Prop L ) th atwi t
. . h small inc re ments in the
n at ural n u mbers, t h e logari th ms cor respond in g with the m i a
c rease in a r it h metical p r og r ession so that th e d iffer ence be
,

tween th e successive logar it h ms r e ma in s const a n t fo r s e v eral

l oga ri th ms in succe ssion Wh en eve r th e v alue of th e d ie r ence
.

c h an e s , i t i s i n se r t
g e d i n a colum n h ead e d D , on t h e r ig h t of
the t a ble on t h e lin e in w h ich th e chan ge occ u rs Thu s the .

n um be r 1 7 0 is i nsert e d in t h e column D on th e fth line an d

, ,
'
in d ica tes thatth e d ier ence be tw e e n two su ccessi v e lo ga rith ms
ha s ch a ng ed fr o m 1 7 1 to 1 70 i n the lin e in w hich i t s t a nds .

The d iffe re nces change much mo r e ra pid ly atth e comme nce

m e n tof th e ta ble th an n ear its c onclusio n Th e d iffer e nce
.

i v e n in t h is colu mn i s t h atd ue to an i nc r e me n tof one unit

g
in t he 5th gur e of th e natur al n umbe r th us ,

Log of 2558 4 4 4 0 7 96 8 4

1 1 70

a n d as fo r any incremen tless t h an thi s, w e may consid er the

lo gar i th ms to va ry in ar ith metical p rog r essio n , to asc e r t ai n
th e lo gari th m of any n umbe r be t wee n those giv en a bov e , th e
i n cre m e n t of th e logar ith m to be a d d e d to 4 4 0 7 96 8 4 will
b ear th e same p ropo r tio n to 1 70 tha t th e inc r eme n to f th e
,

n at u r al n umber d o es t o l for ex am ple , le t it be r equ ir e d to

nd th e lo ga rith m of 2558 46 , h er e th e i ncrem en to f th e n um
ber be ing 6 we fo rm th e p ropor tion
,
'
6 z : 1 7 0 1 0 2, by
'

wh ich we nd that 1 0 2 is the cor r espon d in g i nc re men tof t he

logar ith m, whi ch bein g add e d t o 4 4 0 7 96 8 4 g i v es 4 4 0 7 97 8 6

fo r th e logari th m o f 2558 46 .A gai n , if th e incr e men to f the

n at u ral n u mbe r h ad bee n 0 6 , t
'
h e c o rr espond in g in c r e men tof
t h e logar ith m wo uld h ave been 1 0 2 .

I f no w w e d ivi d e th e wh ole di ffere nce 1 7 0 by 1 0 , w e obt a in

1 7, t he d iffe r en ce cor respon d in g with an incr ease o f on e u nit

i n th e Six th g ur e of th e n atural n u mber , th e d ou ble o f th is
o r 8 4 fo r t wo u n it
,s th e tr eble o r 5 1 fo r th r ee un its a n d so ,

o n ; a nd each of t h e n u mbers so ob tai n ed wi ll be th e i nc re

men tof th e logarith m corr espon d i ng with a n i ncr ease of tha t
number of un i t s in t h e six th gur e of th e n atu ral n umbe r .

T he i ncremen t t h us obt ain ed , fo r each of t he nine unit s, i s

36 BUDI M KNTA BY TRE A TI SE
i nse r ted i n a n adjoining colu mn (head ed an a bbr e via
t i o n of P ropo r t ion al Pa r ts ) .

The n umbe rs con t ain e d i n th e se li ttle table s are as al r m dy ,

e x la in ed t h i m t f th l i th m f i i
p , e nc r e e n s o e og a r o r a n n c reas e n
the six t h gur e o f th e n a tural n u mbe rs th ey ex p re ss , h o w ,

e ve r t, h e i nc re men t s fo r t h e u ni ts i n th e seven th place o f th e

nat ur al n u mbe r wh en d iv id ed b 1 0 o r fo r t h e ei g h th w h e n
y ,

d ivid e d by 1 0 0 Thus su p pose th e lo gar ith m o f 256 0 8 58 7

.
,

wer e r e quired w e d er ive a ton ce fro m the t

, a ble t h e logar i th m
of t he rstve gur es , to wh ich w e a d d th e p rop er i ncr e m en t
fo r eac h ad d itional gu r e d erive d fr o m the little ta ble i n th e
,

r i ht -ha n d c olumn T h
g u
. s

L og o f 256 0 8 0 0 0 is 7 4 0 8 3 7 57
Incr emen tfor 50 0 85
80
7

Th erefore th e log of 256 0 8 58 7 7 4 0 8 3 8 57

Th ese little tables of proportional par ts a r e of equ al ser v i ce

in n di ng th e n atural n umbers c orr esp ond i n g wi th an y gi ve n

lo gar ith m . Thus if th e lo gar i th m give n we r e 4 4 0 7 43 2 7 , on
,

loo king in the ta ble w e see tha t th e n e x t less loga r i th m is

4 4 0 74249, w h ich co r re sp o n d s wi th th e n a tur al n u mber
25552 th en s ubtrac ting the lo ga r ith m ta ke n fr o m th e t a ble ,

fro m th e give n loga ri th m we o btain th e d iffere nce 7 8 loo k

, ,

i n g in the se co nd co lum n o f th e t a ble of Pr o o r t i o n al Par ts,

p
w e n d again s t th e n e x t le ss d iffe re nc e 6 8 , t h e n um be r 4,
,

wh ich is th e six t h gu r e of th e n u mbe r requi r e d ; w e hav e

st ill 1 0 left, to w h ic h a ddin g a n o u gh t we Ob t a in 1 0 0 a n d t he ,

n ea restn u m ber in t h e ta ble bein g 1 0 2, a gain stwh ic h we n d

6 thatis th e seve n th gu r e r equ ir ed
, Th e n u m ber ans wer
.

ing to th e log ar ith m 44 0 7 4249 is th er e fo r e 255524 6 .

I n th e se an d all th e bestt h m s th e ch ame

a bles of lo ga r i t ,

ter ist ic i s o mitted t he tables co ntain in g o nly th e man tissa of

,

the lo gari th m . Th e ch ar a c te r istic must be ad d ed in acco r d

a nc e wi t h t he m le gi ve n atp ag e 1 1 .

W e n ext pass on to d esc r ibe tables o f logar ithm s to si v

decimal pla ces A s a Sp ec im en , w e h a v e g ive n a p age fr o m
.

th e M athemat i cal Table s, fo r mi ng o ne of th e sa me ser ies

as t h e p r esentwor k .
 1

3 80 2 1 1 0 392

I 20 1 7 97 21

2 3 8 1 5 3995
5 6 0 6 57 8 5
4 7 39 6
75 8
x6 6
5 9 934 3
6 390 93 5 1 1 1 2
7 2 6 97
8 44 5 2 4 6 2 7
9 6 1 99 6 3 74

so 7 940 81 14
I 6
9 74 984 7
1 57 3
3 3 12 1 3 92
2

4 8
4 34 0
5 5 0

s 6 540 6 71
6 84 1 0
7 993 3 0 10 2

8 41 1 62 0 1 7 8 8
9 33 0 0 346 7

60 497 3 51 40
I 6 80 7
2 8 30 1

3 9956 0 12 1

4 42 1 6 0 4 . 1 7 6 8

4 8 82
6 51 1 6 6 74 .

8 1 3 5 82 97
97 5 7 99 41

N .

24 33 10 68 1

2 44 6 1L77
'
354 10 62 12 39 6
'
I 59 2 5

-
24 60
-
17 6 35
'
s 10 5 6 1 2 32 1 58 4
'
1 4 74 1 40 0 I S7 S

2 4 88 1 56 6
-

a 1 397
1 3 8 21
.

I SS 7
'

Q
2 50 3
-
2 51 7 17 2 1 37 6 1 54 8
10 26 1 36 8
'
2 532 17 I I I
97 I S3P

2 54- 10 20
7 1 1 0
9

2 562 69 83
'
10 1 1 1
1 4
. I 3 S1 1 52 1

8 2 57 7 16 8 100 8 1 1 76

3 25 2
9 1 67
3 34 IOO 2

1 50
-
3
9" 2 60 8 16 6
-

2 6 24 16 5 1 48
' ' '
e 99 n 55 5
.
ar
2 6 40 8 1 48 1 47 6
-
16 4 8 9 4 1
.
3 2
2 6 56 8 -
1 6 1 46 7
3 32 6 97
2 6 72 1 6 2 3 4
2 1 4 58
2 6 89 6
9 6 1 l4
68 m m m m

a ble
This t he logar ith ms of ev ery
ai ns
cont
t
th an to six p laces of d eci mals, and in
fo r m an d arra n gementa re v e ry si milar to th ose j
The natu ral numbers which for m t h e arg umen

th e rs t th ree gures ar e
to fac ilit
ate t h e use of th e
s ult
an t s th e whole six gu
-

he loga ri th ms
t
ha ve d ie rent i nitial gures the line be ing m ad e t

w hich . o
break o r step up whe n th e ch an ge i n the ini tial gu r es oc
, ,

h er than atthe co mme nce men tof a line

c ur s ot Th us i n th o .

midd le of the sixth li ne the i ni tial gures cha nge from 8 8 to

39, and his i s i nd icate d by th e line thus 98 7 5
t 00 5 1 , the
fo r me r of th ese being 8 8 98 7 5 and th e latter 8 90 0 51
, .

In th ese tables also the p ropor t ional ar e som e wh at

d iffe re n tly arranged h er lo gar i th m ic

In H utto n s an
. ot

tables t , h e line i n wh ich th e d ifference ch anges i ts va lu e is

Sh own but each line co ntains ten logar ith ms an d th e re is
, ,

not hi ng to ind icate be twe e n wh ich o f these logar i th m s the

ch an ge occu rs ; i n t he tables n o w be ing d esc ribe d , the n u m ber
co rrespo n d in g wit h th e logari th m atwh ich the c han ge takes
lace is g iv en in t h l f -ha nd col umn an d o n t h m
p e e t , e sa e li ne
will be fou nd t h e propo rt i o nal par ts for each uni tconstitu t i ng
th e ft h gure of th e na tu ral n umber Thus let th e loga
.
,

r ith m of 24 6 0 57 be r equi r ed ; h e re we Obtain the loga r i thm

of t h e rstfou r gur es a ton c e from th e body of the t a ble , for
th e inc re men t t o be add ed for t he other two gur es w e look
i n th e table of pr opor tio nal pa r ts , an d o n th e sa me lin e with
the rstfo u r g ures of the gi ve n n umber an d i n th e sa me ,

co lumn as t h e fth re o f the sa me we nd the p ro r .

'
tional pa r t to be ad d fo r tha tgure and on the same no
,

a nd in t h e sa me column as th e sixth gure w e nd the p ro ,

o rtio na l t w hi h h vi n g r stbeen d ivid ed b t m t b

p par ,c , a
y en , us e
a d d ed for t hatgur e Thus .

The log of 246 00 0 is 58 90 93 5

Incremen tfor 50 88
I ) 7 n

h e log of 246 0 57
Therefore t 5 3 91 0 3 5
40 B O DIX E NTA BY m ums

The able of
n ex t t logar ith ms wh ich we
those repri nte d , un d er th e supe rin t
e nd ence
th e Diffusion of Usefu l Knowle d ge , fro m t he
ublish ed in Fr ance .

lo w.
 os L O G A RITHM B. 4!

to ve d ecimal
car r i ed an d t h eir

qu i te d i ere n tfr o m h
t a tof
ey con t ai n th e logari th ms of every con secu ti ve
n um b er fr om 1 to th e ar gu men ts a n d r esultan ts
b e i n g p lac e d in pa ra llel c olu mn s , an d t h e d iffer e nce s betw een
th e l ogari th ms bein g give n in a thi r d co lumn on th e r igh t

han d . In th ese tables n o p ropor t ional p ar ts of th e d iffer

e n c e s ar e
g i v en fo r t h e se ve r al un i t s i n t h e f th p lac e o f t h e
n a tu ral n u m ber , butt hey ha v e to be foun d by p ropor tion in
th e m a n n er e xp la in e d a t p age 3 5 .

T h us su ppose th e loga r it
, h m of 3 96 94 w ere requir ed : we
i m m e d ia t e ly n d fr o m t
, he t able , t h e logar ith m of 3 96 90 to
he bu twe kn o w this to be too sma ll, an d we w an t
th e pr opor t ion al pa r tof th e wh ole d iffer e nce , 1 1 , to be a d d ed
fo r th e fo ur u n i ts in th e fth plac e of th e n a tural n umbe r .

N ow, t h e d ie r ence , 1 1 , co r r espon d s wi th an inc r ease of ten
un i t s in t h e fth gur e of the n umbe r , th er efo r e as 1 0 , 11
z: 4 which is th e p r op or t ional part r e qui r e d . Th e
r ul e, t he r e for e , for n d i ng th e p r opor tio nal p a rts is as fo l .

fo w s M u lti ply th e differ en ce giv en i n th e thir d colu mn by

al l t h e g u r es of the natur al n u mber exc ep t th e rst four ,
,

a n d p oi n toff as ma ny d ec imals i n t h e p r od uct as th ere we r e

g u r e s in th e m ultip lier , th e in tegr al po r tion will be th e
p r o po r ti on al par t to be ad d ed to th e logar ith m In th e ex .

a m p le abo v e w e h av e 1 1 x 4 4 4, th e i nt eger of wh ich

'
'

b e in g ad d e d t o gi ves 4 5 98 7 2 for t h e lo a r it
g h m o f
3 96 94 .

A gai n , wha tis t he logar ith m of 40 3 56 7 Th e loga ri th m

o f 4 0 3 50 0 is 56 0 58 4, an d t h e differ en ce , 1 1 , bein g mu lt i
p l ie d b y 6 7 , i s 7 3 7 , fr o m w h i c h p o i nt i n
g o ff t
w o d e c i mals,

l ea v es th e inte ge r 7 to be add ed ; th e r efor e , th e logar i thm of

40 3 56 7 i s 5 6 0 591 .

To nd a n u mber answe rin g to a logari th m fr om th e se ,

t able s , p r oce ed as follo ws Look fo r t h e n ex tless logari th m,

an d t h e n umber an swe r i ng to i twi ll be th e rst four gur es
of t h e n u mber r equ ir ed The n take the d iffere nc e be twee n
.

th is lo gar it h m an d th e one g ive n ; to this differ ence a d d as

man y cy p hers as add i tional g ur es ar e requir ed an d d i vid e ,

by th e d iffe r ence gi ve n i n th e th ir d c olu mn of th e ta ble ,

the quo t ie n t will be th e g ur e s to be ad d e d to th e rs t

four a lr ead y d e ri ved fro m th e table s ; th e posi ti on of th e
deci mal point will be d e ter mined by the value of the c h a
42 nun mm m -
r a nam :

F or example, what is the number answe rin

g to th e

ga r ithm 3 6 0 423 ?
Logar ith m gi ven 3 0 0 428
N extless logar ithm 8 6 0 423 40 20

50 -2 10 5

40 20 1 5

Therefore 4020 5 is he
t number whose logari th m

A gain , what is the number answeri ng h e logari

o t
t
4 1 50 7 1 9?
Logar ithmgiv en 41 30 7 1 9
hm
N extless logarit 13 40 470

6 0 0 -I 1 1

40 47 51 :

Th er efor e 40 47 54 is the nu mber whose hm

logar i t is
46 0 7 1 9 .

Ha ving descri bed some the p rinci pal t

of ables, an d ex
plained the method of using th em, i t will be d esira ble to
sho w h ow many gur es may be reli ed u pon as acc u rat e , in

the result ai n ed b t
s obt a ble s of ve, si x, and sev en d ec imal
y
Pl ace s .
'

L e tus have th e logari th m o ve plac es of

ven t

d eci mals : now th e r eal value of this oga rithm , if ex p ressed

to a g reat e r n u mbe r of p lace s, migh t for augh t t
, h at can be
kn own , be anyth ing between 3 1 7 28 3 5 and 3 1 7 28 45, a nd
migh t the refor e d iffer fr om th e logar ith m given by v ery
near ly
'
0 0 0 0 0 5 ; which t h en is the e xtr eme li mit o f the

dierence wh ich tables to ve plac es will sho w ; any die r

cnce less t han th is migh t occur with ou t an y change i n the
valu e of t he logarith m as given in th e table
, .

I th as been shown i n Pro p L . page 27 , th at th e d if

'
fer ence be tween the logarit h ms of two n u mbers, which d ier
only by unit y, is less than th e mod ulus of th e system d ivided
by the lesse r numbe r , or in t
.
, he case of co mmon logari th ms,
than 43 429448 2 d ivid ed by t
'
h e lesser n umber Now, the .
 o n L oo m 43

between th e t
re u se hm and tha t gi ven to ve
r ue logari t

p la c e s m ay, as we h a ve sho wn abo ve be n ea r ly equal t

,o
'
0 0 0 0 0 5, which is t her efor e less than 4342945 d ivide d by '

he
t n u mber , or he
t n umber is less than 8 6 8 58 9 .

0 00 0 05 '

Th a t i s t o say, t ha t u nless the numbe r , whose logar i t hm is

i v e n , i s less t h n 8 6 8 59 i t value ca nno t be d et mi d
g a , s e r n e
wi t h cer t ai n ty beyond four gu res ; bu t that if less than
8 6 8 5 9, the r st ve gures d eri ved fr om th e table will be

I n a similar way itmay be shown t h at, wh en wor king wi th

tabl e s of logar ith ms to six d eci mal places, th e rstsi x gures
of t h e resultmay be d e pe nd ed upon if less t han 8 6 8 58 9, but
if g r eater , only th e rstve g ur es must be kept A nd in .

th e case of lo gar i th ms to seve n d eci mal places if the r esult ,

is l ess than 8 6 8 58 90 , sw an plac es will be accurat e , bu t i f

g r ea ter , on l y s i c.G en e rally i n an,

y t
a ble s o f lo gar i h
t ms , th e
r esu l tobt ai ne d may be co nsid er ed acc ura te t o as man y r es
as t h ere ar e d eci mal places in th e logar i t h ms, p rov id e th e
ma n tissa of th e logari th m is less th an 93 8 8 , but if g rea ter ,
'

th e n th e r esultwil l on ly be accu rate to one less nu mber of

g ur es than th e d ecimals in th e logari t hm .

C HA PTE R v 1 .

hmic A r ithmet
Log a r it ic

WE next pr oceedto t h e applica t ion of logarithms to t he

or d inar y p r oc esses of ar it h metic , and t o illust r at e an d exp lain
the ir gen er al u se for th e p u r poses of calcula tion Th e .

refe r en c es followi n t
g h e r ules sho w t h e p rop osi ti on in C ha p t
er
IV , in Which th e r ule i s d emonstrat
. ed .

: Am
To m m m m n C O M PLE M E N I
L oo m r nu

r roar. or A .

By th e a r i thmetic a l comp lemen t of a logarith m is meant

the r e maind e r left by th e subtraction of th e lo ga ri th m from
10 Th us th e ar ith metical co mplement of 3 2 4 1 7 35 is

1 0 00 0 000 3 24 1 7 3 5 I ts grea t use is in

divi sio n , as will be p r esen tly sh own ; for i f, i ns tead of sub
trac ti ng a lo gari th m , we ad d i ts co mpleme n t, an d subtract 1 0 .

we obt ain t h e same result To nd the ari thme tical comple

.

mentemploy t h e following r ule .

44 nunnrm anx m m

1 0, a nd a ll he her s i c lud i ng t e n p osi

t ot
( n h e cha ra ct
er i s tic wh
ive )
t f rom 9 ; when he ch a r a ct
t e ri stic is nega t i ve , it m u s t be
a dded o 9
t .

En xr m
The hmetical complementof
ar it 6
5 3 1 6 4 2 is 3
6
4 3 358 8
2 1 70 6 30 7 8 2 9370
T 2 r 7o 3a 1 0 7 8 2 96 6
'
or

to 3 7 3 80
1 6 1 2 8 2 6 32 0

3 6 0 7 8
2 1 6 3 92 7 8 2

RULE TO multip ly two o r mo r e n umber s t her ,

o g et

the i r log a r ithms the sum wi ll be t

, he lo g a r i thm of
p r o d uc t ( Pro p M ) . .

Em r m
M ultiply 56 3 1 by
Logarithm of 6
5 3 1
37 5 856
0

: 9 +1 2 32 49

53 7 38 3 : a log of 2 36 50 0

4 3

A nsw er I 2 6
3 50 2

M ult iply 52 , 7 34, and her

6 toge t .

Logar ithm of 52
7 34 . 2 8 6 56 96
6 0 8
7 7 51
1

8
53 59 5 0

53 598 3 5 10 3 of 2 2 90 0 0

r 50 a 8

A nsw er 2 2 90 0 8

M ultiply 6 1 , 2 2 , a nd 6 5 tog ether .

Logar ithm of 6 1 1 7 8 5330

: 1 22
65 1 8 12
91 3

4 9 40 6 6 6 log of 8 72 30 .
 on LO G A RITHI S .

DIV ISI ON .

.

B u m s To d i vid e one number by a no ther subtr a ctthe loga ,

r ith m of t he d ivisor fr om the lo g a r i thm of t he d i vidend a nd ,

r e m a i nd er will be t
he log a r ithm of t ie nt ( Prep N )
he quo t . .

Exu r ms .

Divid e 1 r 64. by
Logarithm of 1 1 64 6 59 3
3
3 0

1: 4
.

log of 2 91 .

Divid e 1 1 690 8 by
1 1 6 90 0
Prop partfor
. 8

1 1 690 8 2

53 % 37 1 54-1 7

- 1s of n o

I n st ead of subt r acting the logarith m of th e di visor we may

a dd its ari th me t ical co mplement the r esult, wi th 1 0 sub ,

trac te d fro m t h e c ha racte ristic will as befo re he t he logar i th m

,

of t h e quo tien t Th u , i n th e example abo ve th e a ri th meti

.
,

ca l c omple men tof 3 7 2 5422 t hm of th e d ivi sor is

h e logari t , ,

6 2 7 457 8 , wh ich ad d ed t o 5 0 6 7 8 45 gives 1 3 42423 t h e same , ,

ans w er as before This meth od will be foun d very con ve ni ent

.

wh er e it is d esired t o di vi de on e n u mbe r by several ot h ers ;

we h av e in such a case only t
, o ad d t
, o t h e logar it
h m of th e
di vi d e n d th e ar ith met
, i cal co mpleme nt of th e logar ithms of
th e se veral divisors, and subt ract fro m t he charac teristic as
many tens as there were d ivisors the resultwill be the loga ,

rit h m of the quotien t .

Divid e 57941 6 by 4, 2 3, and

l o garithm of 5 7 6 2
97 8
Preport ional partfor 10 75
u u 6

o
579 4 1 6 =
3
57 6 2 990

4
3
93 9794"

9, ,9 23

n +7 8 : 4m7 90 2

23 1 2 7 1 0 4. log of 1 34.
 a unm r e names:
'
46 x rn r

Pnor on rros , '

on a n Buns or Ta n s.

Q io ns
uest inpropor tion or the r ule o f three may b e
, ,

solved wit
h gr ea tfacili y
t wi h
t h
t e aid of lo a ri t
g h ms .

m h i r sum subt h e log a r it h m of t h e rstt

a nd f rot e r ac t t en

the r ema ind er will be t he log a r i thm of t he fou r t h ter m ,

qua n i
t t
y qr e u i r ed 0 r i n s
. tea d qf subtr,a c ti ng the lo g a r i h
t m c

the rst t er m ad d i t ,s a r ith me tical complemen t a nd subtr ac t

1 0 fr om the cha r ac t
er ist
ic .

Rn x r nns .

If 1 4 men, in
. da ys, ex ca va t
e 56 3 1 cubic yar ds , what leng t
h of
w ill i tt hem to excava te 472 80 cubic
ake t yard e l

O r, as 56 3 1 : 47 472 80 : 1
47 2 80

47

56 3 1 37 50 58 6

2
'
6
59 89
1 log of

By the sec ond met

h od
Logarithm of 6 6
4 74 7 7
P 6 72 0 8
or 9
A rith
. comp of log of 6
5 3 1 a

23 96 1 8 9as before .

If an engine ot6 7
hor sesf pow er can rai se fr om a reser voir 57, 6o o cnhic
atof wat
er i n a given t
.
ime , what horn s power will be rsquimd ts tabs

cubic feet in the same time 1

O r, as : 67
o

67

39 98 8 8 7 10 8 0 aaz4 e '

6 9 332 34
67 P 8 2 60 7 5

52 39578

as before .
 48 31 mm m u m m u m :

Em ma .

Wha tis the square of 2 5,

'
he
t cube o f 0
'
8
5, and he sth power
t of
Losu ithm of '
25 3 97 940
2

5 7 95880 log of '

0 62 5
.

Logarithm of '
0 58
3

33 2 90 2 84 . log of 1 10 0 1 951 12 .

Logar ithm of '

8
97 4 .

7 9 52 580 log of 8 96 56'

.

In d ivi d in g a logar ith m wi th a e r i st

i ve ch arac t
neg a t ic by
an y n um ber , i f th e ch arac te r istic is a m ulti ple of tha tn u m b e r ,

or is d i visible by i t , p r oc e e d to d ivid e i n t h e u su al ma n n e r ,

r e me mbe ri n g , h ow e ve r , t hat the n ew c harac te r isti c will b e

n eg a t ive .Sho uld th e ch arac te ristic n o t be d iv isible by th e
n u m ber by wh ich i t is r e qu i r e d t o d ivi d e t h e lo gar i th m ,
sepa rat e t h e m an tissa fr om th e c h aracter is tic , a n d ad d t o e ac h
su ch a n um ber as will m ake t h e c ha rac ter istic d ivisible , th e n
d i vi d e eac h of th e su m s by the n um ber , an d th e qu o tien t w i ll
be th e ch ar ac teri stic and m an tissa r esp ec tively of th e l o ga
r ith m r equir ed Th e equal n u mbers ad d e d to th e ch ara c te r
.

i stic and man tissa , mu stof cou r se be consid e r ed neg a t i ve in

t h e rstcase and posi t ive in th e o th e r .

En xr ms .

Wha tis the square r ootof '

20 9
Logar ithm of
9 3
'
20 1 20 1 46

A d ding A 1 to t he character istic w e have 2 2 -

s 1
,
h
t e n ew ch aract er
ic, and ad ding 1 to the mantissa w e ha ve P 32 0 1 46
ist 2 6 60 0 7 3 01

the ne w mantissa , ther efore P32 0 1 46 2 P6 60 0 7 3 log of

ne squar e rootof 2 0 9
'
.

Whatis the cube rootof '

00 0 1 951 1 2 1
L ogarithm of '
000 1
951 1 2 $ 2 90 2 84.

4
. 2 a 6 3 2 for the charact
erist
ic, and 2 90 2
'
84 + 2 . 22 90 2 84.
-
3 3 7 6 342 8 for the man tissa . Ther efor e, 1 2 90 2 84 3.
I:

The four operation s just de sc ribed , na mel , M ulti

y pl ication,

Division , Involution, an d E vol ution , comp r ise a ct ually t he

 o n L O G A BITHU S . 49

wh ol e of the the perfor ma nce of which logarit

p rocesses in hms
a r e e m p l o yed , an d wh en th e stud e n tis con versantwi th these ,
he w ill b e a ble to apply lo gar i th ms i n a v a rie ty o f case s i n
wh i c h th eir use w ill be a t ten d ed wi t h th e sa ving of i mmense
la b o u r .

A s a n exercise i n t h e p reced i ng rule s, an d m o re especially

i n th e i r p rac tica l a pplica ti on we shall give a var ie ty of useful
,

fo r m u l a loga rith mically e xp resse d , an d illustra te th ei r use

,

b y e x a m ples ; atthe same time tha tth ey m ay n o t be m er ely ,

e x e r c i s e s bu t ma p r ov e u sefu l fo r r efer e nce we sh a ll a rr an e

,
y g ,

a n d c l assify t he m u nd er th ei r p r o p er h ea d s In the follo wi ng .

fo r m u l a the le tter A will be u se d to d e no te logari th m of

th u s it a , wi ll mean t
, h e lo gar ith m of a or th e qu an ti ty fo r ,

w h i c h a st a n d s ; an d 2 h
( w m ea ns twic e t h e lo ga ri t h m
o f th e
q ua n ti y
t i n c lose d w i th i n th e p a r e n h
t e si s, or 3 ; a d d e d t
o

th e s qu ar e of c A ll th e lin eal d i me n sion s a r e g iv e n i n feet,

.

a ll th e su p er cial d i m e nsio n s in s uar e fe e t a ll t h e so lid d im e n

q ,

s io n s i n c ube fee t a nd all t , h e we igh ts o r p ressu r es i n avoi r d u

p o i s p o u n d s u n les s ,w h e r e i t i s o th e rw i se e x p r ess ly s ta te d .

I NTE RE ST .

S i mp le I nt er est A d d to
g e th e r th e lo
g ar i h
t m s of t h e p rin

c i pnl, t he r a te, and the ti me, and

fr o m the sum subt r ac t 2 ; t he r e
ma i nd er w ill be the logarithm of
th e in t er est .

Comp o u n d I n t er est Find

th e a mou n t of 1 at the gi ven
ra te o f in t e rest fo r t he r stterm
thi s i s ca lled the r a t i o, and the
lo gar ithm of the ra tio for such
ra t es o f i nt er est as a re lik ely t o

b e use d ar e g iv en in the a nn ex ed
ta ble . M ultiply the loga r ithm of
the ra tio by the t ime, a nd ad d to .

th e p rod uct the loga r it hm o f the

p r in c ipa l ; th e sum is t he logar ithm
of t he amount .

M E N SUBA TI O N .

Tr i a ng le Leta , b, a nd c be the three sid es, d a

5 (a b ),
e and A
eq ua l the ar ea ; then

{ a d + a (d a
) + a (d b) A (d

D
50 nnnm s um nr Tax m an

Th e logar ithm of the area equals twice t hm

he logar it o f o ne
Sq id
ua r e
of 0 s es.

Rect a ng le The logar ithm of the area equals the logar i t

hm o f th e
lengt h add ed to the loga ri thm of the height .

P o lyg on Letl equal the len gth of one of th e sid es, n equal t
. h e nu m b e r
of si d es, a n d a eq ual the area ; then

9 1
( 5 )
a a = 397 94 +

2 1 l+ 1 n A t
a ri 223 -
.

Ci r cle Le td equal he diamet

t er, c equal he
t circu mference, and 0 eq u a l
he ar ea ; then
t

z d = 50 2 8 5 + A c

A e = 497 1 5 + d - 60 2 0 6 + A
'

a a

l a
'
8 950 9 4 z ad 1 2 1 c A d
1 .

C ir c a
ul r a r ea Le tr e qual the radi us, at equal he
t measure of the arc in
d egrees, and l i t h ; then
s len g t

A l A m 2 .

Ci r cula r sect
or s . Let d equal the diameter ,
- and a e qual he
t area, he
t
her letter s as in
ot then

A a = '6 98 97 + A r + z l 1 84 6
33 5 +
'
2 A d + 1 m 3 .

P a ra bo la Le t
. and be tw o abscissa , g , and g, he
t corr esponding
or d inat
es, a nd a e qual the area ; then
A a 82 390 9 1 ( y, ) 1.

2

3
di l xa
l
3 3-3 1 A 30'

E llip se Lett equal the trans ver se, and e the conjugat e d iamet e rs, y
e ual an
q y or di na t
e , a n d the
corr e spo nd ing a bscissa ; also le ta e qual
the area , and 12 equal the p er iphery then

Ag = Ao + 1 3 , l a x, ~
1 1 .

Formula [ 1 6] a pplies a lso i n the ca se of he

t Hyper bola .

P a r a llelop ip ed on, p r i sm, or cyli nd er . The logarithm of the c ubic

con t
ent s eq ua ls t he logar ithm of the ar ea he ba se ad d ed to the loga r ithm
of t

of it
s p er pe nd icular he i h t
g .

P mad orCone Let a equal the area of the base, It it

s per pend icular
beig t
, an
d 8 s solid it
it y ; then
8 2 390 9 ah
'
as 1 a 1 .

Sp he r e Letd e qual the d iame t

er , c equal the cir cumference, 9
. equal he
t
y, and s the surface then
solidi t
'

The logar ithmic tan musther e be tak en to a rad ius equal u n ity, t here
for e 1 0 mustbe subt e d from t
rac t he cha ra cter istic given in the ta ble s .
 o n LO G A RITHM S . 51

Reg ula r Bo d ies Let Z equ al th e lengt

h linear ed g e, e equal the
of an
y
solid it y ,
'
s e
qu a l he
t sur face, and a an d 6, nu mbers o bt ained fr om the annexed
a ble ; t
t he n
1 e = 2 1 l+ a.

A s g a l +t .

TR I G ON OM E TR Y .

P la ne Tri a ng les G i ven t wo si des of a t r ia ng le a n d a n a ng le

op osi t
p e t
o o ne of them, t
o n d th e a ng le o
pp osi t
e t
o h
t e o ther o ne R ULE .

To the logar ithmic sine of the give n angle a d d the ar ithme tical c om plement
of t he logar ithm of the opposite sid e, and the loga r ithm o f the o ther given
sid e ; the sum w ith 1 0 su btracted from i tw ill he the loga ri thmic sine of the
an le r equire d
g .

G i ven t wo a ng les a n d a si d e op p osi t hem t

o o ne of t
e t o n d the si d e ,

o
pp osit e t
o th e oth er o n e RU a
. To the log ar i thm of the gi ven sid e ad d ,

the ar i thm e tica l complemen tof the logar ithmic sine of its oppo site angle , and
the logari thmi c sine o f the other angle ; the sum w ith 1 0 su btracte d w ill be
the lo a ri th m f th id e requ ired
g o e s .

When two sid es a n d t he i nclud ed a ng le a r e g i ven , t

o n d t he t hi r d
Sid e. RULE To the loga r i thm o f the d iffer enc e o f the g i ven sid e s a d d the
arit
hmetica l complemento f the logari t hm of th eir sum, a nd the logar ithmic
an ento f ha lf the sum of t
t h e a n les o o i t the ive n sid e s, an d th um
g g p p s e
g e s
wit
h 1 0 subtracte d w i ll be the loga r i thmic tangen t o f half the differ ence o f
hose an g les
t Then to the arith me tical compleme nto f the logar ithmic cosin e
.

of half th e sa id d ifference, a d d th e logari thmic c osine o f ha lf the su m o f the

same an le s, an d t he lo ar i thm of th e su m o f th i v en sid e s th m w i th
g g e
g ; e su
1 0 su bt ed wi ll be t
ra c t he logar ithm o f the thir d sid e r e qu ir ed .

tWhen
he t
hr ee si d es a r e g i ven , t
o n d h
t e a ng les Ru m To t h e .

arithme tical complement of th e logarithm of th e longest sid e , a d d the log s .

rithm of the su m of the o ther tw o sid es, and the loga r ithm of the d iffe rence
of ho se
t sid e s ; the sum w itfr om it i s th e loga r i thm o f the
h 10 su bt
racted

difference of th e segments of the ba se or long est sid e Then h alf th is d iffer .

ence a dd ed t o half the base wi ll e qual the lo nge r segment, and d ed uct ed
from i tw ill equal the shor ter one .

D 2
 BUDI M E NTA BY m u l es

e hy po t
'
Rig id -a nled n a ng em
t l L etL equal t
h enuse, 5 equal he
t b a se,
g
a nd p e qual t he perpend icula r ; then
A h i

p

) (It p) .

[ 2 9- 1 1 1 ) b) 44 1 01

M E C HA N I CS .

V i: vied Let to equal he w eig htof a bod

t y , 0 it
s velocit y in fee t p e r
s vis
ar o und , a nd v i t vi v h then

a v 1 10

the an d

-Le ts
A cti on of g m mt y . e qual s ac e
p pa sse d ov er in 1 secon d s, o

the velo city as abo ve ; then

-
Ar 6 9797 a at M y I
2 20 57oz + a nt I
1
90 2 38 2 2 w 2 .

v A t
'
30 10 3 a: A t '
904 88 1 ga s .

P end u lu ms Lettequal the time in

. ion
second s of on e vi bra t in a v er y
small c ircula r arc, and l the le ng th ; then
A t a
'
2 5r 0 1 6 51 L
ral
Cen t f or ces .
Le t w equa l he w ei h t of
t a bod y moving i n a circ le
w hose rad ius is r, h a velocit
w it y of v ee t per sec ond , a nd letf equal the
r ifu a l
C en t g force ; the n

[ 35- A1 f M a .

A rd en Let3 equ al rad iu s of curva tur e atcrow n, 6 equal bread th o f a rc h,

to e qual ver tical w eig h t on e very squa r e fo ot o f the key-stone, includ in g its
o w n w ei ht and P e ual t
g , q he thr u st or h or izo n t
a l pr essure on the k e
y
-sto n e ;

then

A lso letd equa l hor izo nt a n ce o f ce n t

a l d ist y of ha lf the arc h
e r of grav it
fr om its spr ingi ng, r equal the r ise of the ar c h, a nd w e qua l the w eig htof
half the arch ; then
A r A w+ A d J r
. .

Re t a i n i ng wa lla Le t ) 5 e qu al h e igh t of w a ll, P equ al pr essu re aga inst

w a ll, a c ting horizo n ta lly a to n e -thir d o f the he ig hto f the w all abo ve i ts ba se,
a nd b a n um ber obt a i ned fr om t he a nn ex ed table ; then
A P - z a h+b .
 0N L O G A RITHM S . 53

Resi sta n ce of win Leta eq ua l th e ar ea of a thin sur face moving through

w ate r w ith a v eloci ty equal 9 fee t pe r secon d, a nd 3 equal the resist
anc e ;
th e n
A n 44 9 + 2 A u + za

2 30

Res s a Th ion being the same h

i t nce of w e r e e n ot
at ; t en

HYD RA UL IC S .

D ischa rg e thr o ug h p ip es Le t( 2 equal d iameter in inches, Q equa l quan

.

ti ty o f wa te r di schar ged in cubic fee t er min ut

p e , I e qua l h
t e len g th of h
t e
i
p p ,e and h eq ua l h
t e h ead ; then

[ 4L ] Ah z
} .

[ 41

[ 43 H = 1

8
34 5 + A h + S U I 2 1 9

s a d 2.

hr oug h ca nnu la Let 5 equa l sectional ar ea of cana l, 19

D ischa r g e t equal
e d per ime t
th e w e tt er , 1 equa l len th h equa l c or r es on d in f ll a nd 7: e qua l
g , p g a ,

the veloci ty in fee tper seco nd ; then

A
p
l l } .

Di scha r g e over wei r s Let d . equa lth e d ep t

h of water owing over the
w e ir, 6 equal it s br ead th, and Q equal the cubic fe e tdi scharged in a second ;
then
M i a -
a

STRE N G TH or M A TE RI A L S .

Tensi le ste g h Le t (1
r n t .
qual ar ea in squar e inch es, w equal w eightpro
. e

d ucing fra cture, and A equal number in column 2 of annex ed t a ble ; then .

a w 1 a . A .

Str eng t o r esi st Cru shi ng Let an equal t

h t he ar ea in square inches, w the
w eigh tprod ucing fract ur e, a nd B number s in column
3 of annexed table ;
hen w h en the heightof piece is betw een once and
t imes it
t s diame t
er ,

A w = A a + B .

St h f C l m L
r en t
g q o u ns e t w e q al the br eaking w eigh t in tons, D
u

equal ex t ernal, an d d int

er na l diame t h in in ch es, 1 e qua l the length,
er, bo t

a nd 0 equa l number in column 4 of annex ed t able t hen w hen the column

.

h both end s r oun d ed , and its length notless than I 5 times its
is solid , wi t

a w -s g G a -
n Ig a l -i- C
.

Professor Hodgk inson s Formula

.
54 a unm nxr m v TRE ATE I S

When he
t mn is ho llow ;
c o lu then

aw d "
) 1 7 a t '
592 4 3
0 C .

When he
t co lumn is soli d bo th end s are a t,
and th e le n
g th i s no t l e ss
than 30 time s the d ia meter ; th en
a w 3 6 a n I

7 a l + 47 I S43'
a .

When the colu mn i s ho llow ; then

)
"
a w a (n d l '
. 2. 47 32 1 7 C .

b
r ect
a an
n Let 6 e ual the bread th
ula r and d
g q
the d e pth, both in inches, l equal the leng th , w the br ea ki ng w eight, an d D
the number in t he fth c olumn of the annex ed t a ble ; then
a w
+ a ab o z a d a z+ .
o

h of P r ofessor Hodg kin son s g ir d er Le ta eq ua l a r e a

Tr a nsver se st
r eng t .

o f bo ttom an e in inch es, and d , w, and l ha ve t

g h e s a m e m ea nin g as a b o v e

the n
a w : A o + A d A l .

D ea tio n Let 3 equal the d eexi on i n inches w i th the w e ightw . an d 3

he numbe rs in the si x th column of the ann ex ed ta ble ; the n
e qua l t

- 3 a l -f- a w a b a d - I
g .

The followin g collection of examples apply to th e fore go i n g

fo r mula) , r efer en c e being m ad e by the nu mbers in paren t
h ese s .

O nly a por tio n of th e exam p les ar e wor ked outatlengt h , bu t

an swers ar e gi ven i n ev er y case .

Em r nns.

[ ]
I.Wha tw ould he interest at 4%
t per cent
. u on
p 36 53 for 7 y r a rs
a mountt
o l
Logarithm of 36 53
n 5 01 5532 1 3
o 84 so 8
'
7 9

2.

Log of II

A nswer is I I 50 1 4s.
56 a u nm s xu a r TRE A TI S E

[ 7, 8 ,
an d What is he
t circu mference a nd ar ea of a circ le -
w h o Is
d iame ter is feetl

Loga rithm of d

497 1 50

Logar ithm of circ umference

2

4 5
3 6 8 8 1 0
2
.

Logarithm of area 2

56 8 8 1 0 370

52 .

[ 7, ,
8 a nd W ha t is h
t e d ia meter and circu mference of a circle wh os e
ar ea is 56 2 squa re fee t?

A ns Circ umfer ence is

. fee t, and diamet
er is feet
.

[ 10 . What is h
he lengt
t of a n arc o f 73

o f a cir cle, w h ose ra dius is
l A ns . feet
.

[ 1 1 .
1 Wha t i s th e or of a circle
a rea of a sect w hose rad ius is 2 6 fee t
,
an d
w hose Si d es i nclud e a n a ngle of A ns . 2 47

58 fee t
.

Wha tis the area of a para bola w h ose abscissa is and the cor
r e sponding ord inat
e 33

4 1

Log of (2 ya) 2 x
Log of z , 0 7 2 591 2

8 2 390 9

.
I

I 46 6 BO I 5 area of para bola.

In b l or d ina t imeasured
ts co nd ing an d
a para o a a n e ,
rr es
p o

absc issa w ha tw ill be t e w hose a bscissa i s

he le ngth of the ord ina t
Los 0 7 1 3491

2.

Log

Log 2:

hm of g ,
In p rit 577 he ordinat
t e
 ON L O G A RITHM S . 67

[ x 4 an d I5 . Whatis the a r ea an d pe r iph er y of an elli se

p w hose conjuga t
e
et
er is 2 7 a nd its tran sv er se d iameter is 4 9 !
A ns A rea i s. an d periphery is

[ I In an ellipse w hose tw o d iamet he leng th

ers are 51 and 38, w hatis t
f th e e c orre sp ond ing wit
ord ina t h a n abscissa of 2 0 festi
Since =2 0 , 51 20 3 1 .

Log 20

LO 8 xs = 3 ll n +91 6
3 7

P 396 1 98
L0 8 6 3 8 1 3 797 84

Los t s: 1 7 0 7 570

Log g 12 684 1 2 1 8 553

he
t e require d .
or dina t

What i s
h e cubic
t con t s of a c
ent ylind er w hose d iame t
er is
fee t, and its height 6 feet? A ns 3 .

Wha t is he
t cu bic co nt
e nto f a con e w hose d iamet
er i s 3 5 fe e t
,
and

it
s hei ht feetl A ns

g .

[ 1 9 an d Wha t is he solid it
the Sphe r ical sur fac e and t y of a sp h ere
whose dia met

er i s feetl
A ns Surface i
. fee t; solid it y is 98 7 12 fee t .

[ 2 1 an d What is he
t su r fac e an d soli d it
''
y of a
''
ra e d r on,
tet one of
whose lineal fee t, of an oc t
ed g e s is a ed r o n whose linea l ed g e is
'
and of a d od eca dr on w hose li n ea l ed e is
g
A ns Tet ra id r on, sur face i s
. feet solidi ty is feet .
'
O cta d r on, sur face is 1 fee t; solidit y is 1 5 fee t .

feet; solidity is
'
Dod eca edron, sur face is fee t

[ 2 3 and I n a plane t riangle m o of it

s sid es are and and the
an le o
pposi te t
he longer side is 74 remaining angles an d

g wha tare t he
Th e length of th e other sid e i

Then by [ 3]
2

Lo a rit
g hmic sin of 74 39

A r i thm com of log of 55

p

I
. .
9 3 77
Lo ar it
g hm o

10

Log sine of angle 0 p . other sid e 66

4
I

Then, since he three

t angles o f a r iangle
t are equal t
o 1 80
we ha ve
n 3
68 acu m en m amas

he

(74 16 for t angle

1 80
66
4 39 4 op p o si t
e h
t
sid e yet to be fou nd .

[
ihm
Then by 24
L o ar
g t of

A r ith mp of log
. co . bf 66
4 56

Logari thmic sin of 39 1 6 4

5

10

Logarithm of sid e required 5 47 9 1 .

A ns Th e three sid es are 47 91 ,

. and and t he th ree an gles op p o
ively are 39 1 6

site to eac h respect 66 4 and 7 4

[ 5
2 an d 3 T w o.sid es of a tr ia ng ular p iec e of gr o u n d measure a n d
hem is 47 w ha tis the leng th

1 0 57 5, and t 0 a ngle i nclud ed bet w ee n t
of t he o ther sid e, and the area of the p iece of gro un d ?
Log I

81 7
391

A r ith . comp . of log 5 77 2 8 5 7

0
Logar ithmic t
an of e. 66
4

52 77 8

1 73 1 0
94 2
10

'
Log t an of half the d ierence of the angles '
1 6 33 I4
osit h i
.
e t e v en sides
o
pp g

comp . of
"
h
A rit . log cos of 1 6
33 14
Logar i thmic c i
os ne o f 66 4 0
Logari thm of 22 7 1 493

I
10

Logarithm of third sid e A ns .

A ns A nd the. area by [ ] 3 35
3 is 8 5 square feet .

In pla nea tr ian

gle w h ose sid es are 54 5,

and he
6 2 , whatare t
angles O posit
e th os sid es r es ect i vely ?
p e p
A rithmetical comp. of log of 62
Log of 545 )
2
o 27 3
L 8 f 54 s
'
1 2 34 559

'
n 554-930

10

'
Lo f th d ere of he
t
: f th
88 8
e
1 3 54930 :

Theref re he larger
t segment is and he lesser
t
o 3 1
segmenti s
3 1
 O N Lo e m tr mus . 69

Th e n b y [
]
3
2
1 ogari thmic sin of 90

A ri th . comp . of log of 54 5

Logar ithm of
'
I 9 9S37-
94
10

L o g aim of a n
gle o pp. larg er segmen t 32 94 63
54

The n 90

6 3 54 4 2 6 5 56 angle opposit
e sid e w hic h
measu re s A gain,

Logarithmic si ns of 90

A rith . c omp . o f lo
g of = 1

L g h
o a r it m of 1

I 1 8
5 43

10

Log sin o f an le op .
g p lesser seg men t 2 8

Th en 90
2 8 34 2 3

6 1 2 5 37
the angle o
ppo site the sid e
which measur es a nd 2 8

34

63
54 4

= 92
28

the a n le o it th l t i d
g ppo s e e on g e s s e .

Wha tis he length

t of he d iag onal
t a ngle
of a rec t wh ose tw o sid es
are 34 and A ns .

A hou se is 47 fee t in h eig ht , a

tw ha td istance mu stt he base of a
lad d er 53 fee t lo ng be plac ed fr om the house i n o rd er tha tthe top of the
lad d er may justmeettha tof the house ! A ns fe et . .

Wha t is he
t i
v s vi v a of a railw a y train w e ighing 1 1 7 ton s, and
'
ra vellin
t g ata ra te of 33 miles per ho ur l A ns . 1 9,
A bo d y ha ving been falling fr eely by the action of gravity for 7 5

sec onds i
tis d esir ed t he space w hich ithas fallen throug h
o kno w t .
,

A ns feet . .

[ 3 and
2 A b od y fa lls u n d e r h
t e in ue nce o f gr a vi y
t from a he i htof
g
42 7 feet, w ha t time w ill i tocc upy and w hat w ill be i ts nal veloci t y, neg
'
lee ting the resist
a nce o f the a i r l
A ns Itw ill occ upy
. second s, a nd acquire a v elocit y of 1 6 5
fee tpe r second .

Wha tlength of time will a pend ulum inches in length be in

making one vibra tion ? A ns .seco nd s .

[3 A b o d y w ei ghi n
g 53 lb s is w hir le d rou nd in
. a c ircle w h ose radius

is 1 5 feet
, w ith a v e lo ci ty o f 1 2 7 fe et p e r sec on d ,
w h a t i s th e strai n u p on
the rope by w hich i tis const rained t o move in t he circle ? A ns lbs . .

What isthe horizon t al pr essure at t he crown of an arch w ose h

ure is 1 4 7 52 fe et
radius of cur va t w h b d h
t i f t nd th ver i cal
t
35 ee a e

, ose rea s ,

weighton each square fe e ta tthe key -st one is

974 lbs l A n s l bs . . .
60 a um ma nn e r m a nn er:

In an iro n br id ge ha v ing a span o f 2 1 2 feet, w i th a r is e o f

fee t, the w e ig htof ha lf the arc h is 998 ton s, and the d ist anc e o f i ts ce n ter of

g ra i it fro m t
y he sp r in in
g g is feet, w ha tis the h a l th r u st o f t
or izon t h e

arch ! A ns 1 90 7 3 tons . .

A retaining w all 37 feet in h eight suppor ts a loose sa n d y so il, re

h
u ired t e r e w hich e v ery foo tin length of ithas t
o sus ta in 3
q p essur
A ns .

What is the pr essure aga ins t a sluice 20 feetwi d e . a nd ha v ing s

e r aga instit?
d e pth o f 7 fee tw at A ns . lbs .

[ 39 and What resistance w o uld a board w hose area is sq uare

fee tex per ience in being moved thro ug h the air w ith a veloci ty of r 7 fee tper

seco nd , and w ha tw ould be t anc e in w at

he resist er ?

A ns In air , . lbs 3 in water, . lbs .

Whatqua ntity of
w ater w ill be d ischarged b
y a i
pp e 1 8 i n c hes in
d iame t
e r, 537 1 fee tlong , a nd und er a hea d of 7 5 fee t?

Log cf d i 8 11 55 7
2 2 5
5

Log of h 75 18 7 50 6 1 3
P 34 8 50 0 0

h as (I an d) 5446 6 37 36 : s

2 3 6
7 3 798 3

Log of quantity per minut

e 6
7 91 .

A ns 7 6 r 9 c ubic feetper minut

. e .

Whathead w ill be required t o forc e 350 eet of wat

cubic er per
minu t hrough
e t a pipe 1 inc hes i n diameter , and 36 40 fee tlong ?
A ns 2 2 7 39 foet
. .

Whatis the v elocit y wi t

h w hich w ater w ill o w through a cond uit
,

I5 fe e tw id e a t h
t e surface , 4 fe e t d e e p, wi th the sid es sloped at 1 to r, and

he inclination of the surface of the wate r in w hich is 6 inches per mile ?

t
A n s 1 3 8 3 feetper second . .

W
'

[46 . ha t i s h
t e gu n na ry o f w a t
e r o wing over a weir m 7 feetlong,
w hen t e surface of the r iver is 6 inch es abo ve the top of the weir ?
A ns 3 cubic feetper second. .

What w eigh ts w ould be r equ isit

e t
o t
ear asund er rods 2 inches
squar e, of castiron, wrough tir on, oak, a nd r ?
A ns . Cast iron, lbs ;
. wroug ht ir on, lbs ; oak,

47, 52 0 1bs ; r,
. lbs .

Whatw eightw ill be n ec essar y to crush a block of cas tiron 3 inches

square A ns . lbs
.

Wha tweightwill be required o break

t a hollow col m h st
wit
 0N O
L GA RITHM S . 61

en d s , the length of w hic h is 37 fee t, its er nal

ext d iamet
er 12 inches, and its
i n te r n a l d ia meter 1 0 inches l
Log of n :

3 8 8 5 5
0 1 6 log of D "

Log of d 10

log
3 60 0000 0 of d

a
d

"
d ) 6
3 93 s
'
33 6 74 3 8
0 1 1 7 3 1 86

0 4 7 32 1 7

5 z r 3 84 r

Log I 37 x r 7 23 6 6 594 34 .

2 3 4 7 8 98 log of

There fone the an swer is t

ons .

A bar of castir on inches wid e and 3 inches d eep is la id u pon sup

2

port
s 6 fe eta ar
p , t w ha t w e ig h ta ppli e d in h
t e ce n t
e r w ould b r ea k it!
A nne 6 1 3 5lbs . .

Whatweighta pplied in the center w ill be requi re d t o break a gir d er

of Pro fessor Hod gkinso n s fo r m of sec tion, in w hic h the ar ea o f the bo tto m

a me is 2 6 sqm r e inches, the d ep th 1 5 inches, a nd the d istance be tw een the

suppor ts 2 3 fe et? A ns lbs . .

Wha t d eex ion will be pr od uced in a bar o f ca st ir o n 2 inc hes

wid e , 3 i nc hes in d e pth, and m
aths 6 fee t hea ring by a w e ig ht o f 2 7 30 lbs
. .

applie d i n t he ce nter ? A ns 2 56 inch .

'
.
 62

A PPE N D IX .

Ta ble f
o he
t Log a r ith ms of every P r ime
r om 2 t o 1 0 00
f .
 64 APPE N D IX .

Table by the a id of which the n umber answa fng t o

-
a n
y
log a r ithm ca n be fo un d to si n: p laces .

I n th e above t able t h e ar gum en t s ar e n a t ur al mu m be r s ,

a nd t h e r esultan ts th eir lo ga ri th ms . The rs tgu r e s of th e

a r g u me n t s a re fou n d i n t h e to p h o rizontal li ne an d th e n al
,

or u ni ts g ur e of t he sa m e in th e ex tr e me le ft-han d co lu m n ;

th e lo gar ith m is fo und at th e plac e of i n te r sec t io n th a ti s o n

, ,

th e sa m e lin e wi t h th e na l g u re , an d in th e sa m e c o lu mn as
the o th er g ur es of t h e n a tu ral n u mber . In th e v e la s t
colu mn s o nly t h e n al sig n ic a n t g u r es of the m a n ti ssa o f
th e loga r i t h ms will be fo un d i n th e ta ble ; as ma ny c y ph e rs
m ustbe a dd ed to th e lefto f th e gur es gi ven as ar e n ec e ssa ry
to m ak e u p se ven gu r es . Th us a t th e top o f th e fth
colu m n w e h ave 1 0 0 , an d on t h e fou r t h lin e we h a ve 4 th e n ,

th e g u res foun d at t h e plac e of in tersectio n ar e 1 7 3 3 7 , to

w h ich ad din g two cyph er s on t h e le ft h an d to m ake up th e
s e v en ur es we h av e 0 0 1 7 3 3 7 w h i h i th m ti f
'
g , , c s e an ss a o
the logar i th m of 1 0 0 4 .

Th e m an ner of usin g th e table is as follo ws z Hav ing

g i v en a lo ar it
g h m o f w h ic h i t i s d esi re d t o k no w t h e c o r re
s on d in
p g n u m be r lo ok a m ong t
, h e r esult a n ts i n th e ta b le f o r
th e n ex tless n u mber to t h e m an tissa o f th e gi v en loga ri t h m,
an d w r i te d o wn t he n a tu r al n umbe r co rr espon din g w i th th e
logar i th m t a ke n fr o m t he t a ble subt
, ract t h is lo ga r i th m from
th e ma nt i ssa g iven a n d a ga in loo k a mon g th e resu ltan ts i n
,

th e t a ble for t h e n ex tless n u m ber to th e r em ai n d e r n o ting ,

th e n u mbe r a mo ng t h e ar g umen ts an swe r in g to i t; th e n sub

tr ac tthe r esult an t fr o m t h e r e m a ind er a nd loo k a gai n fo r the
.

n e xt less r e sul t an t t o t h is r e main d er , an d th u s p roc e e d unt il

th e gi ven lo gar i th m h a s bee n ex haust ed , t h a tis u n til no re
,

m aind er is left, each ti me n o ti ng th e n atur al n umbers cor

 APPE ND IX . 65

r es on din g
p to th e logar ithms taken from t he t able These .

n u mb er s being th en multi pli ed togeth er , th e pr od uctw ill be

n u mber corr es on di n gp t i
o t
g h e logari th m
n ally or i

i Th e se n umbers have been so arran ed t h at t h i

g v en.
g e r
ul t i on may be v er y readily p erfor m ed
iplicat .

E X A M PLE .
O f wha tn umber is 3 3 57420 2 t
h e logarithm

G i ve n logar ith m '

3 57 420 2
N extless log i n t able 30 1 0 30 0 log of 2
'

l etr e main d er 50 3 90 2
N extless loga ri th m . 4 1 3 927 log of 11

2nd r emain d er . 1 4997 5

hm
N ex tless logar it 1 28 3 7 2 log of 103

3rd r emai n d er 21 6 0 3
hm
N extless logar it 1 73 3 7 log of 1 0 0 4

h
4t r e mai nd er 420 0
N extless logari thm 3 90 7 log of 1 000 9

5th r emaind er . 3 59
N extless logar ith m 3 47 log of 1 0 000 8

6th r emain der 12

N earestlogarithm 13 log of 1 0 0 0 0 0 3

Then 2 x 1 1 x 1 0 3 220 0 , which h as to be n ex tmu lt

i
plied by 1 0 0 4, or by 1 0 0 0 and by 4, thus
220 0 0 0 0 220 0 x 1 000
90 0 4 220 0 x 4

227 50 0 4

This again has to be mul tiplied by 1 0 0 0 9,

227 50 0 40 0 0 0
2047 557 0

227 7 1 1 1 557 0
60 A PPE N DIX

Th is h as again to be multiplied by 1 0 00 0 8 but we n e e d not

,

ain m or e t
re t h an 8 gu r es, an d t h e r e mai n d e r to th e r ig h t
m ay be cu t an d any g ures i n t h e mult ipli ca tio n by 8
whic h would fall und er any of t h e gu res so cu t off be
o mit ted ; t o kn ow h ow ma ny gur es t hus to omit, poin t 0 as
m any gures fr om t h e r igh t as th e re ar e gur es be fo r e the
n umber by wh ich you are a bo u tt o mult i ply an d perfo r m th e
,

m ult i on only u pon the r e maini ng gur es takin g c a r e ,

i plica t ,

ho wev er , t o carry t o t h e mul tiplica ti on o f the rst n umbe r

wh a teve r would hav e been ca rr ied fr om t ha tof th e las t g ure

ou t o . Th us, i n the exa m p le, th er e bein g ns gur es be fo re
8, th e nu mbe r by wh ich we ar e goi ng t o mul t iply, w e po in t0 8
the ve righ t h an d gur e s, an d on ly mult iply 227 by 8 ; we
ad d i n , however , 0 carr ied fro m t h e multiplication
c ut0 5.

1 8 22

22 7 7 293 7
68

227 7 8 0 0 5

Th e last multiplicat ion i s by 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 , an d the ans wer is

true t h e r eal number being 227 7 8
o se ven p lace s, t
-
In the
.

exam 1s above , as t h e gur es to be multiplied by 1 00 0 00 3 are

no t ected by t he ad dition of 1 8 22, t hi s n eed nothave been
perfo rmed until after wards , as below .

g l 'l i l a
.

1 822 .

68

227 7 3 0 0 5
 A PPE NDI X . 07

W h a t is he
t n umber cor r es on di n g
p he
o t
t logari th m
4 8 55 1 0 7 l

8 551 0 7 1 7 x 1 02 7 1 40 0 0
8 4 50 98 0 log of 7 2 1 42

1 0 0 0 91
86002 log of 1 0 2 1 43 23
28 6 5
1 40 8 9 543
13 0 0 9 log of 1 0 0 3
7 1 6 3 20 3 1
1 0 80
869 10 8 Of 1 0 002

21 1
1 74 log of 1 0 0 0 04

37 log of 1 0 0 0 0 0 9

The num ber is 7 1 6 3 2 .

W hatis he
t n umber whos logar it
h m i s 20 1 0 3 8 3 3

5

6 1 0 38 3 3 101
6 0 20 6 0 0 log 0 f 4 4

8 3 23 3 40 40 0 0
43 2 1 4 log of 101 3 636

40 0 1 9
38 91 2 log of 1 00 9 8 1 53
20 3 8
1 107 20 4
86 9 log of 1 00 02
40 7 7 3 995
23 8
21 7 log of 1 0 0 00 5

21 log of 1 0 0 0 0 0 5

Th e answer is
68 A PPE NDIX .

Whatis he
t nu mbe r hm i s
whose logar it 97 58 7 ?

7 7 97 58 7 100 3
7 7 8 1 51 3 log of 6 6

1 6 0 74 8 0000
,

1 300 9 log of 1 00 3 4 2 1 25
3 51
30 65
3 0 39 log of 1 0007 6 0 22248 7

26 log of 1 0 0 0 0 0 6

Th e number requi red is 6 0222 48 .