INGLES PASAR TOEIC

CONTENIDO
CONTENIDO ................................................................................................................................... 1
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE ............................................................................................................ 2
PAST SIMPLE .................................................................................................................................. 4
PAST PROGRESSIVE ....................................................................................................................... 6
PAST PROGRESSIVE vs. PAST SIMPLE ............................................................................................ 7
PASADO PERFECTO........................................................................................................................ 8
PALABRAS NUEVAS...................................................................................................................... 12
TIPS PRONUNCIACIN................................................................................................................. 13
TIPS GENERALES .......................................................................................................................... 14
 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
STATEMENTS, Q and A

USE:
To talk about actions or states which began in the past and are still relevant in the present.
The Present Perfect is often used with expressions starting with FOR and SINCE, to talk
about actions or states which began in the past and are true up until the present time. It is
also used with the adverbs JUST, ALREADY, and YET to talk about actions or events which
took place at an indefinite time in the past. The Present Perfect is also used to talk about
recent actions or events ("news").

FORM:
The Present Perfect is made up of HAVE/HAS and the Past Participle (the third form of the
verb [V3]).

AFFIRMATIVE

[SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + (just/already) + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]... (for/since...)]

EXAMPLES:
"I've lived here for two years."
"You've already lost one key. I can't believe you can't find the second."
"Whose package is this? It's been here since 4 p.m."
"We've already met them."
"They're not hungry. They've just eaten their dinner."

NOTE: In positive sentences, JUST and ALREADY usually go immediately before the past
participle. Phrases with FOR and SINCE go at the end of the sentence.

NEGATIVE

[SUBJECT + HAVE NOT/HAVEN'T + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]..] HAS NOT/HASN'T

EXAMPLES:
"I haven't met her yet."
"It hasn't begun to rain yet."
"We haven't had lunch yet."
"You haven't said a word for 2 hours."
"They haven't finished their breakfast."

NOTE: In negative sentences, YET and phrases with FOR and SINCE usually go at the end of
the sentence.

YES/NO QUESTIONS

[HAVE/HAS + SUBJECT +...PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]

EXAMPLES:
"Have you already finished your work?"
"Has she finished painting the room?"

WH-QUESTIONS

WH-QUESTIONS ABOUT THE SUBJECT

[WH-WORD + HAVE/HAS +...PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]

EXAMPLE:
"Who has just eaten the candy?"

WH-QUESTIONS ABOUT THE REST OF THE SENTENCE

[WH-WORD + HAVE/HAS + SUBJECT +...PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)]

EXAMPLES:
"Where has he put my coat?"
"What have you done with the money?"

NOTE: In questions, JUST and ALREADY usually go before the Past Participle [V3]; YET and
phrases with FOR and SINCE usually go at the end of the sentence.

CONTRAST WITH OTHER TENSES

USE:
We use the Present Perfect to talk about actions or events that happened during a period
which in some way includes or is connected to the present, when the exact time is not given.

EXAMPLE:
"Peter Parker has written five books."

The "period" in this sentence is Parker's life. By using the Present Perfect, we show that he is
still alive and still writing books.

BUT -
"John Craig wrote five books."

In this case, the Past Simple is used, showing that the "period" is finished, probably because
Craig is dead.

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about recent actions or events which are "news" to
the listener, often with the adverbs JUST and ALREADY and YET in negative sentences and
questions.

EXAMPLES:
"The results have just come in; and here they are..."
"I don't want to go to that movie: I've already seen it."
"Have you typed that letter yet?"

NOTE: In American English, the simple past form is often used:

"The election results just came in: here they are..."
"I don't want to go to that movie; I already saw it."
"Did you type that letter yet?"

We often use the Present Perfect with certain expressions:

FOR or SINCE
We can use FOR or SINCE at the beginning of the time expression. If we say how long the
action or state lasted, we use FOR:
"...for ten minutes."
"...for twenty years."
"...for two centuries."
"...for a very long time." etc.

If we say when the action or state began, we use SINCE, followed by the time or another
expression which indicates the time:
"...since 2 o'clock."
"...since last Monday."
"...since 1975."
"...since the end of the war."
"...since I was a baby." etc.

HOW LONG
We start a question to ask about the duration of an activity or state with HOW LONG:

EXAMPLES:
"How long have you had that sweater?"
"About six months."

"How long have you been an actor?"

"Since I left school."

EVER
If we want to know if something has happened, but not when, we often put the adverb EVER
before the verb in the question.

EXAMPLES:
"Have you ever eaten octopus?"
"Yes, I have."

"Have you ever been in an accident?"

"No, I haven't."

JUST, ALREADY or YET

JUST (=a short time ago), ALREADY (=before now) and YET (=before/until now) are used in
Present Perfect sentences that talk about recent actions or events ("news"). JUST and
ALREADY usually go immediately before the third form of the verb and YET is often used at
the end of a negative sentence or question.

EXAMPLES:
"I have already seen that movie. Let's stay home!"
"But I haven't seen it yet!"

"Here we are at the Indy 500 with Mike Rhodes. Mike, have you ever driven in an Indy
race?"
"No, I haven't. But I've been a race driver in Europe for ten years."
"Well, Good Luck to you!"

PAST SIMPLE
Regular verbs in the Past Simple end in -ed.
[SUBJECT + VERB+ed + REST OF SENTENCE]

Joe walked home last night.

We played tennis
yesterday.

SPELLING
Verbs ending in -e, take only -d: live / lived.
With verbs ending in consonant+y, change the y to i:
carry / carried try / tried
NOTE: Past Simple is often used with adverbs: Yesterday, Last week/month/year, A...
ago

NEGATIVE
FORM:
[SUBJECT + DID NOT / DIDN'T + VERB + REST]

They did not call me

yesterday.
Ruth didn't study before the
test

QUESTIONS
YES/NO QUESTIONS
FORM:
[DID/DIDN'T + SUBJECT + VERB + REST]

Did you walk yesterday?

Didn't they buy the book last
week?

SHORT ANSWERS
FORM:
[YES, SUBJECT + DID]

Yes, they did.

[NO, SUBJECT + DID + NOT / DIDN'T]

No, they didn't..

WH-QUESTIONS
FORM: Questions about the SUBJECT:
[WHO/WHAT + PAST VERB+REST]

Who told him?

What made that
noise?

Questions about the REST OF THE SENTENCE:

[WH-WORD + DID + SUBJECT + VERB + REST]

When did you leave school?

Where did they buy that?

IRREGULAR FORMS
Here is a list of some of the most frequent irregular verbs:

come - came put - put

do - did read - read
drink - drank say - said
eat - ate sell - sold
find - found sit - sat
get - got sleep - slept
drive - drove speak - spoke
go - went take - took
have - had tell - told
hear - heard think - thought
know - knew understand - understood
leave - left wear - wore
make - made write - wrote
meet - met

Conversacin:
Hi Lisa. Where did you go last night? I didn't see you at the party.
I went to Bob's house. He made dinner for me.
Oh, how romantic!

PAST PROGRESSIVE

USE:
We use Past Progressive to talk about a continuous action or event which was happening at a
particular time in the past.
EXAMPLES:
"Weren't you studying with Linda last night?"
"No, I wasn't. I was shopping for Joe's birthday present."

"What were you doing when he phoned?"

"I was sleeping."

STATEMENTS

FORM:

AFFIRMATIVE:

[SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + VERB + ing...]

I was waiting for the bus when it started to rain.

We were waiting for the bus when it started to rain.

NEGATIVE:
[SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + NOT + VERB + ing...]

She was not (wasn't) waiting for the bus.

They were not (weren't) waiting for the bus.

YES/NO QUESTIONS and ANSWERS

FORM:
[WAS/WERE + SUBJECT + VERB+ing...?]

Was she waiting for the train?

Were you waiting for the train?

[YES/NO + SUBJECT + BE (NOT)]

Yes, I was.
No, it wasn't.

Yes, they were.

No, you weren't.

PAST PROGRESSIVE vs. PAST SIMPLE

USE:
We use the Past Simple to talk about a completed action in the past. We use the Past
Progressive to talk about an action that continued over a period of time in the past.
We can also use the Past Simple and the Past Progressive together in the same sentence, to
show that one short action or event happened during a longer action or event. If we mention
the shorter action first, we usually join the two parts of the sentence together with WHILE.

EXAMPLES:
"The phone rang while she was taking a shower."
"The car broke down while Bill was driving home."If we mention the longer action first, we
usually join the two parts of the sentence together with 'WHEN'.

EXAMPLES:
"She was taking a shower when the phone rang."
"Bill was driving home when the car broke down."

PAST PERFECT: SIMPLE

USE:
To emphasize that one event happened before another (connected by conjunctions like
WHEN/BEFORE) or in reported speech, when the "reporting verb" is in the Past Tense and
the "original" statement or idea was in the Past or Present Perfect Tense.

We also use the Past Perfect to interrupt a story (in the Past Tense) with a reference to an
earlier time (before the story began).

EXAMPLE:
"I went home. I was very tired and I wanted my supper. But when I arrived I couldn't get
into my house because I had left the key in my office!"

FORM:

AFFIRMATIVE

[SUBJECT + HAD... + Past Participle.[V3]..]

HAD NOT/HADN'T

EXAMPLES:
"She had just arrived when he came in."
"We had already eaten by the time she arrived."
"The opera had just begun when we arrived."
"I had never been in love until I met you!"

REPORTED SPEECH

[PAST TENSE + (THAT) + PAST PERFECT]

EXAMPLES:
"I thought (that) you had already seen this."
"She said (that) she had never met me before."

PASADO PERFECTO
The past perfect tense: Id already decided not to go. Yo ya haba decidido no ir. Commented [J1]: El presente perfecto se traducira
como: HE DECIDIDO
Notice the formation of the past perfect tense:

I cleaned the house

You bought the food

had made a pie
He
d prepared dinner Before the guest arrived
She
We washed the dishes

They set the table

The past perfect tense expressed a past time occurring before another past
time
Form the past perfect tense with had + the past participle of the main verb
The contraction of had is d.
The negative of past perfect tense is formed with hadnt. Example:
Wed prepared dinner before the guest arrived, but we hadnt eaten yet
Already, just and adverbs of frequency like never are usually placed between
had and the past participle. Example
Id never met the guests before, but my parents had already met them several
times. My brother had just met them the week before.

John visited Rome in august. He knew Rome well because he had been there
many times.

Tense sequence in the past: I broke my arm once right after Id broken a mirror.
Notice the se of the past and past perfect tense
I called, but Susan had already left
The past tense refers to an action completed in the past. Se refiere a una accin
completada en el pasado.
The past perfect tense refers to an action which occurred before another past
action. Se refiere a una accin que ocurri antes de otra accin en el pasado.

Mary wanted to see the new play in town.

She invited me to go see it with her.
I didnt want to go because I already seen it.

TRADUCCION:
Mara ha trabajado. Past
Maria habia trabajado. Past perfect
 PALABRAS NUEVAS
parlor Saln
downtown Centro de la ciudad
dough Masa
toppings Cobertura de pittza
baking Hornendo
cater Proveer servir Let us cater your next event, be it a
private celebration, office party,
large banquet, or corporate
function.
appetizer Aperitivos
pastry Pasta, masa, hojaldre Take the pastry out of the oven
when it begins to brown.
oven Horno, bakery oven
guests Invitados
unbeatable inmejorables
dishes Platos
therefore Por lo tanto - por eso
chase Perseguir
whole Enterom total todo toda I ate the whole hamburger.
We have paid the whole amount.
likely probable It's not very likely that he'll go.
No es probable que vaya.
Beard Barba
Pop Aparecerse Pop up
Ran into Encontrarse de casualidad,
suerte no planeado
Everyone else Todos los dems
Tire Neumatico
hesitate Dudar, titubear,vacilar
lift Levantar, elevar, ascensor He lifted the tray above the kids.
Levant la bandeja por encima de
los chicos.
Below Debajo de The coffee maker is kept below the
coffee cups.
La cafetera se guarda debajo de las
tazas de caf.
Beside Junto a, al lado de I keep a flashlight beside my bed.
Conservo una linterna junto a mi
cama.
through a travs de, The bullet went through his body.
atravesar La bala pas a travs de su cuerpo.
durante todo
shelf Estante
shelves Estantes
Amuse Divertir a
Pride Orgullo
ourselves nos
ink Tinta, entintar, firmar It's out of ink : Esta sin tinta
rather Mas bien
Hiring Contratando I didn't know they were
hiring.: No sabia que
estaban contratando
Helmet casco protective helmet : casco
protector
Ladder Escalera
delayed retrasado
right away innmediatamente
 TIPS PRONUNCIACIN
Escritura Pronunciacin
chose chos
choose chus
met met
meet mit
 TIPS GENERALES
Algunos verbos se usa el to adems se puede usar el gerundio seguido.
I love to watch Netflix
I love doing exercises
I enjoy working as an English teacher: Yo disfruto trabajar de professor de ingles.
Dont forget to bring your sunglases.