UNIT 1 : WIRELESS CHANNELS

1. Find the far-field distance for an antenna with maximum dimension of 2m and
operating frequency of 1GHz. (N/D 2015)
Given : Dimension of the antenna D 2m
Operating frequency f 1 GHz
2 X 108 m/ s
C/f
1000 X 106
m

0.2
2. Define Coherence time and Coherence bandwidth. (N/D 2015)
Coherence time is the time duration over which two received signals have a strong
potential for amplitude correlation.
Coherence bandwidth is the range of frequencies over which two frequency components
have a strong potential for amplitude correlation.
3. Calculate the Brewster angle for wave impinging on ground having a permittivity
r =5 (M/ J 2016)
r 1 51 4
Sin B = 0.408
r 1
2 5 1
2 24

B = Sin-1 0.408 24.07o

4. Give the equation for average large scale path loss between the transmitter and
receiver as a function of distance. (N/D 2016)
The average large-scale path loss for an arbitrary T-R separation is expressed as a
function of distance by using a path loss exponent n.

(or)

Where n is the path loss exponent which indicates the rate at which the path loss increase
with distance, d is the close-in reference distance which is determined from
measurements close to the transmitter and is the T-R separation distance.
5. What is the frequency selective fading? (N/D 2016)
If the channel possesses a constant-gain and linear phase response over a bandwidth that
is smaller than the bandwidth of the transmitter signal, then the channel creates frequency
selecting fading on the received signal.
6. What are the major advantages of wireless communication? (A/M 2017)
The major advantages of wireless communication are:
Mobility
Increased reliability
Ease of communication
Lost cost
7. Define Coherence time. In what way does this parameter decide the behavior of
wireless channel? (A/M 2017)
Coherence time is the time duration over which two received signals have a strong
potential for amplitude correlation. Coherence time is used to characterize the time
varying nature of the frequency dispersiveness of the channel in the time domain.
8. Define the Friis free space equation.
The Friis free space equation is defined as

Where Pt is the transmitted power, Pr(d) is the received power which is a function of the
T-R separation, Gt is the transmitter antenna gain, Gr is the receiver antenna gain, d is the
T-R separation distance in meters, L is the system loss factor not related to propagation
(L1), and is the wavelength in meters.
9. What are the type of propagation model?
Large scale propagation model is useful for estimation of radio coverage area of a
transmitter. It is called large-scale propagation model because it characterize signal
strength over large T-R separation distances.
Small scale propagation model is based on characteristics of rapid fluctuations of the
received signal strength over very short travel distance or short time duration.
10. What causes fading? How it classified?
Multipath propagation causes fading. The fading is classified based on multipath time
delay spread and based on Doppler spread.
11. Explain flat fading.
If the mobile radio channel has a constant gain and linear phase response over bandwidth
which is greater than the bandwidth of the transmitted signal, then the received signal
will undergo flat fading.
12. Compare fading and Doppler spread.
Fading is caused by interference between two or more versions of the transmitter signal
which arrive at the receiver at slightly different times.
Doppler spread is a measure of the spectral broadening caused by the time rate of change
of the mobile radio channel and is defined as the range of frequencies over which the
Doppler spectrum is essentially non-zero.
13. Define EIRP.
Effective Isotrophic Radiated Power: An isotropic radiator is an ideal antenna which
radiates power with unity gain un iformly in all directions and is often used to reference
antenna gains in wireless systems. It is defined as, EIRPPtGt
14. Define ERP.
Effective Radioactive Power is used to denote the maximum radiated power as compared
to half-wave dipole antenna.
15. Define path loss.
The difference between the effective transmitted power and the received power is called
path loss(PL).
16. What are the three basic propagation mechanisms which impact propagation in a
mobile communication?
(1) Reflection (2) diffraction and (3)scattering
17. Define Brewster angle.
The Brewster angle is the angle at which no reflection occurs in the medium of origin. It
occurs when the incident angle b is such that the reflection coefficient is equal to zero.
The Brewster angle is given by the value of b which satisfies
 When the first medium is free space and the second medium has relative permittivity
r

18. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Two-ray ground model reflection
model?
The advantages of the two-ray ground reflection model in the analysis of path loss is that
consider both the direct path and the ground reflected path propagation between
transmitter and receiver. The disadvantages is that this model is oversimplified in that it
does not include important factors such as terrain profile, vegetation and buildings.
19. What are the factors influencing small scale fading?
(1) Multipath propagation (2) Speed of the mobile
(3) Speed of the surrounding objects (4)Transmission bandwidth of the signal.
20. Compare and contrast fast fading and slow fading.

Fast Fading:
Depending on how rapidly the transmitted baseband signal changes as compared to the
rate of change of the channel, a channel may be classified either as a fast fading or slow
fading channel. In a fast fading channel, the channel impulse response changes rapidly
within thee symbol duration.
Slow fading:
In a slow fading channel, the channel impulse response changes at a rate much slower
than the transmitted baseband signal s(t).