Space tourism

This article is about paying space travellers. For other such as the Commercial Spaceight Federation use the
commercial spacefarers, see Commercial astronaut. For term personal spaceight. The Citizens in Space project
entrepreneurial space ventures and colonization, see uses the term citizen space exploration.[5]
NewSpace.
Space tourist redirects here. For persons in space other
than professional astronauts, see Space ight participant.
For the 2009 lm, see Space Tourists. 1 Precursors

The Soviet space program was aggressive in broadening

the pool of cosmonauts. The Soviet Intercosmos pro-
gram included cosmonauts selected from Warsaw Pact
members (from Czechoslovakia, Poland, East Germany,
Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania) and later from allies of the
USSR (Cuba, Mongolia, Vietnam) and non-aligned coun-
tries (India, Syria, Afghanistan). Most of these cosmo-
nauts received full training for their missions and were
treated as equals, but especially after the Mir program
began, were generally given shorter ights than Soviet
cosmonauts. The European Space Agency (ESA) took
advantage of the program as well.
The US space shuttle program included payload specialist
positions which were usually lled by representatives of
companies or institutions managing a specic payload on
Space tourist Mark Shuttleworth that mission. These payload specialists did not receive
the same training as professional NASA astronauts and
were not employed by NASA. In 1983, Ulf Merbold from
Space tourism is space travel for recreational, leisure or ESA and Byron Lichtenberg from MIT (engineer and Air
business purposes. To date only orbital space tourism Force ghter pilot) were the rst payload specialists to y
has taken place provided by the Russian Space Agency, on the Space Shuttle, on mission STS-9.[6][7]
although work continues developing sub-orbital space
tourism vehicles by Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic. In 1984, Charles D. Walker became the rst non-
In addition, SpaceX announced in 2017 that they are government astronaut to y, with his employer
[8]:7475
planning on sending two space tourists on a lunar free McDonnell Douglas paying $40,000 for his ight.
return trajectory in 2018 aboard their Dragon V2 space- NASA was also eager to prove its capability to Con-
craft launched by the Falcon Heavy rocket.[1] gressional sponsors. Senator Jake Garn was own on
the Shuttle in 1985,[9] followed by Representative Bill
The publicized price for ights brokered by Space Ad- Nelson in 1986.[10]
ventures to the International Space Station aboard a Rus-
sian Soyuz spacecraft have been US$2040 million, dur- During the 1970s, Shuttle prime contractor Rockwell In-
ing the period 20012009 when 7 space tourists made 8 ternational studied a $200300 million removable cabin
space ights. Some space tourists have signed contracts that could t into the Shuttles cargo bay. The cabin could
with third parties to conduct certain research activities carry up to 74 passengers into orbit for up to three days.
while in orbit. Space Habitation Design Associates proposed, in 1983,
a cabin for 72 passengers in the bay. Passengers were
Russia halted orbital space tourism in 2010 due to the in- located in six sections, each with windows and its own
crease in the International Space Station crew size, using loading ramp, and with seats in dierent congurations
the seats for expedition crews that would have been sold to for launch and landing. Another proposal was based on
paying spaceight participants.[2][3] Orbital tourist ights the Spacelab habitation modules, which provided 32 seats
were set to resume in 2015 but one planned was post- in the payload bay in addition to those in the cockpit area.
poned indenitely and none have occurred since 2009.[4] A 1985 presentation to the National Space Society stated
As an alternative term to tourism, some organizations that although ying tourists in the cabin would cost $1

1
2 2 ORBITAL SPACE TOURISM

to 1.5 million per passenger without government subsidy, At the end of the 1990s, MirCorp, a private venture that
within 15 years 30,000 people a year would pay $25,000 was by then in charge of the space station, began seek-
each to y in space on new spacecraft. The presentation ing potential space tourists to visit Mir in order to oset
also forecast ights to lunar orbit within 30 years and vis- some of its maintenance costs. Dennis Tito, an Ameri-
its to the lunar surface within 50 years.[11] can businessman and former JPL scientist, became their
As the shuttle program expanded in the early 1980s, rst candidate. When the decision to de-orbit Mir was
NASA began a Space Flight Participant program to al- made, Tito managed to switch his trip to the International
low citizens without scientic or governmental roles to Space Station (ISS) through a deal between MirCorp and
US-based Space Adventures, Ltd., despite strong opposi-
y. Christa McAulie was chosen as the rst Teacher
in Space in July 1985 from 11,400 applicants. 1,700 tion from senior gures at NASA; from the beginning of
the ISS expeditions, NASA stated it wasn't interested in
applied for the Journalist in Space program, including
Walter Cronkite, Tom Brokaw, Tom Wolfe, and Sam space guests.[13] Nonetheless, Dennis Tito visited the ISS
on April 28, 2001, and stayed for seven days, becoming
Donaldson. An Artist in Space program was considered,
and NASA expected that after McAulies ight two to the rst fee-paying space tourist. He was followed in
2002 by South African computer millionaire Mark Shut-
three civilians a year would y on the shuttle.[8] After
McAulie was killed in the Challenger disaster in January tleworth. The third was Gregory Olsen in 2005, who was
1986 the programs were canceled. McAulies backup, trained as a scientist and whose company produced spe-
Barbara Morgan, eventually got hired in 1998 as a pro- cialist high-sensitivity cameras. Olsen planned to use his
fessional astronaut and ew on STS-118 as a mission spe- time on the ISS to conduct a number of experiments, in
cialist.[8]:8485 A second journalist-in-space program, in part to test his companys products. Olsen had planned
which NASA green-lighted Miles O'Brien to y on the an earlier ight, but had to cancel for health reasons. The
space shuttle, was scheduled to be announced in 2003. Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics Committee On
That program was canceled in the wake of the Columbia Science of the House of Representatives held on June
disaster on STS-107 and subsequent emphasis on nish- 26, 2001 reveals the shifting attitude of NASA towards
ing the International Space Station before retiring the paying space tourists wanting to travel to the ISS. The
space shuttle. hearings purpose was to, Review the issues and oppor-
tunities for ying nonprofessional astronauts in space, the
With the realities of the post-Perestroika economy in appropriate government role for supporting the nascent
Russia, its space industry was especially starved for cash. space tourism industry, use of the Shuttle and Space Sta-
The Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) oered to pay for tion for Tourism, safety and training criteria for space
one of its reporters to y on a mission. For $28 mil- tourists, and the potential commercial market for space
lion, Toyohiro Akiyama was own in 1990 to Mir with tourism.[14] The subcommittee report was interested in
the eighth crew and returned a week later with the sev- evaluating Dennis Titos extensive training and his expe-
enth crew. Akiyama gave a daily TV broadcast from or- rience in space as a nonprofessional astronaut.
bit and also performed scientic experiments for Russian
and Japanese companies. However, since the cost of the By 2007, space tourism was thought to be one of
the earliest markets that would emerge for commercial
ight was paid by his employer, Akiyama could be con-
sidered a business traveler rather than a tourist. spaceight.[15]:11 However, as of 2014 this private ex-
change market has not emerged to any signicant extent.
In 1991, British chemist Helen Sharman was selected
from a pool of 13,000 applicants to be the rst Briton Space Adventures remains the[16][17] only company to have sent
[12]
in space. The program was known as Project Juno and paying passengers to space. In conjunction with
was a cooperative arrangement between the Soviet Union the Federal Space Agency of the Russian Federation and
and a group of British companies. The Project Juno con- Rocket and Space Corporation Energia, Space Adven-
sortium failed to raise the funds required, and the pro- tures facilitated the ights for all of the worlds rst pri-
gram was almost cancelled. Reportedly Mikhail Gor- vate space explorers. The rst three participants paid in
bachev ordered it to proceed under Soviet expense in the excess of $20 million (USD) each for their 10-day visit
interests of international relations, but in the absence of to the ISS.
Western underwriting, less expensive experiments were After the Columbia disaster, space tourism on the Rus-
substituted for those in the original plans. Sharman ew sian Soyuz program was temporarily put on hold, be-
aboard Soyuz TM-12 to Mir and returned aboard Soyuz cause Soyuz vehicles became the only available trans-
TM-11. port to the ISS. On July 26, 2005, Space Shuttle Dis-
covery (mission STS-114) marked the shuttles return
to space. Consequently, in 2006, space tourism was
resumed. On September 18, 2006, an Iranian Amer-
2 Orbital space tourism ican businesswoman named Anousheh Ansari became
the fourth space tourist (Soyuz TMA-9).[18] ) On April
See also: Orbital spaceight 7, 2007, Charles Simonyi, an American businessman
of Hungarian descent, joined their ranks (Soyuz TMA-

10). Simonyi became the rst repeat space tourist, pay-
ing again to y on Soyuz TMA-14 in MarchApril 2009.
Canadian Guy Lalibert became the next space tourist in
September, 2009 aboard Soyuz TMA-16.
As reported by Reuters on March 3, 2010, Russia an-
nounced that the country would double the number of
launches of three-man Soyuz ships to four that year, be-
cause permanent crews of professional astronauts aboard
the expanded [ISS] station are set to rise to six"; regard-
ing space tourism, the head of the Russian Cosmonauts
Training Center said for some time there will be a break
in these journeys.[2]
On January 12, 2011, Space Adventures and the Rus-
sian Federal Space Agency announced that orbital space
tourism would resume in 2013 with the increase of
manned Soyuz launches to the ISS from four to ve per
year.[19] However, this has not materialized, and the cur-
rent preferred option, instead of producing an additional
Soyuz, would be to extend the duration of an ISS Expe-
dition to one year, paving the way for the ight of new
spaceight participants. The British singer Sarah Bright-
man initiated plans (costing a reported $52 million) and
participated in preliminary training in early 2015, ex-
pecting to then y (and to perform while in orbit) in
September 2015, but in May 2015 she postponed the
plans indenitely.[4][20][21]
2.1 List of own space tourists
See also: List of spaceight participants
2.2 Proposed orbital ventures
Boeing is building the CST-100 Starliner capsule
as part of the CCDev program and intends to y
tourists. The CST-100 is planned to be launched
by an Atlas V rocket.
Space Adventures Ltd. have announced that they
are working on DSE-Alpha, a circumlunar mission
to the moon, with the price per passenger being
$100,000,000.[30]
Several plans have been proposed for using a space station
as a hotel:
American motel tycoon Robert Bigelow has ac-
quired the designs for inatable space habitats from
the Transhab program abandoned by NASA. His
company, Bigelow Aerospace, has already launched
two rst inatable habitat modules. The rst, named
Genesis I, was launched July 12, 2006. The sec-
ond test module, Genesis II, was launched June 28,
2007. Both Genesis habitats remain in orbit as of
March 2012. The BA 330, an expandable habitation
3
module with 330 cubic meters of internal space, is
expected to be ready for launch by 2017. In 2004,
Bigelow Aerospace established a competition called
Americas Space Prize, which oered a $50 million
prize to the rst US company to create a reusable
spacecraft capable of carrying passengers to a Nau-
tilus space station. The prize expired in January
2010 without anyone making a serious eort to win
it.[31]
The Space Island Group have set out plans for their
Space Island Project, and plans on having 20,000
people on their space island by 2020, with the
number of people doubling for each decade.[32]
3 Lunar space tourism
Further information: Tourism on the Moon
In February 2017, Elon Musk announced that substantial
deposits from two individuals had been received by Space
X for a Moon loop ight using a free return trajectory and
that this could happen as soon as late 2018.[33] Musk said
that the cost of the mission would be comparable to that
of sending an astronaut to the International Space Station,
about $70 million US dollars in 2017.[34]
4 Sub-orbital space tourism
See also: Sub-orbital spaceight
No suborbital space tourism has occurred yet, but since it
is projected to be more aordable, many companies view
it as a money-making proposition. Most are proposing
vehicles that make suborbital ights peaking at an altitude
of 100160 km (6299 mi).[35] Passengers would expe-
rience three to six minutes of weightlessness, a view of a
twinkle-free stareld, and a vista of the curved Earth be-
low. Projected costs are expected to be about $200,000
per passenger.[36]
4.1 Projects
Blue Origin is developing the New Shepard reusable
suborbital launch system specically to enable short-
duration space tourism.
On October 4, 2004, SpaceShipOne, designed
by Burt Rutan of Scaled Composites, won the
$10,000,000 X Prize, which was designed to be won
by the rst private company who could reach and
surpass an altitude of 100 km (62 mi) twice within
two weeks. The altitude is beyond the Krmn Line,
the arbitrarily dened boundary of space.[37] The
4 4 SUB-ORBITAL SPACE TOURISM

rst ight was own by Michael Melvill on June Hyperion, which will be marketed by Space
21, 2004, to a height of 100 km (62 mi), making Adventures.[48] Hyperion uses a capsule similar in
him the rst commercial astronaut.[38] The prize- shape to the Gemini capsule. The vehicle will use
winning ight was own by Brian Binnie, which a parachute for descent but will probably use retro-
reached a height of 112.0 km (69.6 mi), breaking rockets for nal touchdown, according to remarks
the X-15 record.[39] made by Armadillo Aerospace at the Next Genera-
tion Suborbital Researchers Conference in February
Virgin Galactic, headed by Sir Richard Branson's
2012. The assets of Armadillo Aerospace were sold
Virgin Group, hopes to be the rst to oer regular
to Exos Aerospace and while SARGE is continuing
suborbital spaceights to paying passengers, aboard
to be developed, it is unclear whether Hyperion is
a eet of ve SpaceShipTwo-class spaceplanes. The
still being developed.
rst of these spaceplanes, VSS Enterprise, was in-
tended to commence its rst commercial ights in EADS Astrium, a subsidiary of European aerospace
spring 2015, and tickets were on sale at a price of giant EADS, announced its space tourism project on
$200,000 (later raised to $250,000). However, the June 13, 2007.[49]
company suered a considerable setback when the
Enterprise broke up over the Mojave Desert during
a test ight in October 2014. Over 700 tickets had 4.2 Legality
been sold prior to the accident.[40] A second space-
plane, VSS Unity, has begun testing.[41] Under the Outer Space Treaty signed in 1967, the launch
operators nationality and the launch sites location deter-
XCOR Aerospace was developing a suborbital vehi-
mine which country is responsible for any damages oc-
cle called Lynx until development was halted in May
[42] curred from a launch.[50]
2016. The Lynx will take o from a runway un-
der rocket power. Unlike SpaceShipOne and Space- After valuable resources were detected on the Moon, pri-
ShipTwo, Lynx will not require a mothership. Lynx vate companies began to formulate methods to extract the
is designed for rapid turnaround, which will enable resources. Article II of the Outer Space Treaty dictates
it to y up to four times per day. Because of this that outer space, including the Moon and other celestial
rapid ight rate, Lynx has fewer seats than Space- bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim
ShipTwo, carrying only one pilot and one space- of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any
[51]
ight participant on each ight. XCOR expect to roll other means. However, countries have the right to
out the rst Lynx prototype and begin ight tests in freely explore the Moon and any resources collected are
2015. It was hoped that Lynx would carry paying property of that country when they return.
customers before the end of 2016.[43][44]
Citizens in Space, formerly the Teacher in 4.2.1 United States
Space Project, is a project of the United States
Rocket Academy. Citizens in Space combines In December 2005, the US government released a set
citizen science with citizen space exploration. of proposed rules for space tourism.[52] These included
The goal is to y citizen-science experiments screening procedures and training for emergency situa-
and citizen explorers (who travel free) who will tions, but not health requirements.
act as payload operators on suborbital space Under current US law, any company proposing to launch
missions. By 2012, Citizens in Space had ac- paying passengers from American soil on a suborbital
quired a contract for 10 suborbital ights with rocket must receive a license from the Federal Avia-
XCOR Aerospace and expected to acquire ad- tion Administrations Oce of Commercial Space Trans-
ditional ights from XCOR and other subor- portation (FAA/AST). The licensing process focuses on
bital spaceight providers in the future. In public safety and safety of property, and the details can
2012 Citizens in Space reported they had be- be found in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 14,
gun training three citizen astronaut candidates Chapter III.[53] This is in accordance with the Commer-
and would select seven additional candidates cial Space Launch Amendments Act passed by Congress
over the next 12 to 14 months.[45] in 2004.[54]
Space Expedition Corporation was preparing
In March 2010, the New Mexico legislature passed the
to use the Lynx for "Space Expedition Cu-
Spaceight Informed Consent Act. The SICA gives le-
raao", a commercial ight from Hato Air-
gal protection to companies who provide private space
port on Curaao, and planned to start commer-
ights in the case of accidental harm or death to indi-
cial ights in 2014. The costs were $95,000
viduals. Participants sign an Informed Consent waiver,
each.[46][47]
dictating that spaceight operators can not be held liable
Armadillo Aerospace was developing a two-seat in the death of a participant resulting from the inher-
vertical takeo and landing (VTOL) rocket called ent risks of space ight activities. Operators are how-
6.1 Space Race television show 5

ever not covered in the case of gross negligence or willful 6.1 Space Race television show
misconduct.[55]
As of October 2013, NBC News and Virgin Galactic have
come together to create a new reality television show ti-
4.3 Environmental eects tled Space Race. The show will follow contestants as they
compete to win a ight into space aboard Virgin Galac-
A 2010 study published in Geophysical Research Letters tics SpaceShipTwo rocket plane. It is not to be confused
raised concerns that the growing commercial spaceight with the Childrens Space TV show called "Space Rac-
industry could accelerate global warming. The study, ers"[62]
funded by NASA and The Aerospace Corporation, sim-
ulated the impact of 1,000 suborbital launches of hybrid
rockets from a single location, calculating that this would 6.2 Terminology
release a total of 600 tonnes of black carbon into the
stratosphere. They found that the resultant layer of soot Many private space travelers have objected to the term
particles remained relatively localised, with only 20% of space tourist, often pointing out that their role went
the carbon straying into the southern hemisphere, thus beyond that of an observer, since they also carried out
creating a strong hemispherical asymmetry.[56] This un- scientic experiments in the course of their journey.
balance would cause the temperature to decrease by about Richard Garriott additionally emphasized that his train-
0.4 C (0.72 F) in the tropics and subtropics, whereas the ing was identical to the requirements of non-Russian
temperature at the poles would increase by between 0.2 Soyuz crew members, and that teachers and other non-
and 1 C (0.36 and 1.80 F). The ozone layer would also professional astronauts chosen to y with NASA are
be aected, with the tropics losing up to 1.7% of ozone called astronauts. He has said that if the distinction has
cover, and the polar regions gaining 56%.[57] The re- to be made, he would rather be called private astronaut
searchers stressed that these results should not be taken than tourist.[63] Dennis Tito has asked to be known
as a precise forecast of the climate response to a specic as an independent researcher, and Mark Shuttleworth
launch rate of a specic rocket type, but as a demonstra- described himself as a pioneer of commercial space
tion of the sensitivity of the atmosphere to the large-scale travel.[64] Gregory Olsen prefers private researcher,[65]
disruption that commercial space tourism could bring.[56] and Anousheh Ansari prefers the term private space
explorer.[18] Other space enthusiasts object to the term
on similar grounds. Rick Tumlinson of the Space Fron-
tier Foundation, for example, has said: I hate the word
5 Education and advocacy tourist, and I always will ... 'Tourist' is somebody in a
owered shirt with three cameras around his neck.[66]
Several organizations have been formed to promote the Russian cosmonaut Maksim Surayev told the press in
space tourism industry, including the Space Tourism So- 2009 not to describe Guy Lalibert as a tourist: Its be-
ciety, Space Future, and HobbySpace. UniGalactic Space come fashionable to speak of space tourists. He is not a
Travel Magazine is a bi-monthly educational publication tourist but a participant in the mission.[67]
covering space tourism and space exploration develop-
"Spaceight participant" is the ocial term used by
ments in companies like SpaceX, Orbital Sciences, Vir-
NASA and the Russian Federal Space Agency to distin-
gin Galactic and organizations like NASA.
guish between private space travelers and career astro-
Classes in space tourism are currently taught at the nauts. Tito, Shuttleworth, Olsen, Ansari, and Simonyi
Rochester Institute of Technology in New York,[58] and were designated as such during their respective space
Keio University in Japan.[59] ights. NASA also lists Christa McAulie as a space-
ight participant (although she did not pay a fee), appar-
ently due to her non-technical duties aboard the STS-51-
6 Attitudes toward space tourism L ight.
The US Federal Aviation Administration awards the title
A web-based survey suggested that over 70% of those sur- of "Commercial Astronaut" to trained crew members of
veyed wanted less than or equal to 2 weeks in space; in privately funded spacecraft. The only people currently
addition, 88% wanted to spacewalk (only 14% of these holding this title are Mike Melvill and Brian Binnie, the
would do it for a 50% premium), and 21% wanted a ho- pilots of SpaceShipOne.
tel or space station.[60]
The concept has met with some criticism from some,
including politicians, notably Gnter Verheugen, vice- 7 Expected economic growth
president of the European Commission, who said of the
EADS Astrium Space Tourism Project: Its only for the A 2010 report from the Federal Aviation Administra-
super rich, which is against my social convictions.[61] tion, titled The Economic Impact of Commercial Space
6 9
Transportation on the U. S Economy in 2009, cites
studies done by Futron, an aerospace and technology-
consulting rm, which predict that space tourism could
become a billion-dollar market within 20 years.[68] In ad-
dition, in the decade since Dennis Tito journeyed to the
International Space Station, eight private citizens have
paid the $20 million fee to travel to space. Space Adven-
tures suggests that this number could increase fteen-fold
by 2020.[69] These gures do not include other private
space agencies such as Virgin Galactic, which as of 2014
has sold approximately 700 tickets priced at $200,000 or
$250,000 dollars each and has accepted more than $80
million in deposits.[70]
8 See also
Space ight participant
Eect of spaceight on the human body
Private spaceight
Commercialization of space
9 References
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[52] US draws up space tourism rules. BBC News. January
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[54] Boyle, Alan (December 23, 2004). Private-spaceight
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[56] Ross, Martin; Mills, Michael; Toohey, Darin
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[58] Carter, Travis. Vacation: The Final Frontier. NYU
Livewire. Archived from the original on April 30, 2013.
[59] Space Tourism 1 Lecture. Robert A. Goehlich (ocial
website). Retrieved April 30, 2013.
[60] David, Leonard (October 3, 2006). Space Tourism Sur-
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[61] EU ocial balks at space tourism. The Peninsula. June
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gin Galactic for 'Space Race' reality TV show. NBC. Re-
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[63] Do Not Call Me A Space Tourist!". Richard Garriots
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[64] Knight, Will (April 20, 2002). "'Space tourist' insists on
pioneering role. New Scientist. Archived from the origi-
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[65] Boyle, Alan (March 29, 2004). Space millionaire to mix
science with pleasure. MSNBC.
[66] Foust, Je (November 29, 2004). Is it time to dump the
t-word?". The Space Review.
[67] Circus man ready to make 'fairy tale' come true in space.
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[68] The Economic Impact of Commercial Space Transporta-
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[69] Spotts, Pete (May 6, 2011). A space tourism trip to the
moon? It could happen by 2015. The Christian Science
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[70] Daily Mail (Nov 1, 2014). Ticket holders set to travel on
Virgin spaceship show their support.
8 11 EXTERNAL LINKS

10 Further reading
Abitzsch, Sven (15 May 1996). Prospects of Space
Tourism. 9th European Aerospace Congress - Vi-
sions and Limits of Long-term Aerospace Develop-
ments. Aerospace Institute, Technical University of
Berlin: Space Future Consulting.

Manber, Jerey (2009). Selling Peace: Inside the

Soviet Conspiracy That Transformed the U.S. Space
Program. Burlington, Ont: Apogee. ISBN 978-1-
926592-08-4.

11 External links
Space travel guide from Wikivoyage

Space Tourists, a documentary lm by Christian Frei

 9

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text
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dent, Raven in Orbit, Emperorbma, Paul Weaver, David Latapie, Tpbradbury, Thue, Nickshanks, Paranoid, RedWolf, E0N, Sverdrup,
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BillCook, Bongle, Alansohn, Hektor, Mlm42, Hu, Wtmitchell, Dhartung, Matthias5, GL, Joshbrez, Johntex, Oleg Alexandrov, Nuno
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ished user 05, SCEhardt, Skybum, Mendaliv, Drbogdan, Rjwilmsi, Fahrenheit451, Kember, Rillian, Hack-Man, Kajmal, Vegaswikian,
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Total-MAdMaN, Mogism, Lugia2453, Kleptopigstar, 069952497a, Grayelephant, , Cocckiralc, FrigidNinja, Rishabh.kapoorrk,
AnthonyJ Lock, Comp.arch, Bubills7701, NaturalScholar, MOGluza, GeeBee60, Hammysan, Monkbot, Skyhook1, Filedelinkerbot, Jel-
lydPuppy, Human3015, KasparBot, Slj393, Srednuas Lenoroc, Gerard.illana, InternetArchiveBot, Fitindia, Dezznutz300, Bender the Bot,
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