Assessment of 42 Km, 150 kV AC submarine cable

at the Horns Rev 2 HVAC wind farm

Electrical Energy Engineering

EPSH 3, Group 901, Fall Semester 2010

Department of energy Technology, Aalborg University

TITLE:

ASSESSMENT OF 42 Km, 150 kV AC SUBMARINE CABLE

SEMESTER: 3RD SEMESTER EPSH (M.SC )

PROJECT PERIOD : 15.09.2010 04.01.2011
ECTS: 22
SUPERVISOR: FILIPE MIGUEL FARIA DA SILVA
CLAUS LETH BAK
PROJECT GROUP: EPSH 3, GROUP 901

SYNOPSIS:
The aim of this project is to investigate the
measurement results presented in a preliminary report,
ANGEL FERNNDEZ SARABIA by comparing them with a model created in PSCAD
EMTP. The investigation is based on the transmission
line that electrically connects the offshore wind farm
Horns Rev II with the onshore substation at Endrup. A
model of part of the transmission line will be developed
in PSCAD EMTP.
Once the results are studied, an analysis of the
CAROLINA ARAGN ESPALLARGAS submarine cable that is causing the mismatch between
simulations and measurements is performed. This
analysis has been made using a finite element software
and theoretical equations.
COPIES: 3
Based on this analysis an improved model of the
PAGES, TOTAL: 85
submarine cable will be designed. Furthermore,
APPENDIX: 1 simulation results will be compared against
SUPPLEMENTS: PROJECT CD measurements results and equations results.

BY SIGNING THIS DOCUMENT , EACH MEMBER Comparison between the simulation model and the
OF THE GROUP CONFIRMS THAT ALL analytical results shows a good agreement. This
indicates that the proposed study method is valid.
PARTICIPATED IN THE PROJECT WORK AND
THEREBY THAT ALL MEMBERS ARE COLLECTIVELY On the other hand, comparison between simulation
LIABLE FOR THE CONTENT OF THE REPORT . model and measurements results shows a large
deviation. The Ferranti effect simulated is 1.6% while in
the measurements is 8%. Furthermore, the simulated
voltage at the receiving end is bigger than the one
obtained in the measurements. This is caused by the
capacitors introduced at the end of the system as a way
to improve the model, which are increasing the
voltage of the whole system.

2
 Content

1. Introduction.5

2. System description..7
2.1 Turbines8

2.2 Cables.8

2.3 Grounding of the cable..14

2.4 Connection of the subsystems..16

3. Problem analysis18
3.1 Cable models18

3.2 Problems associated during the energization of the cable20

3.3 Problems in steady state.29

3.4 Effect of the cable on the grid.32

3.5 Problem statement.33

3.6 Aim of the project.34

3.7 Solution method34

4. Comparison between theory equations and PSCAD results.35

4.1 Submarine cable model in PSCAD35

4.2 Receiving end voltage of each configuration..37

5. Description of the PSCAD model..49

5.1 PSCAD model configuration49

5.2 Choice of the cable..49

5.3 Land cables and submarine cable..50

5.4 Voltage source and short circuit impedance..56

5.5 Circuit breaker57

3
 5.6 Shunt reactor60

5.7 Simulation settings65

6. Results and validation of the model..66

6.1 Results of the improved model in PSCAD..66

6.2 Analysis of the pipe type cable model..67

7. Conclusions.72
7.1 Future work.73

8. Literature.74

A Appendix submarine cable parameters calculation.79

4
 1. Introduction
Nowadays Denmark is able to cover approximately the 20 per cent of its energy
demand with wind energy. Due to the higher allowance for CO2 and oil prices, its aim is
to achieve the long objective of increasing the wind production to 50 percent by 2025.
Part of this expansion will occur through the use of offshore wind farms. [1]

Denmark is a small country that has taken advantage of its long coastline with the
terms offered by an offshore installation such as: better wind resources (the marine
wind are more stables with less turbulence and less wind shear), larger spaces to
install the wind farms and lower environmental impact. [2]

Countries such as Germany, China, Netherlands, Ireland, United Kingdom, Norway,

Finland, Japan and Netherlands have offshore technology , but Denmark was the
pioneer country installing its first offshore wind farm Vindeby ( 4.95 MW). Its path has
continued with others nine farm until 2009 with the setting of the largest offshore
wind park Horns Rev II (209 MW). [3]

Horns Rev II (HR2) is an offshore wind farm which is located 30 km far from the shore,
in the North Sea. The produced power in the offshore station is transmitted to the
onshore station, through 99.7 kilometers of buried cable. The first 42 km of submarine
cable, are connected with 57.9km of land cable. [4]

The offshore wind park is connected to land in three parts: a transformer platform, a
sea cable and a land cable. In the transformer platform the voltage from the wind
turbines is increased up to 150 kV, nominal voltage of the AC transmission cable.

A high voltages underground cable presents higher capacitance than overhead lines .
The insulation materials act as a capacitor, so a large part of the current is used as a
charging current of the capacitance of the line. Hence, a lower active power flow can
be transferred to the grid. This fact forces to use shunt reactors, as inductive
components, in parallel along the power grid for compensating the reactive power
produced. [27]

During the energization of a long HVAC cable, occurs a transitional state that can
exceed the maximum values of voltage and current for which the components were
designed. These overvoltages and overcurrents, despite being instantaneous, can
damage system components. [32]

Energinet.dk, the owner of the electrical connection of the wind park, asked Siemens
a report regarding overvoltages at the connection. Due to Siemens supplies a little

5
information about the models of the cables used, (the choice of model has
considerable influence on the results of the simulation) the simulations were repeated.

In the report Studies of transient overvoltage at the Horns Rev 2 wind farm HVAC
cable connection was concluded that the overvoltages measurements were in
agreement with the simulations during the switching on. On the other hand, the
relative permittivity for the main insulation material must be recalculated correctly in
order to take into account the semiconducting layers of the cable. [18]

The Full Scale Test on a 100km, 150kV AC Cable shows a large Ferranti effect (8%) in
the measurements, while in the simulation results the voltages in the sending and in
the receiving end are similar (an increase of 1.7%). Furthermore, it was noticed during
the de-energization, differences between the simulation and the measurement, even
in steady state. [5]

Because of the time limitation, the aim of this project is focused on the study of the
steady state behavior of the transmission system taking into account where and how it
can be improved.

6
 2. System description
In this chapter a description of the system is made.

Introduction
Horns Rev 2 is a big construction formed by many sub-systems that globally
form the whole structure. Its construction was a very big challenge because was the
furthest offshore wind farm built in the world.

The construction period was from May 2008 to November 2009. It was inaugurated in
September 2009, a few months before the climate conference took place in
Copenhagen in December.

The HR2 is managed by the national grid network operator Energitek.dk, who plans
and controls the peaks on the wind power supply and also when the wind drops,
looking for other available energy sources. [4]

The park is situated outside the west cost of Denmark at 30 km from the coast line,
where water depth is 9-17 metres and the average wind speed is just below 10 m/s.
The average wave height is 1.5 metres. This location is shown in the next figure.

Fig. 2.1 Location of the offshore wind park Horns Rev 2. [Bilfinger Berger Magazine
2/2008]

7
The owner is DONG Energy and coordinates the complete process with seven different
sub-companies. DONG Energy is one of the leading energy groups in Northern Europe.
Its business is based on supporting, producing, distributing and exchanging in energy in
Northern Europe.

2.1 Turbines
The wind farm is formed of a total of 91 wind turbines, with a unitary capacity
of 2.3 MW each one, so the total production capacity is of 209 MW. These turbines are
supplied by Siemens and are of the type SWP 2.3-93.
The centre point of the blade was placed 68 metres above the sea level. The length of
the turbine below sea level is between 30-40 metres. With a blade diameter of 93
metres the total length of the wind turbine above the sea level is 114.5 metres.

The erection of these turbines was carried out with a number of different special built
vessels. Each turbine is able to communicate between the shore and the
accommodation platform though its IP number which sets the connection.

Fig.2.2 Wind turbines in Horns Rev 2. [4]

2.2 Cables

A total of 70 km of cables were laid out at Horns Rev 2. These cables are
connected between the 13 rows of wind turbines from west to east, where they are
connected to the transformer platform, containing fibre network which transmits
communication and control to and from the wind turbines. [4]

8
Submarine system cable transports the produced electricity to the shore.

Fig. 2.3 Distribution of the 13 rows of wind turbines. [4]

9
2.2.1 Submarine Cable

The submarine cable used for Horns Rev 2 has a length of 42 km and is 150 kV
3x630 mm2.The cable is buried 1.3 m under the sea bed [Energinet.dk]. The
manufacturer is Nexans and the following data is taken from its datasheet.

The layout of the submarine is shown below:

Fig. 2.4 Layout of the submarine cable. [31]

In the next table are detailed the features of the materials and the outer radius

10
 Table 2.1 Submarine cable data [31]

The cable is formed by three phase cables where the three conductors are placed in
common metallic armour. Each phase is formed by copper conductors with a cross
section of 630 mm2. Copper allows small cross section, requiring less material in the
manufacture of the conductors. Aluminium can be also used but, due to copper has a
higher corrosion resistance it is commonly used for submarine cables. [15]

The phase conductors have an insulation layer of cross linked polyethylene (XLPE) of
18 mm of thickness. [31]
A layer of semi-conducting XLPE is extruded onto the conductor in order to avoid voids
and irregularities, which can create a local stress and would reduce the insulation
dielectric strength. This semi-conductive layer is completely circular and has a smooth
surface; therefore, there will not appear stress increases. Another semi-conductive
layer outside the insulation, called insulation screen is provided in order to form a
stable dielectric surface not being affected by the outer screen layer. These layers:
conductor screen, insulation and insulation screen are the cable dielectric system. [15,
pg 34]
The metallic screen has a major importance due to nullify the electric field outside the
cable. It acts as a second electrode of the capacitor formed by the cable. On the other
hand, when an alternating current is flowing through a conductor of a cable, some
voltage will be generated on the screen. This voltage can reach several of volts during
normal operation. Therefore, sheath voltage limiters (SVL) are used between the
sheath screen and ground in order to limit this potential. [40, pg 13]
The humidity reduces the dielectric strength and the ageing resistance of the cable.
Due to this is necessary that the protection of the cable includes a swelling tape and a
lead alloy sheath. The swelling tape is a polyester fibre, which has the function of

11
expanding after it gets wet, s reducing in this way the infiltration of water and
humidity in the cable. [15, pg 36]
The armoring should support the tensional forces (the own weight of the cable and the
dynamic forces caused by the movements of the vessel) and presents enough
mechanical resistance to external aggression (installation tools) during the cable
installation. Hence, the armoring provides tension stability and mechanical protection.
[15, pg 48]
The outer armour of the cable consists of approximately 105 round galvanized steel
wires, each one having a cross section of 5.6 mm2. The submarine cable system
includes also a fibre optic cable which allows the communication between the turbines
the accommodation platform and the shore. The external layer consists of two layers
of polypropylene yarn and bitumen. [31]

2.2.2 Land Cable

The land cable consists in two sections. One section with 2.3 km joining the
submarine cable with Blaabjerg station and another cable section from Blaabjerg with
55.4 km to Endrup station.

These cables are three single phase conductor aluminium cables produced by ABB with
a cross section of the conductor of 1200 mm2. The voltage rating is 150 kV. These
cables are laying in flat formation.

One semiconducting layer is introduced to fill the gaps between the conductor and
insulation material and to ensure a radial electric field distribution. XLPE is used as a
dielectric in the cable with a layer thickness of 17 mm.
The screen is formed by copper wires, each one having a diameter of 1.1 mm and a
total cross section of 95 mm2. An aluminium sheath of 0.2 mm is used in order to
prevent moisture and water from the penetrating cable. The external sheath consists
of a 4.0 mm PE layer.

The complete cable presents a diameter of 27 mm and a weight of 9 kg/m.

12
 Fig.2.5 Layout of the single conductor land cable [22]

The three phase cable is buried at 1.3 m below the land as is shown in the next figure:

Fig. 2.6 Laying of the 150 kV land cable

Data of the land cable.

Parameter Unit Value

Conductor Outer radius mm 20.75
Material - Aluminium
Conductor screen Thickness mm 1.5
Outer radius mm 22.25
Thickness mm 17

13
Dielectric Outer radius mm 39.5
Material - XLPE
Dielectric screen + Thickness mm 1.6
swelling tape Average outer radius mm 41.1
Thickness mm 1.11
Metallic sheath Average outer radius mm 42.21
Material - Copper
Cross section mm2 95
Water barrier Thickness mm 0.6
longitudinal Average outer radius mm 42.81
Water barrier radial Thickness mm 0.2
Average outer radius mm 43.01
Thickness mm 4
Outer covering Average outer radius mm 47.5
Material - PE
Table 2.2 Land cable data [22]

2.3 Grounding of the cable

The sheath is metallic and performs different functions like prevent moisture
ingress into the insulation, contains cable pressure in fluid-filled cables, provide a
continuous circuit for short-circuit fault current return and prevent mechanical
damage. The three phase cables may be laid close to each other. As there is ac current
flowing in the core of one cable, as well as currents flowing in adjacent cores, induced
voltages on the metallic sheath(s) of the cable(s) appears. In order to limit these
voltages and prevent cable damage, the conducting sheaths are grounded using
different methods.

Grounding method Voltage at cable end Sheath voltage Typical application

limiter(surge
arrester)
Single end Yes Yes Usually not used for
HV cables
Both end No No Short cables
Cross bonding At cross bonding points Yes Long cables where
joints are required

Table 2.3 Grounding methods for cables. [13]

The sheaths of the two land cables are cross bonded in order to reduce the cable
losses. This method is used for long cables where shunt reactors and joints are
required. The cable is sectionalized in one or more major sections. Each of these major
sections is formed by three minor sections of equal length. [40]
This method minimizes the total induced voltages in the sheath in order to minimize
the circulating currents and the losses. The best configuration is achieved when the

14
cores of the three minor sections within each major section are perfectly transposed
but the sheaths are not. This is shown in the figure 2.7.

At both ends of the major sections, the sheaths are solidly bonded and earthed.
Nevertheless, at the minor sections, they are bonded to sheath voltage limiters.
Earthing both ends of each major section eliminates the necessity of an earth
continuity conductor. [42]

Under positive phase sequence conditions (PPS) and due to the cores are perfectly
transposed, the resulting voltages in each minor section are separated by 120 degrees,
summing zero. Thus, no sheath currents will flow. If cross bonding only the sheaths
but not the cores, a good balance is not achieved unless the cables are laid in trefoil
configuration. Therefore, the cores of cross-bonded cables laid in flat formations are
generally transposed. [46, pg 145]

Fig. 2.7 Cross bonding method with transposition of the cores [46, pg 144]

A change in the sheaths at the cross-boning points represents an electrical

discontinuity. Therefore, travelling waves will be reflected, and relatively high transient
sheath overvoltages will occur at the cross bonding points. Metal oxide surge arresters
or metal oxide varistors (MOVs) could be used to eliminate its influence. [40]

15
 Fig. 2.8 Layout of a cross-bonding cable system [31]

The total length of the cable sheath, 55.4 km, is cross bonded using 11 major sections,
being the length of the individual sections between 587 m to 1846 m. [map of the
cable, energinet.dk]
During the study of the 2.3 km cable was found out that it has a special configuration
owing to its sheath is cross bonding at points B and D but not at junction C. The minor
section between B and D is formed by two sections connected by an ideal conductor in
point C.

Fig. 2.9 Special cross bonding at the 2.3 km cable. [22, pg 13]

2.4 Connection of the sub-systems

The connection to land consists of three main sub-systems: transformer

platform, a submarine cable and a land cable. The total length of the cable is just less
than 100 km long. A 42 km long submarine cable is connected to a 2.3 km land cable
and this cable is connected to the 80 MVAr reactor at Blaabjerg station. The 2.3 km
land cable is joint with another 55.4 km land cable to reach Endrup 400/150 kV
transformer station.

16
 Fig. 2.10 Global scheme of the system. [5]

As mentioned in the introduction the shunt reactors are used to compensate the
reactive power produced by the capacitance of the cables.
Two reactors are presents at Endrup station, of 40 MVAr and 80 MVAr respectively. A
third reactor of 80 MVAr is installed between the 2.3 km and 55.4 km land cable a
Blaabjerg station.
The 80 MVAr reactors at Blaabjerg and Endrup are of the same type. Hence, the
system has a compensation factor of 100% since the reactive power production of the
combined cable network is approximately 200MVAr [22].
The shunt reactor data is given below.

40 MVAr Endrup 80 MVAr Endrup 80 MVAr Blaabjerg

Rated voltage 170 kV 170 kV 170 kV
Rated power 40 MVAr 80 MVAr 80 MVAr
Table 2.4 Shunt reactor data

In order to connect the wind farm with the 400 kV grid, three different transformers
are used. For each turbine a 2.6 MVA transformer is installed. Their main
characteristics are listed below.

Auto-transformer Wind farm Turbine

transformer transformer
Rated voltage 410/167.6 kV 165/35/35 kV 34/0.69 kV
Rated power 400 MVA 220 MVA 2.6 MVA
Vector group YNyna YNd11d11 dYN11
Table 2.5 Transformers data.
The main 400/150 kV autotransformer supplies station Endrup from Kass. The wind
farm transformer is a three winding transformer with a power rating of 220MVA.

17
 3. Problem analysis
In this chapter will be described the origin of the phenomena associated during the
energization of a cable.

Introduction

The voltages stresses of the system arise from different overvoltages. These can
be external like lightning discharges, or internal like: switching operations, faults on
the system or load fluctuations. Switching overvoltages are dependent on the rated
voltages, the time at which the change in the operating voltage occurs, etc *34+
The main operations that can produce switching overvoltages are line energization and
de-energization, capacitor and reactor switching, presence of faults and circuit breaker
openings. [9]
Switching operations are regarded as a transient phenomenon that occurs in the
power system when the network changes suddenly from one state into another. This
transient period is very small compared with the time spend in steady state condition.
Despite this, it has great importance, the largest stresses caused by overvoltages or
overcurrents arise at this period. At extremely cases can cause damages like disable a
machine or shut down a plant, depending on the circuit involved. [32]
An accurate estimation of the switching overvoltages is an important factor in the
design of the transmission system, which can have a significant influence on its cost.
The design of the insulation level required by the equipment is based on these
switching overvoltages. [32]

3.1 Cable Models

In electromagnetic transient simulations there are basically two ways to

represent transmission lines: PI sections or using distributed transmission lines.
Distributed models are based on the principle of the travelling waves and are more
suited for transient studies.

3.1.1 PI Section model

This model cannot accurately represent other frequencies that differ from the
fundamental one, unless many sections are used. The using of many sections is
inefficient due to increase the computational time. Also, it cannot represent frequency
dependent parameters of a line, such as skin effect. [25]

18
3.1.2 Distributed models

They take into account the distributed nature of the cable parameters. Can be
differenced the models: Bergerons, the frequency dependent (mode) and the
frequency dependent (phase).

The Bergeron model

1
This model represents the resistance in a lumped manner, for example: in the
2
1
middle of the line and at both ends. The inductance and capacitance however, are
4
considered distributed along the line. According to [25] this model is suitable for load
flow analysis.

Frequency dependent (phase/mode):

The frequency dependent models are used for a precise modeling and for the studies
where the signal presents more frequencies than the fundamental (particularly for
transient studies). Both are distributed parameter models and all parameters are
frequency dependent. Because of this they are superior to both -models and the
Bergeron model. [38]
EMTP (Electromagnetic Transients Program) is the most widely used tool for the
analysis of electromagnetic transients in power systems. The differential equations
that describe the behavior of the n-conductors of cable system are separated in n
different equations.
In the frequency-domain, the sets of second-order differential equations in general
form of a multi-conductor transmission line or underground cable.

d 2V
ZYV (3.1)
dx 2

d 2I
YZV (3.2)
dx 2

Where Z and Y are the series impedance and shunt admittance matrices per-unit
length, respectively. For an n conductor system they are n n matrices. [41] The
coefficient matrices ZY and YZ are full matrices (there are not zero terms). Hence,
there are couplings among the individual voltage equations in (3.1). Also there are
couplings among the individual current equations in the set in (3.2). Hence, the
transmission lines consist of several mutually coupled phases that need to be broken-
up into modes. So, the resulting system of n differential equations is solved through a
modal analysis.

19
For example, single core cable presents three different modes of propagation: coaxial
mode, inter-sheath mode and ground mode.
Coaxial mode concerns to the current in core conductor that fully returns in the screen
of the same cable and no net current flows in the ground. Inter-sheath mode when
the current in screen conductor fully returns in one or both of the other screens and
no net current flows in any of the core conductors. Meanwhile, ground mode refers
when current in the three screens fully returns through the ground and no net current
flows in any of the cores. [47]

In modal analysis the response of the system is calculated individually for each mode
and the total solution is obtained by the summation of the individual results.

Once obtained the modal results, it can be obtained the phase results through a
transformation as shows the next equation.

Vmode Qt Vphase (3.3)

I mode Q1I phase (3.4)

Where Q is the modal transformation matrix. [48]

Between the two frequency dependent models, the frequency dependent phase
model (FDP) is most accurate than the FDM (frequency dependent mode). This is
because in FDM, Q is considered constant; while in FDP matrix Q is frequency
dependent. Because of this frequency dependent the model is able to reproduce high
and low frequency phenomena in the same simulation. [48]

The representation of the Horns Rev II cable is done by a frequency dependent phase
model, due to it is numerically robust and more accurate than any other available
models. [25]

3.2 Problems associated during the energization of the cable

Based on the results obtained in the paper [5], the following transient
behaviors are explained during cable energization.

3.2.1 Closing of the circuit breaker

The closing of the circuit breaker is synchronized closed at zero voltage. A large
transient occurs when the cable is being energized when one of the three phase
voltages is at its peak at the instant of switching. On the other hand, the lowest voltage
occurs if the circuit breaker switches on the three phases individually when the phase

20
voltage is crossing zero. In order to explain the overvoltage a simplified single-phase
model of a cable is represented by a lumped LC circuit. [13]

L
Vin S
Vc

IL

Fig. 3.1 LC series circuit.

Fig.3.2 Results of the energization on an LC circuit. Blue: voltage at the source. Green:
voltage at the capacitor. Red: current through the inductor.

In the simulation the switching occurs when the source voltage is at its peak value.
From the instant of switching, the capacitor is charged by the current, which is flowing
through the inductance. The transient is then, initiated with the system natural
frequency:

1
f0 (3.1)
2 Lkm Ckm l2

After a short moment the voltage across the capacitor is the same as the source,
reaching the current its peak value. By energy conservation the current in the inductor
cannot change rapidly. Thus, the capacitor voltage continues increasing until the
current crosses zero. At this moment the capacitor reaches its peak value and begins
to discharge. The system was considered lossless, the transient is not damped. A real
cable has some resistance which damps the oscillations. As the source is sinusoidal V c

21
will match the source voltage at different points for the system natural frequency in
each cycle. Therefore, the amplitude of Vc will change for each cycle. [13]

The comparison voltage in the sending end between the measurements (V endrup) and
the simulation results presents an error of 1.5%. This is shown in the figures 3.5 and Fig.
3.6.

Sending end voltage - measurement

200
Phase a
Phase b
150
Phase c

100

50
Voltage [ kV ]

-50

-100

-150

-200
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time [s]

Fig. 3.3 Measured sending end voltage.

Sending end voltage - PSCAD

150 Phase a
Phase b
Phase c
100

50
Voltage [ kV ]

-50

-100

-150

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time [s]

Fig 3.4 Simulated sending end voltage during energization.

22
3.2.2 Influence of the shunt reactor on the cable

High Voltage AC cables are characterized by a large capacitance. Therefore,

when connecting a load, a capacitive charging current per phase (Ic) will flow through
the cable. The capacitance and charging current increases linearly with the cable
length, limiting the cable capability for carrying current without showing deterioration,
like overheating.[42]
The charging current is defined with the following formula:

I c UCl (3.2)

This equation can also be expressed as:

I c U rl (3.3)

Where l the length of the cable, is is the angular frequency, r the relative
permittivity of the insulation and U is the phase voltage. The length of the cable is
dependent on the charging current. For full critical length only charging current is
transmitted. No active power is transmitted without overheating the cable. It is also
noticed, that the critical length is reduced, either increasing the phase voltage or the
permittivity of the insulation. Shunt reactors are connected in parallel to the cable, in
order to compensate for both the reactive power generated by the line and the
reduction of transmitted active power. This compensation will lower the voltage
decreasing the charging current. [42]

The reactive power consumed by the shunt reactor is defined by the formula:

U2
Q (3.4)
L

Where L is the inductance of the shunt reactor. Decreasing the value of the inductor,
will increase the reactive power compensated. The voltage will be lower if the reactive
power absorbed increase. A correct placement of the shunt reactors can decrease
Ferranti effect.
As the drop voltage is not equal along the cable, the amount of reactive power
consumed will change as a function of the position. The compensation level and
location must be carefully designed. In the next figure is illustrated the loading of an
open ended line due to the charging current for different schemes of compensation
level and placement.

23
 Fig.3.5 Capacitive charging current depending on the placement and level of
compensation. [42]

It is observed that the worst case occurs when the compensation is only located at one
end. A better solution is to install the compensation in the middle of the line. In this
way the reactive current will flow through the reactor from both sides and therefore,
only half of the charging current will flow through the most loaded points. This
situation is also achieved if the compensation is equally distributed at both ends. The
configurations, either in the middle of the line or near the receiving end are the
preferred ones.

In the next figure, Fig.3.6, it is shown the comparison between one phase current in
the shunt reactor with the simulation results. This figure shows a good agreement with
almost no difference between them.

24
 Phase b
0.2
Measurement
0.1 PSCAD

-0.1
Current [ kA ]

-0.2

-0.3

-0.4

-0.5

-0.6

-0.7

-0.8
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time [s]

Fig.3.6 Comparison shunt reactor current in phase b).

Zero missing phenomenon

Shunt reactors are connected in parallel to the cable, in order to compensate the
reactive power generated by the line and in this way avoid the reduction of
transmitted active power. This configuration produces resonant behavior between the
capacitance of the cable and the inductance of the shunt reactor. [13]

It is possible to represent the shunt reactor as an inductor and the cable as a capacitor
considering that the resistance of the shunt reactor is very small in comparison with its
inductance. [12]

Vin S
Vc

IBRK

IL L IC C

Fig.3.7 L-C parallel circuit.

The AC current flowing through the cable will be ideally 900 leading the voltage. The
opposite will occur with the current flowing through the shunt reactor (90 0 lagging).
They cancel out each other and the shunt reactor compensates the reactive power
generated by the cable. [13]

25
The transient reactors current also presents a DC component, which is difficult to
damp because of the low losses. The resistance of the system formed by the three
cables and the shunt reactor is small.

The damping of the DC component can take several seconds. During those seconds the
current does not cross zero, the circuit breaker cannot be open without risk of damage,
unless it is designed to interrupt DC currents or currents with several amperes.

There are 900 of difference between voltage and current in the inductor, thus, if the
circuit breaker is closed at zero voltage the current should be at its peak value. It is also
known that the current in an inductor must keep its continuity, without changing
rapidly. Assuming that the current in the inductor is equals to zero before the
connection moment, it must be zero after the connection. Therefore, if the inductor is
not connected for a peak voltage, to maintain its continuity the DC component takes a
negative value of the AC component in the connection moment. If the inductor is
connected for a peak voltage no DC component is present. This method is called
synchronous closing. [12]

Fig.3.8 Representation of the current in the inductor (dashed line), the current in the
capacitor (dotted line) and resulting DC component.

If there is no resistance in the system, the DC component is not damped and it will be
maintained infinitely. In reality there is always some resistance and the DC component
disappears after some time. [12]

Connecting at the voltage peak, the current should be zero. Due to the difference
between the phases, voltage and current is 900. On the other hand, if connecting when
the voltage is zero, current should have a peak value.

The energization of the Horns Rev II cable is performed using synchronized switching at
zero voltage. The DC component in the shunt reactor installed in the middle of the line
is close to its peak. The comparison between measurements and simulations carried
out in [5] shows that:

26
 The DC component is damped faster in the real system than in the simulated
one.

Current - Shunt reactor - measurement

1.5
Phase a
Phase b
1 Phase c

0.5
Current [ kA ]

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time [s]

Fig.3.9 Current measured in the shunt reactor.

Current - Shunt reactor-PSCAD

0.8
Phase a
Phase b
0.6
Phase c

0.4

0.2
Current [ kA ]

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time [s]

Fig. 3.10 Shunt reactor simulated current.

27
 For the sending end the current peak values are slightly smaller in the
simulation.
Sending end current - measurement

0.5 Phase a
Phase b

0
Current [ kA ]

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time [s]

Fig.3.11 Sending end measured current. Phase c) it is not shown due to it was not
measured.

Sending end current - PSCAD

0.5
Phase a
Phase b

0
Current [kA]

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time [s]

Fig. 3.12 Sending end simulated current. Phase c) it is not shown due to it was not
measured.

28
3.3. Problems in Steady- State

Ferranti effect

During energization the circuit breaker in the receiving end is left open. Because of the
charging current of the cables capacitance, a negative voltage drop across the cable
may occur. This means that the voltage at the receiving end will be higher than the
sending end. This phenomenon is called Ferranti Effect and can be explained using the
nominal model, shown in the next figure. [21]

L
R

Us C1 C2 Ur

Fig. 3.13 Pi model of the cable regardless the shunt reactor.

The voltage in the receiving end can be found on basis of fig. 3.10. The capacitance in
the sending end has no influence on the voltage drop along the cable. U r is defined as:

2
j
Ur
ZC 2
Us C U s (3.5)
Z C 2 Z series j
2
j L
C

Reorganazing this equation we can isolate Ur as:

Us
Ur (3.6)
C
1 L
2

Where L is the cables inductance, C2 is the cables capacitance, Us sending voltage, Ur

the receiving voltage and l is the cables length.

The length of Horns Rev 2 is 99.7 km and is open ended during the measurements, so
an increase in the receiving voltage is expected. This increase would be higher if no
shunt reactor is connected on the line.

From [5] it is known that the measurements show an increase in the voltage of the 8%.
This is shown in the Fig. 3.16:

29
 Comparison - Sending end - Receiving end - Measurement
200
Sending
Receiving
150

100

50
Voltage [ kV ]

-50

-100

-150

-200
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time [s]

Fig. 3.14 Measured voltages in the sending and receiving end.

In the next figure it is shown the difference between the simulated voltage in the
sending end and the simulated voltage in the receiving end.

Comparison - Sending end - Receiving end - PSCAD

150
Sending
Receiving
100

50
Voltage [ kV ]

-50

-100

-150

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time [s]

Fig. 3.15 Difference between the voltage in the sending end and receiving end.

In Fig 3.16, a wider view of Fig 3.15 is shown. In this figure can be observed that the
simulations shown an unexpected result. There is almost no Ferranti Effect, 1.7% of
increase on the voltage.

30
 Comparison - Sending end - Receiving end - PSCAD
140
Sending
Receiving
120

100
Voltage [ kV ]

80

60

40

20

0
0.18 0.181 0.182 0.183 0.184 0.185 0.186 0.187 0.188 0.189 0.19
Time [s]

Fig. 3.16 Wider view of the figure 3.15.

The voltage comparison in the receiving end for phase a) is shown in the figure 3.17. In
this figure the difference between the simulation and the measurement is noticed and
estimated to be 4.7%. [5]

Phase b
150
Measurement
PSCAD
100

50
Voltage [ kV ]

-50

-100

-150

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time [s]

Fig. 3.17 Voltage comparison between measurement and simulation at the receiving
end.

31
Conclusion

The conclusions from the comparisons named before are explained using the figure
3.19, where A, B and C are the measurement points.

Endrup

400 kV 150 kV land cable land cable sea cable

55.4 km 2.3 km 42 km
Vgrid CB1

Zgrid Horns Rev II

A B B C

80 MVar

Blaabjerg

Fig. 3.18 Representation of the measurement points in the system.

Through the voltage comparison in the sending end of the line (fig. 3.3 ,fig. 3.4)
and the one for the currents in the shunt reactor (fig. 3.6 ) is proved the accuracy of
the 52 km land cable model (from point A to point B). This fact also proves the validity
of the 2.3 km land cable model, due to both are modeled in the same manner. In this
way it is concluded that the model is correct until the point B. The disagreement in
point C (Fig. 3.18) can only be caused by the submarine cable. Therefore, an
improvement in its model is needed.

3.4 Effect of the cable on the grid

The cable was open ended during the energization and due to it is mainly a
capacitive element, an increase in the busbar voltage was expected. This behavior was
already explained in the point 3.2.1.

Sending end voltage-Connection

150 Phase a
Phase b
Phase c
100

50
Voltage[kV]

-50

-100

-150

-0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Time [s]

Fig. 3.19 Measurement of the onshore voltage during cable connection.

32
 Sending end simulated voltage

150 Phase c
Phase b
Phase a
100

50
Voltage[ kV ]

-50

-100

-150

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08

Time[s]

Fig. 3.20 Simulated Sending end voltage.

The voltage at both sides of the circuit breaker was measured in order to see this
effect. The measurements carried out in [5] shown that there is a permanent increase
of the voltage in the busbar of approximately 6%. In the simulation the increase of the
voltage is smaller, approximately 4.6%.

3.5 Problem statement

During energization transient voltages and currents can reach high values,
therefore, the components of the system can be damaged. The overvoltages can also
propagate to lower voltage levels, where they may cause a breakdown of electronic
equipment.
In order to design the appropriate protection for the components against these
transients it is necessary to achieve knowledge about the transient phenomena in the
cable system.
The main problems explained before can be resumed as follows:

The steady-state measurements shows a large Ferranti Effect, the voltage is 8%

higher in the end of the line, while the simulation results only present 1.7%.
The simulations were in accordance with the expected results but not with the
measurements at the receiving end during steady-state.

33
Effects like the capacitance between phases and between the phases and the outer
amour have to be included in the model of the submarine cable. Otherwise the lack of
detail can lead to wrong results when performed simulations on long HVAC. [5]

3.6 Aim of the project

The work carried out during the project period is based on a case study of a 100
km cable installed by Energinet.dk in 2009, between the offshore wind farm Horns Rev
2 and the onshore Endrup substation.
The aim of the report is summarized in the following:
Compare the measurement results carried out in a preliminary report with the
simulations done in PSCAD.
Explain why the submarine cable model is inaccurate.
Improve the submarine cable model

3.7 Solution method

In order to investigate the transient phenomena during the energization of a

line consisting of underground cable, sea cable and shunt reactor, a suitable model is
built in PSCAD.

3.8 Limitations

The limitations encountered when performing the project report are listed below:

- PSCAD software does not allow the modeling of a three core cable surrounded
with a common armor (pipe-type cable).
- The license available in PSCAD does not allow the representation of the whole
system, (some simplifications were performed, for instance the number of
cross bonding points of the 52 Km land cable). Therefore, only the part of the
system described is built and simulated.

34
4. Comparison between theory
equations and PSCAD results
In this chapter the current submarine cable model used in PSCAD is explained
and analysed, based on its defining equations.

4.1 Submarine cable model in PSCAD

The figure below shows the PSCAD implementation of the three single
conductor cables in close triangle.

Ground Resistivity: 100.0 [ohm*m]

Relative Ground Permeability: 1.0
Earth Return Formula: Analytical Approximation

-42.4505 [mm] 0 [m] 42.4505 [mm]

Cable # 2 Cable # 1 Cable # 3

1.37352 [m] 1.3 [m] 1.37352 [m]

Conductor Conductor Conductor

Insulator 1 Insulator 1 Insulator 1
Sheath Sheath Sheath
Insulator 2 Insulator 2 Insulator 2

15.25 [mm] 15.25 [mm] 15.25 [mm]

37.75 [mm] 37.75 [mm] 37.75 [mm]
40.15 [mm] 40.15 [mm] 40.15 [mm]
42.45 [mm] 42.45 [mm] 42.45 [mm]

Fig.4.1 Layout submarine cable

The characteristic parameters of the submarine cable model are calculated as is

explained below:

Core

It is not possible to model segmented conductors in PSCAD and in this case the
conductor is stranded with copper wires. Therefore, the resistivity needs to be
increased using the next approximation:

r12
c c (4.1)
Ac

Where c is the increased resistivity, c is the resistivity of the copper core, Ac is the
(nominal) cross sectional area of the core and r1 is the radius of the core. [45]

35
Insulation and semiconductive layers

There is not possible to model the semiconductive layers directly. Their influence
needs to be included when modelling the insulation system. Basically, the diameter of
the insulation is increased to include these semiconducting layers and the permittivity
it is modified as follows:

r
ln 2
' i 1 (4.2)
r
b
ln
a

Where i is the relative permittivity of the insulation, r2 and r1 are the inner radius of
the sheath and the outer radius of the conductor respectively; a and b are the inner
and outer radius of the insulation. [47]

The phase sheath was modelled as 2.4 mm thick solid layer. Using (4.1) the resistivity is
found to be 2210-7 m. The most outer layer of the single conductor is a
semiconducting layer. As this layer cannot be implemented in PSCAD, it was
approximated as an insulating layer with a permittivity of 1000.

1st Conducting layer Outer radius 15.25 mm

Resistivity 1.9910-8 m
Relative permeability 1
1st Insulation layer Outer radius 37.75 mm
Relative permittivity 2.857
Relative permeability 1
2nd Conducting layer Outer radius 40.15 mm
Resistivity 2.210-8 m
Relative permeability 1
2nd Insulation layer Outer radius 42.45 mm
Relative permittivity 1000
Relative permeability 1

Table 4.1 Data of the submarine cable used in the PSCAD model. [22]

The main difference between the submarine cable of Horns Rev 2 and the SC modelled
in the simulations is the lack of a common armor surrounding the three conductors
disposed in touching trefoil configuration. Because of the consequences that this
simplification may have caused, an important issue is to study the voltage results at
the receiving end of the cable in the two configuration types.

The simplified model that is shown below (fig.4.2), composed by an ideal voltage
source and the sea cable, is used to get the voltage results from the simulation at the
receiving end.

36
 Fig. 4.2 42km Submarine cable modelled in PSCAD.

4.2 Receiving end voltage of each configuration

As it was explained before, a three-core cable in touching trefoil is the

disposition used in the model of the simulations, while the SC of Horns Rev 2 consists
in a pipe type-cable. As it is shown the figure below, the difference between the two
configurations is the common armor surrounding the conductors.

Fig 4.3 Pipe-Type Cable (a) and three phase cable in touching trefoil (b). [46]

In this chapter is described the method followed to verify the results of the simulations
from the current model and the future improved model for the SC. This method

37
consists in compare the voltage at the receiving end (Vreceiving) of the simulations with
the one calculated through the equations from [39] and [54].

In order to calculate Vreceiving is necessary to solve this system of equations:

I receiving Yc Vreceiving H Yc Vsending I sending (4.3)

I sending Yc Vsending HYc Vreceiving I receiving (4.4)

The characteristic admittance, Yc can be obtained through the impedance (Z) and the
susceptance (Y) matrix of the SC from as:

Yc( ) (Y ( )Z ( ))1Y ( ) (4.5)

The propagation matrix, H is calculated from the following expression [54], where l is
the total length of the submarine cable (42 Km).

l Y Z
H e l e (4.6)

The current Ireceiving is zero due to the line is open at the receiving end. Applying this
condition in the equations (4.3) and (4.4), the resulting expressions are:

0 Yc Vreceiving H Yc Vsending I sending (4.7)

I sending Yc Vsending HYc Vreceiving (4.8)

Hence, solving this system of equations both voltage at the receiving end and current
in the sending end can be obtained.

In the subchapter 4.2.1 (three-core in touching trefoil) is presented the Vreceiving

comparison between the simulations and the results obtained using the equations
mentioned before, in order to check the accuracy of the current PSCAD model.

In the subchapter 4.2.2 (pipe-type cable) it is calculated the expected voltage at the
receiving end for the submarine cable, using the same equations as before. This result
will be compared with the new model in PSCAD.

38
4.2.1 Three Core in touching trefoil

In the touching trefoil configuration the sheaths (S i) are connected to ground

(see fig. 4.3). Therefore, all the susceptances and impedances named below are
referenced to ground.

Impedance matrix

The matrix Z represents the own impedances of the core conductors and the sheath
and the mutual impedances between the core and the sheath, which exist due to the
electromagnetic coupling [46, pg. 149]. The relationship between voltage and currents
for a three core cable in touching trefoil configuration is defined as follows:

VC1 C1 e b b a b b I C1
V S1 b e b b a b I S 1
S1
VC 2 C 2 b b e b b a IC 2
(4.9)
VS 2 S 2 a b b f b b IS 2
VC 3 C 3 b a b b f b IC 3

VS 3 S 3 b b a b b f I S 3

Using the equations defined in [46, pg. 156], which are developed in the appendix, and
having into account the relationship between the terms disposed in the previous
matrix, the impedance matrix is now defined as:

8.9e-5 + 7.1e-4i 4.9e-5 + 6.3e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i
4.9e-5 + 6.3e-4i 3.3e-3 + 6.3e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i


4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 8.9e-5 + 7.1e-4i 4.9e-5 + 6.3e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i
Z
4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 6.3e-4i 3.3e-3 + 6.3e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i
4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 8.9e-5 + 7.1e-4i 4.9e-5 + 6.3e-4i
4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 6.3e-4i 3.3e-3 + 6.3e-4i

*/m+

39
Susceptance matrix

The susceptance matrix, Y represents the own susceptances of the core conductors
and the sheath. The own susceptance of the core is the same as the one between the
core and the sheath, as they are connected to ground.
Below is showed the susceptance matrix Y, which terms are calculated as [46, pg. 146]
in the appendix.

5.51e-8i -5.51e-8i 0i 0i 0i 0i
-5.51e-8i
3.14e-4i 0i 0i 0i 0i

0i 0i 5.51e-8i -5.51e-8i 0i 0i
Y
0i 0i -5.51e-8i 3.14e-4i 0i 0i

0i 0i 0i 0i 5.51e-8i -5.51e-8i

0i 0i 0i 0i -5.51e-8i 3.14e-4i

[S/m]

Voltage comparison

Solving the system equation (4.7 and 4.8), Vreceiving and Isending can be calculated through
the following expressions:

I sending Yc Vsending 2HYc Yc HHYc HYc Vsending (4.10)

1

Vreceiving 2Yc H H Yc H Yc Vsending (4.11)

1

Whereas:

VC1 VC1
V 0
S1
V V
Vsending C 2 C 2 (4.12)
VS 2 0
VC 3 VC 3

VS 3 0

Vsending is zero in the sheaths because they are grounded.

40
The figure below shows the voltage comparison in the receiving end of the line for the
core conductor of the phase a).

Voltage receiving end

150
equations
simulations
100

50
Voltage [kV]

-50

-100

-150
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time [s]

Fig. 4.4 Comparison between equations and simulations results for the Vreceiving in the
phase a.

Due to the Vreceiving comparison from the simulations and the one calculated through
the equations presents an error of 0.62%, it is concluded the validity of the simulations
results and the method proposed.

4.2.2 Pipe type cable.

The submarine cable is considered as a pipe type cable with three conductors in
touching formation, where the pipe is made out of steel wires. The armor acts as a
third conductor in addition to the core and the sheath.

Fig. 4.5 Cross-section of the submarine cable.

41
Impedance matrix

To calculate the Z matrix the equations from the previous section are used again,
adding the self- impedance of the amour Zaa. The relationship between voltage and
currents for three core armoured cable configuration is defined as follows:

VC1 e a b b b b c I C1
V a f b b b b c I S 1
S1
VC 2 b b e a b b c IC 2

VS 2 b b a f b b c I S 2 (4.13)
VC 3 b b b b e a c IC 3

VS 3 b b b b e a c IS3
V c d I A
A c c c c c

Although Z matrix terms are calculated in the appendix, the own impedance of the
armour is presented below in order to explain how affects a (permeability of the
armor) in its calculation. The self- impedance of the amour including earth return is
given by:

D
Z aa Ra ac 2104 f j 4 104 f a xf roa , ria loge erc (4.14)
4 roa km

Whereas, Ra ac is the ac resistance, f is the operation frequency (50 Hz) roa , ria are
the outer and the inner radius of the armour respectively and Derc is the depth of the
earth return conductor. The ac resistance and the depth of the earth return conductor
are developed in the appendix.

As it is explained in [7], the permeability of a wired steel amour, a , depends on the

wire diameter, the laying angle and the intensity of the circumferential magnetic field.
The normal values for the permeability are chosen to be, either a = 1, or a = 10.

The self impedance of the amour for both cases, are presented below:

a=1 Zaa 6.096e 004 5.8348e 004i / m

a=10 Zaa 6.096e 004 6.8858e 004i / m

Table 4.2 Values of the self- impedance of the amour.

As it is shown above, the relative permeability does not affect strongly the result of the
self impedance of the armor. Therefore, below is presented Z matrix calculated with
a=1.

42
 9.9e-5 + 7.1e-4i 4.9e-5 + 6.3e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 1.7e-4i
4.9e-5 + 6.3e-4i
3.3e-3 + 6.3e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 1.7e-4i

4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 9.9e-5 + 7.1e-4i 4.9e-5 + 6.3e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 1.7e-4i

z 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 6.3e-4i 3.3e-3 + 6.3e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 1.7e-4i

4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 9.9e-5 + 7.1e-4i 4.9e-5 + 6.3e-4i 4.9e-5 + 1.7e-4i

4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 5.8e-4i 4.9e-5 + 6.3e-4i 3.3e-3 + 6.3e-4i 4.9e-5 + 1.7e-4i

4.9e-5 + 1.7e-4i
4.9e-5 + 1.7e-4i 4.9e-5 + 1.7e-4i 4.9e-5 + 1.7e-4i 4.9e-5 + 1.7e-4i 4.9e-5 + 1.7e-4i 6.1e-4 + 5.8e-4i

*/m+

Susceptance matrix

The capacitances presented between the different layers of the SC are discussed doing
a finite element study (QuickField software) on a section of the cable.

The characteristics of each layer are taken from table 2.1. Both XLPE insulation and the
semiconducting layer of polyethylene has a permittivity of =2.875. Figure below
shows the boundary conditions imposed in the problem.

Fig. 4.6 Boundary conditions for the finite element study

Although, the cable is bonded in both ends, small voltages can appear through the
sheath, caused by the skin effect. This phenomenon appears at high frequencies,
43
where alternating currents tend to avoid to be conducted along the centre of a solid
conductor, locating its conduction near the surface.
In this report it is considered the analysis of the submarine cable during steady state
conditions for a frequency of 50 Hz. Therefore, the voltages both in the armour and in
the screen are considered to be zero all along the 42 km of SC. Thus, both the armour
and the three sheaths are connected to ground through their outer surface, imposing a
0 V boundary condition in the outer radius of each one.
As the skin effect is neglected, a homogenous current distribution in the core can be
considered. Therefore, the voltage boundary condition is set up in the inner radius of
the insulation.
The capacitance between two surfaces is obtained through the storage energy
between the layers and the potential difference as:

1 1
W E 2dV C (V12 V2 2 ) (4.15)
2 2

The voltage boundary condition must be an instantaneous value of the nominal

voltage (159 kV). Taking the maximum Va (t= 0), as a possible value, the voltage
condition imposed is:

2 2
Va 159 cos 2 f t 0 kV 159 kV 129.82 kV (4.16)
3 3

2 2
Vb 159 cos 2 f t 120 kV 159 cos 120 kV 64.911kV (4.17)
3 3

2 2
Vc 159 cos 2 f t 120 kV 159 cos 120 kV 64.911kV (4.18)
3 3

The voltage distribution on the section of the cable once the model is meshed and
solved is presented in fig. 4.7.

44
 Fig. 4.7 Voltage distribution on a cross section of the cable

Only if two layers present different potential the capacitance will be took into account,
as is shown in equation (4.14). Taking into account the simplification named before,
(the voltages on the sheaths and on the amour are 0 all along the SC) Fig. 4.7 proves
that the capacitance between sheath and armor and sheath-sheath, are not
considered because their layers present equal voltages.
As a resume, it can be said that the capacitances between bonded layers are not
considered in the susceptance matrix of the cable. The electrical scheme that
represents the capacitances between the different layers on a section of the cable is
shown in fig. 4.8.

45
 S1 C2 S2

C1 S3 C3

Fig. 4.8 Electrical scheme of the cable (all the capacitors have a value equal to C cs).

The susceptance matrix Y, is shown below and its terms are described in the appendix.

4.43 e 7 i 5.54 e 8 i 1.11e 7 i 5.54 e 8 i 1.11e 7 i 5.54 e 8 i 5.54 e 8 i

5.54 e 8 i
3.14 e 4 i 5.54 e 8 i 0 5.54 e 8 i 0 0

1.11e 7 i 5.54 e 8 i 4.43 e 7 i 5.54 e 8 i 1.11e 7 i 5.54 e 8 i 5.54 e 8 i

Y 5.54 e 8 i 0 5.54 e 8 i 3.14 e 4 i 5.54 e 8 i 0 0

1.11e 7 i 5.54 e 8 i 1.11e 7 i 5.54 e 8 i 4.43 e 7 i 5.54 e 8 i 5.54 e 8 i

5.54 e 8 i 0 5.54 e 8 i 0 5.54 e 8 i 3.14 e 4 i 0

5.54 e 8 i
0 5.54 e 8 i 0 5.54 e 8 i 0 1.49 e 7 i

[S/m]

46
Voltage results

As in the touching trefoil configuration, the voltage in the receiving end can be
calculated through the equations (4.9) and (4.10).

I sending Yc Vsending 2HYc Yc HHYc HYc Vsending (4.9)

1

Vreceiving 2Yc H H Yc H Yc Vsending (4.10)

1

Where Yc and H, are calculated through the equations (4.5) and (4.6) and the matrices
Z and Y calculated before for the pipe type cable.

Whereas,
VC1 VC1
V 0
S1
VC 2 VC 2

Vsending VS 2 0 (4.19)
VC 3 VC 3

VS 3 0
V 0
A

The voltages on the sheaths and on the armour are zero as it was explained before,
because they are grounded. Once the equation is solved (4.10), the expected voltage
at the receiving end of the line is shown in the figure below.

Voltage receiving end pipe-type cable

150

100

50
Voltage [ kV ]

-50

-100

-150
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time [s]

Fig. 4.9 Voltage at the receiving end pipe-type cable.

47
Below is represented the voltage comparison between the sending and the receiving
end of the line using a pipe type configuration for the submarine cable.

Ferranti Effect
150
VreceEquations
Vsending
100

50
Voltage [kV]

-50

-100

-150
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time [s]

Fig.4.10 Voltage comparison between the sending end and receiving end pipe
type configuration

In this figure can be observed that the cable presents a Ferranti Effect of 8.1 %, while
the measurement presents an 8%. These results prove that the pipe type model
represents accurately the real measurements. Thus, in chapter 5 an improved model of
the SC is built in PSCAD, considering the limitations of the software.

48
5. Description of the PSCAD model
In this chapter the model of the system is built up in PSCAD having into account the
results obtained in chapter 4.

5.1 PSCAD model configuration

Timed Timed Timed

Breaker Breaker Breaker
Logic Logic Logic Reactor
BRKA BRKB BRKC
Open@t0 Open@t0 Open@t0

Ua Ub Uc
Ira

Irb

Irc
A Ia1 Ua1 Ua2 Iblaa Ca1 Ca2 Iseaa Ca1 Ca2 Ia2
0.4132 [ohm] 0.03805 [H] Eas
R=0 A Ea1 Era Ea2
B Ib1 Ub1 Ub2 Iblab Cb1 Cb2 Iseab Cb1 Cb2 Ib2
0.4132 [ohm] 0.03805 [H] Ebs B Eb1 Erb Eb2
C Ic1 Uc1 Uc2 Iblac Cc1 Cc2 Iseac Cc1 Cc2 Ic2
54 km 2.3 km Sea
0.4132 [ohm] 0.03805 [H] Ecs C Ec1 Land Cable Erc Land Cable Cable Ec2
Sa1 Sa2 Sa1 Sa2 Sa1 Sa2

Sb1 Sb2 Sb1 Sb2 Sb1 Sb2

Sc1 Sc2 Sc1 Sc2 Sc1 Sc2

0.00001 [H]

0.00001 [H]

0.00001 [H]

0.00001 [H]

0.00001 [H]

0.00001 [H]

0.00001 [H]

0.00001 [H]

0.00001 [H]

0.00001 [H]

0.00001 [H]

0.00001 [H]

0.52e-006 [F]

0.52e-006 [F]

0.52e-006[F]
3.0 [ohm]
3 [ohm]

3 [ohm]

3 [ohm]

Fig. 5.1 Model of the system

The model is composed by an ideal voltage source followed by the short circuit
impedance, a resistance in series with an inductance. The three phase breaker,
connect the short circuit impedance with the 54km land cable. The shunt reactor is
connected to the system at Blaabjerg station. Then, the 2.3 km land cable connects the
onshore with the 42 km submarine cable (its modelling was explained in the previous
chapter).

5.2 Choice of the cable

As it was described in Chapter 3, the most accurate available model is the

Frequency Dependent Model (phase). Thereby, it will be used in this project. As shows
the figure 5.2, PSCAD represents a cable through two components: the cable interface
and the cable configuration.

49
 Fig. 5.2 PSCAD components.

While the cable interface is the electrical connection to rest of the net, the cable
configuration allows to define cable parameters like length, material properties, etc.

5.3 Land cables and submarine cable

5.3.1 52 km Land Cable

This cable connects Endrup and Blaabjerg, is modelled in PSCAD using the two
components described above based on the parameters given in the datasheet. These
parameters were given in the Chapter 2 in Table 2.2.

Cable position

As explained in Chapter 4 the cables are laid in a close triangle. The cable layout in
PSCAD can be seen in the next figure:

50
 Ground Resistivity: 100.0 [ohm*m]
Relative Ground Permeability: 1.0
Earth Return Formula: Analytical Approximation

-0.047505 [m] 0 [m] 0.047505 [m]

Cable # 2 Cable # 1 Cable # 3

1.3823 [m] 1.3 [m] 1.3823 [m]

Conductor Conductor Conductor

Insulator 1 Insulator 1 Insulator 1
Sheath Sheath Sheath
Insulator 2 Insulator 2 Insulator 2

0.02075 0.02075 0.02075

0.0411 0.0411 0.0411
0.042389 0.042389 0.042389
0.0475 0.0475 0.0475

Fig. 5.3 Layout for the 52 km land cable.

The centre of cable #1 lies in 1, 3 m depth. Cables #2 and #3 lie under the cable #1 in
depth d 2,3 , which is calculated as:

2r 20.0475
2 2
d2,3 d1 r 2 1.3 0.04752 1.3823 m (5.1)

Whereas d1 is the depth of cable 1 and r is the cable outer radius. The x-y position of
each cable can be found in the next table.

Cable x-y position

Cable #1 0 1.3
Cable #2 -0.047505 1.3823
Cable #3 0.047505 1.3823
Table 5.1 Laying positions of the cables.

Conductor resistivity

The conductor it is formed by stranded aluminium wires, so that, the resistivity needs
to be increased as these wires cannot be modelled in PSCAD. The resistivity of the
aluminium is 2.8 108 m , and it is increased with formula (4.1). The formula is
presented again:

r12 20.752
c c 2.8 108 3.156 m
Ac 1200

Where r1 is the conductor radius and Ac is the cross-section area of the conductor.

51
Permittivity

It is not possible to model the semiconducting layers directly. Using equation (4.2) the
permittivity is found to be:

r
ln 2
' i 1 2.739
r
b
ln
a

Where i is the relative permittivity of the insulation, which is formed by XLPE and has
a value of 2.3; r2 and r1 are the inner radius of the sheath and the outer radius of the
conductor respectively; a and b are the inner and outer radius of the insulation.[47]

Sheath thickness

The sheath consists of copper wires and will be implemented as one solid conductor in
PSCAD since it is not possible to model the sheath as wires. In the datasheet it is only
given the cross section area, 95 mm2 . Furthermore, an aluminium sheath of 0.2 mm is
used as a water barrier. The thickness of the copper layer is calculated with the
following formulas, having into account the number of copper wires (n). This n was
obtained counting the wires in a piece of the cable. [22]

A n r 2 (5.2)

Where r is the radius of each copper wire, which is calculated as:

A 95
r 0.55 mm (5.3)
n 3.1497

Multiplying this radius times two it is obtained the thickness of this layer. Using the
following equation the resistivity of the copper wires is corrected as:

r32 r2,2sh 42.212 41.12

's ,cu s ,cu 1.72410 8
5.272108 m (5.4)
As 95

Where r3 is the sum of the radius of the dielectric screen plus the thickness of the
metallic sheath. The thickness of the copper sheath is 1.11 mm, with a cross section
area of 290 mm2 and an equivalent resistivity of 5.272108 m .The aluminium sheath
is also modelled as a solid coaxial conductor, but, in PSCAD it is not possible to define
two different conductive layers without an insulation material in between. Thus, the
thickness of the layer is found as the sum of the copper and aluminium sheath. This
sheath is 0.2 mm with a resistivity of 2.83 10-8 m and its area is calculated:

52
 AAl r22 r12 (5.5)

Where r2 is the outer radius of the aluminium sheath and r1 is the outer copper wire
radius. Using equation (5.2):

AAl r22 r12 42.412 42.212 53.17 mm2 (5.6)

The equivalent resistivity of the coaxial conductor formed by the two sheaths is
calculated as:

ACu AAl
eq Cu Al 4.8939108 m (5.7)
ACu AAl ACu AAl

Cross bonding

The cross bonding is implemented as described in Chapter 2 using an inductance of 1

H/m for the cable used to cross bond the screens. The ground resistance is set to 3 .
The entire 42 km land cable has 32 cross bonding points, but due to the license
available in PSCAD, does not allow the required number of nodes to perform the
simulation, a simplified model is used. In this simplified model the numbers of cross
bonding points are reduced to one cross bonding point. Each segment has a length of
18 km.
C C C
01 02 03
C1 01 01 C1 C1 02 02 C1 C1 03 03 C1
Ua2 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 Ua1
0.000001 [H] 0.000001 [H]
C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2
Ub2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 Ub1
0.000001 [H] 0.000001 [H]
C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3
Uc2 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 Uc1
0.000001 [H] 0.000001 [H]

Sa2 Sa1

Sb2 Sb1

Sc2 Sc1

Fig. 5.4 Simplified PSCAD modelling of the sheath with cross-bonding.

5.3.2 2.3 km Land cable

The 2.3 km land cable is the same type as the 54 km land cable. Hence, it is
modelled in the same way and using the same parameters named before. In this case
the length of each segment it is set to 0.7667 km. The figure below shows the cross
bonding of this cable.

53
 C C C
AB BC CD

C1 C1 C1 C1 C1 C1
AB AB BC BC CD CD
Ca1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 Ca2
0.000001 [H] 0.000001 [H]
C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2
Cb1 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 S2 Cb2
0.000001 [H] 0.000001 [H]
C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3
Cc1 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 Cc2
0.000001 [H] 0.000001 [H]
Sa1 Sa2

Sb1 Sb2

Sc1 Sc2

Figure 5.5 Cross bonding points for the 2.3 km land cable.

5.3.3 Submarine cable

This cable is modelled using the same approximations as for the land cable.

Ground Resistivity: 100.0 [ohm*m]

Relative Ground Permeability: 1.0
Earth Return Formula: Analytical Approximation

-42.4505 [mm] 0 [m] 42.4505 [mm]

Cable # 2 Cable # 1 Cable # 3

1.37352 [m] 1.3 [m] 1.37352 [m]

Conductor Conductor Conductor

Insulator 1 Insulator 1 Insulator 1
Sheath Sheath Sheath
Insulator 2 Insulator 2 Insulator 2

15.25 [mm] 15.25 [mm] 15.25 [mm]

37.75 [mm] 37.75 [mm] 37.75 [mm]
40.15 [mm] 40.15 [mm] 40.15 [mm]
42.45 [mm] 42.45 [mm] 42.45 [mm]

Fig. 5.6 Layout of the submarine cable.

The depth of cables 2 and 3 it is found using equation (5.1):

2r 20.04245
2 2
d2,3 d1 r 2 1.3 0.042452 1.3735 2 m

Cable x-y position

Cable #1 0 1.3
Cable #2 -0.0424505 1.37352
Cable #3 0.04424505 1.37352
Table 5.2 Laying positions of the cables.

The corrected resistivity of the core is calculated with equation (4.1):

54
 r12 15.252
c c 1.724 108 =1.97 108 m
Ac 630

The permittivity of the insulation is modified using equation (4.2):

r
ln 2 ln 37.75
' i 1
r 15.25
2.857
b 34.75
ln ln
a 16.75

The sheath it is modelled with a resistivity of 2.210-7 m and 2.4 mm of thickness.

The most outer layer is semiconductive and as this cannot be implemented in PSCAD
its permittivity is approximated as 1000. [7]
In PSCAD it is not possible to surround the three conductors by a common armor, so
the SC module cannot be changed. The improvement of the model is done after this
module.
The difference between the touching trefoil and the pipe-type is that the cable on the
second configuration presents higher capacitance. Thereby, the voltage at the
receiving end on this configuration is higher than in the touching trefoil and it is closer
to the real measurements. This is proved using the equations from the previous
chapter. The obtained results are shown in the figure 5.6 and in figure 5.7 it is shown
the voltage measured at the receiving end.

Voltage receiving end

150
touching trefoil
pipe-type
100

50
Voltage [kV]

-50

-100

-150
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time [s]

Fig. 5.7 Receiving end voltage comparison between touching trefoil configuration and
pipe type configuration.

55
 Voltage at the receiving end
200

150

100

50
Voltage [ kV ]

-50

-100

-150

-200
0.333 0.334 0.335 0.336 0.337 0.338 0.339 0.34 0.341 0.342 0.343
time [s]

Fig. 5.8 Measurement of the receiving end voltage.

Therefore, one way to improve the model is adding the capacitance that the touching
trefoil configuration does not include. This is done connecting capacitors in parallel to
the system. As it was explained in chapter 4, the own capacitances of the core on the
touching trefoil case is Bcctt= Bcs, while in the pipe-type cable is Bccpt = 8Bcs . Then a
capacitor with a value C, calculated below, is connected in parallel to each phase (see
fig 5.1).

F
C 7Ccs l 71.761010 42.000 m 51.87 F
m

Where l is the length of the SC. These capacitors are connected after the module of
the SC, because if they are connected before they work as filters and the results are
not correct.

5.4 Voltage source and short circuit impedance

5.4.1 Voltage source

The voltage source is modelled as a three phase ideal voltage source followed
by the short circuit impedance. In the simulation is used 159 kV as a voltage value. This
value was obtained in the performed measurements and is used throughout the
project. [5]

56
 Fig. 5.9 Voltage configuration and signal parameters.

5.4.2 Short circuit impedance

The grid, including the two shunt reactors in Endrup is modelled as an

equivalent impedance as the next figure shows.

Lgrid
Rgrid

Cgrid
Vsource

Fig. 5.10 Equivalent grid impedance.

In this case the grid capacitance is considered having a small value. Therefore, its
1
capacitive reactance is calculated as: X C , where f is defined as 50 Hz,
j 2 f C
will have a big value. Thus, could be approximated as an open circuit, not being
considered in the calculation of the equivalent reactance.

As it is explained in [22] the short circuit power value in the feeding point in Endrup is
2372 87.91 . This value is considered to be accurate as was measured in the room
control and will be used throughout the project.

57
The influence of the shunt reactors located in Endrup station on the short circuit
impedance is included in the model of the equivalent grid as follows:

In first place, it is calculated the short circuit impedance without the effect of the shunt
reactors:

cU n2 1.11652
Z k ,150 Rx jX y 0.4604 12.617 j (5.8)
S 2372 87.91

Where Un is the line-line voltage, c is a correction factor and S the apparent power.
Then, according to the IEC. Power Transformers part 6: Reactors, the shunt reactors
are represented as a reactance which is calculated as: [22]

U 2 1652
X r ,80 340.3 j (5.9)
Q 80

U 2 1652
X r ,40 680.6 j (5.10)
Q 40

The equivalent reactance of the two reactors, connected in parallel, is calculated as:

X r ,80 X r ,40 340.3 680.6

X r ,eq 226.88 j (5.11)
X r ,80 X r ,40 340.3 680.6

Therefore, the short circuit impedance is found through a parallel disposition of the
equivalent reactor reactances and the short circuit impedance (without the reactors
effect) calculated before, as:

Z eq Rx jX y
Z k ,150 X r ,eq

0.4604 12.617 j 226.88 j 0.4132 11.953 j
Z k ,150 X r ,eq 0.4604 12.617 j 226.88 j
(5.12)

Where Z k ,150 is the equivalent impedance without the shunt reactors and X r ,eq is the
equivalent reactance of the shunt reactors. Then, the short circuit inductance for 50 Hz
is:

11.953
L 38.05 mH (5.13)
2 f
In the next figure it is represented the equivalent grid built up in PSCAD:

58
 A

R=0 0.4132 [ohm] 0.03805 [H]

B
0.4132 [ohm] 0.03805 [H]
C
0.4132 [ohm] 0.03805 [H]

Fig. 5.11 Equivalent grid

5.5 Circuit breaker

The PSCAD model for the three phase breaker at Endrup station is presented.
The main breaker use synchronized switching at zero voltage crossing and it is
implemented using three individual Timed breaker logic blocks.

Timed Timed Timed

Breaker Breaker Breaker
BRKA Logic BRKB Logic BRKC Logic
Open@t0 Open@t0 Open@t0

Fig. 5.12 Timed breaker logic blocks

In the next figure it is shown the order of switching on of each phase during the
measurements. This plot is done using the available data from the connection
measurements in Endrup.

Voltage-Endrup
200
Phase a
150 Phase b
Phase c
100

50
Voltage [ kV ]

-50

-100

-150

-200
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time [s]

Fig. 5.13 Connection in Endrup

It can be seen that the first phase to be connected is phase a. Phase c is energised at
30 degrees of the sinusoidal curve. Phase b is the last energised phase, at 60 degrees
of the sinusoidal curve. For 50 Hz the period time is 0.02 s.

59
The switched on is set up to 0.01 seconds for phase a. Phase c is switched on at
0.01 2 0.01
0.01 0.0133 s. Then, phase b it is switched on at 0.01 0.0167 s. The
3 3
switching on times is presented in the next table.

Variable Setting
Switch time phase a 0.01 s
Switch time phase b 0.01667 s
Switch time phase c 0.0133 s
Breaker open resistance 1 M
Breaker closed resistance 0.0000001

Table 5.2 PSCAD settings for the main breaker at Endrup station.

5.6 Shunt reactor

In Chapter 3 section 3.2.2 was shown that the measured currents in the shunt
reactor were in agreement with the simulated ones, showing almost no difference.
Therefore, the shunt reactor model used to perform those simulations is used in this
project.
A brief description of the model of the 80 MVar shunt reactor connected in Blaabjerg is
developed in this section. In order to get deeper details about its modelling, the reader
is referred to [22, pg 37].

The shunt reactor has three coils that are mounted on a five legs iron core. These legs
have air gaps in order to make linear the inductance behaviour and therefore avoid
saturation. The layout of the shunt reactor is shown below:

Fig. 5.14 Five legs shunt reactor layout. [22]

Shunt reactor models are not available in PSCAD/EMTDC, such models needs to be
created having into account the following characteristics.

60
Losses

Losses must be taken into account. These losses consist on Joule loss, iron loss and
additional loss. Joule losses are consequence of current flowing, therefore, are current
dependent. Iron losses consist of Eddy currents and hysteresis losses caused by the
changing magnetic field, being voltage dependent. The additional losses consist on all
the other losses; the most important are the stray losses. These are caused by the
interaction of the flux leakage with metallic parts.

Self inductance

The self inductance of the reactor is calculated as:

2
1 U
L R (5.14)
2

2 f I

Where U , I and f , are the voltage, current and frequency measured with the winding
resistance known. The values for the self inductance are given in the ABB test report.
[56]

Mutual inductance

There is mutual coupling between the coils of each phase, as these are mounted in the
same iron core. The mutual inductance describes the voltage induced in one phase,
caused by the changing current in other phase. This value is reduced with the air gap in
the core. The mutual couplings were measured magnetizing all phases in turn and
measuring the induced voltages in the other two phases. These mutual couplings were
given in the test report. [56, pg 27]

Magnetic Saturation

The saturation characteristic of the shunt reactor is shown in the next picture:

61
 Fig. 5.15 Saturation characteristic of the shunt reactor. [56, pg 26]

As it can be appreciated the shunt reactor is unsaturated until it reaches approximately

1.4-1.5 per unit current. In the report made by the external company the voltages
were simulated with 2.07 pu at Blaabjerg for two phase short circuit with earth fault at
the 80 MVAr Endrup reactor. Therefore, the saturation must be implemented.

The model must take into account all these characteristics. PSCAD does not have an
available model for this purpose. Thereby, to include all the characteristics (losses,
mutual couplings and saturation) coupled wires and a transformer are connected in
series. In the coupled wires are placed the resistances and the mutual inductances,
and in the transformer are placed leakage reactance and saturation effects. [22, pg 48]

Ua
#1 #2
Ub

#1 #2 m
Uc

#1 #2

Fig. 5.16 Layout model shunt reactor.

In the next figure the input parameters of the coupled wires are given. [22]

62
 Fig. 5.17 Individual components of the mutual wire configuration.

The leakage reactance needs to be calculated as is an input parameter of the single

phase transformer. The leakage reactance must be in pu, then the impedance base it is
calculated as: [22, pg 49]

U 2 1702
Zb 361 (5.15)
S 80

Where U is the nominal voltage of the reactor and S is the apparent power. The
leakage reactance is calculated dividing L over this value.

63
 Fig. 5.18 Single phase transformer configuration.

The power rating of the single phase transformer is set up as one third of the total
reactor power.

The values for the saturation are set up as in the test report.

Fig. 5.19 Input parameters for the magnetic saturation.

64
5.7 Simulation settings

The time step in the project settings must be chosen carefully. On one hand, if
the time step it is too big, the simulation can be distorted; on the other hand, if too
small, could be time consuming. The smallest segment length used in the model is
766.7 m, so the time step will be small. Manitoba Research Centre Inc states: A good
rule of thumb is to use a calculation time step of one half the propagation time along
the shortest of the main conductors under study. [25, pg 33]

Assuming a travelling speed of 3.108 m/s (speed of light) of the travelling wave through
the smallest segment, the travelling time is calculated as:

0.7667km
1.2778 s . Therefore the time step is selected as 1 s.
6 km
2 3 10
s

Fig. 5.20 Project settings.

65
6. Results and validation of the model
In the first part of this chapter are presented the results from the simulation of the
model described in the previous chapter. Then, a sensitive analysis of the analytical
solution from the chapter 4 is done, to prove the accuracy of the results and to study in
which way they could be improved.

6.1 Results of the improved model in PSCAD

In this subchapter the results from the improved model are shown.

Ferranti effect - Improved model

300
Sending end
Receiving end
200

100
Voltage [ kV ]

-100

-200

-300
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
time [s]

Fig. 6.1 Difference between the sending and receiving end voltage of the improved
model.

It is noticed a Ferranti of 18.1 %, which is different from the one obtained in the
measurements (8%). Furthermore, it is noticed that the voltage at the receiving end is
bigger than the one obtained in the measurement and through the use of equations
(see figures 6.2 and 6.3). This effect is caused due to the capacitors introduce an
increase in the voltage of the whole system, fact, that invalidates the proposed
improved model.

66
 Voltage receiving end pipe-type cable
150

100

50
Voltage [ kV ]

-50

-100

-150
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time [s]

Fig. 6.2 Voltage calculated at the receiving end using the equations from chapter 4.

Voltage at the receiving end

200

150

100

50
Voltage [ kV ]

-50

-100

-150

-200
0.333 0.334 0.335 0.336 0.337 0.338 0.339 0.34 0.341 0.342 0.343
time [s]

Fig. 6.3 Voltage measured at the receiving end.

6.2 Analysis of the pipe type cable model

The purpose of a sensitive analysis is to observe how the results can change by
varying any of the input parameters. In this way can be studied which parameters
strongly affects the final results and consequently they should be chosen carefully. In
this case the voltage at the receiving end is studied.

Changes on the armour properties

The possible changes in the voltage at the receiving end that can be introduced by
changes on the material properties of the armour are studied below. Table 6.1

67
presents the results of the voltage peak on phase a, increasing the permittivity of the
armour.

From chapter 4 and the appendix it is determined that the armour susceptance is
3
equal to Baa Ba Bcia . Thus, the way to increase the permittivity of the armour is
i 1

multiplying , Ba by a factor, fYaa , as:

3
Baa f Yaa Ba Bcia (6.1)
i 1

fYcs Vapeak [kV]

1 145.4
100 145.4
1000 145.4
10000 145.4

Table 6.1 Peak voltage values increasing the permittivity of the armor.

From Table 6.1 it is observed that changes on the armours susceptance do not
affect the voltage at the receiving end. That can be explained through the flown
currents along the armour shown in figure 6.4 and 6.5

Current Comparison
4
Core
Armour
3

1
Current [A]

-1

-2

-3

-4
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time [s]

Fig. 6.4 Current comparison at the sending end between the core and the armour

68
 -4
x 10 Current on the armour
3

1
Current [A]

-1

-2

-3
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1

Fig. 6.5 Current on the armour

The current along the armour is close to zero, despite of increasing the susceptance of
the armour, which will not affect the core voltage results. That proves that the armour
does not affect the behaviour of the cable.

Changes on the sheath properties

In the same manner, in table 6.2 are presented the results of the voltage peak in phase
a increasing the permittivity of the sheath.

From chapter 4 and the appendix it is determined that the sheath susceptance is equal
3
to Bss Bs Bcjsi . To increase the permittivity of the sheath , Bs is multiplying by a
j 1

factor, fYss:
3
Bss f Yss Bs Bcjsi 6.2
j 1

fYss Vapeak [kV]

1 145.4
100 145.4
1000 145.4
10000 145.4

Table 6.2 Peak voltage values increasing the permittivity of the sheath.

69
The voltage at the receiving end keeps equal despite of the increasing in the
permittivity of the sheath. Thus, the sheaths do not affect the behavior of the cable.

In figure 6.6 the current flowing through the core and the sheath in phase a are
represented. As the sheath is bonded, it current is almost zero.

Current at the sending end

4
Core
Sheath
3

1
Voltage [kV]

-1

-2

-3

-4
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time [s]

Fig. 6.6 Sending end currents flowing through the sheath and the core.

Changes on the insulation properties

It is proved that increasing the permittivity of the insulation the voltage at the
receiving end also increases. This is shown in table 6.3.

Increasing the permittivity of the insulation supposes an increase of the capacitance

between the core and the sheath (Ccs) and consequently, all the susceptance matrix
would change (see appendix).

This has no sense because the pipe-type model should keep the real characteristics of
the cable that means that the permittivity of the XPLE ( 2.3) should not be modified.

fYcs Vapeak [kV]

1 145.4
3 165.6
8 240.8
10 286

Table 6.3 Peak voltage values changing the insulation properties.

70
7. Conclusions
This report studies the steadystate behaviour of the offshore wind farm,
Horns Rev 2, where the power transmission is done by a 42 km submarine cable
connected to a 57.9 km land cable. The simulation results of the system built up in
PSCAD in a preliminary report show a mismatch between them and the real
measurements during the steady-state, the energization and the de-energization of
the transmission system. Because of the limited project time, the study is focused on
the steady-state behaviour of the transmission system.

Comparing the measured points results with the ones from the simulations is
demonstrated that the land cable, the grid and the shunt reactor models in PSCAD are
accurate. In this way it is concluded that the unexpected Ferranti Effect from the
simulations (1.7% while the measurements show around 8%) should be caused by the
submarine cable (SC).

PSCAD does not allow the modelling of the SC as in reality, based on three conductors
with a common armor (pipe type cable). Thereby, on the previous report it is
modelled in a touching trefoil configuration despite the mistakes that this
simplification might have introduced. An analytical method based on equations to
calculate voltages and currents between two points using the cable impedances and
susceptances matrices is developed to prove the PSCAD results for the touching trefoil
case. With a 0.62% of error between the analytical results and the simulated ones for
the voltage at the receiving end of the cable, the method is validated. Thus, this
method is used to calculate the expected voltages and currents for the pipe-type cable.

The pipe-type impedance and susceptance matrix should be discussed carefully

because of two reasons. On one hand, the armour constitutes an extra bonded layer
added to the touching trefoil configuration and that could affect the system
transmission behaviour. On the other hand, there is not a clear example for pipe-type
cable with both the sheaths and the armour grounded on the analytical method. Thus,
the susceptance matrix calculations are supported by a finite element study on a
section of the cable to determinate the capacitance between the layers. Based on the
results of this study, it is concluded that the pipe-type cable presents higher
capacitance than the touching trefoil configuration.

Once calculated the expected voltage at the receiving end for the pipe-type it is
observed an 8.1% of Ferranti Effect on the cable. That fact proves two things; firstly,
the analytical results for the armoured cable are similar to the measurements (8% of
Ferranti Effect). Secondly, it is necessary to improve the SC model of the previous
report.

71
The difference between the two configurations is based on the different capacitance
presented between the layers. Therefore, a way to improve the model (taking into
account that in PSCAD it is not possible to model the common armour surrounding the
three conductors) is to connect in parallel to the core of each phase the capacitance
difference between the touching trefoil and the pipe-type. The results show a large
voltage at the receiving end. This is because adding capacitors at the end of line
increases the voltage of the whole system. Consequently, the improvement of the
cable is not obtained adding the capacitance difference connected in parallel.

A sensitive analysis of the analytical solution is done to prove the accuracy of the
analytical results and to study in which way they could be improved. It is shown that
neither the own permittivity of the armor nor the one of the sheaths affects the final
results. Only the permittivity of the core insulation is the one which affects all the
results.

7.1 Future work

Below are listed issues that could be investigated in a future work:

- Decrease the difference between the measurements and simulations,

regarding the steady state behaviour.
- Analyse the behaviour of the system when it is de-energized by comparing
simulations and measurements.
- Study another way to improve the submarine cable model taking into account
the limitations of the software.

72
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27. Claus Leth Bak, Haukur Baldursson, Abdoul M. Oumarou. Switching Overvoltages
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de transmisin para transitorios electromagnticos en sistemas de potencia. Revista
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41. Y. Baba, N. Tanabe, N. Nagaoka, and A. Ametani. Transient Analysis of a Cable
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Underground and Submarine Power Cables. Aalborg Universitet (Denmark). Semester
fall 2010.

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to PSCAD and Applications.

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45. Bjrn Gustavsen. Panel Session on Data for Modelling System Transients Insulated
Cables.

46. Tleis., Dr Abdul Nasser Dib. Power Systems Modelling and Faults Analysis. s.l. :
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Wiechowski, F. Faria da Silva. Field Test and Simulation of a 400 kV Crossbonded Cable
System .IEEE PES Transactions on Power Delivery.

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Silva Wave propagation and benchmark measurements for cable model validation.
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Sheath in Accurate HV XLPE Cable Modelling.

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line model to simulate EM transients in underground cables. Paper submitted to the
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54. U. S. Gudmundsdottir, C. L. Bak, W. Wiechowski. Modelling of long of long High
Voltage AC cables in the Transmission Systems EMTDC/PSCAD calculations of Zseries
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77
A. Appendix submarine cable
parameters calculations
The figure below represents the pipe-type cable, where the radius used in the
calculations is indicated. In the case of study neither the plastic sheath nor the armour
are considered. Each phase presents the core, the core insulation, the sheath and the
sheath insulation. The armour is common to the three conductors with a radius of
104mm.

Fig. A-1 Cross section of a pipe type cable. [46, pg 142]

In table A-1 the values of the radius are given.

Radius mm
ric 0
roc 15.25
ris 37.75
ros 40.15
ria 42.45
roa 104

Table A-1 Different radius of each layer.

The cable is electrically described by its series impedance and shunt admittance.

78
Series impedance

The series impedance is composed of a resistor and an inductance. In order to

calculate these parameters, it is required to have knowledge of the conductor
material, the physical dimensions, construction and soil resistivity.

DC resistance

The cable under investigation (TKRA 170 kV 3x 1 x 630 mm2) has a core made out of
copper wires; therefore its resistivity is modified using the following formula: [11]

roc2

'
(A-1)
Acopper

Where the resistivity of the copper, roc is is the outer radius of the conductor and
Acopper is the cross section area of the conductor.

The DC resistance is given by:

1000 '
R( dc ) 1 20 (T 20) (A-2)
A km

Where ' is the modified resistivity of the conductor, A is cross-section of conductor,

20 is the resistivity at 20 and T is temperature of the conductor (C).

1000 '
R( dc ) (A-3)
A km

AC resistance

The cable consists of many layers. There are three metallic layers (core, sheath,
armor). Each of these layers has an AC resistance, which is calculated as:

R( ac ) R( dc ) 1 y(ks k p ) (A-4)
km

Where y is equal to 1, because the cable is three core type, k s , k p are skin and
proximity effect factors, respectively. They can be calculated through the following
expressions.

79
 z4
0.8z 4 192 0 z 2.8

k p 0.0563z 2 0.0177z 0.136 2.8 z 3.8 (A-5)
0.354z 0.73 z 3.8

8 f az
Whereas z it is calculated as z for a frequency of 50 Hz and a z for
104 Rdc
copper conductors is equals to 1.

The proximity factor is calculated as:

dc
2

2.9F p for twocoreand two singlecorecable
S
kp (A-
F p dc 0.312 dc
2 2

for threecoreand three singlecore cable

1.18

S S F p 0.27
6)

p4 8 f a p
Where F p , and p . As the core is stranded a p =0.8.
0.8 p 192
4
104 Rdc

Having into account the AC resistance, the self impedances of the core, sheath and
armour, are calculated, as well as, the mutual impedances between core and sheath or
sheath and amour.

The own core impedance is the same for the three conductors because they are equals,
it is obtained as:

D
Z cc Rc ( ac ) 2104 f j 4 104 c f roc , ric log e erc (A-7)
4 roc km

The own impedance of the three sheaths can be calculated through the expression:

D
Z ss RS ( ac ) 2104 f j 4 104 c f roc , ris log e erc (A-8)
4 roc km

Where c is the relative permeability of the armour and f roc , ris is calculated as:

2roc 2 4ric 4 roc

f roc , ric 1 2 log (A-9)
roc ris 2
2 e
roc 2 ric 2 ric

The mutual impedance between core and sheath or sheath and armour is expressed as:

80
 Derc
Zij 2104 f j 4 104 log e (A-10)
Sij km

Where Derc is the equivalent distance for earth return conductor. If the conductors
belong to the same cable Sij is the geometric mean distance defined as
r r

Si , j os is
. If the conductors belong to different cables Sij is the distance
2
between the centres. The Derc is calculated as:

e
Derc 1.30912 m (A-11)
f

Whereas e is the average earth resistivity with a value of 100 m .

Then the impedance matrix for a three core armoured cables can be written as:

Z C1C1 Z C 1S 1 Z C1C 2 Z C 1S 2 Z C1C 3 Z C 1S 3 Z C1 A

Z Z S 1S 1 Z S 1C 2 Z S 1S 2 Z S1C 3 Z S 1S 3 Z S1 A
S 1C1
Z C 2 C1 ZC 2 S1 Z C 2C 2 ZC 2 S 2 ZC 2C 3 ZC 2 S 3 ZC 2 A

Z pt Z S 2C1 Z S 2 S1 Z S 2C 2 ZS 2S 2 Z S 2C 3 ZS 2S 3 ZS 2 A A- 12
Z C 3C 1 ZC 3S1 Z C 3C 2 ZC 3S 2 Z C 3C 3 ZC 3 S 3 ZC 3 A

Z S 3C 1 Z S 3S1 Z S 3C 2 Z S 3S 2 Z S 3C 3 Z S 3S 3 ZS 3A
Z Z AA
AC1 Z AS 1 Z AC 2 Z AS 2 Z AC 3 Z AS 3

While the impedance matrix for the touching trefoil configuration is the same as for
the pipe-type cable without the row and column for the armour.

Z C1C1 Z C 1S 1 Z C1C 2 Z C 1S 2 Z C1C 3 Z C 1S 3

Z Z S 1S 1 Z S 1C 2 Z S 1S 2 Z S 1C 3 Z S 1S 3
S 1C1
Z C 2C1 ZC 2 S1 Z C 2C 2 ZC 2 S 2 Z C 2C 3 ZC 2 S 3

Z tt Z S 2 C 1 Z S 2 S1 Z S 2C 2 ZS 2S 2 Z S 2C 3 ZS 2S 3 A- 13
Z C 3C 1 ZC 3S 1 Z C 3C 2 Z C 3S 2 Z C 3C 3 Z C 3S 3

Z S 3C 1 Z S 3S1 Z S 3C 2 Z S 3S 2 Z S 3C 3 Z S 3S 3

Shunt admittance

The capacitance of the cable depends on the type of insulation (its relative
permittivity) and the diameter of the conductor and insulation.

81
Pipe Type Cable

If I c1 is the current earth return of the core cable, described as:

Ic1 Ic1a Ic1c2 Ic1s1 Ic1s2 Ic1s3 Ic1c3 (A 14)

Where:

I cia is the current flown between the armour and the core i.

I cisj is the current flown between the core i and the sheath j.

I c1c 3 is the current flown between the core i and the core j, as long as ij.

Vc1a Vc1c2 Vc1s1 Vc1s2 Vc1s3 Vc1c3

Ic1 (A 15)
1 1 1 1 1 1
jCc1a jCc1c2 jCc1s1 jCc1s2 jCc1s3 jCc1c3

Vc1 Vc1 Va Vc1 Vc2 Vc1 Vs1 Vc1 Vs2 Vc1 Vs3 Vc1 Vc3
(A 16)
Yc1 1 1 1 1 1 1
jCc1a jCc1c2 jCc1s1 jCc1s2 jCc1s3 jCc1c3

As the sheaths and the armour are grounded voltages Va , Vs 2 , Vs 3 , Vs1 are 0.

Vc1
Vc1jBc1a Vc1 Vc2 jBc1c2 Vc1jBc1s2 Vc1jBc1s3 Vc1jBc1s1 Vc1 Vc3 jBc1c3 A-17
Yc1

Vc1jBc1 Vc1 jBc1a jBc1c2 jBc1s2 jBc1c3 jBc1s3 jBc1s1 Vc2 jBc1c2 Vc3jBc1c3 (A 18)

Vc1Bc1 Vc1 Bc1a Bc1c2 Bc1s2 Bc1c3 Bc1s3 Bc1s1 Vc2Bc1c2 Vc3Bc1c3 (A 19)

In this way is proved that the own susceptance of the core 1 (analogously for the other
phases) is equal to:

Bc1 Bcia Bcic 2 Bcis 2 Bcic3 Bcis 3 Bcis1 (A 20)

And is verified the negative sign of the susceptance between cores.

The results from the finite element study (Quick Field software) shows that the
capacitance between the sheaths and between the sheaths and the armour (for the
pipe type configuration) are not considered due to both layers presents the same

82
potential for each time instant, as they are bonded. Consequently, the capacitances
between the different layers on a section of the cable can be represented as:

S1 C2 S2

C1 S3 C3

Fig. A-2 Electrical scheme of the cable.

Figure A-2 represents the capacitances between the layers taking into account the
simplification named in chapter 4, where is considered that the voltages in the sheaths
and in the armour are 0 kV along the 42km SC. Thus, susceptance matrix terms can be
described as:

3 3
Bcici Bcia Bcisj Bcicj (A 21)
j 1 j i

Bcicj Bcisi Bcjsi (A 22)

3 3
Bsisi Bs Bcjsi Basi Bss Bcjsi (A 23)
j 1 j 1

Bcisj Bcs (A 24)

Bcia Bcisi Basi Bcs (A 25)

3
Baa Ba Bcia (A 26)
i 1

The capacitance between the core and the sheath is calculated using the following expression: [8]

83
 0.05563 cs
Ccs F / km / phase (A-27)
ris
log e
roc

Where cs is the relative permittivity of the insulation, ris and roc are the inner radius of
the sheath and the outer radius of the conductor respectively. In this formula the
semiconductive layers are not taken into account, the permittivity needs to be
modified as follows:

r
ln 2
' i 1 A 28
r
b
ln
a

Where i is the relative permittivity of the insulation, r2 and r1 are the inner radius of
the sheath and the outer radius of the conductor respectively; a and b are the inner
and outer radius of the insulation. [43]

The capacitance between ci (core i) and a (armour) is the same as the capacitance
between ci and any of the sheaths (fig.A-2) , as the armour and the sheath are at the
same potential and the capacitance between them is not considered.

The equivalent capacitances between cores are equal to a parallel connection, as the
voltages on the sheaths and the armour are considered 0 along all the length. Thus;

Bcicj 2Bcs A 29
The own capacitance of the sheath si is calculated with the capacitance of the sheath i
and the sum of the capacitances between this sheath and the cores. Cs is calculated as
the following expression from [8]:

F
0.0556325 s
Cs km ( A 30)
ria phase
log e
ros

The own capacitance of the armour is calculated through the capacitance of the
armour, Ca, and the sum of capacitances between the armour and the cores. Ca is
calculated in the following expression as: [57]

F
0.0556325 a
Ca km ( A 31)
roa phase
log e
roa t p

84
Thus, susceptance matrix of the pipe-type cable SC can be calculated like:

8Bcs B
cs
2 B
cs
B
cs
2 B
cs
B
cs
B
cs
B
cs 3B
cs
Bs B
cs
0 B
cs
0 0

2Bcs B 8B B 2 B B B

cs cs cs cs cs cs

Ypt B cs
0 B
cs
3B
cs
Bs B
cs
0 0
( A 32)
2Bcs B 2 B B 8B B B

cs cs cs cs cs cs

Bcs 0 B
cs
0 B
cs
3B
cs
Bs 0

B
cs 0 B
cs
0 B
cs
0 3B
cs
Ba

Touching trefoil cable

The susceptance matrix of the touching trefoil configuration, Y tt is presented below:

Bcs Bcs 0i 0i 0i 0i
Bcs
Bss 0i 0i 0i 0i

0i 0i Bcs Bcs 0i 0i
Ytt
0i 0i Bcs Bss 0i 0i

0i 0i 0i 0i Bcs Bcs

0i 0i 0i 0i Bcs Bss
(A- 33)

85