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Article history: Recent structural collapses caused by re have focused attention on research concerning re safety in
Received 29 March 2008 building design. The high cost of experimental tests and limitations in the number of geometrical and
Received in revised form mechanical parameters, in addition to advances in numerical methods that provide the ability to
3 March 2009
simulate complicated structures with numerous parameters, make the nite element method an
Accepted 15 June 2009
Available online 25 July 2009
attractive device for modeling the behavior of structural connections in re.
In this paper, the behavior of bolted angle connections was studied at ambient and elevated
Keywords: temperatures using the ANSYS nite element software. Steel members and connection components
Bolted angle connections were considered to behave nonlinearly. Degradation of steel properties with increasing temperature
Finite element modeling
was assumed to be in accordance with EC3 [Euro Code 3: Design of Steel Structures, Part 1.2: General
Fire modeling
Rules Structural Fire Design (drafts), Document CEN, European Committee for Standardization, 1995 [1]]
Elevated temperature
recommendations. Finite element results and experimental tests conducted on bolted angle connections
in re conditions were compared, and modeled failure modes and momentrotationtemperature
characteristics were in good agreement with those associated with experimental tests.
& 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
0379-7112/$ - see front matter & 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.resaf.2009.06.005
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A. Saedi Daryan, M. Yahyai / Fire Safety Journal 44 (2009) 976988 977
between the experimental results and 3-D analyses. Rahman et al. Comparison between the result of numerical models and experi-
[9] used ANSYS to study the behavior of n plate connections mental test results showed good agreement in elastic and plastic
in re. For modeling the beams, columns, n plates and bolts, ranges. These results show that the nite element method is suitable
the authors used 3D solid, prestressed and contact elements, for accurately predicting the behavior of connections at elevated
respectively. Despite the prediction of realistic results by the temperatures, and can simultaneously consider several parameters,
model, no experimental data were used to quantify its accuracy. each of which would require a separate experimental test.
Sarraj et al. [10] also developed 3-D ABAQUS models of n plate In this article, a nonlinear nite element model of bolted angle
connections, which included the important contact interaction connections with and without web angle at ambient and elevated
between the bolts and the n plate and beam web. The models temperatures using ANSYS [15] is presented, and the results of
were validated against lap joint data at ambient temperature. In models and tests were compared. In addition, the accuracy of the
2005, a re test was conducted by Wald et al. [11] at the Czech analysis is compared to experimental tests at ambient and
Technical University. A nite element model was developed by elevated temperatures. It should be noted that the design method
Al-Jabri et al. [12] to study the behavior of ush end plate bare details for angle bolted connections with and without web angle
steel joints at elevated temperatures using the general purpose is presented in many construction codes [16,17]. In some countries
nite element software ABAQUS. The nite element model was such as Iran, these connections are widely used as semi-rigid
used to establish the momentrotation characteristics of the ush connections in braced frames.
end plate bare steel joints with a concentrated force at elevated
temperatures. The joint components were modeled using 3-D
brick elements, while contact between the various components
was modeled using Coulomb friction. Material nonlinearity was
considered to model steel members and the joint components. 2. Connection geometry
Degradation of steel properties with increasing temperatures
was taken in accordance with design code recommendations. To study the behavior of steel connections at ambient and
The obtained FE-simulated failure modes and momentrotation elevated temperatures, two series of experimental tests on bolted
temperature characteristics of the joints compared well with the angle connections were selected. It should be noted that these two
experimental data in both the elastic and plastic regions. series of tests are selected from two different references and are
Lou and Li [13] used ANSYS to model the behavior of cruciform completely independent.
tests with extended end plates in re. A sequential analysis was
used; a transient thermal analysis was conducted rst, followed by
a static structural analysis. Non-uniform thermal expansion,
geometric nonlinearity, temperature-dependent nonlinear material 2.1. Experimental tests at ambient temperatures
behavior, bolt pretension and surface-to-surface contact were
all included in the analyses. Excellent correlation was achieved Tests carried out by Azizinamini [18], which are valid
between the analyses and experimental results from two re tests. references for numerical studies on angle connections, were
Saedi et al. [14] carried out four experimental tests on Khorjini selected. Dimensions, sizes and detailed properties of the test
connections as semi-rigid connections at elevated temperature. The specimens are tabulated in Table 1.
connections were modeled using ABAQUS nite element program. The test arrangement conducted by Azizinamini is shown in Fig. 1.
Table 1
Properties of connection components tested by Aziznamini.
Specimen no. Bolt diameter Column Beam Top and seat angles Web angle
(mm) section section
Angle Length Gauge Bolt spacing Angle Length
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
8S1 19.1 W12 58 W8 21 L6 31/2 5/16 152.4 50.8 88.9 2L4 31/2 1/4 139.7
8S2 19.1 W12 58 W8 21 L6 31/2 3/8 152.4 50.8 88.9 2L4 31/2 1/4 139.7
8S3 19.1 W12 58 W8 21 L6 31/2 5/16 203.2 50.8 88.9 2L4 31/2 1/4 139.7
8S4 19.1 W12 58 W8 21 L6 6 3/8 152.4 137.2 88.9 2L4 31/2 1/4 139.7
8S5 19.1 W12 58 W8 21 L6 4 3/8 203.2 63.5 88.9 2L4 31/2 1/4 139.7
8S6 19.1 W12 58 W8 21 L6 4 5/16 152.4 63.5 88.9 2L4 31/2 1/4 139.7
8S7 19.1 W12 58 W8 21 L6 4 3/8 152.4 63.5 88.9 2L4 31/2 1/4 139.7
8S8 22.3 W12 58 W8 21 L6 31/2 5/16 152.4 50.8 88.9 2L4 31/2 1/4 139.7
8S9 22.3 W12 58 W8 21 L6 31/2 3/16 152.4 50.8 88.9 2L4 31/2 1/4 139.7
8S10 22.3 W12 58 W8 21 L6 31/2 1/2 152.4 50.8 88.9 2L4 31/2 1/4 139.7
2.2. Specimens tested at elevated temperatures All of the bolts in the specimens were tightened to 150 N m by
a torque wrench to ensure consistency. The experimental tests
The test carried out by Saedi [19] and Saedi and Yahyai [20] were conducted on two different connection details:
was chosen to study the behavior of bolted angle connections
under temperature loading. The specimens were congured in a Connection group 1: Specimen without web angle (SOW)
symmetrical cruciform arrangement that consists of a single Connection group 2: Specimen with web angle (SWW)
80-cm-high column of IPE300 section connected to two 250-cm-
long cantilever beams of IPE 220 section. The load was applied on Connection group 1 (SOW) consisted of two angles, one
a point 2 m from the end of the beam. Details of the specimen connected to the top ange of the beam and the other connected
arrangement and the test conducting method are shown in Fig. 2. to the bottom ange. The total system was bolted to the ange of
Bea,
restrained
Load horizontally Load
40 200
Fig. 3. Details of the test conducted by Saedi et al. (a) Connection group1 (SOW); (b) Connection group2 (SWW).
ARTICLE IN PRESS
A. Saedi Daryan, M. Yahyai / Fire Safety Journal 44 (2009) 976988 979
the column. Each angle was bolted to the ange of the beam by six connection is theoretically calculated and then the applied
M16 bolts and to the ange of column by two M16 bolts. A detail moment is selected as a coefcient of connection rotation
of this group of connections is shown in Fig. 3(a). capacity and is applied to the specimens during the test.
The connection group 2 (SWW) had two additional angles
compared with connection group 1. These angles were bolted to the
web of the beam on one side and to the ange of the column on the 3. Finite element model
other side. Web angles were connected to the web of the beam by
two M16 bolts and to the ange of the column by two M16 bolts. The ANSYS multi-purpose nite element modeling code was
Details of this group of connections are shown in Fig. 3(b). Details of used to perform numerical modeling of the connections. FE
connections for each specimen are provided in Table 2. models were created using ANSYS Parametric Design Language
(APDL). The geometrical and mechanical properties of the
connection models were used as the parameters, thus the time
2.2.1. Specimen loading required to create new models was considerably reduced.
The values of applied moment to each specimen in the tests are Numerical modeling of the connections was performed with the
presented in Table 3. As it can be seen, rst the rotation capacity of following considerations: All components of connections such as
beam, column, angles and bolt heads and bolt shanks were
Table 2 modeled using eight-node rst-order SOLID64 elements that can
Details of specimens tested by Saedi et al.
consider the thermal gradient used to apply the effect of re.
Specimen no. Group no. Angle size (mm) Grade of bolt Pretensioned elements were used to model pretensioning forces
in the bolts. Bolt holes were 1.6 mm larger than the bolt diameter.
3 1 10010010 8.8 Only half of the connection was modeled because of the symmetry
5 2 15010015 8.8 that exists about the web plane. The model contains only anges
9 1 15010015 8.8
13 2 10010010 8.8
and stiffeners of the column, because of the high rigidity of the
column resulting from its stiffeners. The nite element model of
the connection is shown in Fig. 4. ANSYS can model contact
problems using contact pair elements that pair together in a way
Table 3 such that no penetration occurs during the loading process.
The value of applied moment for each specimen in the tests carried out by Saedi et The interaction between adjacent surfaces, including anglebeam
al.
ange, bolt headnut, bolt holebolt shank and the effect of
Specimen no. Group no. Moment (M) level Applied M (kNm) friction were modeled using these contact elements. Selected
contact surfaces are shown in Fig. 5. The value of Coulomb friction
3 1 Mcc 8.5 coefcient is one of the signicant parameters in studying the
5 2 0.4 Mcc 8.5 bolted connections that is used to consider the friction forces.
9 1 0.6 Mcc 8.5
13 2 0.8 Mcc 8.5
AISC provision [16] proposes the value of 0.33 for A class surfaces.
However, Refs. [21,22] have considered the value of 0.1 for this
coefcient. In the present study, in contrast to the studies carried
Bolt
Contact Surfaces Clearance
Contact Surfaces
900
800
S-1
700 S-2
Temperature (c)
S-3
600 S-4
S-5
500
S-6
400 S-7
S-8
300 S-9
S-10
200
S-11
100 S-12
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Time (min)
600 Table 4
Material properties of specimens tested by Saedi et al.
500
Material Yield stress Ultimate stress Modulus of elasticity
strain=0.0485
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
400 stress= 510
stress (MPa)
45 8S1 55 8S2
36 44
moment (kNm)
moment (kNm)
27 33
18 22
TEST TEST
9 FE 11 FE
Citipitioglu et al Citipitioglu et al
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
rotation (mrad) rotation (mrad)
50 8S3 30 8S4
40
24
moment (kNm)
moment (kNm)
30
18
20 12
TEST TEST
10 FE 6 FE
Citipitioglu et al Citipitioglu et al
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 8 16 24 32 40
rotation (mrad) rotation (mrad)
50 8S5 40 8S6
40 32
moment (kNm)
moment (kNm)
30 24
20 16
TEST TEST
10 FE 8 FE
Citipitioglu et al Citipitioglu et al
0 0
0 8 16 24 32 40 0 8 16 24 32 40
rotation (mrad) rotation (mrad)
45 8S7 8S8
50
36 40
moment (kNm)
moment (kNm)
27 30
18 20
TEST TEST
9 FE 10 FE
Citipitioglu et al
0 0
0 8 16 24 32 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
rotation (mrad) rotation (mrad)
65 8S9 85 8S10
52 68
moment (kNm)
moment (kNm)
39 51
26 34
TEST TEST
13 FE 17 FE
Citipitioglu et al Citipitioglu et al
0 0
0 8 16 24 32 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
rotation (mrad) rotation (mrad)
Fig. 8. Comparison between the results of nite element and experimental test.
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982 A. Saedi Daryan, M. Yahyai / Fire Safety Journal 44 (2009) 976988
the local buckling instabilities occur in the inelastic range or high experimental tests. In the tests conducted on these series of
stress levels. The Von Mises stress distribution in FE models connections at elevated temperatures, the temperature of furnace
claries that the beam remains nearly elastic and so the local is increased according to the curves provided by ASTME119 and
buckling failure mode can be ignored in the FE models. For the ISO834 [26,27]. As a result of increase in the temperature of
specimens tested at ambient temperature, 50 mm vertical dis- furnace, the temperature of specimens is also increased and is
placement was applied monotonically on the nodes located at recorded by thermocouples connected to each specimen. The
the end of beam to apply the moment on the connections. This average values of recorded thermocouple temperatures for each
displacement at the end of the beam causes an approximately specimen are presented in Refs. [19,20]. In the present study,
0.03 rad rotation. The amount of bending moment and relative these values are used as input temperatures for the software.
rotation of connection can be computed by Eqs. (1) and (2): Fig. 6 shows the average temperature of each specimen.
The rotational degrees of freedom were not active for solid
M PL 1
elements in ANSYS; therefore, the vertical deection was
determined at a certain point along the beam from which the
e1 e2
R 2 connection rotation, j, can be estimated using the following
h
equation [28]:
where M is the applied connection moment, P is the summation of
the reaction forces of the applied displacement on beam end j tan1 u=L 3
nodes, L corresponds to beam length, R is relative rotation of
connection, h is beam depth, e1 and e2 are the top and bottom
ange horizontal displacements, respectively.
In the tests carried out at elevated temperatures, the specied
concentrated force was rst applied at a distance 200 cm from the
column ange, in order to create the necessary moment in
the connection. A uniform temperature in the neighborhood of the
connections was then gradually increased to the desired level to
study the effect of temperature on the structural behavior of the
beamcolumn conguration. The column is assumed to be xed
at the bottom, since no displacements were expected to take place
at nodes far away from the connections, and was free to move at
the top, in order to reect the experimental test set-up.
The beam was allowed to deect downward only, while
horizontal movement was restrained to prevent any possibility
of premature failure of the beam by lateral torsional buckling. The
beam was also allowed to expand freely along the longitudinal
axis, thus ensuring no thermal stresses were generated. Only the
area around the connection was subjected to the full tempe-
rature regime whereas sections away from the connection were
subjected to ambient temperature in order to simulate the
Fig. 9. Deformation of the connection S5 from the experimental tests. Fig. 10. Predicted deformation of the connection S5.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
A. Saedi Daryan, M. Yahyai / Fire Safety Journal 44 (2009) 976988 983
where u is the vertical deection of the point along the beam, and Since the steel properties of connection components is not
L is the distance from the connection centerline to the point where clearly mentioned in Ref. [18], the properties that were assumed
the deection was taken. for Azizinamini tests by the Citipitioglu et al. [29] is used here that
provide good results. The yield stress and ultimate strength of
bolts were assumed based on nominal properties of A325 bolts.
5. Material properties Bolt materials were modeled as bilinear with 634.3 MPa yield
stress and an ultimate stress of 930 MPa at 8% strain. Modulus of
Different material properties were used for the two series of elasticity and Poissons ratio were considered as 210 GPa and 0.3,
tests performed at ambient and elevated temperatures. respectively. Fig. 7 shows the stressstrain relation of A36 steel
used for beam and angle materials in Citipitioglu et al.s study.
5.1. Material properties of specimens conducted by Azizinamini
(ambient temperature) 5.2. Material properties of specimens tested by Saedi et al. (elevated
temperatures)
The stressstrain relation for all connection components,
except for bolts, was represented using a three linear constitutive At elevated temperatures, the connection undergoes large plastic
model. An isotropic hardening rule with a Von Mises yielding deformation; therefore, an elasticplastic material model was
criterion was used to simulate plastic deformations of connection adopted. Analytical models are considered as simplied models;
components, and fracture of material was not considered. however, it is sufcient to incorporate the main parameters (i.e.,
stiffness and strength) representing the degradation of material 6.1. Verication of the models using the tests conducted by
properties with temperature. For this purpose, the stressstrain Azizinamini (ambient temperature)
characteristics of structural steel at elevated temperatures are
dened in the design codes BS5950, Part 8 [31] and EC3: Part 1.2. To evaluate the accuracy of the numerical models, 10 nite
The equations for degradation of bolts steel were dened from these element models were developed according to the specimens
codes. The steel properties and bolt properties of the specimens are tested by Azizinamini and the results were compared. In Fig. 8,
obtained from Ref. [20]. It should be noted that the results of Coupon momentrotation curves obtained by analysis of nite element
test for each specimen is presented in Ref. [19] and just the results of models were compared to those from the experimental tests
Mill test is presented in Table 4. conducted by Azizinamini and those obtained by Citipitiuglu
using numerical methods. Fig. 8 shows that the results of
the nite element models were in close agreement with the
6. Model verication experimental test results.
Differences between the numerical simulations and the
In this section, the results of nite element models were experimental results may be due to several causes, such as
compared to those of the experimental test conducted by numerical modeling simplication, test specimen defects, residual
Azizinamini at ambient temperatures. The models were then stress and contact surface interactions, frictional forces, and bolt
loaded according to the test carried out by Saedi et al., and the pretensioning forces. Bolt pretension and the friction coefcient
ability of the models to simulate the experimental behavior of were two major factors that affect the behavior of the connections,
connections at elevated temperatures was veried. especially in the nonlinear regime. These factors are difcult to
700
800
600
700
600 500
Temperature (c)
Temperature (c)
500 400
400
300
300
200
200
S5-EXP
100 S13-EXP
100 S5-FE
S13-FE
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Rotation (Millirads) Rotation (Millirads)
700 800
700
600
600
500
Temperature (c)
Temperature (c)
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
S3-EXP
100 S3-FE 100 S9-EXP
S9-FE
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 50 100 150 200 250
Rotation (Millirads) Rotation (Millirads)
Fig. 12. Comparison of FE and experimental results for four different tests.
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A. Saedi Daryan, M. Yahyai / Fire Safety Journal 44 (2009) 976988 985
S5 S9
60 45
40
50
35
20 c
40 30
Moment (kNm)
20 c
Moment (kNm)
400 c
25 400 c
500 c
30 500 c
600 c 20
600 c
650 c
20 15 650 c
10
10
5
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250
Rotation (Millirads) Rotation (Millirads)
S3 S13
25
35
20
30
Moment (kNm)
25
15
Moment (kNm)
20 c 20 c
20
400 c 400 c
10 500 c 15 500 c
550 c 550 c
600 c 10 600 c
5
5
0 0
0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150
Rotation (Millirads) Rotation (Millirads)
estimate. Another major inuence on connection behavior arises connection components in comparison with the real connection
from the nonlinear constitutive laws for materials, especially for components deformations after the test. Fig. 9 shows a local
situations where only uniaxial values of the stressstrain curves deformation at the top and bottom angles, particularly around the
are available. This is the cause for the increased difference top bolt, where it is subjected to the highest tensile stresses. Because
between the curves in the nonlinear portion of the curve. As can of the high strength of columns used in the test, the columns were not
be seen from Fig. 8, in specimens 8S3 and 8S4, the difference deformed compared to the angles. The bolts used at the vertical leg of
between the nite element modeling results and the test data was the top angle were subjected to the highest tensile stresses and failed.
higher than for other specimens, while the two nite element Distortion did not occur in the other bolts. This behavior was closely
results (the present study and that by Citipitioglu) were in close predicted by the FE model, as shown in Fig. 10. Fig. 11 shows the
agreement. This difference is most likely due to test specimen deformed shapes of each component of the connection assembly in
defects such as geometrical measuring or bolt pretensions. comparison with the same component after the test, where damage
in terms of permanent deformation takes place in the top and bottom
angles. The critical stress at the end of bolt is clearly visible and the
6.2. Verifying the models using the tests conducted by Saedi et al. same thing can be seen in the real components of the connection. The
(elevated temperatures) column and beam have no signicant deformation.
In order to validate the results from the FE analysis, four
The FE results were compared with the experimental data elevated temperature tests were modeled. A comparison of the
generated by Saedi et al. in terms of temperaturerotation character- temperaturerotation response of the connections at different
istics and failure modes of the connections. Figs. 9 and 10 show moments is shown in Fig. 12. The temperaturerotation response
comparison between predicted deformations and real deformations curves of the connections agree well with tests at the elastic and
for connection S5. Fig. 11 shows the deformation modes of the same plastic stages. Differences between the numerical simulations and
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986 A. Saedi Daryan, M. Yahyai / Fire Safety Journal 44 (2009) 976988
800
700
600
Temperature (c)
500
400
300
200
S-3
S3(1)
100
S3(2)
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Rotation (Millirads)
Fig. 15. Comparison between rotationtemperature curves of specimens S3, S3 (1) and S3 (2).
present in the paper is not able to consider such mechanism, the type of failure, proper method is used to increase the
and the analysis of such mechanism is very time consuming, and temperature strength of the connections.
besides, this new model should be veried again, the effects of
thread stripping can be considered using safety factors in analysis
to consider the decrease in temperature strength. Acknowledgment
[15] ANSYS Users Manual, Version 9. [24] A. Pirmoz, A. Saedi Daryan, A. Mazaheri, H. Ebrahim Darbandi, Behavior of
[16] AISC, Manual of Steel ConstructionLoad and Resistance Factor Design, bolted angle connections subjected to combined shear force and moment,
American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL, 1995. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 64 (2008) 436446.
[17] Standard Code for Connections in Steel Structures no 264, Published by [25] A. Pirmoz, A. Seyed Khoei, E. Mohammadrezapour, A. Saedi Daryan,
Iranian Management and Programming Organizations, ISBN:964-425-424-4. Momentrotation behavior of bolted topseat angle connections, Journal of
/http://www.mporg.irS. Constructional Steel Research 65 (2009) 973984.
[18] Azizinamini, Monotonic response of semi-rigid steel beam to column [26] ISO 834. Fire resistance testselements of building construction, 2002.
connections, MS thesis, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 1982. [27] ASTM- E 11905a. Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building
[19] A. Saedi Daryan, A Study on Behavior of Connections in Fire, MS thesis, K.N. Construction and Materials, 2003.
Toosi University, Tehran, Iran, 2006. [28] K.S. Al-Jabria, A. Seibib, A. Karrechc, Modeling of unstiffened ush end-plate bolted
[20] A. Saedi Daryan, M. Yahyai, Behavior of bolted top-seat angle connections in connections in re, Journal of Constructional Steel Research 62 (2006) 151159.
re, Journal of Constructional Steel Research 65 (2009) 531541. [29] A.M. Citipitioglu, R.M. Haj-Ali, D.W. White, Rened 3D nite element
[21] N. Kishi, A. Ahmed, N. Yabuki, Nonlinear nite element analyses of top and modeling of partially restrained connections including slip, Journal of
seat-angle with double web-angle connections, Journal of Structural Constructional Steel Research 8 (2002) 9951013.
Engineering and Mechanics 12 (2001) 201214. [30] Bulent Akbas, Jay Shen, Seismic behavior of steel buildings with combined
[22] Ahmed, N. Kishi, K. Matsuoka, M. Komuro, Nonlinear analysis on prying rigid and semi-rigid frames, Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environ-
of top- and seat-angle connections, Journal of Applied Mechanics (2001) mental Sciences 27 (2003) 253264.
227236. [31] BS 5950. Structural use of steelwork in buildings, Part 8: Code of Practice for
[23] F. Danesh, A. Pirmoz, A. Saedi Daryan, Effect of shear force on the initial Fire Resistance Design, British Standard Institution BSI, London, 1990.
stiffness of top and seat angle connections with double web angles, Journal of [32] B.R. Kirby, The behavior of high-strength grade 8.8 bolts in re,, Journal of
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