.

)
(


P Pt 2 Pt1
Vm ( P)t 1,t 2
t t2 t 1



t 0

P Pt2 Pt1
V ( P)t Lim Lim
t 0 t t 0 t2 t1

R Rt 2 Rt1
Vm ( R)t 1,t 2
t t2 t 1


t 0

R Rt Rt1
V ( R)t Lim Lim 2
t 0 t t2 t 1
-
t 0

- t

1
 mol.L .s , mol.L .min , mol.L .h
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1

?
1.
ClO ( aq) 2H ( aq) 2I ( aq) I 2( aq) Cl ( aq) H 2O(l )

.


?

.
I2t1 t2

.
t

I
-

.

?

2.

CaCO3( s ) 2H ( aq) Ca 2 ( aq) CO2( g ) H 2O(l ) t=0

Ca
2

t

Ca 1.8 x 10 mol.L
2 -3
15s
-

t=30s3.13 x 10 mol.L
Ca
1 -3 -1 2

15s 30s

H

3.

Mg( s ) 2H ( aq) Mg 2 ( aq) H 2( g )

Mg
2

.
Mg
2

t 3 min t 5 min

.
Mg
2

t 4 min

2


2H 2I ( aq) I 2( aq) Cl ( aq) 2H 2O(l )
1.

ClO

( aq) ( aq)

.

ClO , H I 

H 2O

I 2 , Cl 

.
I 2 t1 t 2
 

[I2] t1 t2

I 2 I 2 t2 I 2 t1
Vm ( I 2 ) t1,t2
t t2 t1
.
t

t 0




I 2

I 2 I 2 t2 I 2 t1
V ( I 2 ) t Lim Lim
t 0 t t 0 t2 t1


I t 

t 0





[ I ]
-

V ( I )t
Lim
I
Lim
I t2 I t1
t 0 t t 0 t2 t1
.

nI 2nI 2 V ( I ) t 2V ( I 2 ) t

CaCO3( s ) 2H ( aq) Ca 2 ( aq) CO2( g ) H 2O(l )
2.

Ca 15s 30s
2

2
Vm (Ca )t 1, t 2

Ca 2


Ca 2 t 2 Ca 2
t1
t t2 t 1
t1 15s Ca 2

1 1.810 3 mol. L1 

t2 30s Ca 2
2 3.1310 3 mol. L1 

2 3.1310 3 1.810 3
Vm (Ca ) t1,t2
30 15

Vm (Ca 2 ) t1,t2 8.8610 5 mol. L1.s 1

nH 2nCa2

3

Vm ( H ) t1 ,t2 2Vm (Ca 2 ) t1 ,t2
Vm ( H ) t1 ,t2 2 8.8610 5

Vm ( H ) t1 ,t2 17.72 10 5 mol .L1. s 1

3 Mg( s ) 2H ( aq) Mg 2 ( aq) H 2( g )

.
Mg t 3 min t 5 min
2

Vm ( Mg 2 ) t1,t2

Mg 2


Mg 2 t2 Mg 2
t1

t t2 t1
t1 3 min Mg 2

1 2.6210 2 mol. L1 

t 2 5 min Mg 2
2 3.410 2 mol. L1 

3.40 102 2.62 102

Vm ( Mg 2 )t1,t2
5 3

Vm (Mg 2 )t1 ,t2 3.9 10 3 mol .L1. min 1

.
Mg t 4 min
2

Mg 2 Mg 2 Mg 2
2
V ( Mg )t 4 Lim Lim
t2 t1
t 0 t t 0 t2 t1
t1=2min 2,40.10 mol.l
-2 -1

t2=5,5min 3,60.10 mol.l

-2 -1

3, 60.102 2, 40.102
V ( Mg 2 )t 4 Lim 3, 43.103 mol.l 1.min 1
t 0 5,5 2

()

( )

5
?
1.



?

2.

3.
?

4.

.

?

.

5.




I

H 2O2 
. [ I ]
-
. H 2O2

6.

I

ClO 2I 2H I 2 Cl H 2O

.
(KI ) . (NaCl )


7.

8.

Zn

9.

( ) 0 C ?
o

10.

11. ?

12. ?

13.

14.

15.

(Fe Fe )



2 3

16.

17.

6
18.

. 2 NH 3( g ) 25 O2( g ) 2 NO( g ) 3H 2O(l )

Pt

.
3
2H 2O2( aq) Fe
O2( g ) 2H 2O(l )
( aq)

. 2H 2O2 ( aq)
O2( g ) 2H 2O(l )
MnO
2( s )

.
CH 3COOH( aq) C2 H 5OH( aq) CH 3COO(C2 H 5 )( aq) H 2O(l )
H ( aq)

SO2( g ) 12 O2( g ) 2 SO3( g )

NO
(g)
.

. 2 Al( s ) 3I 2( s ) 2 2 AlI 3( s )
HO
(l )

19. .


o
400 C

. 300 C
o

2,4 DNPH( DNPH )

.




?

20. 25 C
o

/ Cr 3: E1 1.32V Cu 2 /Cu : E1 0.34V

2 0 0
Cr2O7 

.



Cr2O7 2
?

.


Cu ?
2

.


Cu
2+

21 ( 25mL)


2 10 mol.L


KI



2 1

.

?

. (1)
: S 2O8 2 / SO4 2
 I 2 / I



7
 .

2Fe 3 2I 2Fe 2 I 2 (2)

2
2Fe 2 S 2O8 2Fe 3 2SO4 2 (3)

Fe Fe (1)
2 3
 

: S 2O8 2 / SO4 2 ( E 2.01V ) I 2 / I ( E 0.54V )

0 0
  

1.

2.

3.

4. .


()

()

5.



I H2O2

. [I ]



-

. H 2O2

6.

I

ClO 2I 2H I 2 Cl H 2O

8
 .
(KI ) :

. (NaCl ) :

7.

8.







Zn

H
+

9.

( )

10.

11.

12.

( )

13.
Fe
2

2
2H 2O2 Fe
O2 2H 2O
14.
Pt

2H 2O2
Pt
O2 2H 2O
2 3 2


(Fe Fe (Fe 
)

15.
3
Fe )

H 2O 2H 2e 2H 2O
Fe 2 Fe 3 1e ( 2)
H 2O2 2H 2Fe 2 2H 2O 2Fe 3 (1)

Fe 3 1e Fe 2 (2)
H 2O2 O2 2H 2e
H 2O2 2Fe 3 Fe 2 O2 2H (2)

9
 (1) (2)


H 2O2 2H 2Fe 2 2H 2O 2Fe 3

H 2O2 2Fe 3 Fe 2 O2 2H
2H 2O2 O2 2H 2O

16.


MnO4


2

Mn
2MnO4 5H 2C2O4 6H Mn
2Mn2 10CO2 8H 2O 2+

17.

18.

. 2 NH 3( g ) 25 O2( g ) 2 NO( g ) 3H 2O(l )

Pt

.
3
2H 2O2( aq) Fe
O2( g ) 2H 2O(l )
( aq)

. 2H 2O2 ( aq)
O2( g ) 2H 2O(l )
MnO
2( s )

CH3COOH( aq ) C2 H5OH( aq)

H
( aq )
CH3COO(C2 H5 )( aq) H 2O(l )

SO2( g ) 12 O2( g ) 2 SO3( g )

NO
(g)
.

. 2 Al( s ) 3I 2( s ) 2 2 AlI 3( s )
HO
(l )

19. .

C2 H 2( g ) Br2( aq) C2 H 3 Br( aq) HBr( aq)

C2 H 5OH ( g ) C2 H 4( g ) H 2O( g )
0
AlO3 ( 400 C )

C2 H 5OH ( g ) Cu
(300
CH 3 CHO( g ) H 2 ( g )
0
C)

.


Cr2O7 2

Cr2 O7 2
20. 

10
 2
Cr2O7 H 6e 2Cr 3 7 H 2O
H 2 2H 2e (3)
2
Cr2O7 8H 3H 2 2Cr 3 7 H 2O
.
Cu

2

21 .
I S 2 O8
2

. (1)
: S 2O8 2 / SO4 2 I 2 / I

 
2 2
S 2O8 2e 2SO4
2I I 2 2e
2 2
S 2O8 2I I 2 2SO4
.

2Fe 3 2I 2Fe 2 I 2 (2)

2
2Fe 2 S 2O8 2Fe 3 2SO4 2 (3)

Fe Fe
2 3
 (1) 




( : S 2O8 2 / SO4 2 )

Fe ( Fe /Fe 2 )
2 3

2 2
S 2O8 2e 2SO4

Fe 2 Fe3 1e ( 2)
2 2
S2O8 Fe 2 2SO4 2Fe3 (3)



Fe ( Fe /Fe 2 )

I
2

3

( I 2 / I )

Fe
3
1e Fe 2 (2)

2I I 2 2e
2Fe 3 2I 2Fe 2 I 2 (2)
(3) ( 2)

2 2
S2O8 Fe 2 2SO4 2Fe3 (3)
2Fe3 2I 2Fe 2 I 2 (2)
2 2
S 2O8 2I I 2 2SO4

11
?

1.

?

2.




?

3.

4.



?

5.


?

6. 500 C

o

CH 3OCH3( g ) CH 4( g ) CO( g ) H 2( g )
.
t1 t 2


. t1 t 2


7.

2Br ( aq) H 2O2 ( aq) H 3O ( aq) Br2( aq) 4H 2O(l )

t (s ) H O M mol. L
3
1

Br2 M mol. L1 
0 0.0500 0

85 0.0298 0.0101

95 0.0280 0.0110

105 0.0263 0.0118

H 3O Br2 t 85s
 

t 95s
8.

2 NO( g ) Br2( g ) 2 NOBr( g )

. 5.310 M t 38s
5


. 1.04 10 M t 38s
5


12
9.
C C


10.

I 2 f (t )

2
S 2O8 2I I 2 2SO4 2
.


?

.
t1 10 min t 2 20 min


10. .
CO2 / H 2C2O4

.

MnO4 t 

MnO4

11.

13

2H 2O2( aq) O2( g ) 2H 2O(l )

t (min) 0 1 3 5 7 10 12 15

H 2O2 (102 mol.L1 ) 4.5 4.0 3.1 2.4 1.9 1.3 1.1 0.8

. H 2O2 f (t )
.
t 0 t 10 min


.
t 0 t 10 min


1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

14


6. CH3OCH3( g ) CH 4( g ) CO( g ) H 2( g )
.
t1 t 2



t1 t2

Vm (CH 3OCH3 )t 1,t 2

CH 3OCH3

CH 3OCH3 2 CH 3OCH3 1
t t2 t 1
. t1 t 2



t1 t2

CH 4 CH 4 t 2 CH 4 t1
Vm (CH 4 )t 1,t 2
t t2 t 1
.

nCH3OCH3 nCH4 Vm (CH3OCH 3)t1 ,t 2 Vm (CH 4 )t1 ,t 2



7.
2Br ( aq ) H 2O2( aq ) 2H3O ( aq ) Br2( aq ) 4H 2O(l )


H 3O

Vm ( H 3O )t 1,t 2

H 3O


H 3O 2 H 3O 1
t t2 t 1
t 85s H O 0.0298mol. L 
3

1
1

t 95s H O 0.0280mol. L 
3

2
1

0.0280 0.0298
Vm ( H 3O )t1,t2
95 85

Vm ( H 3O ) t1,t2 1.80 104 mol. L1.s 1

Br2 t 85s t 95s

 
Br2 Br2 2 Br2 1
Vm ( Br2 )t 1,t 2
t t2 t 1
t 85s 1
Br2 0.0101mol. L1 

t 95s Br2 2 0.0110mol. L1 

0.0110 0.0101
Vm ( Br2 )t1,t2
95 85
Vm ( Br2 )t1,t2 9 105 mol. L1.s 1

Vm ( Br2 )t1,t2 9 105 mol. L1.s 1 15



nBr2
1
2
nH O
3

Vm ( Br2 )t1 ,t 2 12 Vm ( H3O )t1 ,t 2

Vm ( Br2 )t1 ,t 2 12 1.8 104

Vm ( Br2 )t1,t2 9 105 mol. L1.s 1

8.
2 NO( g ) Br2( g ) 2 NOBr( g )

. 5.310 M t 38s
5

Br2
Vm ( Br2 ) t
t 
5.3 103 mol . L1
Vm ( Br2 ) t
38s
Vm ( Br2 )t 1.39104 mol . L1. s 1
. 1.04 10 M t 38s
5

NO
Vm ( NO) t
t 
1.04 105 mol . L1
Vm ( NO) t
38s
Vm ( Br2 )t 2.73107 mol . L1. s 1
9. (a )
(b)

10.

I 2 f (t )
S 2O8 2 2 I I 2 2SO4 2

.
I 2 7.75.103 mol. L1
.
t1 10 min t 2 20 min

I 2 I 2 2 I 2 1
Vm ( I 2 )t 1,t 2
t t2 t 1
t 10 min I 2 1 2 103 mol. L1 

t 20 min I 2 2 3.5 103 mol. L1 

16
 3.5 103 2 103
Vm ( I 2 )t 1,t 2
20 10
Vm ( I 2 ) t1,t 2 1.5 10 4 mol. L1. min 1

11. . 5CO2 / H21C2O

1 4

Vm ( Br2 )t1,t2 9 10 mol. L .s
MnO4

8H 5e Mn2 4H 2O (2)
H 2C2O4 2 CO2 2H

2e (5)
2MnO4

5C2 H 2O4 6H 2Mn2 10CO2 8H 2O
.

MnO4 t


t 0
[ MnO4




V ( MnO4 ) t

Lim
MnO4
Lim
MnO 4

t2

MnO4

t1
t 0 t t 0 t2 t1
.
MnO4

nH 2 C2O4 5
2
nMnO
4

V (C2 H 2O4 )t 52 V (MnO4 )t
2H 2O2( aq) O2( g ) 2H 2O(l )
12.

. H 2O2 f (t )
.
t 0 t 10 min 

Vm ( H 2O2 )t 1,t 2
H 2O2

H 2O2 2 H 2O2 1
t t2 t1
t o H 2O2 1 4.5 102 mol. L1 

t 10 min
H 2O2 2 1.3 102 mol. L1 

1.3102 4.5 102

Vm ( H 2O2 )t 1,t 2
10 0

Vm ( H 2O2 )t1,t2 3.2 103 mol. L1. min 1

?
1. S2O3 / S E 0 0.5V SO2 / S 2O3 E 0 0.4V
2 2


17
2.
KMnO4 10 mol .L1
1mL 99mL

2
 

H 2C2O4 102 mol .L1 10 min


KMnO4

MnO4 / Mn2 CO2 / H 2C 2 O4

2


.

MnO4

.

H 2C 2 O4

3.

2H S SO2 H 2O
2
S2O3
a.

b.



?
?

c.

S 2O3
2

. S2O3 ?
2

. SO2 ?

d.

S 2O3 t mol .L1 .s 1


H 
2 4
10

4. MnO4 / Mn2 1.51V S2O8 / SO4 2.01V

2 2 2


.
Ag
1.

2.
Ag

3.

Ag
?

Ag / Ag E 0 1.91V
5.

MnO4

.

?

E 0O2 / H 2O 1.23V , E 0 MnO4 / MnO2 1.69V

6.

18
 CaCO3 2H3O Ca 2 CO2 3H 2O



1.510 mol .L1
3

3.6103 mol .L1 t1 20s

 t2 40s 

t1 t 2


7.
5Br BrO3 6H 3Br2 3H 2O t

3.910 mol .L1. s 1 t


2

8.



I
H 2O2

I 




I 2

.


I 2 I 

9. S2O8 E 0 2.01V , Br2 / Br E 0 1.06V

2 2

/ S O4

Co3 / Co2 E 0 1.82V

1.

2 K
2
S2O8

2.


?

3.
Co
?
?
3

2 2
S2O3 / S E 0 0.5V E 0 0.4V
1.
SO2 / S 2O3

.

2 2
S2O3 / S : S2O3 6H 4e 2S 3H 2O
2 2
SO2 / S2O3 : SO2 2H 4e S2O3 H 2O
.



2
S2O3 6H 4e 2S 3H 2O

19
 2
S2O3 H 2O SO2 2H 4e
2
2S2O3 4H 2S 2 SO2 2H 2O

2.
KMnO4 10 mol .L1
1mL 
99mL 


2

H 2C2O4 102 mol .L1 10 min


KMnO4

MnO4 / Mn2 CO2 / H 2C 2 O4 
2

MnO4 8H 5e Mn2 4H 2O (2)
H 2C2O4 2CO2 2H 2e (5)

2MnO4 5H 2C2O4 6H 2Mn2 10CO2 8H 2O
.

MnO4

Vm ( MnO4 )t 1, t 2

MnO4

MnO MnO
4

2 4

1
t t2 t 1
t1 o
MnO4

1 1.105 mol. L1 

t2 10 min MnO4

2 0

0 105
Vm ( MnO4 )t1,t2
10 0

Vm (MnO4 )t 1,t 2 106 mol. L1. min 1

.

H 2C 2 O4

nH 2 C2O4
5
2
nMnO
4

Vm ( H 2C2O4 )t1 ,t 2 52 Vm (MnO4 )t1 ,t 2

Vm ( H 2C2O4 )t1 ,t 2 52 103

Vm ( Br2 )t1,t2 2.5 106 mol. L1. min 1

3.


2
S2O3 2H S SO2 H 2O
a.
S2O3 / S SO2 / S2O3
2 2


2 2
S2O3 / S : S2O3 6H 4e 2S 3H 2O

20
 2 2
SO2 / S2O3 : 2SO2 2H 4e S2O3 H 2O
b.



S2O3

2

c.

. S2O3


S 2O3
2 2

. SO2



S 2O3
2

d.

H t 

nH 2nS 2 O3 2
2


V ( H )t 2V (S2O3 )t

V ( H )t 2 104

V ( H )t 2 104 mol. L1.s 1

4. MnO4 / Mn2 1.51V S2O8 / SO4 2.01V

2 2 2


.

2 2 2 2
S2O8 / SO4 : S2O8 2e 2SO4

MnO4 / Mn2 : MnO4 8H 5e Mn2 4H 2O


2 2
2Mn2 5S2O8 8H 2O 2 MnO4 10SO4 16H
.1.

2.

Ag / Ag : Ag 1e Ag (5)

MnO4 / Mn2 : Mn2 4H 2O MnO4 8H 5e

5 Ag Mn2 4H 2O 5 Ag MnO4 8H (1)

2 2 2 2
S2O8 / SO4 : S2O8 2e 2SO4
Ag / Ag : Ag Ag 1e (2)
2 2
S2O8 2 Ag 2SO4 2 Ag (2)

(1) (2) 

21
 2 2
S2O8 2 Ag 2SO4 2 Ag (5)

5 Ag Mn2 4H 2O 5 Ag MnO4 8H (2)
2 2
2Mn2 5S2O8 8H 2O 2 MnO4 10SO4 16H
3.
Ag

5.

.


O2

.





MnO4 / MnO2 : MnO4 4H 3e MnO2 2H 2O
O2 / H 2O : O2 4H 4e 2H 2O



4MnO4 4H 4MnO2 3O2 2H 2O

6.
CaCO3 2H3O Ca 2 CO2 3H 2O

t1 t 2


Vm (Ca 2 )t1,t2
Ca 2
Ca Ca
2
2
2
1
t t2 t 1
t1 20s Ca 2
1 1.5103 mol. L1 

t2 40s Ca 2
2 3.6 103 mol. L1 

3.6 103 1.5103

Vm (Ca 2 )t 1,t 2
40 20
Vm (Ca 2 )t1,t 2 1.05 104 mol. L1. s 1

Vm ( Br2 )t1,t2 9 105 mol. L1.s 1

nH 3O 2nCa 2

Vm ( H3O )t1 ,t 2 2Vm (Ca 2 )t1 ,t 2

Vm ( H3O )t1 ,t 2 2 1.05 103

Vm ( H3O )t1,t 2 2.1104 mol. L1. s 1

7.


5Br BrO3 6H 3Br2 3H 2O

22
 . t

nH 2 O nBr2

V ( H 2O)t V ( Br2 )t
V ( H 2O)t 3.9 102 mol . L1. s 1
. t

nBr 53 nBr2

V ( Br

)t 53 V ( Br2 )t
5
V ( Br )t 3.9 10 2
3
V ( Br )t 6.5 102 mol . L1. s 1

8. .



I 2 I 

a.

b.

c.

O2 SO2


S O2 SO2

2
SO2 I 2 2H 2O 2I 4H SO4
9.
1.

2 2 2 2
S2O8 / SO4 : S2O8 2e 2SO4
Br2 / Br : Br2 2e 2B r



2 2
S2O8 2e 2SO4
2B r Br2 2e

23
 2 2
S2O8 2Br 2SO4 Br2
2.
Br2

3. Co

Co
3 3

Co
3

Co3 1e Co2 (2)

2Br Br2 2e
2Co3 2Br 2Co 2 Br2 (1)
2 2
S2O8 2e 2SO4
Co2 Co3 1e (2)
2 2
2Co 2 2SO4 2 Co3
S2O8 (2)

(1) (2) 

2 2
S2O8 2Co 2 2SO4 2 Co3 (2)
2Co3 2Br 2Co 2 Br2 (1)
2 2
S2O8 2Br 2SO4 Br2

()

( )

Ex: ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

24


H+ K+ Na+ Ag + NH4+ Mg 2+ Ca2+ Ba2+ Zn 2+ Cd 2+ Hg 2+ Pb 2+ Cu 2+ Fe2+ Fe3+ Al3+

OH - _ _

Cl - /

NO3 - /

CH3 COO- /

S2- / _ _

SO3 2- / _ _

SO4 2- /

CO3 2- / _

SiO3 2- / _

PO4 3- /

:
:
:

:
:

_ :

.

(

Ex : NaCl; KBr

25


Ex : CH3COOH; ..

e
-

Ex : Fe Fe + 2e
2+ -

Na Na + 1e
+ -

Br2 + 2e 2Br
- -

Cl2 + 2e 2Cl
- -

1

1L
1M

/ KCL / Mg(NO3)2

2 1.1

/ KCl / NaNO3/ AgCl / BaSO4/ Ca3(PO4)2/ (NH4)2S / FeS

3
?

4
?

5 /

/ KI / NaNO3/ MgCl2/ Na2SO4

/ 0,50
/ 0,50

8 1.1

(
)

/ (II) +

/ +

/ (II) +

9

KCl AgNO3

10 (II)
(II)

26
 / /

/
(II)1
3,45g

1

1L

/KCl

KCl(s)
2 K (aq) Cl (aq)
H O

K Cl
+ -

n
CM n CM xV
V
V 1L ;CM 1M
n KCl 1 x1 1mol
n KCl n n 1mol
K Cl

/ Mg(NO3)2

Mg(NO3 )2 (s)
2 Mg 2 (aq) 2NO (aq)
H O
3

Mg NO3
2+ -

n
CM n C M xV
V
V 1L ;CM 1M
n Mg( NO3 )2 1 x1 1mol

n Mg(NO3 )2 n n 1mol
Mg2 NO3

/ KCl

/ NaNO3

/ AgCl

/ BaSO4

/ Ca3(PO4)2

/ (NH4)2S

/ FeS

27
3

5 /

/
2 K (aq) Br (aq)
KBr(s)
H O

2 Na (aq) Cl (aq)
NaCl(s)
H O

2 H O
CH3COOH(aq) CH3COO (aq) H (aq)

H (aq) F (aq)
H 2O
HF(aq)

6

/ KI(s)
2 K (aq) I (aq)
H O

/ NaNO3 (s)
2 Na (aq) NO (aq)
H O
3

/ MgCl2 (s)
2 Mg 2 (aq) 2Cl (aq)
H O

/ Na 2SO4 (s)
2 2Na (aq) SO2 (aq)
H O
4

/ 0,50mol Sr(NO3)2

2 Sr 2 (aq) 2NO (aq)

Sr(NO3 )2 (s)
H O
3

n
NO3
n n Sr( NO3 )2
Sr 2 2
n n Sr( NO3 )2 0, 50mol
Sr 2
n 2xn Sr( NO3 )2 1mol
NO3

nT n n 0,50 1 1,50mol
Sr 2
NO3

/ 0,50mol Na3PO4

28
 2 3Na (aq) PO3 (aq)
Na 3 PO4 (s)
H O
4

n
Na
n Na 3 PO4 n 3 0,50mol
3 PO4

n 0,50mol
PO34

n 3 x n Na 3 PO4 3 x 0,50 1,50mol

Na

nT n n 0,50 1,50 2,0mol

PO34 Na

/ HgCl2 (aq) K2S(aq) 2KCl(aq) HgS(s)

Hg 2 (aq) 2Cl (aq) 2K (aq) S2 (aq) 2K (aq) 2Cl HgS(s)

Hg 2 (aq) S2 (aq) HgS(s)
/ Na 2 CO3 (aq) CaCl2 (aq) CaCO3 (S) 2NaCl(aq)

2Na (aq) CO32 (aq) Ca 2 (aq) 2Cl (aq) CaCO3 (s) 2Na (aq) 2Cl (aq)
Ca 2 (aq) CO32 (aq) CaCO3 (s)
/ 3CuCl2 (aq) 2(NH4 )3 PO4 (aq) Cu3 (PO4 )2 (s) 6NH4Cl(aq)

3Cu 2 (aq) 6Cl (aq) 6NH 4 (aq) 2PO34 (aq) Cu 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (s) 6NH 4 (aq) 6Cl (aq)
3Cu 2 (aq) 2PO34 (aq) Cu 3 (PO4 ) 2 (s)
9

KCl(aq) AgNO3 (aq) AgCl2 (s) KNO3 (aq)

K (aq) Cl (aq) Ag (aq) NO3 (aq) AgCl(s) K (aq) NO3 (aq)

Ag (aq) Cl (aq) AgCl(s)

K
NO3
+ -

10 / CuCl2 (aq) Pb(NO3 )2 (aq) PbCl2 (s) Cu(NO3 )2 (aq)

/
Cu (aq) 2Cl (aq) Pb (aq) 2NO3 (aq) PbCl2 (s) Cu (aq) 2NO3 (aq)
2 2 2

/
Pb2 (aq) 2Cl (aq) PbCl2 (s)

/

mPbCl2 n PbCl2 x M (1)
M PbCl2 107 (35,5x2) 278g.mol 1

29
 mCuCl2
n CuCl2
M CuCl2
M CuCl2 63, 5 (35, 5x2) 134, 5g.mol 1
mCuCl2 13, 45g
13, 45
n CuCl2 0,1mol
134, 5

n CuCl2 n PbCl2 0,1mol

(1) m PbCl2 0,1x278 27,8g

Ex: KCl, MgO, F2O3

Ex: H2, HCl, CH4

_


_

+ -

+ -

N, O, F

Ex: NH3, CH3OH, CH3NH2

30


SO3, O2, CO2, N2, Br2, H2

1

NaCL ?

2
-

3


?

5



?

6 /

CF4CH2F2?

/

?

7 NH3
PH3

8 (Ar) (Ne) ?

9

?

10 CBr4 CCl4?

11




-

1
NaCl

2
-

31
3

6 /
CF
4

/
CH
2F2

7 NH3
PH3NH3

PH3NH3

8 (Ar)
(Ne)(Ar)

(18e )(Ne)(10e )



- -

()

()

( )

10 CBr4 CCl4

CBr4 CCl4

CBr4 (146e )



-

11

<
-<

32
?
2

/ 0.5mol Zn(NO3)2

/ 2mol Na2CO3

/ 1mol AlCl3

/ Ca3(PO4)2 / Mn(OH)2 / AgNO3

/ K2S / Hg(NO3)2 / CaCO3

/ AgNO3 (aq) Na 2SO4 (aq)

/ BaCl 2 (aq) ZnSO4 (aq)

/ (NH4 )2 CO3 (aq) CaCl2 (aq)

/ Na 2S(aq) ZnCl2 (aq)

4
?

5

?

/ H2O / KCl /HNO3 / CH3COOH / C12H22O11

8 ( CCl4)

9
25 C 155 C ?
0 0

10

CaCl2 NaCl ? ?

11
-

12 2.2 45

? ?

33


/ Zn(NO3)2
2 Zn 2 (aq) 2NO (aq)
Zn(NO3 )2
H O
3
n
NO3
n 2 n Zn(NO3 )2 0,5mol
Zn 2
n 0, 5mol
Zn 2
n 2 x0, 5 1mol
NO3

/ Na2CO3

2 2Na (aq) CO2 (aq)

Na 2CO3
H O
3
n
Na
n n Na 2CO3 2mol
CO32 2
n 2mol
CO32

n 2 x2 4mol
Na

/ AlCl3

2 Al3 (aq) 3Cl (aq)

AlCl3
H O

n
Cl
n 3 n AlCl3 1mol
Al 3
n 1mol
Al3
n 3x1 3mol
Cl

/ Ca3(PO4)2/ Mn(OH)2/ AgNO3

/ K2S / Hg(NO3)2/ CaCO3

/ 2Ag (aq) 2NO3 (aq) 2Na (aq) SO42 (aq) Ag 2SO4 (s) 2Na (aq) 2NO3 (aq)

2Ag (aq) SO24 (aq) Ag 2SO4 (s)

/ Ba 2 (aq) 2Cl (aq) Zn 2 (aq) SO24 (aq) BaSO4 (s) Zn 2 (aq) 2Cl (aq)

Ba 2 (aq) SO42 (aq) BaSO4 (s)

/ 2NH4 (aq) CO3 (aq) Ca (aq) 2Cl (aq) CaCO3 (s) 2NH 4 (aq) 2Cl (aq)
2 2

Ca 2 (aq) CO32 (aq) CaCO3 (s)

/ 2Na (aq) S2 (aq) Zn 2 (aq) 2Cl (aq) ZnS(s) 2Na (aq) 2Cl (aq)

Zn 2 (aq) S2 (aq) ZnS(s)

34
4

BaSO4Ca3(PO4)2 NH4Cl Ca(OH)2

NH4CL CaSO4

/ H2O / KCl

/ HNO3/
CH3COOH

/C12H22O11

(
)

8
CCl4

9 25 C 155 C



0 0

10

CaCl 2 (

CaCl2 1600 C

NaCl 1465 C)
0 0

+2

35
 11
-

O ; N F

12 2.2 45

?
2

1
( CH3COCH3)

(C6H14) ?

/ HBr H2S / Cl2CBr4/ NH3C6H6

/C2H6/HI / KF / BeH2/ CH3COOH

4



K3PO4 (aq) Ca(NO3 )2 (aq) ?
5

0,5662g

AgNO31,0882 g AgCl

36


CH3COCH3 (


)

(


)

2 / HBr H2S

/ Cl2CBr4

/ NH3C6H6


-

3 CH3COOH

2K 3 PO4 (aq) 3Ca(NO3 ) 2 (aq) 6KNO3 (aq) Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (S)

6K (aq) 2PO34 (aq) 3Ca 2 (aq) 6NO3 (aq) 6K (aq) 6NO 3 (aq) Ca 3 (PO4 )2 (S)
3Ca 2 (aq) 2PO34 (aq) Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (S)
5 AgCl

1mol AgCl 1mol 35,5g Cl

mCl 1, 0882g AgClx x x 0, 2690gCl
143, 4g AgCl 1mol AgCl 1mol Cl


mCl 0, 2690
%Cl x100 x100 47,51%
mS 0,5662

3
-


-

1 -

1 .1

37


( )

HCl CH
3COOH

HBr HCN

HI
HF

HNO3 HNO2

H2SO4
H2SO3

HClO4 HClO

HCl(aq) H2 O(L) H3 O(aq)

Cl(aq)

HCN(aq) H2 O(L) H O CN

3 (aq) (aq)

(H
2SO4)

(HNO3)
(HCl) (H
3PO4) (CH
3COOH)

1 .2

( )

( )

38


NaOH NH3

KOH Na2CO3

Ca(OH)2 K2CO3

Ba(OH)2 C6H5NH2

Na3PO4
(CH3)3N

NH3 (aq) H2 O(L) NH

4(aq)
OH(aq)

H O
NaOH(s)
2 Na
(aq)
OH(aq)

2 -

/

H

+

H O
HBr(g)
2 H
(aq)
Br(aq)

OH

-

/ -

HCl(g) NH3(aq) NH4(aq)

Cl(aq)

NH3(aq) H2 O(L) NH

4(aq)
OH(aq)

H(aq)

NH3 NH4(aq)

aq

BF3(aq) F(aq)

BF4(aq)

39
?

2 -

3 -

5


2

. HCl . NaCl

. Ca(OH)2 . NH4Cl

. CH4 . H2CO3

. CaCO3 . NaOH

. HCl . HClO4

. H2SO3 . H2SO4

. CH3COOH . HNO3

. H3PO2 . H3PO4

. H2CO3 Sr(OH)2 .......................................

. HBrBa(OH)2 ..............................................

. HBrH2 SO4 ...............................................

(
)

( )

40


(
)

(
)

( )

( )

2 -

OH

-

3 -

H

+

(
)

HClO4(aq) H2 O(l) H3O(aq)

ClO4(aq)

H 2SO4(aq) H 2 O(l) H3O(aq) HSO4(aq)

HSO4(aq) H 2 O(aq)
H3O(aq) 2
SO4(aq)

5

HBr ; HCL

H2SO4 ; H2CO3

H3PO4 ; H3PO3

41
6

HCl NaCl
Ca(OH)2 NH4Cl CH4

H2CO3 CaCO3 NaOH

HCl HClO4 CH3COOH

H2SO3 H2SO4

H3PO2 H3PO4

/ H2CO3 Sr(OH)2 SrCO3 2H2O

/ 2HBr Ba(OH)2 BaBr2 2H 2 O

/ 2NaBr H2SO4 2HBr Na 2SO4

42

-

1 -

F

HF
-


F (aq) H3O (aq)
HF(aq) H2 O(l)

-


-

F (aq) H3O (aq)
HF(aq) H 2 O(l)

- /

NH4 (aq) F (aq)
NH3 (aq) HF(aq)

-

HCl
Cl
-


H2SO4

HSO4
+

H3O
H2O
- 2-


HSO4

SO4
-
HClO

ClO
- 2-

H2PO4
HPO4
+

NH4 NH3
- 2-

HCO3
CO3
-

H2O
OH

43
 -

HClO4 (aq) H2O(aq) H3O (aq) ClO4 (aq)

HSO4 ; H2O
-
; NH3

HCl(aq) NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) H2O(l)

H3O OH 2H2O
Na+ ; Cl-

1 /

2 ?

. H2O .OH
-

. H3O . NH3
+

. NH4 .NH2
+ -

. NO3 . CO3
- 2-

. HBr . HCN

HNO2 H2SO4 H2S HCN HCOOH

. CH3COO HCN
CH COOH CN
3

. HCO3 HCO3 H CO CO2

2 3 3

44
 . H2 SO4 (aq) SO32 (aq)HSO (aq)HSO (aq)

4 3

. HS .HCO3
- -

. CO3 . H2PO4
- -

. HPO4 .PO4
2- 3-

. HSO4 . SO4
- 2-

. SO3
2-

7

?

.


?

.


?

8



?

9



?

10
HSO4 ;HS ;HCO3 ;
- - -

H2O ; HSO3 NH3

-

.

?

10



H2SO4
100mL 6.00M

.

STP

( Zn=65 , S=32 , O=16 , H=1

1mol STP 22.4 L )

12 CaCO3

HCl1500mL
CO2

STP CaCl
2

.
CaCO3
?

.
HCl 2.00M

( Ca= 40 ; C= 12 ; O=16 ; H=1 ; Cl=35.5 )

45


1 /

HA

A H

NH3 ; H2O ; HSO4 ; HCO3

- -

H3O NH4 HBr HCN

+ +

OH NH2 NO3 CO3

- - - 2-

H2O NH3

HNO2 / NO2 H2SO4 / HSO4 H2S / HS HCN / CN HCOOH / HCOO

- - - - -

/ CH3COO HCN

CH3COOH CN

CH3COOH / CH3COO HCN / CN

/
H2CO3 CO32
HCO3 HCO3

HCO3 / CO32 H2 CO3 / HCO3

/ H2SO4 SO32

HSO4 HSO3

H2SO4 / HSO4 HSO3 / SO32

/ H2S / HS / H2 CO3 / HCO3 / HCO3 / CO32 / H3PO4 / H2 PO4

-

/ H2 PO4 / HPO42 / HPO24 / PO34 / H2SO4 / HSO4 / HSO4 / SO24

/ HSO3 / SO32

/

H2 O / OH

/

H3O / H2O

46
9

10 /

HSO4 : H2SO4 / HSO4 HSO4 / SO24

-

HS- : H2S / HS- HS- / S2-

HCO3 : H2 CO3 / HCO3 HCO3 / CO32

-

H2O : H2O / OH H3O / H2O

HSO3- : HSO3 / SO32 H2SO3 / HSO3

NH3 : NH4 / NH3 NH3 / NH2

H2SO4 / HSO4
NH3 / NH2

11

/


m ZnSO n ZnSO4 x M ; MZnSO 65 32 (16x4) 161g.mol1
4 4

H2SO4

n H2SO4 C x V
C= 6,00M ; V= 100ml = 100 x10 l
-3

n H2SO4 6, 00 x 100 x103 0, 60 mol

n H2SO4 n ZnSO4 0,60mol

m ZnSO 0, 60 x161 96, 6 g
4

/

VH2
n H2 VH2 n H2 xVm ; Vm 22, 4Lmol1
Vm

n H2 n ZnSO4 0,60mol

VH2 0, 60 x 22.4 13, 44L

12
CaCO3 2HCl CaCl2 CO2 H2O
/
CaCO3

47
m CaCO n CaCO3 x M ; MCaCO3 40 12 (16x3) 100g.mol1
3

CO2
VCO2
n CO2
Vm
VCO2 = 1500 mL = 1,5L Vm 22, 4Lmol1

1,50
n CO2 0, 07 mol
22, 4
n CO2 n CaCO3 0,07 mol
mCaCO3 0, 07 x100 7, 0g
/
HCl 2,00M
n HCl
CHCl VHCl n HCl x CHCl ;CHCl 2, 00M
VHCl
n HCl 2n CO2 2 x0,07 0,14mol
0,14
VHCl 0.07L
2

pH

1 1

(

)

H3O (aq) OH (aq)
H2 O(l) H2 O(l)

[H3O ] [OH ] 1, 0x10 M

7

25 C
0

1 2


(

)

[H3O ] x [OH ] K w Ke

48
 Kw

( C ) Kw
0

0 1,2 x10
-15

10 3,0x10
-15

25 1,2 x10
-14

50 5,3 x10
-14

2 pH

2 1 pH

pH



[H3O ]
+

(mol.l )
-1

pH = -log[H3O ]
+
[H3O ] 10 pH

pOH



[ OH ]
-

(mol.l )
-1

pOH log[OH ] [OH ] 10pOH

pHpOH

pH + pOH = 14,0 ( 25 C)
0

2 2
( 25 C)
0

[H3O ] > 1,0x 10 M

+ -7
[H3O+] < 1,0x 10-7M pH

0 7 14

2



?

3
pH ? pH

4
? pH ?

5 pH

49
6 pOH
pH pOH

7

pH

?

2.80 x10 M
-9

9
pH 1.50

[H3O ] [OH ]
+ -

10 pH

Ba(OH)20.0020M

11 pHpOH
HCl 0.050 M

12
pH=3.60

13
HCl 4.5 x10 M
-3

.

[H3O ]
+

.

[OH ]
-

. pH

2



[H3O ]
+

[OH ]
Ke=[H3O ] x[OH ]
- + -

3 pH pH
pH

[H3O ]


+

[H3O ] = [OH ] pH= -log1,0.10 =7 ( 25 C)
+ - -7 0

5 pH

pH= -log[H3O ]
+

6 pOH

[OH ]
-

pH pOH

pH= -log[H3O ] (1)

+

Ke
[H3O ] x[OH ] = Ke H3O
+ -
OH

Ke
(1) pH log (log K e log OH )
OH

(log K e pOH ) log K e pOH

50
 pH pOH pKe
7 pH

pH( pH )

pH

Ke
[H3O ] x[OH ] = Ke H3O
+ -
OH

Ke=10 [OH ]=2,80 x10 M
-14 - -9

1014
H3O 9
3,57x106 M
2,80x10
9

[H3O ] [OH ]
+ -

pH log H3O H3O 10 pH

pH=1,50

H3O 101,50 100,5 x102 3,16x102 M

Ke
[H3O ] x[OH ] = Ke OH
+ -
H3O

Ke=10
-14

1014
OH 2
3,16x1013 M
3,16x10
10 pH

Ba(OH)2

pH log H3O

Ba(OH)2
2
2 Ba 2OH
H O

[OH ] = 2 x Cb = 2 x 0,0020 = 0,0040 M = 4,0 x10 M

- -3

Ke 1014
[H3O ] x[OH ] = Ke
+ -
H3O 2, 5x1012 M
OH 4, 0x103

pH log H3O log2,50x1012 11, 60

11 pH pOH
HCl

pH log H3O

CHCl =[H3O ]=0,050M

+

pH log 0, 050 1,30

pH + pOH =pKe (pKe=14 25 C)
0

51
 pOH 14 1, 30 12, 7
12

pH log H3O H3O 10 pH

pH= 3,60

H3O 103,60 100,4 x104 2,51x104 M

13 HCl H2 O H3O Cl

1mol
HCl 1mol H3O

CHCl
HCl H3O

H3O CHCl 4, 50x103 M

Ke
[H3O ] x[OH ] = Ke OH
+ -
H3O

( ke =1,0x10 25 C)
-14 0

1, 0x1014
OH 3
2, 22x1012 M
4, 50x10
/ pH

pH log H3O

H3O 4,50x10 M
3

pH log 4, 50x103 (log 4, 5 log103 )

3 log 4, 5 3 0, 65 2, 35

52

-

H3O (aq) OH (aq) 2H2O(aq)

1 : 1

CA x VA CB x VB

CA

VA ; CBVB

3,1 - 4,4

6,0 - 7,6

8,2 - 10,0

pH

pH=6,27,6

53
?
1 ?

3

?

4
?

5




?

6




?

7

?

8 29.5 mL
HCl 0.150M


25.0mL

[OH ]

-

9 0.250M

KOH

17.35 mL 0.195 M

10 20.4mL 0.883M

Ba(OH)219.3mL

11 NaOH
72mL 0.55M

220mL

[H3O ]

+

5


(

pH=6,2 -7,6 )

54
6

CB[OH ]
-

VB(
)

VA

[OH ]
-
8

n n
OH H3O

C A .VA C B .VB
C A .VA
CB
OH VB

CA 0,150M ; VA 29,5mL ; VB 25,0mL

0,150 x 29,5
OH 0,177M
25, 0
9 VB

n OH n H O CA VA CB VB
3
CB x VB
VA
CA
CA 0, 250M ; VB 17,35ml ;CB 0,195M
0,195 x 17, 35
VA 13, 53mL
0, 250
10

n OH n H O 2CB x VB CA x VA
3
CA x VA
CB
2VB
CA 0,883M ;VB 19,3mL ;VA 20, 4mL
0,883 x 20, 4
CB 0, 466M
2 x19, 3
11
[H3O ]
+

n OH n H O CB x VB CA x VA
3
CB x VB
H3O CA
VA
CB 0,55M ;VB 72mL ;VA 220mL

55
 0,55 x 72
CA H3O 0,18M
220

1 pH HNO30.0010M

. 1.0 . 3.0 . 4.0 . 5.0

2

pH 7 ?

. [ OH- ]=2.4x10-2M .[H3O+]=1.53x10-2 M . 0.0001M HCl . [ OH- ]=4.4x10-9M

3 pH

. pH=-log[H3O+] . pH=log[H3O+] . pH=-ln[H3O+]

4 pH

. mol.L . mol.L-1 .
5

.[H3O+]=[ OH- ] . [H3O+][ OH- ]=Kw . [H3O+][ OH- ] > 7

6
[ OH ]=10 mol.L pH:
- -4 -1

. 4 . 10 . 12 . 14
7

10 mol.L pH
-2 -1

. 12 . 2 . 4.6 . 8
8

. . .

. . .
10

. .
11 pH

. 7.0 . 7.0 . 7.0

12

. H3O+7.0M
.

56
 .

13
pH=6.32 pOH

. 6.32 . 4.8x10-7 . 7.68 . 2.1x10-8

14
pH
?

. pH=1 . pH=5 . pH=9 . pH=13

15




H2SO4

Ca(OH)2 : .
.
. .
II

..

.

..

2
-
..

3 pH
..

4 - ..

..

5 ..

pH [H3O ]

+

<7 ............... .....................

.................... < 1.0x 10 M .....................

-7

..................... ..................

. pOH >7
.

57
 . pOH=7

. pOH < 7
..

III

1
-
?

2


[ OH ]
[ OH ]

- -

?
?

3


?

4

[H3O ]
25 C ?

+ 0

5 -

6

2
H2 SO4 (aq)SO3 (aq) HSO4

(aq) HSO3

(aq)

7
H2SO4(aq) SO4 (aq)
2-

Kw ; pH ; [H3O ] [OH ]
+ -
8

. CH3COO . HCN .HOOCCOOH . C6H5NH3

- +

10

?

11
pH

7.00 ?

12
?

13

14

15
pH=3 , 7 11

? ?

16 pH
[H3O ]
+

17

58
IV

1 pH

NH4OH
25.0mL 0.050M

HNO3
25.0mL 0.050M

2

H3O (aq) OH (aq)
0.100mL
+ -

HNO3
125mL

[ H3O ]

pH=4.08 pOH


+
3

4 HNO3 0.250M

KOH

17.35 mL 0.195 M

5

HCl 35.7 mL 0.126M
NaOH
25.0mL

NaOH

6
HNO30.31M KOH
75mL0.24M

pH= 7

HNO3

I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15

II 1..
. .........
..
.

2
. ..
.. .

3.... .. [H3O ].
+

pH [H3O ]

+

<7 ...... > 1,0 x10 M.......

-7

...... > 7...... < 1,0 x 10 M .......

-7

....... 7......... = 1,0 x10 M

-7

59
7

/ / /

III

1 -

NH4 (aq) OH (aq)
NH3 (aq) H2O(l)

HCl(g)
2 H (aq) Cl (aq)
H O

2

[OH ]




-

[OH ]

-

4
[H3O ]
25 C 1,0 x10 M

+ 0 -7

5 /

NH4 (aq) F (aq)
NH3 (aq) HF(aq)

HSO4 (aq) HSO3 (aq)
H2SO4 (aq) SO32 (aq)

H2SO4 / HSO4 HSO3 / SO3
2

7

H2SO4 (aq) SO24 (aq)

HSO4 (aq) H (aq)

H2SO4 (aq)

SO42 (aq) H (aq)
HSO4 (aq)

8 KW , pH , [H3O+ ] [OH- ]

pH= -log[H3O ] (1)

+

Ke
[H3O ] x[OH ] = Ke H3O
+ -
OH

60
 KW
(1) pH log (log K W log OH )
OH

(log K W pOH ) log K W pOH
pH pOH pK W ( logK W pK W )
9

/ CH3COO CH3COOH
-

/ HCN CN

-

/ HOOCCOOH HOOCCOO
-

/ C6H5NH3 C6H5NH2
+

10

pH=7,00

11 pH

7,00

12

OH

H3O
+

13

14



K W H3O x OH

15
pH= 3 , 7 11

pH= 3

pH= 7

pH= 11

16 pH
[H3O ] (fx-991MS)

+

[H3O ]=2,50x10 M
+ -3

pH= -log[H3O+]= -log2,50x10-3

log 2 . 50 EXP 3
17

pH8,0 9,6

61
IV

1 pH

-


NH4OH

n 0NH4OH C x V
C 0,050M ; V 25mL 25x103 L
n 0NH4OH 0, 050 x 25x103 1, 25x103 mol

-


HNO3

n 0HNO3 C x V
C 0,050M ; V 25mL 25x103 L
n 0HNO3 0,050 x 25x103 1, 25x103 mol

n HNO3
0
n 0NH4OH 1, 25x103 mol

pH=7

2

H3O (aq) OH (aq)

HNO 3 (aq) H2O l H3O (aq) NO3 (aq)

-
n HNO3
C HNO3
V
3
n HNO3 0,100mol ; V 125ml 125x10 L
0,100
HNO3 0,8M
125x103
1mol HNO3 1mol H3O

0,8M HNO3 H3O H3O

H3O 0,8M
14

H3O x OH Ke 1,0 x10 (Ke 1,0 x1014 T 250 C)
1, 0x1014
OH 1, 25x1014 M
0,8
3

H3O

pH log H3O H3O 10pH

pH=4,08

H3O 104,08 100,92 x105 8,31x105 M

62
 pOH

pH pOH pKe (pKe 14 T 250 C)

pOH 14 4, 08 9, 92
4

KOH
CB x VB

CA x VA CB x VB VA
CA
CB 0,195M ; VB 17,35mL ; CA 0,25M
0,195 x17, 35
VA 13, 53mL
0, 25
5

NaOH
CA x VA

CA x VA CB x VB CB
VB
CA 0,126M ; VB 25,0mL ; VA 35,7mL
0,126 x35, 7
CB 0,18M
25, 0
6

HNO3
CB x VB

CA x VA CB x VB VA
CA
CB 0,24M ; VB 75,0mL ; CA 0,31M
0, 24 x75
VA 58, 06mL
0, 31

?
1


KOH5,50mL 0,360M pOH

2



NaOH 546mL

pH=10,00

3



18,4g 662mL

pH

?(
)

4

HA 0,10M ?

a pH1,00

b [H ] >>[A ]
+ -

63
 c [H ] =[A ]
+ -

d pH

5
Ka
?

Ka ?

6

pH ?

/ HCOOH 0,40M /HClO4 0,40M /CH3COOH 0,40M

7
0,10MpH 6,20 Ka

()
0,20M Ka=3,0x10
-4

NH3 0,080M NH4 ?
+
9

10
Ka Kb NH3

NH4

Ka Kb
+

11 HSO4 ; SO24 H
KHSO4 0,20M

1


KOH
nC x V
C 0,360M ;V 5,50mL 5,50x103 L

n 0,36 x 5,5x103 1,98x103 mol

pOH


2 K OH
KOH
H O

pOH log OH

C OH 0,360M

pOH log 0,360 0, 44

2

mNaOH n NaOH x M (1)

MNaOH 23 16 1 40gmol1

64
 pH pOH pK e
pOH pK e pH
log OH 14 pH

OH 10pH 14

pH=10

OH 101014 104 M

OH
-

n OH x V
OH

V 546mL 546 x103 L

n 1,0 x104 x 564x103 5, 46x105 mol

OH

(1) mNaOH 5, 46x105 x 40 2,18 x103 g

3 pH

pH log H3O (1)

m
n ; M HCl 1 35,5 36,5gmol 1
M
m 18, 4g
18, 4
n 0,50mol
36,5


[H3O ]
+

H3O n
V
V 662mL 662 x10 3 L
0,50
H3O 3
7,50 x10 1 M
662 x10
(1) pH log 7,50x10 1 0,12
4
HA C

5

Ka

Ka

KaKa

6

pH ?

65
 pH log H3O

/ HCOOH 0,4M

H3O (aq) HCOO (aq)
HCOOH(aq) H 2 O(l)

H3O x HCOO
Ka ; H O HCOO
3 (
)
HCOOH

[HCOOH]=[HCOOH]
0 [H3O ]
+
( [HCOOH]0 >>[H3O+] )
[HCOOH] [HCOOH]0

H3O K a x HCOOH 0

K a 1,80x104 ; HCOOH 0 0, 4M

H3O 1,80x10 4 x0, 4 8, 48x10 3 M

pH log 8, 48x103 2, 07
/ HClO4 O,4M

HClO4 (aq) H 2 O(l) H3O (aq) ClO 4 (aq)

H3O HClO4 0, 40M

pH log 0, 40 0,39
/ CH3COOH 0,4M

H3O (aq) CH3COO (aq)
CH3COOH(aq) H 2 O(l)

H3O x CH3COO
Ka ; H O CH COO (
)
CH3COOH 3 3

[CH3COOH]=[CH
3COOH]0 [H3O ]
+
( [CH3COOH]0 >>[H3O+] )
[CH3COOH] [CH3COOH]0

H3O K a x CH3COOH 0

K a 1,80x105 ; CH 3COOH 0 0, 4M

H3O 1,80x10 5 x0, 4 2, 68x10 3 M

pH log 2, 68x103 2, 57
pH


CH3COOH

7 Ka

HA

66

A (aq) H 3O (aq)
HA(aq) H 2 O(l)

2
H3O
Ka
HA
H3O 10pH 106,20 6,3x107 M

HA HA 0 H3O
HA HA 0 0,10M

6, 3x10 7 2

Ka 3, 97x1012
0,10
8 /

HA

HA(aq) H 2 O(l)
A (aq) H 3O (aq)
A x H3O
Ka
HA
A H 3O
; HA HA 0 H 3O
HA HA 0
2
H3O
Ka H3O
K a x HA 0
HA 0
K a 3, 0x10 4 ; HA 0 0, 20M


H3O 3, 0x10 4 x0, 20 7, 74x10 3 M
H3O 3
x100 7, 74x10 x100 3, 87%
HA 0 0, 20

9 NH4+
NH 4
%NH 4 x100 (1)
NH3 0

NH 4 (aq) OH (aq)
NH3 (aq) H 2 O(aq)
K b 1,80x10 5
2
NH 4 x OH NH 4
Kb NH K x NH
b 3 0
NH3 NH3 0 4
NH3 0 0, 080M
NH 4 1,80x105 x0, 080 1, 20x103 M

1, 20x103
(1) %NH 4 x100 1,50%
0, 080

67
NH4 1,50%
+

10
KaKb

NH 4 (aq) OH (aq)
NH3 (aq) H 2 O(aq)

NH 4 x OH
Kb (1)
NH3
H3O (1)
NH 4 x OH
K b x H3O
x H O
3
NH 3

NH 4 x OH x H 3O

Kb
NH3 x H3O

( NH 4 H 2 O NH 3 H 3O K a )

1 K
Kb x OH x H 3O w
Ka Ka
Ka x Kb K w

11 HSO4 ; SO4 H
- 2- +

KHSO4 (aq)
2 K (aq) HSO (aq)
H O
4

HSO 4 KHSO 4 0, 20M

0

H (aq) SO 42 K a 1, 20x102
HSO 4 (aq)
2
2
H x SO 24 H
Ka2

HSO 4 HSO 4
0
H K a 2 x HSO 4 1, 20x102 x0, 20 0, 020M
0

H SO 24
0, 020M
HSO 4 HSO 4 H 0, 20 0, 020 0,18M
0

68

:

(
)

Ex: 2 SO2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 SO3 (g)

Ex: H2CO3 (aq) + H2O ( l ) H3O + HCO3 (aq)

+ -
(aq)

Ex: aA + bB cC + dD

( a, b, c, d )

1.

?

2.
K ?

3.
K ?

4.

4HCl( g ) O2( g ) 2Cl2( g ) 2H 2O( g )
5.


2HI ( g ) H 2( g ) I 2 ( g )
6.


Cl H3O
- +

HCl( aq) H 2O(l ) H 3O ( aq) Cl ( aq)

69
 K

K


110 2 , 110 3 , 110 5 ?

7.
H 2( g ) Cl2 ( g ) 2HCl( g ) 1227 C 

0

H 2 Cl2 4.5 103 mol .L1
HCl 62.5103 mol .L1 K ?
8.
H 2( g ) I 2 ( g ) 2HI ( g ) 425 C
0


H 2 1.83101 mol .L1 , I 2 3.13103 mol .L1


HCl 1.77 102 mol .L1 K ?

9. HI I 2 H 2 425 C
0
  

I 2 H 2 4.79 104 mol .L1 K 54.3 
10.
N 2 , H2 NH 3
773K
  

N 2 0.602mol .L1 , H 2 0.420mol .L1



NH 3 0.113mol .L1

N 2( g ) 3 H 2( g ) 2 NH 3( g )
11.

XY2 Z ( g ) Y2( g ) XZ ( g )

627 C 5L


0

n( XY2Z ) 0.084mol, n(Y2 ) 0.035mol n( XZ ) 0.059mol



K 627 C
0


12.

873 C

0

SO2 1.50mol .L1 ,

O2 1.25mol .L1 SO3 3.50mol .L1 

1.

2.

70
3.

4.

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

5.


( ) ( ) ( )

6. ( ) () ( ) ( )

HCl

7. ( ) ( ) ( )

t=227 C 4,5.10 M 4,5.10 M 62,5.10 M

0 -3 -3 -3

K
( )
( )( )
K = 192,90

8. ( ) ( ) ( )

t=425 C 1,83.10 M 3,13.10 M 1,77.10 M

0 -1 -3 -2

K
( )
( )( )
K = 0,546

9. HI

: ( ) ( ) ( )

t=425 C4,79.10 M 4,79.10 M

0 -4 -4

K= 54,3

( )
[HI] = 3,53.10 M
-3

10. K 773K

: ( ) ( ) ( )

0,602M 0,420M 0,113M

71
 ( )
( )( )
K = 0,286

11. K

: ( ) ( ) ( )

0,084mol 0,035mol 0,059mol

12.K 873K

:
( ) ( ) ( )

1,50mol.l 1,25mol.l 3,50mol.l

-1 -1 -1

( )
( )
K = 4,25

13.
( ) 4,17.10 25 C
-34 0
( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

14.
700 C :
0

( ) ( ) ( )


H2 2,50mol, S2 1,35.10 mol H2S 8,70mol
-5

12L

15.
NH3, N2 H2

[NH3] = 0,25M, [N2] = 0,11M [H2] = 1,91M

. ( ) ( ) ( )

. ( ) ( ) ( )

16. Kp ? Kp

. ( ) ( ) ( )

72
 . ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

17. Kc Kp(
)

. ( ) ( ) ( )

. ( ) ( ) ( )

. ( ) ( ) ( ) ()

. ( ) ( ) ( )

18.
( ) ( ) ( )

N2, O2NO 0,15atm ; 0,33atm 0,050atm

Kp 2200 C
0

19. Kp ( ) 1,05 250 C

0
( ) ( )

PCl5, PCl3Cl2 0,177atm; 0,223atm 0,111atm

250 C

0

? ?

20.

. ( ) ( ) ( )

. ( ) ( ) ( )

Kc

( ) ( ) ( )

13.
( ) ( ) ( )K = 4,17.10-34

( ) ( ) ( )

14.

( ) ( ) ( )

2,50mol 1,35.10 mol 8,70mol

-5

12L

73


( )
( ) ( )
15.
NH3

. ( ) ( ) ( )

0,11M 1,91M 0,25M

( )
( ) ( )

= 0,0815

= 8,15.10
-2

. ( ) ( ) ( )

,11M 1,91M 0,25M

( ) ( )

16. Kp

Kp

. ( ) ( ) ( )

( Kp:
)

. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

17. K, Kp ()

. ( ) ( ) ( )

. ( ) ( ) ( )

. ( ) ( ) ( ) ()

. ( ) ( ) ( )

74
18. Kp 2200 C
0

: ( ) ( ) ( )

0,15atm 0,33atm 0,05atm

( )

Kp = 5.10
-2

19.
( ) ( ) ( )

Kp= 1,05

Qp< Kp :




(

) PCl3 Cl2

PCl5

20.
:

. ( ) ( ) ( )

. ( ) ( ) ( )

Kc

( ) ( ) ( )

()

. ( ) ( ) ( ) (x 2)

. ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

75
 :

Ex : ( ) ( ) ( )

()

(
)

()

(
) K

( )

1.

2.

3.

4.

. 3O2( g ) 2O3( g )
. H 2( g ) Cl2 ( g ) 2HCl( g )

76
 . 2 N 2( g ) O2 ( g ) 2 N 2O( g )
. SO2( g ) 12 O2 ( g ) SO3( g )

5.

. 2H 2O( aq) 2H 2O (l ) O2( g )

. NH 4Cl( s ) NH 3( g ) HCl( g )
. CO( g ) H 2O( g ) CO2( g ) H 2( g )
. N 2( g ) O2 ( g ) 2 NO( g )

6.



?

.
O2 4 NH 4( g ) O2( g ) 4 NO( g ) 6H 2O( g )

.
O2 2Cl2( g ) O2( g ) 2Cl2O( g )

.
C C( s ) 1
O2( g ) CO( g )
2

7.

?

.
CO( g ) H 2O( g ) CO2( g ) H 2( g )
. CH 4 ( g ) H 2O( g )
CO( g ) 3 H 2( g )
heat

.
CO2 CaCO3 ( s ) H 2O(l ) CO2 ( g ) Ca( HCO3 ) 2( aq)

. 2SO2( g ) O2 ( g ) 2SO3( g )

8.

. NaCl 10 g

1.0mol .L
1


.
HCOONa
100mL 
2M 

HCOOH

2M

9.
2CO2( g ) 2 CO( g ) O2( g )
CO2 4.55 10 mol .L1
4


.

CO O2 ?


.

CO O2
?


77


1.

2.




:

3.

4.

. ( ) ( )

. ( ) ( ) ( )

. ( ) ( ) ( )

. ( ) ( ) ( )

5.

. ( ) () ( )

. ( ) ( ) ( )

78
 . ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

. ( ) ( ) ( )

6.

. O
2

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

. O2

( ) ( ) ( )

. C

( ) ( ) ( )

C
C

7.

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

.


( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

. CO2

( ) () ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

8.

. NaCl 10g HCl 1mol.l

-1

79

2
NaCl, HCl

. HCOONa
100ml HCOOH 2M

2
HCOONa, HCOOH

9.

( ) ( ) ( )

.
4,55.10 mol.l .s
-4 -1 -1

.
CO O2
0

10. H2 0,500mol I2 0,500mol

1L 430 C ( ) 54,3
0
( ) ( )

H2, I2 HI

11. ( ) 700 C
0
( ) ( ) ( )

0,534 0,300mol CO0,300molH2O

10,0L

700 C
H2
0

12.

( ) ( )

, 100 C


0

13. ( NH4CO2NH2)

( ) ( ) ( )

( NH3 +CO2 ) 0,363atm Kp

14.

4,63.10 527 C
-3 0
( ) ( )

( )

0,760atm

15.
( NOCl ) 240 C 1,00L
0

1atm
NOCl 0,64atm

( ) ( ) ( )

80
 .
NO Cl2

. Kp

16.
SO2Cl2 6,57g 2,00L 648 K

SO2 0,0345mol Kc
( ) ( ) ( )

10. H2, I2 HI

: ( ) ( ) ( )

. 0,500mol 0,500mol 0

. x -x + 2x

(0,5 x) (0,5 x) + 2x

( )
( )( )
( )
( )

( )

11.
H2

: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

0,300mol CO 0,300mol H2O

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

0,300mol 0,300mol 0 0

. -x -x +x +x

(0,300-x) (0,300-x) +x +x

( )( )

( )

81
 ( )
( )

12.

( ) ( )

0,377atm 1,56atm

13. Kp

( ) ( ) ( )

x 2x x

2x + x = 0,363

3x = 0,363

( )
( )
14.

( ) ( ) ( )

0,760atm 0 0

. -x +x +x

(0,760-x) +x +x

( )

n = 2-1 =1
( )

( )
( )

82
 ( ) ( )( )

15. .
NO Cl2

( ) ( ) ( )

. PNOCl 0 0

. -2x +2x +x

(PNOCl- 2x) +2x +x

PNOCl- 2x = 0,64atm

PT = 0,64 + 2x + x

1 = 0,64 + 3x

3x = 1,0 - 0,64

. Kp

( )

16. Kc

( ) ( ) ( )

6,57g0,034mol

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

0,0486mol 0 0

83

-x +x +x

(0,0486-x) 0,034 0,034

:
-

Ka KK

[H2O]

K [H2O] = Ka

( ) () ( ) ( )
( ) () ( ) ( )

( ) () ( ) ( )
( ) () ( ) ( )

84


pH

KCl NaNO3..

OH CH3COONa HCOONa.
-

H3O NH4Cl
+

1.

?

2.
HA ?

3.
?

4.

KW 25o C


5.


?

. 20mL
HNO3 0.5M
 20mL
 KNO3


0.5M

. 20mL
HCOOH () 1.0M
 20mL

HCOONa 1.0M


. 20mL
HNO2 0.5M
 20mL
 KCl


0.5M

6.


?

. HSO4 ( aq) OH ( aq) SO42 ( aq) H 2O(l )

. H 2 PO4 ( aq) H 2O (l ) H 3 PO4 ( aq) OH ( aq)
. PO33 ( aq) H 2O (l ) HPO42 ( aq) OH ( aq)
. ClO ( aq) H 3O ( aq) HClO2( aq) H 2O(l )
. C5 H 5 NH ( aq) OH ( aq) C5 H 5 N ( aq) H 2O(l )

85
 . HS OH ( aq) S 2 ( aq) H 2O(l )

( aq)

7.
0.100M

. NH 4ClO4 . Na2 S . NaClO3 . KNO2  . CH 3COOLi 

 

. Li2CO3 . NH 4 HSO4 . CaCl2 . KNO3 . NH 4 NO3

   

8. pH
H 3O 1.00 105 M


OH 1.00 105 M


9. pH

(CH 3COOH )
0.170M 



10. H O
3

(C H OH ) 0.125M
 6 5

K 1.3 10 M

6

C6 H 5OH( aq) H 2O(l ) C6 H 5O ( aq) H 3O ( aq)

11.
HA 0.400M
 pH 2.93


K a HA 

12. .

(CH 3 NH 2 )

A 0.314M


B 0.100M


C 0.0314M


13.



1L

0.150mol
0.250mol


1.

2.
HA

( ) () ( ) ( )

86
3.

4.

Kw
25 C
0

5.

:

. 20ml HNO3 0,5M 20ml KNO30,5M

HNO3

. 20ml HCOOH 1,0M 20ml HCOONa 1,0M

HCOOH

. 20ml HNO2 0,5M 20ml KCl 0,5M

KCl

HNO2

6.

:

. ( ) ( ) ( ) ()

. H 2 PO4 ( aq) H 2O (l ) H 3 PO4 ( aq) OH ( aq)

H3PO4 / HPO42 H2O / OH

. ( ) () ( ) ( )

. ( ) ( ) ( ) ()

. ( ) ( ) ( ) ()

. ( ) ( ) ( ) ()

7.
,
,

NH4ClO4, NH4HSO4, NH4NO3

Na2S, NaClO3, KNO2, CH3COOH, Li2CO3

CaCl2, KNO3

87
8. pH
[H3O ] = 1,00.10 M

+ -5

[OH ] = 1,00.10 M
- -5

pH [H3O ] = 10 M
+ -5

pH [OH ] = 10 M
- -5

[H3O ] [OH ] = 10
+ - -14

[H3O ]
+

9. pH
0,170M

( )

10. [H3O ]
+

( ) () ( ) ( )

. 0,125M 0 0

. x +x +x

(0,125x) +x +x

( )

( )
x
0,125 - x = 0,125

( )

11. KaHA

( ) () ( ) ( )

88
 0,400M

pH = 2,93

12.

A, B, C

A 0,314M CH3NH2

: CH3 NH 2 H 2 CH 3 NH 3 OH

[ ]

[ ]

B 0,100M CH3NH2

C 0,0314M CH3NH2

13.

( )

0,150mol

V=1L

89
 =
CH3COOH HCl

n 1,50
CCH3COOH CH 3COOH 0 0, 25mol.l 1
Vs 1

? 4

4NH3 (g) 5O2 (g)

4NO(g) 6H2O(g) Heat
1
2

. 1

. 2

2 NH 3( g ) 3H 2( g ) N 2( g ) ?

. K
H 2 N 2 . K
NH 3
NH 3 H 2 N 2 

. K
H 2 3 N 2 . K
NH 3 2
NH 3 2 H 2 2 N 2 

A , B , C D 

A. 0.400mol HCl 
0.200mol 
NaOH 

B. 0.400mol CH 3COOH 0.400mol 

NaOH 


C. 0.200mol CH 3COONa 0.200mol

 HCl 


D. 0.200mol CH 3COONa 0.200mol

 CH 3COOH
 

. A . B . C . D

II

1
.................................

2
................................

90

.............................

III

N 2( g ) O2( g ) 2 NO( g ) K


2
N 2 O2 2 N 2( g ) O2( g ) 2 N 2O( g )
 
K

3
2CO2( g ) 2CO( g ) O2( g )





?

.
CO . O2  .

. CO2 .
.

2 N 2( g ) O2( g ) 2 N 2O( g )
IV

1
CO( g ) H 2O( g ) CO2( g ) H 2( g )

CO H 2O 0.800mol.L1 , CO2 H 2 0.200mol.L1 

2

CO2 H 2




CO( g ) H 2O( g ) CO2( g ) H 2( g )
0.500mol
CO
 1.00mol


1L 

1000 C CO2 0.35mol.L K

1

0

3
HA 0.250M


H 3O 6.16 10 M
6
  
K a HA 

HA( aq) H 2O(l ) H 3O ( aq) A ( aq)

4
0.350M B


OH M
5
 7.1110


K b B


B( aq) H 2O(l ) BH ( aq) OH ( aq)


91
 5

H 3O

0.400M


CH 3COOH( aq) H 2O(l ) HCOO ( aq) H 3O ( aq)

K a 1.7 104

6
HA 0.100M
 pH 5.11

K a HA


7

pH
0.747M

8
HA 0.200M
 pH 3.73

K a HA 

9
B 0.150M
 pH
 10.73 
K b B


10
1L

. 0.170mol
(HF ) 0.120mol 
(NaF )
 

. 0.290mol
(HF ) 0.120mol



. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

.
1

. 2

. : ( ) ( ) ( )

.


?

. D

92
. :

.
......
.

...
...

( ) ( ) ( )

. ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

. CO

. O2

. CO2

V.

1.

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

93


2. K

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

. 0,500mol 1mol 0 0

. -x -x +x +x

(0,5-x) (1-x) x x = 0,35mol

V = 1L

( )

3. Ka HA

: ( ) () ( ) ( )

Ca =0,250M 6,16.10 M
-6

( )

4. Kb
B

: ( ) () ( ) ( )

0,350M 7,11.10 M
-5

( )

5. [H3O ]
+

94


( ) () ( ) ( )

0,400M 0 0

. x x x

(0,4-x) x x

( )

( )

( )
K
x

0,4 x = 0,4

( )

6. Ka HA

( ) () ( ) ( )

0,1M

pH = 5,11

( )

7. [H3O] pH

+

0,747M 0 0

. x x x

(0,747x) x x
[ ]

( )

95
 K
x

( )

8. Ka HA

( ) () ( ) ( )

0,200M 0 0

pH = 3,73

( )

9. Kb

: ( ) () ( ) ( )

0,150M

pH = 10,73

( )

96
10.

[H3O ]
+

. 0,170mol
(HF) 0,120mol NaF

( ) ( )

0,120mol 0,120mol 0,120mol

( ) () ( ) ( )

0,170mol 0,120mol 0

. x +x +x

(0,170 x) (0,120 + x) +x

( )
( )
K
x

[H3O ] = 9,5.10 mol.l
+ -4 -1

. 0,290mol
(HF) 0,120mol NaOH

0,290mol0,120mol0,120mol

( ) ( )

0,17 0,12 0

-x (x + 0,12) +x
( )
( )
K
x

97


Pa

98
 - - Atm - 1atm=101325Pa

(Bar) - Bar -1bar = 100025 Pa = 10 Pa

5
-

- mmHg - 1mmHg = 133.322 Pa

-

-
- Pa - 1Pa = 1 Pa

- - Psi - 1psi = 6.89286 10 Pa

3

- torr - 1torr = 133.322 Pa

-

1.


?

2.

?

3.


?

4.

?

5.
50 c 12.33KPa (
)

0

6.

58KPa
?

7. 28psi
14psi

KPa?

1.

2.

99
 3.

4.

5.
mmHg

12.33KPa=12330Pa

133.322Pa=1mmHg

12330Pa=xmmHg
12330
x mmHg = 92.483mmHg
133.322

6.
atm

101.325Pa=1atm

58KPa=58000Pa=xatm
58000
x atm = 0.572 atm
101325

KPa

=+

=28 psi+14 psi=42psi

1psi=6.8928610 Pa=6.89286KPa
3

32psi = 32 6.89286 = KPa

(Robert Boyle)

P1V1 = P2V2

100


V = k.n

V :
; k : ; n :

1


?

2


?

3

?

6
NO2

100ml

7
3.00ml 25 C 1.00atm

0

20.00atm
.

8 8.010 L775mmHg


5

622mmHg

9 480ml1.0amt

4.0amt
?

101
 10
8.00L27 C1atm

0

-50 C1amt

0

11 2.50L200 C
0

2.20L

12
10.0L80.0KPa27.0 C

0

KPa 125 C?

0

13
122KPa25 C


0

204KPa

14 30.0psi20 C
0

50 C
0

psi 1psi=6.8928610
3

15
330ml 273K

400ml
?

16

30L15amt

0.90amt?

1.

P1V1 P2V2
2.

3.


-

102


4.

( C)
o

( 1atm)
22.4 L

5.

6.
NO2

V=Kn ( n NO2 nH 2 )
VNO2 VH 2 100mL
7.
20.00atm
P1V1

P1V1 P2V2 V2
P2
P1=1.00atm V1=3.00L

P2=20.00atm
1.00 3.00
V2 0.15L
20.00
8.
P1V1
P1V1 P2V2 V2
P2
V1 = 8.010 L P1=775mmHg
5

P2=622mmHg

8.0 105 L 775mmHg

V2 9.9678 105 L
622mmHg
9.
P1V1
P1V1 P2V2 V2
P2
P1=1.0amt V1=480ml

P2=4.0amt

103
 480mL 1.0atm
V2 120mL
4.0atm
10.

V1 V2 VT
V2 1 2
T1 T2 T1
V1=8.00L T2=-50 C=273K+(-50)=223K
0

T1=27 C=273K+27=300K
0

8.00 223
V2 5.946 L
300
11.
V1 V VT
2 T2 2 1
T1 T2 V1

V2=2.20L T1=200 C=273K+200K=473K

0

V1=2.50L
2.20 473
T2 416.24 o K 143.24 oC
2.50
12.
KPa

P1 P2 TP
P2 2 1
T1 T2 T1
T2=125 C=125+273=398K P1=80.0KPa
0

T1=27 C=273+27=300K
0

80.0 KPa 398

P2 106.133KPa
300
13.

P1 P2 TP
T2 1 2
T1 T2 P1
T1=25 C=273+25=298K P2=204KPa
0

P1=122KPa

204 KPa 298 o K

T2 498.29 o K 225.295 oC
122 KPa

104
 14.
P1 P2 TP
P2 2 1
T1 T2 T1

T2=50 C=273+50=323K P1=30.0psi

0

T1=20 C=20+273=293K
0

30.0 323
P2 33.071 psi
293
15.

V1 V2 VT
T2 2 1
T1 T2 V1

V2=400ml T1=273K

V1=330ml
400mL 273
T2 330.9090 o K 57.9090 oC
330mL
16. VO2
P1V1
P1V1 P2V2 V2
P2

P1=15atm V1=30L

P2=0.90atm
30 L 15
V2 500 L 0.5 mL
0.90

(P)(V) (T)

(n)

PV = nRT

P atm

V
L

n
mol

105
 R = 0.0821 L.atm/K.mol

T

K ( 0 C = 273 K )
o

VA dB VA MB

VB dA VB MA

MB
A

MB
B

P = PA + PB + PC + .

1



?

4



?

5

?

7
20L25 C96,8KPa?
0

8


22,5L
?

N2 ( g ) 3H 2 ( g ) 2 NH3 ( g )
9

25L450K

5,0KPa?

10
2,24L
23 C
0

92,5KPa

2 Na(s) 2H 2O(l ) 2 NaOH (aq) H 2 ( g )

106
1.

-
P1V1 P2V2
V1 V2
-
T1 T2
P1 P2
-
T1 T2
-
V = K n

2.


(P) (V)

(T)
(R)
(n)

PV = nRT

P atm

V
L

n
mol

R = 0.0821 L.atm/K.mol

T

K ( 0 C = 273 K )
o

3.

P
= PA + PB + PC +..+ Pn

4.

5.

6.

7.

Ar

VP
PV = nRT n
RT

107
 P=96.8KPa=96.810 Pa=0.9553atm
3

V=20.0L

T=25 C=298K
o

R=0.0821L.atm/mol.K
0.9553 20
n 0.781mol
0.0821 298
8. V NH3

N 2 (g) 3H 2 (g) 2 NH 3 (g)

nN 2 3mol n NH 3 2mol
VN 2 22.5 L x L
22.5 2
x 15 L
3

9

SO2
VP
PV = nRT n
RT
P = 5.0 KPa ,V=4.0L,T=450K ,

R=0.0821L.atm/mol.K=8.314L.KPa/mol.K
5.0 4.0
n 5.346 10 3 mol 0.0053mol
8.314 450

10 Na

mNa n Na x MNa



PV 92.5 2.24
nH 2 0.0842mol
RT 8.314 296
nNa 2nH 2 2 0.0842 0.1684mol
m
n m nM 0.1684 23 3.8732 g
M

108


1.12L

11.12L

22.4L

25L

II

amt

mmHg

III

109


NH3

HCl
NH
4Cl

NH3 ( g ) HCl g NH 4Cl ( S )

NH3 HCl

? a, b c ?

IV

80mL 2amt

(25 C,1amt)
0

1.2Kg/m 0.19Kg
3

70m
7.5amt

50.0mL

1amt?

8.44L65 C

0

7.74L

100KPa25 C
0

-196 C

0

26KPa

50.0dm
20.0g
70.0g
3

20 C
0

110


22.4L

II

1amt

760mmHg

III

111


P1V1=P2V2(V) (P)

VA dB VA MB

AB dA VB MA

VNH3 M NH3 17
0.68
VHCl M HCl 36.5
NH3HCl0.68

IV

1.

VP 80 2
PV=nRT n = 6.539mol
RT 0.0821 298

m
n m nM 6.539 29 189.652 g 0.189 Kg
M

112
 2.

P1V1
P1V1 P2V2 V2 7.5 500 375mL
P2
3.

V1 V2 V T 7.74 338
T2 2 1 309.967 K
T1 T2 V1 8.44

4.

P1 P2 P T 100 77
P2 1 2 25.84 KPa
T1 T2 T1 298
5. .
He&O2

+
He(PHe)

mRT 20 0.0821 293

PV = nRT
m m
(n ) PV RT P 2.405atm
M M MV 4 50

+
O2( PO2 )

m m mRT 70 0.0821 293

PV = nRT (n ) PV RT P 1.0524atm
M M MV 32 50

P = PHe + PO2 = 2.405 + 1.0524 = 3.4574 atm

1. 562 mmHg KPa & 2.0 KPa mmHg

2.
725 mL 0.970 atm

0.521 atm
?

3. 46 C
5.3 atm

o

(0.10)

?

4.
36.4L25 C 88 C
o o

5.
2.3 L 32 C
o

4.7 atm

6.
6 30.4 L

( atm ) 62 C
o

113
7. 741 torr 44 C 7.10 g
5.40 L
o

8. SF420 C0.100g

o

22.1 mL 1.02 atm

?

9. 2.5 L 15 C N2 , He & Ne 0.32

o

atm N2 , 0.15 atm He 0.42 atm Ne

10.
0.31 (CH4) , 0.25 mol C2H60.29 mol C3H8

1.50 atm

1. + 1mmHg=133.322Pa

562mmHg=x

x = 562 133.322 = 74926.964Pa= 74.926964KPa

+ 1 mmHg = 133.322 Pa = 0.133322 KPa

x mmHg = 2.0 KPa

= = 15.003 mmHg

2. V2

P1V1 725mL 0.970atm

P1V1 = P2V2 V2 = = 1349.80mL
P2 0.521atm

3. P2

P1V1 V1
P1V1 = P2V2 P2 = (V2= )
V2 10

P1V1 P1 5.3atm
P2 = 0.53atm
V1 10 10
10

114
4.

V1 V2 VT 36.4 L 298
V2 1 2 30.0476 L
T1 T2 T1 361
5.


PV 4.7 atm 2.3 L
PV nRT n 0.4317 mol
RT 0.0821 305
6.

nRT 6 mol 0.0821 335
PV nRT P 5.428 atm
V 30.4 L

7.

PV
PV nRT n ( P = 741 torr = 741 133.322 Pa = 98791.602 Pa , 1atm = 101325Pa
RT
98791.602
P 0.975 atm )
101325
0.975 5.40
n 0.2023 mol
0.0821 317
m m 7.10
n M 35.096 g.mol -1
M n 0.2023
8.

PV 1.02 22.01 10 -3
PV nRT n 9.37 10 -4 mol
RT 0.0821 293


m m 0.1
n M 106.72 g.mol -1
M n 9.37 10 -4

( SF4 ) x 106.72 ( 32 (4 19)) x 106.72 (108) x 106.72 x 1

SF
4

9. P

P = PN2 PHe PNe 0.32 0.15 0.42 0.89 atm

10.

PA=XAPT

CH4

115
 nCH 4 0.31 0.31
X CH 4 0.3647
nCH 4 nC2 H 6 nC3 H 8 0.31 0.25 0.29 0.85
0.25
X C2 H 6 0.2941
0.85
0.29
X C3 H 8 0.3412
0.85
PCH 4 0.3647 1.50 0.5470 atm
PC2 H 6 0.2941 1.50 0.44115 atm
PC3 H 8 0.3412 1.50 0.5118 atm

6
1 -

(R_COOH)
(_OH)

( _OR)

(
)

( )

Ca Mg


2+ 2+

116



_COOH

()

(
)

?
1.

2.

3.
?

4.

. NaOH . H 2 ( Ni ) 


5.

884 g ?

6.



0.4mol

40.8 g
?

7. 2.2 g
4.4 g



()

117


( _COO )



-

.


:

. NaOH

.H2 ( Ni )

. 884g/mol

118


( )

CnH2n-COOH n = 17 C17H34-COOH

0,4mol

m = 40,8g

60 + 120 + 18

2,2g 4,4g

1mol CnH2nO2 CO2 = n mol

Xmol CnH2nO2 CO2 =0,1mol

( )

( )

119
 C
4H8O2

R NH2 I R NH R II III

(
H ) (
H ) (
H)

2-


N-


N,N-

H


+

IV

(R-X X

F ; Cl ; Br I)

()

120


-


(R-X)

R X 2NH3 R NH2 NH4 X

I

-


I

R C N 4(H)
Ni;t;1000atm
R CH2 NH2

(R-COOH) -OH

(-NH2)

(-NH2)
3

R CO NH2 I R CO NH R II III
CH3 CO NH2 CH3 CO NH CH3

N-

N, N-

( )

t 100 C
Ex CH3 CO NH2 H2O CH3 COOH NH3

CH3 COO C2 H5 NH3 CH3 CO NH2 C2 H5OH

-

CH3 CO Cl 2NH3 CH3 CO NH2 NH4Cl

-

CH3 CO O CO CH3 NH3 CH3 CO NH2 CH3COOH

-

CH3COOH NH3 CH3 CO NH2 H2O

121
 3

(-COOH)

/ 1
Cl CH2 COOH 2NH3 NH2 CH2 COOH NH4Cl





/ 2

(-CO-NH- )

2
?

4
?

5
?

/ /
N,N-
/N,N-

/ 3-

7



-(Ala)

8
II 61,02% 23,73%

15,25%

?

122
9

6g



? ?

10 0,2mol 24,5g -
20,6g
-

1
R NH2
R CO NH2

H NH3 R

CO NH2 NH2

COOH
NH2

5
20

/
CH3 CH2 CH2 CO NH2

/ N, N -

/ N, N -

/ 3-

123
8
II

R NH R ' Cx H y N

12x 14 y

%C %N %H
%C=61,02% ; %N=23,73% ; %H= 15,25%
12x 14 y

61, 02 23, 73 15, 25
61, 02 x14
x 3
12 x 23, 73
14 x15, 25
y 9
23, 73
C3H9N

II CH3 CH2 NH CH3

2NH3 CO2 H2 N CO NH2 H2O

m
n
M
m= 6g M =12+16+(14x2)+4 =60 gmol
-1

6
n 0,1mol
60
-

V
n V n xVm
Vm
Vm =22,4L
V 0,1x22, 4 2, 24L

VCO2 VH2 NCO NH2 2, 24L

124

2,24L

2,24L

10

Cn H2n 1O2 Cl

MCn H2n 1O2Cl 12n 2n 1 (16x2) 35,5 14n 66,5 g.mol1

m
M
n
m= 24,5g n=0,2mol
24,5
M 122,5g.mol1
0, 2
14n 66,5 122,5
122,5 66,5
n 4
14
C4 H7 O2 Cl

CH3 CH2 CHCl COOH

-NO2 -NH2

125
 -OH

-CHO

(-COOH)

m-


p-

2,4- p-

O-

126


246g


80%?

(
)

(NaOH)

127
.

m-


p-

2,4- p-

O-

/ m-

/ P-

/ P-

128


246g Rd=80%

mC6H5 NO2
n C6H5 NO2 (MC6H5 NO2 123g.mol1 )
MC6H5 NO2
246
n C6H5 NO2 2mol
123
nC6H5 NO2 nC6H5 NH2 2mol

Rd
=80%

n C6H5 NH2
n C6H5 NH2
x80

100

2
x80 1, 6mol
100
mnC n C6H5 NH2 xMC6H5 NH2 (MC6H5 NH2 93g.mol1 )
6H5 NH2

mnC 1,6 x 93 148,8g

6H5 NH2

Cm(H2O)n

C6H12O6

(-OH) (-CO- )

129


2 1

2 2

2 3

(C6H10O5)n

3 1

3 2

130


1
(
AgNO3
)

5
nM=1750000g.mol
-1

M=5900000g.mol
-1

6

?

AgNO3 NH3 Ag(NH3 )2 NO3

Ag(NH3 )2

131
/

H2 NaBH4 -OH
6

(C6 H10O5 )n n(H2O) nC6 H12O6

= +

>

4




(C6 H10O5 )n n(H2O) nC6 H12O6 2nC2 H5OH 2nCO2

(C6 H10 O5 )n

/ M=1750000 g.mol
-1

M= (12x6)+10+(5x16)=162g.mol
-1

1750000
n 10803
162
10803

/ M=5900000g.mol
-1

5900000
n 36420
162
36420

132
?

CH3 CH 2 CO NH 2

CH3 COO C2 H 5

/ /

/ /

/ /

/ /

II

..

..

III

Cl CO Cl 2 NH3 H 2 N CO NH 2 2HCl

56L

500g
?

133
3

12g

10,56g

4



20%

176.8g 884g

5
C=40,45% N=15,72% O=35,98% H=7,56%

6



14.75g


500mL

7 3,6g

Cu2O
2,86g

?

8
0,1mol

7,38L 27 C 0,5atm ?
0

10




400mL

pH=3 ? Ka=6,6.10
-5

1. 2 3 4

II

1 .

2 .-CHO ; -OH ..-CO-

3...

III 1

M
=380g.mol
-1

134
2

Cl CO Cl 2 NH3 NH 2 CO NH 2 2HCl

V
nNH3 V 56 L; Vm 22.4 L.mol 1
Vm
56
nNH3 2,5mol
22, 4
1 2,5
nCO ( NH 2 )2 nNH3 1, 25mol
2 2

mCO ( NH nCO ( NH ) xM CO ( NH2 )2 ; M CO ( NH2 )2 60 g.mol 1

2 )2 2 2

mCO ( NH 60 x1, 25 75g

2 )2

mCO ( NH
%CO ( NH 2 )2 2 )2
x100
ms
ms mH 2O mCO ( NH 2 )2 500 75 575 g
75 x100
%CO ( NH 2 )2 13%
575
3

CH3 COOH CH3 CH 2 OH CH3 COO CH 2 CH3 H 2O

m
nCH3 COOH ( M CH3 COOH 60 g.mol 1 )
M
12
nCH3 COOH 0.2mol
60
nCH3 COOH nCH3 COOCH2 CH3 0.2mol

mCH3 COO CH 2 CH3 n x M ( M CH3 COO CH 2 CH3 88 g.mol 1 )

0.2 x88 17.6 g

m 10.5 x100
Rd x100 60%
m 17.6
4

135


m
(M =884 g.mol , m =176,8g )
-1
n
M
176.8
n 0.2mol
884
(1)n =3n = 3 x 0.2 =0.6mol

NaOH R COOH R COONa H 2O 2

(2) nNaOH= n =0.6 mol

mNaOH nNaOH xM NaOH ( M NaOH 40 gmol 1 )

o06 x 40 24 g

mNaOH x100 24 x100

m.NaOH 120 g
% NaOH 20
5

-


- CxHyOzNt

12 x y 16 z 14t M 12 x y 16 z 14t

%C % H %O % N 100 100
12 x 12 x y 16 z 14t

40.45 100
y 12 x y 16 z 14t

7.56 100
16 z 12 x y 16 z 14t

35.98 100
14t 12 x y 16 z 14t

15.72 100
() x=3 ; y=7 ; z=2 t=1

C3H7O2N

CH3 COOH NH3 CH3 CO NH 2 H 2O

m
nCH3 CO NH2 ( M CH3 CO NH2 59 g.mol 1 )
M
14.75
nCH3 CO NH 2 0.25mol
59
nCH3 COOH nCH3 CO NH2 0.25mol

136
 nCH3 COOH 0.25
CCH3 COOH 0.5M
V 500.103
7

Cn H 2 nOn 2Cu 2 OH Cn H 2 nOn1 Cu2O 2H 2O

Cu2O

m
nCu2O ( M Cu2O 144 g.mol 1 )
M
286
0.02mol
144
nCn H2 nOn nCu2O 0.02mol
m 3.6
MC H 180 g.mol 1
n 2 nOn
n 0.02
12n 2n 16 x 180
180
n 6
30
C6H12O6

8 /

CO2 Ca(OH )2 CaCO3 H 2O (1)
/ CaCO3

C6 H12O6 2CH 3 CH 2OH 2CO2 (2)

CO2

(2) nCO2 2nC6 H12O6 2 x0.1 0.2mol

(1) nCaCO3 nCO2 0.2mol

mCaCO3 n x M (M CaCO3 100 g.mol 1 )
0.2 x 100 20 g
9

10

C6 H5 COOH H 2O C6 H5 COO H 3O
[H3O ]
+

pH log H3O H 3O 10 pH 1,0.103 mol.l 1

2 2
H 3O H 3O (1, 0.103 )2
K a C6 H 5 COOH 0, 015M
C6 H 5 COOH Ka 6, 6.105

C6 H 5 COOH

137
nC6 H5 COOH C x V 0,015 x 400.103 6,08103 mol
mC6 H5 COOH n x M ( M C6 H5 COOH 122 g.mol 1 )
mC6 H5 COOH 122 x 6, 08.103 0, 742 g

138