Cytoplasm

Components
Cytosol (Hyaloplasm)
Organelles
Inclusions
 Cytosol
- H20
- Macroelements (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates)
- Microelements
Functional states

Sol Gel
 Organelles
- Suspended in the cytosol
- Provide cells specific functions
- Permanent
- Required for the cell life
 Organelles classifications
1. By the rate of spreading
2. By the structure
3. By the function
 (1) By the rate of spreading
General Importance Special Importance
In all the cells Only in some cells
1. Ribosomes 1. Microvilli
2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 2. Cilia (StereoC, KinoC)
3. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum 3. Flagellum
4. Golgi Apparatus 4. Tonofibrils
5. Lysosomes 5. Myofibrils
6. Peroxisomes 6. neurofibrils
7. Mitochondria
8. Centrosome
9. Cytoskeleton
 (2) By the structure
The endomembrane The endomembrane
is present is absent

Membranous Non-membranous
1. rER 1. Ribosomes
2. sER 2. Centrosome
3. GA 3. Cytoskeleton
4. L
5. P
6. M
 (3) By the function

Synthetic Structural Digestive Energetic

1. R 1. CS 1.L 1.M
2. rER 2. C 2. P
3. sER
4. GA
 Ribosomes

1. Two subunits (Small 40S; Large

60S)
2. rRNA
3. Produced in nucleolar organizer
4. Combined only in translation; in
resting state subunits stay apart
5. Polysomes ribosomal complexes
6. Protein synthesis for own needs
 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

1. Anastomozing system of cisterna

and channels
2. Continuation of the outer nuclear
membrane
3. Ribosomes inserted to the outer
face of endomembrane
4. Proteins synthesis for the export
 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

1. Continuation of rER
2. No Ribosomes
3. Synthesis of lipids and
Carbohydrates
4. Drugs detoxification (liver,
kidneys)
5. Ca2+ starage
Golgi Apparatus
 Golgi Apparatus
GA Functions
1. post-synthetic processing
of the substances
2. Sorting
3. Packaging
4. Lysosomes formation
Lysosomes
 Lysosomes
1. Produced by GA
2. Enzymes (acidic hydrolases)
3. Digestion of all
macromolecules types
4. Protonic pumps on the
surface
Types:
a. Primary
b. Secondary (Phagosomes)
c. Tertiary (Residual bodies)
 Types of digestion
1. Heterophagy -
substances which entered to
the cell by endocytosis
2. Autophagy digestion of
the own old components
3. Crinophagy specific for
endocrine glands (maturation
of the hormones)
 Peroxisomes
1. Shape - spherical
2. Origin from ER by buding
3. Functions:
- Reduction of ROS (H2O2)
CATALASE their MARKER
- Digestion of VLCFA (Very
Long Chain Fatty Acids)
- Digestion of Purines
- Synthesis of cholesterol
 Mitochondria

1. Two membranes (outer is

smooth, outer forms the cristae)
2. IM Space similar to the cytosol
except molecules >5000 daltons
3. Crista space filled with matrix
(REDOX enzymes, ATP enzymes)
4. Has its own DNA
5. Possesses ribosomes
6. High concentration of Ca2+
 Cytoskeleton
1. The largest organelle
2. Three components
3. Dense fibrilar meshwork
throuout all the cell
4. Functions
a. Cell shape
b. Cell moving
c. ICJ formation
d. Mitotic spindle formation
e. Cytokinesis
f. The core of microvilli, cilia,
flagella
Cytoskeleton
 Centrosome
1. Two centrioles
2. Microtubules
3. Each centriole - 9 triplets
4. Each triplet tubule A,B,C
5. Formation of mitotic
spindle
 Microvilli
1. Apical elongations of Epithelial cells
2. Have a core of actin microfilaments
3. Form the BRUSH BORDER
4. Enhance the efficiency of absorption
5. Location Intestine, kidneys
 Cilia and Flagellum
1. Have a core of microtubules
covered by the cell membrane
2. The core is Axoneme (9x2)+2
3. At the basis BASAL BODY (9x3)
 Inclusions
1. Surrounded by endomembrane
2. Have a content
3. Transitory structures of cytoplasm
4. Are not required for cell life
Types:
a. Pigmental
b. Secretory
c. Excretory
d. Trophic (nutritious)
Lipid droplets Glycogen droplets
Nucleus, Cell Cycle
 Nuclear components
1. Nuclear envelope
2. Nuclear pore-complexes
3. Nucleoskeleton
4. Nucleoplasm
5. Chromatin (Eu and Hetero)
6. Nucleolus
 Nuclear envelope
1. Double membrane with a cavity between (perinuclear cisterna)
2. Outer Nuclear Membrane continues with rER
3. Inner Nuclear Membrane is enforced by nucleoskeleton (Laminine
A,B,C)
4. Nuclear pore-complexes
 Nuclear pore-complex
Transport gates Nucles/Cytoplasm

1. Three proteic rings (each ring 8

proteins)
2. Outer (cytoplasmic proteic ring)
has receptors
3. Inner (nucleoplasmic proteic
ring) has a basket with a central
granule
4. Open into the cisterna of rER
 Chromatin
1. Preserves and transmit genetic
information
2. Euchromatin and
Heterochromatin
3. Content: DNA, RNA, histones,
non-histones
4. Chromosomes the highest
level of chromatin condensation
 Euchromatin
1. Decondensed portions of Chromatin
2. Invisible in light microscope
3. Active (participates in transcription)
 Heterochromatin
1. Condensed portions of chromatin
2. Visible in light microscopy
3. Inactive (does not participate in transcription)
 Nucleolus
(Nucleolar organizer)

1. The darkest part of the nucleus

2. Formed by 5 chromosomes
3. Present only in interfase
4. Number could vary
5. Consists of 2 parts: granular and
fibrous
6. Function: ribosomal subunits
formation
 Cell Cycle
1. The period of cell life between two mitotic divisions
2. Consists of: Interphase and Cell Division
 Interphase
Period between the divisions

1. G1 (Growth period)
2. S (Synthesis)
3. G2 (preparing for a new division)
 G1 Period
1. Right after cellular division
2. Intensive formation of Ribosomes
3. Proteins and enzymes syntesis
4. ATP formation
5. Daughter Cell reestablishes the Mother Cell size

CELL GROWTHS
 S-Period
1. Doubles the amount of DNA (Replication)
2. Doubling of Centosome
 G2-Period
1. Maturation of Centrosome
2. Their migration to the opposite poles of the cell
3. Formation of mitotic spindle
4. ATP synthesis

CELL PREPARES FOR DIVISION

 Cell Division
Mitosis somatic cells
Meiosis sex cells
MITOSIS
Absolutely identical reestablishing of Genetic Material in
the daughter cells comparing to the Mother CELL

1. Prophase
2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase
 Prophase
Key Events:

1. Disassembling of nuclear
envelope
2. Chromatin Condensation
(Chromosome appear)
3. Disappears the Nucleolus
 Metaphase
Chromosomes attach
to the tubulines of the
mitotic spindle in the
equatorial plane of the
cell.

METAPHASEAL
PLATE
 Anaphase
Synchronous movement of
the chromatids to the
opposite poles of the cell.

Fail of bichromatidic
chromosomes disrupting
leads to the Aneuplodia
 Telophase
Key Events:

1. Reassembling of nuclear
envelope
2. Chromatin deondensation
(Chromosome disappear)
3. Reappears the Nucleolus
 G2

DNA Mitosis
S
synthesis

G0 Cells not
For a 24 hour cycle, cycling
M Phase lasts about G1
1 hour.
 Cell Death
Apoptosis Necrosis
- Genetically programmed - Violent death
- Cellular components - Swelling of the cell
deacreases components
- Eventually the dead cell is - Destroying of lysosomes
disassembled into the small - Itself digestion
apoptotic particles