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publication@trivedieffect.com (S. Jana)
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Corresponding author
Received: February 24, 2017; Accepted: March 9, 2017; Published: April 1, 2017
Abstract: Sodium selenate is an important nutraceutical/pharmaceutical compound used for the prevention and treatment of
cancer, diabetes, inflammatory diseases, etc. The objective of the current study was to investigate the impact of The Trivedi
Effect - Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment (Biofield Energy Healing treatment) on physical, structural, thermal, and
behavioral properties of sodium selenate using PXRD, PSD, FT-IR, UV-vis, TGA, and DSC analysis. Sodium selenate was
divided into two parts one part was control, while another part was treated with The Trivedi Effect remotely by seven
renowned Biofield Energy Healers and defined as The Trivedi Effect Treated sample. The PXRD analysis showed a
significant alteration of the crystallite size of the treated sample in the range of -34.41% to 33.27% compared to the control
sample. However, the average crystallite size of the treated sample was significantly decreased by 7.85% compared with the
control sample. The particle size of the treated sample at d10, d50, and d90 values were significantly reduced by 4.72%, 8.40%,
and 32.33%, respectively compared with the control sample. Consequently, the surface area of the treated sample was
significantly increased by 6.25% compared to the control sample. The control and treated FT-IR spectra indicated the presence
of sharp and strong absorption bands at 886 cm-1 and 887 cm-1, respectively due to the Se=O stretching. The UV-vis
spectroscopic analysis displayed that the wavelength for the maximum absorbance of the control and treated samples were at
204.6 and 204.9 nm, respectively. TGA analysis revealed that the total weight loss of the treated sample was reduced
significantly by 5.64% compared with the control sample. The DSC analysis showed that the treated sample (94.63C) had
very close vaporization temperature than the control sample (94.97C). But, the latent heat of vaporization was increased
significantly in the treated sample by 7.06% compared to the control sample. Thus, The Trivedi Effect - Energy of
Consciousness Healing Treatment might lead to generate a new polymorphic form of sodium selenate, which would be more
soluble, bioavailable, and thermally stable compared with the untreated sample. The Trivedi Effect treated sodium selenate
would be very useful to design better nutraceutical/pharmaceutical formulations that might offer better therapeutic response
against inflammatory diseases, immunological disorders, stress, aging, infectious diseases, cancer, diabetes, heart diseases,
Alzheimers disease, etc.
Keywords: Sodium Selenate, The Trivedi Effect, Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment, PXRD, Particle Size,
Surface Area, TGA, DSC
7 Mahendra Kumar Trivedi et al.: Influence of the Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment on the Physicochemical,
Spectral, Thermal and Behavioral Properties of Sodium Selenate
Where, k is the equipment constant (0.5), is the X-ray Where, SControl and STreated are the surface area of the
wavelength (0.154 nm); b in radians is the full-width at half control and Biofield Energy Treated samples, respectively.
of the peaks and the corresponding Bragg angle.
2.3.3. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy
Percent change in crystallite size (G) was calculated using
FT-IR spectroscopy of sodium selenate was performed on
following equation 2:
Spectrum two (Perkin Elmer, USA) Fourier transform
infrared spectrometer with the frequency array of 400-4000
9 Mahendra Kumar Trivedi et al.: Influence of the Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment on the Physicochemical,
Spectral, Thermal and Behavioral Properties of Sodium Selenate
cm-1 by using pressed KBr disk technique. Where, WControl and WTreated are the weight loss of the
control and Biofield Energy Treated samples, respectively.
2.3.4. Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis) Analysis
The UV-Vis spectral analysis was carried out using 2.3.6. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
Shimadzu UV-2450 with UV Probe, Japan. The spectrum Analysis was performed using the DSC Q20 (TA
was recorded using 1 cm quartz cell that has a slit width of Instruments, USA) differential scanning calorimeter. ~ 5 mg
1.0 nm. The wavelength range chosen for recording the of sample was weighed and sealed in alumina pan and
spectra were 190-800 nm. The absorbance spectra (in the equilibrated at 25C and heated up to 650C at the heating
range of 0.2 to 0.9) and wavelength of maximum absorbance rate of 10C/min under nitrogen gas as purge atmosphere
(max) were recorded. with the flow rate of 50 mL/min. The value for onset, endset,
peak temperature, peak height (mJ or mW), peak area, and
2.3.5. Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)
change in heat (J/g) for each peak were recorded. Percent
TGA analysis was performed using Instrument TGA Q50
change in melting point (T) was calculated using following
(TA Instruments, USA) at a heating rate of 10C/min from
equation 6:
room temperature i.e. 30C to 900C under nitrogen the
atmosphere (sample mass ~ 15 mg on the platinum pan). In + +
% change in melting point 100 (6)
TGA, the weight loss for each step was recorded in grams as +
well as in percent loss with respect to the initial weight. Also,
Where, TControl and TTreated are the melting point of the
the value of onset, endset, and peak temperature for each step control and treated samples, respectively.
were recorded in TGA. Percent change in weight loss (W) Percent change in the latent heat of fusion (H) was
was calculated using following equation 5: calculated using following equation 7:
) )
% change in weight loss 100 (5)
)
- .-
% change in latent heat of fusion 100 (7)
.-
Where, HControl and HTreated are the latent heat of fusion sodium selenate (Figure 1) showed very sharp and intense
of the control and treated samples, respectively. peaks indicating that both these samples were crystalline in
nature. PXRD data such as Bragg angle (2), relative
3. Results and Discussion intensity (%), full width half maximum (FWHM) (), and
crystallite size (G) for the control and treated sodium selenate
3.1. Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) Analysis are presented in Table 1. The crystallite size was calculated
by the help of Scherrer equation [39, 40].
The PXRD diffractograms of the both control and treated
Figure 1. PXRD diffractograms of the control and Biofield Energy Treated sodium selenate.
American Journal of Chemical Engineering 2017; 5(2): 6-16 10
Table 1. PXRD data for the control and Biofield Energy Treated sodium selenate.
Entry Bragg angle (2) Relative Intensity (%) FWHM (2) Crystallite size (G, nm)
No. Control Treated Control Treated Control Treated Control Treated % change*
1 18.38 18.39 100.00 100.00 0.0836 0.0836 53.34 53.34 0.00
2 22.49 22.49 19.97 19.34 0.1171 0.1171 38.33 38.33 0.00
3 27.25 27.25 48.04 46.92 0.1338 0.1004 33.85 45.12 33.27
4 28.36 28.37 27.40 31.83 0.1004 0.1004 45.23 45.23 0.00
5 31.00 31.01 61.79 71.62 0.1004 0.1171 45.50 39.02 -14.26
6 32.61 32.61 73.46 72.52 0.0669 0.1020 68.57 44.97 -34.41
7 37.21 37.22 21.68 20.75 0.1506 0.1632 30.85 28.47 -7.72
8 47.37 47.36 30.74 22.40 0.0816 0.1020 58.93 47.14 -20.00
9 48.81 48.81 10.73 10.91 0.1020 0.1171 47.41 41.30 -12.89
10 52.96 52.97 27.88 30.70 0.1428 0.1428 34.46 34.46 0.00
11 57.17 57.17 12.74 12.58 0.1224 0.1224 40.98 40.98 0.00
12 Average crystallite size* 45.22 41.67 -7.85
FWHM: Full width half maximum, *denotes the percentage change in the crystallite size of Biofield Energy Treated sample with respect to the control sample.
Treated samples of sodium selenate are exhibited in Figure 2. 1775, and 1628 cm-1. The fingerprint region of the Biofield
The scientific literature reported that the water molecules Energy Treated and control samples was remained
which are incorporated into the lattice structure of the unchanged. From the literature, it has been found that M=O
crystalline inorganic compounds harvest the characteristic (metal-oxide) stretching absorption band for inorganic
absorption bands in the 3800-3200 cm-1 and 1700-1600 cm-1 materials was found in the 1010-850 cm-1 region [49]. A
regions due to the O-H stretching and bending for the water sharp and strong absorption bands at 886 cm-1 due to the
molecules, respectively [49]. The control IR spectrum Se=O stretching were found in the spectrum of the control
displayed the O-H stretching and bending absorption bands at sample, while Biofield Energy Treated sample exhibited this
3441, 1780, and 1706 cm-1, respectively. In addition, peaks peak at 887 cm-1. The analysis indicated that structure of the
for the O-H stretching and bending of the water molecules in Biofield Energy Treated sodium selenate was remained same
the Biofield Energy Treated sample were found at 3436, with respect to the control sample.
Figure 2. FT-IR spectra of the control and Biofield Energy Treated sodium selenate.
Figure 3. UV-vis spectra of the control and Biofield Energy Treated sodium selenate.
3.5. Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) were used to examine the thermal stability of both the control
and treated sodium selenate. The TGA thermograms of both
The thermal stability of a solid compound plays an the control and treated samples and their thermal analysis
important role in the quality, efficacy, and safety in a drug data are shown in Figure 4. The TGA analysis showed one
formulation during the manufacturing process, shipment, steps of thermal degradation of sodium selenate.
storage, and handling [51]. Hence, TGA and DSC analysis
Figure 4. TGA thermograms of the control and Biofield Energy Treated sodium selenate.
13 Mahendra Kumar Trivedi et al.: Influence of the Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment on the Physicochemical,
Spectral, Thermal and Behavioral Properties of Sodium Selenate
The TGA thermogram of the control sample exhibited their DSC data are depicted in Table 3. The DSC thermogram
4.43% weight loss from 28.77C to 895.95C. Consequently, of the control sample showed the presence of a sharp
the TGA thermogram of the Biofield Energy Treated sample endothermic inflection at 94.97C which was due to
showed 4.18% weight loss from 30.36C to 895.49C. The evaporation of the bound water and the latent heat of
weight loss of the treated sample was significantly reduced vaporization (Hvaporization) was 4.39 J/g. Consequently, the
by 5.64% compared with the control sample. Thus, it is Biofield Energy Treated sodium selenate showed this
assumed that The Trivedi Effect - Energy of Consciousness endothermic peak at 94.63C along with a latent heat of
Healing Treatment might improve the thermal stability of vaporization (Hvaporization) of 4.70 J/g. This suggested that
sodium selenate. the temperature of the evaporation of the bound water in the
Biofield Energy Treated sample was slightly (0.21%)
3.6. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Analysis decreased, whereas the Hvaporization was increased
significantly by 7.06% compared to the control sample.
The DSC thermograms of both the control and Biofield
Energy Treated sodium selenate are shown in Figure 5 and
Figure 5. DSC thermograms of the control and Biofield Energy Treated sodium selenate.
Table 3. Comparison of DSC data between the control and Biofield Energy Treated sodium selenate.
Tonset: Onset vaporization temperature, Tpeak: Peak vaporization temperature, Tendset: Endset vaporization temperature, Hvaporization: Latent heat of evaporation,
*
denotes the percentage change of Biofield Energy Treated sample with respect to the control sample.
American Journal of Chemical Engineering 2017; 5(2): 6-16 14
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