Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Principle:
An ultrasonic plane wave is subject-
ed to diffraction at various multiple
slits. The intensity of the diffracted
and interfering partial waves are au-
tomatically recorded using a motor-
driven, swivel ultrasound detector
and a PC.
PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG D - 37070 Gttingen Laboratory Experiments Physics 73
LEP
Ultrasonic diffraction at different multiple slit systems 1.5.16
-15
PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen 21516-15 1
LEP
1.5.16 Ultrasonic diffraction at different multiple slit systems
-15
Connection of instruments uneven multiple of l/2. The bundle pairs S1/S2 and S3/S4 there-
Connect the transmitter to the diode socket of the ultrasonic fore give intensity distribution minima at:
unit that is marked TR1, and operate it in Con continuous
mode. Connect the receiver to the left BNC socket (prior to the 2k 1 l
sin wmin ; k = 0, 1, 2, 3,.... (1)
amplifier). Further, use the BNC cable to connect the analog 2 s
output of the ultrasonic unit with the input of the control unit
(pay attention to the polarity of the adapter), and the latter unit The partial bundle pairs S1/S3 and S2/S4 now also interfere with
to the PC by means of the RS 232 data cable. each other.
For control of the goniometer, connect the socket underneath These bundles have the path difference 2s sinw. Accordingly,
the goniometer plate with the control unit. acc. to equation (2), additional minima occur which modulate
With the Cal key of the control unit pressed (release of the the 2nd class maxima of the double slit.
motor drive) position the swing arm at 0. Following this,
deactivate the Cal function. 2k 1 l
sin wmin ; k = 0, 1, 2, 3,.... (2)
Use the software to set the range of swing of the receiver to 4 s
50.
To ensure proportionality between the input signal of the When the diffracting object has N slits, then the following is
receiver and its analog output signal, avoid operating the valid for the diffraction intensity of the alternating sound pres-
ultrasonic unit amplifier in the saturation range. Should such a sure p(w) of the complete grating:
case occur and the OVL diode light up, reduce either the
transmitter amplitude or the input amplification of the receiv-
sin a sin w b sin a sin w b
pb Np s
er. It is purposeful here to adjust the amplification at the zero
l l
position of the receiver so that the OVL diode just no longer p1w 2 r (3)
pb
sin a sin w b
lights up. ps
sin w
l l
Use the vernier calliper to measure the slit width b and the
grating constant s of the appropriate grating, then ease this The 1st quotient in equation (3) describes the intensity distrib-
into the guide grooves of the object holder. Pay attention here ution of the single slit, the 2nd quotient represents the inter-
that the grating is exactly centrally symmetrical to the zero line action of all slits. The minima of the single slit (1st class mini-
of the goniometer table. Various multiple slits are to be ma) always remain as they are, whereas the 1st class maxima
realised (see Fig. 3). To achieve this, cover the slits that are not are modulated by additional minima from the influence of the
required with magnetic foil. To show the increase in the main 2nd quotient.
maxima with increasing number of slits N, it is purposeful to With a diffraction object having N slits, there are (N-1) minima
start with the multiple slits having the largest N and thereafter, and (N-2) secondary maxima between two neighbouring main
for the following slits, not to change the emitting performance maxima. Whereas all N slits contribute to the intensity of the
of the transmiter nor the receiver amplification. main maxima, with the secondary maxima there are only few
To avoid interfering sound reflections between the object whose bundles of beams do not destructively interfere with
holder and mirror, use the carrier foam as wave absorbent. those from other slits.
Place it tightly against the object holder, with its opening sym-
metrically towards the multiple slits.
Note:
Faulty intensity modulation may occur in spectra as a result of
interference in the measurement field. To keep such interfer-
ence as small as possible, do not carry out experiments in too
narrow rooms or in the direct vicinity of reflecting surfaces
(walls, cupboards etc.). It is recommended that the measuring
and supply instruments be installed behind the mirror if possi-
ble. Further to this, the person carrying out the experiment
should not stand too close to the measurement field.
Should asymmetries occur in the intensities in spectra, these
can as a rule be avoided by slightly turning the object holder
around the 90 line on the goniometer table.
2 21516-15 PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen
LEP
Ultrasonic diffraction at different multiple slit systems 1.5.16
-15
n l
sin w where n = 0, 1, 2, 3,.... (4)
N s
Fig. 3: Interference patterns of ultrasonic waves refracted at multiple slits of N = 2...N = 6 with a grating constant of s =
18.5 mm.
PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen 21516-15 3
LEP
1.5.16 Ultrasonic diffraction at different multiple slit systems
-15
In Table 1, N = 4 and N = 5 multiple slits have been taken as The knowledge of the wavelength l required in equation (4)
examples to compare the positions of the minima found in can be obtained from the sender frequency of the transmitter,
Fig. 3 with the corresponding theoretical angle values calcu- which is 40 kH. With c = f l (c = 343.4 ms-1 at T = 20C), the
lated using equation (4). value for the wavelength is found to be: l = 0.858 cm.
The central maximum does not generally lie exactly at 0, it is The position of the 1st minimum of a single slit is given by:
therefore purposeful to determine the angular distance 2w sin w = l/b. As the slit width was b = 12.5 mm, the 1st mini-
between two minima lying symmetrically to the zero line from mum of the single slit lies at an angle of w = 43.4.
the measurement curves.
Table 1: The angles of minima and the 1st main maximum with
multiple slits having N = 4 and N = 5 and a grating
constant s = 18.5 mm, as well as of the 1st minimum
for a single slit of b = 12.5 mm.
N=4 N=5
n w (exp.)/ w (theor.)/ w (exp.)/ w(theor.)/
4 21516-15 PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen