Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Computer Organization I
September 5, 2017
1
Why do we study computer organization
and assembly languages?
To understand how a computer works internally.
To maximize the efficiency of computer software.
To build NEW! Computers.
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Math Quiz!
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Basic Functional Units of a Computer
Registers
Input
Arithmetic
and
Memory logic
Output
Control
Instructions 6
Analogy: A student taking a Math quiz
Input: Math question (4 x 7 + 5)
Output: Multiple-choice answers
Memory: Arithmetic rules (x before +)
Multiplication table
Keeping numbers 4, 7 and 5
Register: Temporary sum (4 x 7 = 28)
ALU: Computation (28 + 5 = 33)
Control: Execute rules
Decide when to read input,
when to compute and stop
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Input / Output Unit Overview
Input units
Keyboard, mouse, microphone, CDROM, etc.
Output units
Graphical display, printer, etc.
Control
Control the transfer of data and sequencing of operations between
memory, registers, ALU, I/O devices
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Connecting the Components with Dedicated/ Multiple Buses
Keyboard Disk
I/O
I/O
I/O bus
CPU I/O bus Controller 1
Controller 2
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Memory Hardware: Chips and Modules
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Digital (Binary) Memory
Units
Bit (1 binary digit, a value of 0 or 1)
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SI Prefix (International System of Units)
[Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilo-]
[See also: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_prefix]
10n Prefix Symbol Short Scale Long Scale Decimal Equivalent
1012 tera- T Trillion Billion 1 000 000 000 000
Milliard
109 giga- G Billion 1 000 000 000
(thousand million)
106 mega- M Million 1 000 000
103 kilo- k Thousand 1 000
102 hecto- h Hundred 100
101 deca- da Ten 10
100 (none) (none) One 1
101 deci- d Tenth 0.1
102 centi- c Hundredth 0.01
103 milli- m Thousandth 0.001
106 micro- Millionth 0.000 001
m, n are independent
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Memory Unit: Addressability
The smallest unit addressable in a machine instruction is the addressability of the computer.
Most modern computers are byte addressable although their word length is 32 bits or greater.
Main Memory
byte byte
CPU
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Memory: Contents of a Word (I)
Hereisanexampleofa32bitword.
b31 b30 b1 b0
32bits(wordlength)
Awordcanstoreinformation.Forexample,
1.FourEnglishcharacters,eachencodedinacommon8bit code
ASCII:AmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange
or
EBCDIC:ExtendedBinaryCodedDecimalInterchangeCode
char3:8bit char2:8bit char1:8bit char0:8bit
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Memory: Contents of a Word (II)
2.TwoChinesecharacters
16bits 16bits
Big5/GBcode
3.A32bitSignedinteger
b31 b30 b1 b0
signbit
b31=0meanspositiveinteger,b31=1meansnegativeinteger
magnitude=b30x230++b0x20
4.A32bitmachineinstruction
8bits 12bits 12bits
operationcode addressfield addressfield 20
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Intel Pentium
IBM Power PC
Digital signal
processor IC
ARM 9
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Some Intel CPUs
4004
8008
8080
8088/ 8086 [x86]
80186
80286 [286]
80386 [386]
80486 [486]
Pentium [586]
Pentium MMX
Pentium PRO [686]
Pentium II
Pentium III
Pentium 4
Core2 Duo
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CPU on a Chip Microprocessor
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/chipshots/index.html
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CPU
What does a CPU do?
It executes programs.
What is a program?
Program = Instruction + Data
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How a program is executed?
Program and data reside on secondary storage
such as CDROM or hard disk are transferred to
the memory.