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ABSTRACT:
The major objectives of this research are to analyze the behavior of road embankments
reinforced with geotextiles constructed on soft soil and describe the finite element analysis by using
ANSYS program ver. (5.4). The ANSYS finite element program helps in analyzing the stability of
geo- structure (embankment) in varied application of geotextiles reinforcement to enhance the best
design for embankment.
The results of analysis indicate that one of the primary function of geotextiles reinforcement was to
reduce the horizontal displacement significantly. With the inclusions of reinforcement, the horizontal
displacement reduced by about (81%), while the vertical displacement reduced by (32%). The effect
of geotextiles stiffness modulus on horizontal and displacement is quite significant even a very high
modulus of geotextile will have relatively little effect on vertical displacement. Also it is observed
from the obtained results that the maximum displacement occurred at the toe of embankment for both
horizontal and vertical movement, then decrease gradually to a negligible value for the layer
reinforced case. Also the reinforcement reduces the shear stress developed in the foundation soil.
:
ANSYS . ANSYS ver (5.4)
.( geotextiles) ) (
.
.(%31) (%81 )
.
. .
KEY WORDS:Embankment; reinforced; geotextiles; finite element; numerical analysis; soft soil;
displacements.
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Z. A. Alkaissi Analysis of Geotextile Embankment by Ansys
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Number1 Volume 17 February 2011 Journal of Engineering
element method depends on the proper (E) and Poissons ratio (v), cohesion (C),
element properties and on the availability of angle of internal friction and angle of diltency
an efficient means of solving the resulting are used to represent their behavior. The load
system of linear or nonlinear simultaneous case studied is a rectangular domain
equations. For reinforced embankment, the representation with uniform distribution (static
nonlinear finite element analysis yields a wide loading case) within the rectangular to
range of useful information about simulate the traffic loading (20kN/m2) as
displacements, strains, distribution of normal shown in Figure (3).
and shear stresses in embankment foundation
system. The cross section of road embankment
ANSYS (ANalysis SYStem) is a used in this study of 18 m crest width and 1:2
comprehensive general-purpose finite element side slops are shown in Figure (2). The depth
computer program that contains over 100,000 of the soft foundation soil is 20m finite
lines of code and more than (180) different element discretization of the problem is shown
elements, has been used in this study to in Figure (3). Due to symmetry along the
simulate road embankment foundation system center line only half of the geometry was
with geotextiles reinforcement. One of the simulate.
main advantages of ANSYS is the integration In the present study, the geotextiles
of the three phases of finite element analysis: reinforcement was represented by the smeared
pre-processing, solution and post-processing. model as shown in Figure (4) which assumes
Pre-processing routines in ANSYS define the that the reinforcement is uniformly spread in a
model, boundary conditions, and loadings. layer throughout the embankment soil element
Displays may be created interactively on a in a defined region of the finite element mesh.
graphics terminal as the data are input to assist This model used for large scale model.
the model verification. Post-processing The finite element program ANSYS version
routines may be used to retrieve analysis (5.4) is used to analyze the embankment and
results in a variety of ways. Plots of the geotextiles theoretically using a plane 42, 2-D
structures deformed shape and stress or strain structural solid that has been adopted in this
contours can be obtained in the post- research. The element can be used as a plane
processing stage. element (plane strain or plane stress) element.
The element is defined by four nodes having
- Modeling of Reinforced Embankment two degrees of freedom at each node,
In the present study, the ANSYS translations and the nodal x and y directions.
program of version (5.4) was employed for The element has plasticity, and large strain
analyzing embankment foundation system as capability.
well as the finite element modeling for
geotextile reinforcement. A plane 42, 2-D - Analysis Results and Discussions
structural solid has been adopted in this The geotextiles reinforcement was
research. The element can be used as a plane placed as layer of 0.5 m thickness working
element (plane strain or plane stress) or as an mat spread through the embankment and
axisymmetric element. The element is defined above the embankment foundation interface as
by four nodes having two degrees of freedom shown in Figure (3).
at each node, translations and the nodal x and The embankment foundation soil
y directions. The element has plasticity, and modeled as elasto-plastic material (plane strain
large strain capability. condition) based on Darger Parger model
The embankment foundation soil modeled as with isotropic material therefore a stiffness
elasto-plastic material (plane strain condition) elastic modulus (E) and Poissons ratio (v),
based on Darger Parger model with isotropic cohesion (C), angle on internal friction and
material therefore a stiffness elastic modulus Diletency angle are used to represent their
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Z. A. Alkaissi Analysis of Geotextile Embankment by Ansys
behavior. These parameters are used to using the ANSYS ver. (5.4) finite
characterize the elasto plastic model for soft element program and the following
soil foundation and fill materials are listed in conclusions can be drawn:
Table (1). With the inclusions of reinforcement,
the horizontal displacement reduced
Figures (5) and (6) show the by about (81%), while the vertical
horizontal and vertical movement against displacement reduced by (32%). This
vertical direction at the toe of embankment. shows that the reinforcement may be
And from these results, it would appear that considered as important role in
the primary function of the geotextiles reducing horizontal and lateral
reinforcement was to reduce the horizontal movements.
displacement significantly. With the inclusions The effect of geotextiles stiffness
of reinforcement, the horizontal displacement modulus on horizontal and
reduced by about (81%), while the vertical displacement is quite significant.
displacement reduced by (32%). This shows Higher values of geotextile modulus
that the reinforcement may be considered as will have relatively little effect on
important role in reducing horizontal and vertical displacement.
lateral movements. The maximum displacement occurred
The modulus and strength of geotextiles at the toe of embankment for both
also appears to be of an important effect. horizontal and vertical movement,
Therefore its effect was studied and were then decrease gradually to a negligible
shown in Figures (7) and (8) for horizontal and value for the layer reinforced case.
vertical displacement respectively. Its clear The reinforcement reduces the shear
from these figures that the effect of geotextiles stress developed in the foundation soil
stiffness modulus on horizontal and by 50%.
displacement is quite significant. Even a very
high modulus of geotextile will have relatively
little effect on vertical displacement. REFERENCES:
Figures (9) and (10) show the distribution
"ANSYS Manual", Version (5.4),
of horizontal and vertical displacement with
horizontal distance along the embankment USA, 1996.
surface from the toe of embankment. The
ASTM Annual Book of ASTM
maximum displacement occurred at the toe of
Standard, Section 4, Volume 04.03,
embankment for both horizontal and vertical
1987.
movement, then decrease gradually to a
negligible value for the layer reinforced case.
The contour lines for horizontal and vertical Andrawes, K.Z., McGowna, A.,
movements are also shown in Figures (11) to Mashhoumr, M. M., and Wilson-
(14) for both cases studied. Fahmy, R. F. (1980): Tension
Figures (15) and (16) show the shear stress Resistant Inclusions in Soils. ASCE
developed in the embankment foundation Journal of the Geotechnical
system for both cases. It can be observed that Engineering Division, 106(GT12), pp.
the reinforcement reduce the shear stress 1313-1326.
developed in the foundation soil by 50%.
Figure (16) shows the deformation mesh of Bell, J. R., Greenwayd, D. R., and
embankment foundation using the geotextiles Vischerw, W. (1977): Construction
reinforcements. and Analysis of a Fabric Reinforced
Low Embankment on Muskeg.
- CONCLUSIONS Proceedings, 1st International
The behavior of reinforced embankment Conference on the Use of Fabrics and
with geotextiles have been investigated Geotechnics, Paris, France, pp. 71-76.
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Number1 Volume 17 February 2011 Journal of Engineering
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Z. A. Alkaissi Analysis of Geotextile Embankment by Ansys
Table (2): Input Parameter for F.E. Program Analysis (Neher and Cudny, 2003).
E (MPa) 50 20
Friction Angle (o ) 35 25
Unit weight 21 15
(kN/m3 )
Diltency Angle (o ) 0 0
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Number1 Volume 17 February 2011 Journal of Engineering
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Z. A. Alkaissi Analysis of Geotextile Embankment by Ansys
9m
3m
20 m
30 m
Figure (2): The Cross Section of Embankment Foundation System with Geotextiles
Reinforcement.
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Number1 Volume 17 February 2011 Journal of Engineering
Smeared properties of
geotextiles in embankment
60
No Reinforcement
50 Layer Reinforcement
Horizontal Displacement (mm)
40
30
20
10
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Vertical Depth below Embankment Surface (mm)
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Z. A. Alkaissi Analysis of Geotextile Embankment by Ansys
250
No Reinforcement
Layer Reinforcement
200
Verical Displasment (mm)
150
100
50
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Vertical Depth below Embankment Surface (mm)
Figure (6): Variation of Vertical Displacement with Vertical Depth below Embankment
Surface.
60
50
Edge of the Embankment (mm)
Horizontal Displacement at the
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Modulus of Elasticity of Geotextile (MPa)
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Number1 Volume 17 February 2011 Journal of Engineering
250
200
150
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Modulus of Elasticity of Geotextile (MPa)
Figure (8): Effect of Elastic Modulus of Geotextile on Vertical Displacement.
60
No Reinforcement
50
Layer Reinforcement
Edge of Embankment(mm)
Horizontal Displacements at
40
30
20
10
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Horizonal Distance (mm)
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Z. A. Alkaissi Analysis of Geotextile Embankment by Ansys
250
No Reinforcement
Layer Reinforcement
200
Edge of Embankment (mm)
Vertical Displacements at the
150
100
50
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Horizontal Distance (mm)
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Number1 Volume 17 February 2011 Journal of Engineering
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Z. A. Alkaissi Analysis of Geotextile Embankment by Ansys
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Number1 Volume 17 February 2011 Journal of Engineering
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