JAN. 3, 1862. THE ENGINE E R.

1 '

THE RAILWAYS OF THE WORLD. Northern of Canada, with a short branch to Bell Ewnrt, is CONTINENTAL RAIL W AYS.
96 miles long; the Montreal and Cbamplain line, with the
W:z have prepared, from the latest r eturns, the following Caughnawnga b ranch, is 81 miles long ; the Ottawa nnd FRANC~.
statement of the length and cost of railways in all tho Prescott, 64 miles; Brockville and Ottawa, 48 miles ; At the end of 1800 the ) lwtdtcr of Agriculture, Com-
countries of tho w orld. London and Port Stanloy, 24 miles; W elland, 26 miles ; merce, nod Public Works, reported the length of roil ways
Coburg and P cterboro', 28 miles; Erie a nd Ootnrio, open ~ 5,778 mile , their eObt having been 1 t ,4lO,OdO,
OREAT BRIT.il~ AND IRELAND. 17 miles; and Port H ope, Lindsay, and B eaverton ltail- or wb1ch 32,440,000 had been contributed by the State
On the 31st December, 1 60, the length of railwavs o~n wav, with Petcrboro' branch, 50 miles. nod .1.>2,000,000 by companic . T he gro~ rect ipts
and in UBc in the United Kingdom was 10,433 mile". l'he thus tho total length of Canadian lines now open is for 1860 were 16,a2 ,u l9. 430 m iles w<:re btt down
total amount of capital rni cd for their construction, and 1,826 miles, and, if wo take the cost of the lines other than 1~60 were 16,32 ,549. 430 milc11 were set down
including that raised for lines then. in progrc , was the Grond Trunk and Orent W estern at .8 000 per mile, for complet ion in 1. 6 1. At the end of September ln&t the
34 ,130,327. During the past year upwards of 300 we shall have (6 1 miles, 4,672,000) 20,6-1 ,01!.) as the whole length of line opened W08 6,1 17 mile , of which
miles of n ow line have been opened; so that the total total railway investment in Canada. The earnings on ttib -l,;j 11 miles belonged to the old, nod 1,800 m ilea to the new
present length of British railways cannot be far from sum are not much moro than enough to cover working r c8cau. The receipt.:. for nine month hud been 13,:J tb,162,
10,750 miles, nor their cost le s than 365,000,000. The expenses. or at the rate of 17,i97,94.0 per annum. The now rrlfcau,
total traffic r eceipts for 1 60 amounted to 27,766,622, In 1850 nn officinl r eturn showed that 1,573 miles of now in course of execution, is to include 5,318 miles, at an
and working expenses to 13,187,368, or to 47 per cent. of railway were open in Canada, the locomotives in use being c!otimnt~d eo t of 123,400,000, or .23,200 per mile. An
the receipts. 163,435,67 p assengers were earned, besides 366 in number. Tbo Grand Trunk bad, at the date of n cxpend1ture of 14,000,000 wn.s nuthoril10d l{Ujt year. 'l'he
60,386,7 0 tons of mincrols, and 29,470,931 tons of gene- r ecent report, 212 engines, besides 41 on the Atlantic nod linu of the Bourbonnais, 420 mile in extent, are reported
ral merchandise. 'rho train mileage for the year was St. Lawrence division, and 6 on the Detroit nod Port to be nearly complete. 'l'be line open in France on the
102,243,692 miles run. 'rho working stock consisted of Huron line. Of the 306 locomotives in Canndn, on the l st of J anuary, l t).J , were worked by 2,624 locomotives,
6,801 locomotives, 16,076 pn.ssengcr carriages, and 1 0,674 1st of J nnunry , 1850, 47 had bE!en made in the pro- aud at. the present time the n umbct in use, dou btle:ss,
vince, while 209 had been modo in the United States exceeds 3,000.
wagons. Of the 10,433 mile of railway open, there were
7,583 miles in England and Wales, 1,486 miles in Scotland, nod 110 in England, both those made in the United State!> PRUS lA.
and 1,364 miles in Ireland. and here paying nn ad valorem duty of 121 per cent. Dy an offi cial report, made up to the end of 1 59, there
on their importation into the province. N inc-tcnths of wc~c 3,162 miles of railway open and in use, the co t of
L~DIA. which bad been 11,0 O,UOO, equal to 13,9111 per mile.
the length or the Canadian railways are of oft. Gin. gouge,
A ccording to the reports of Mr. Juland Danvers, 8<12 the rest being 4ft. 8tin. Tbo gt'OI! rcccipt11 fur 18.JfJ we1o 5,399,4-10, and of this
miles of r ailway w ere open in I ndia at the end of 1 60, the working cxpenbC absorbed 46 per cent. The averllhe
and of 2,932~ miles then in prcgrcss, 1 ,363~ mile were New B RUNSWI CK. divid(od paid Wllll 536 per cent. 1!J,2iD,6G pru.,cng:rs
expected to be opened in 1 61. The total railway guaran- The European and North American R ailway is open for were eArned, exclu.si,e of &oldier , and 11 ,904,i6 1 tons of
tees had been for ~,000,000, but the contltruction of cer- 11 0 miles from t . John's to Shediac, nod the co t may be merchandibe were nbo carried. The Derlin and Bre;.lau,
tain lines and portions of line having been postponed, the put down at 700,000. The New Brunswick and Canada Eastern and Wc11tphnlinu line . have been conbtructed by
amount to bo expended under guarantee wn.s 49,000,000, Company had 65 miles of lino open at the date of a recent the Stnt.c. The E!btern line, from Frankfort-on-the-Oder
of w hich sum 34,396,446 had been raised up to April r eport, the cost having been 350,000. Additional sections to the H ussinn frontier, is 4.JO m iles long, or, includin(l the
30t h last, the end of the Indian official year. Dan zi~ branch, 4 69~ m ile . It is now under the con !der-
were about to be opened.
Nothing like the amount of line expected to be OP.Cncd at ion of t he Govern ment to conbtruct. a coast line from
this year has been co:::81eted . The E ast Indian R n1l way NOVA SCOTIA. Danzig, tia Stcttin, to Unmburgh. '!'hero is not, wo
Company bad 46 cs open at the da te of their lost believe, n railway t unnel in all l'rusbio.
The Nova Scotia R ailway, from IIalifax to Truro, is
r eport, viz., 248 miles in Bengal and 210 miles in the 61 miles long, and the Wmdsor branch 38 miles long, A OSTltJA.
North-west Provinces. Mr. Turnbull, the Company's making 90 miles in all, costing, say, 1 ,000,000, and worked The principal r ailway undertaking in A ustria is that of
Engineer in Dengal, and who has, from the first, been by 20 locomotives, mostly by N eilson, of Glasgow. the South Au.:.trinn, Lombardo-Vcnct inn, and Ceotrnlltaly
most punctual in keeping his engag ements with the share- R ailway Company, who<.e line , it ill true, extend &Ome-
holders, had promis<'d to open 50 mile , to Colgong, and VrcTORLA. what beyond Aust rin. The whole len!{th of t his complln) 's
24 miles f11rther to Bhaugulporc, in the course of the year E ight short lines of railway now radiate from Melbourne, line now open is 1,20 1 miles, includ10g the Yicnna and
just expired, be ide 33 miles to Monghyr in the coun.e of viz., to St. Kilda and Brighton, 8 miles; to Snndr idgc, Trieste line nod short branches, altogether 3130 mile; long.
the present month, and 106 miles more to Pntna in June
next.
2 ~ miles; Melbourne and Williamstown, 9 miles; Melbourne 7
At a recent date, when 1,24 miles had been opened, tlu.:rc
and Geelong, 47 miles ; Melbourne and ::>unbury, 46 miles; were the 'friestc line, just g1vcn, the line from P rogerhof
The Great Indian Peninsula R ailway Company have Melbourne and E scnden,4 ~ miJes, and two short su burban to Ofen , opposite P e tb, 20.J miles long, beside:, the branch
4 3ii miles of line open, and it is understood that 13 miles branches of 7 miles. The Sunbury line has, we believe, of 50 miles from tuhlweisseoburg to Comorn ; t aG) miles
of the Bhore Ghaut incline are to be of~ned this month. been extended to Woodend, a di tance of 28 miles from in the Tyrol ; 230 miles in Venetia; 156 miles in Lom-
The opening of the 16 mile of this inc e will be eq11al Sun bury, and it w as some time since promised that the bardy, and 91 miles in Central Italy. At the eod of 1560
~~portanco to .that of any 300 miles of the rest of the Geelo~g and B allarat line, 63 miles long, would be opened the company's capital expenditure bad been 16,62 1, 02,
in 186 1. In this case, 205 miles ar e now open. 'l'be ex- or 13,31 1 per lDllc. At the same time, 648~ miles of the
The Madras Railway Company, at the date of their lost penditures of the Victorian Government, on account of rail- company's concessions remained to be completed.
report, had 252 miles of line open, viz., 224 miles west- ways, bad been 7,828,233 up to the 1st of January last, The E mperor F erdinaod's Nordbahn and t he Eastern
ward from Madras, and 2 miles cn.stward from Beypoor, and it was estimated that :.!,050,000 would be expen ded State Railway extend north-easterly from Yicona, skirting
on t he MalJlbnr coast. during tho year 1861. Jn the mean time 1.he w orks on the the Silcsiun-Prus ian nod ltu.s!>ian froutiers, and reaching
The Bombay , Bnroda, and Central India R ailway was )lelbourne and Mount Alexander line, 1J2 miles long, of 121~ miles east of Crncow, far into Galicia. 'l'hc "bole
open, at tbo date of the last report, for a length of which 60 miles, via. Sunbury and W oodeod, arc nlread.r main line is 3 0 miles long, and, with the Bohm-Trubnu
132! miles, from Doolia to Bulsar. 'l'ho line for 2a mHes open, are in active progre s, and the estimated cost 1s and Troppnu branches, is 4<H miles long. Its cost ha pro-
n orthward to Neriad was expected to bo open by the first no less than 34,000 per mile. '!'he Victorian lines are of bably exceeded 8,000,000.
of this month. The whole line of 313 miles will, it is a gauge of 6ft. 3in. (Irish gauge.) The Austrian State luilways, sold some years since to a
expected, be OP,ened for 3,130,000, or 10,000 per mile. French company, comprit.o three lines, one from a litntion
This line, it Will be recollected, was pronounced imprac- NEW SOUTH WALES. on the Emperor's Nordbahn, 5 1 miles from Vienna t:id
t icable by Robert Stephen on. The EMt Indian Rnil,vay, From Sydney three important lines of railway will Prnsue to the Saxon frontier ; another line (from another
of the practicability of which there has never been any radiate in the direct ions expressed by their names, viz., stat1on on the Nordbahn), da P esth to the l>nnube at
doubt, is now estimated to cost 16,000 per mile. Great Southern, Great 'Vestcrn, and Great Northern. 'l'he Bn.si{Ujch, and a third line from Vienna to lwb and
The Scinde Railway, 114 miles long, is open throughout. Southern line, ultimately to be extended to the i\1 urray Comorn. These three lines arc 828 miles in length. The
The G reat Southern of India is open for a length ot river, to join the V ictorian railways, is completed t:ia Parn- capital expenditure by the last report \Vas .1G,1:l1 ,658.
14 miles. trultln and Campbclltown to Picton, a distance of 64 miles. T he 'fhiess (Hungarian) Lines are open from Czegled,
It appears, t herefore, that, up to tbo date of the last From Sj dney to Paramatta, 13t miles, the cost had been 178 mile , to .1\ib kolez, 'vith bran ches to Arad and Gross-
advice , 1,408 miles of railway w ere open in India, and wo 40,000 per mile, for a double line, and thence, "\Vith a wardcin, 93 miles and 42 miles, r espectively, in length,
have reason for supposing that at least 110 miles moro are single line to Picton, tbo cost has averaged 10,000 p er or 313 miles in all. The cost mny be estimated at
now open. mile. '!'he works are in progress (under a contract with 3,000,000.
The E85tcrn Bengal lino is expected to be open early Sir . M. P cto and Co.), on the extension to Goulburn, but The Line towards :\lunicb, tia Linz to Salzberg, is
this vear. the co t ,vi]} be very great. 'l'he W estern line, leavin ~ the 195 miles long, the P ossau brooch being 51 miles more.
About on~hnlf of the Calcutta and South Eastern, a Southern near P aramnttn, is open, we believe, to P cnr1th, a '!'be cost of the e lines mny be set down at 4 ,000,000.
line about 30 miles long, was expected to be opened by the distance of 20 miles. H ence, it is to be extended across Besides the main lines named there arc 320 m iles of
beginning of this year, and the whole line would, it wn.s the Blue Mountains to Bnthurst, on the River L acblnn, one short railways, and brooches other than tbo e already
thought, be opened in the course of the ipring. The of the principal tributaries of the J\'l urrny, which fl ows enumerated. The eo t of these may be put at 2,000,000,
Indian railways are of 6ft. 6in. gauge. many hundred miles westward, fin ally empty ing itself in upwards of 120 miles being bur e rail .... ay , one (of
Encounter Bay. The Northern Railway commences at New- which, the Linz and Budweis, 80 miles long, 'was opened
CANADA. castle, 60 miles north of ydncy, and has been opened, w e as early n.s 182 .
The extent of the Canadian railways has been somewhat believe, to Singleton, a d istance of 61 miles. This lino is to Thus we have for Austria, and including tl1at portion of
over-rated by including with them a considerable length be extended up the ltiver Hunter to Muswcllbrook, a the South Austrian Company's line beyond t hu empire,
of line leased by the Grand Trunk ll.ailway Company, in the distance of 70 miles. Sir S. M. P cto's contracts for the 3,465 miles of railways, at a cost of. 19,743,<160.
States of Maine and Michigan, U.S. Thus, a year ago, in Goulburn, Bathurst, and Muswellbrook exten ions, 21
OrDER GERliAN STATES.
an address delivered at the In titution of Civil Engineers, miles in length, cover work to the value of 4,000,000.
It difficult to separate the roilwnys of the 'arious
the length of Canadian railways was set down as 2,093 The lines completed meMure 125 miles, and their co&t hns
Gcrmnn totes from each other. ludeed, several of t hose
miles, which is considerably in excess of the length of line been about .1,i50,000. The New South Wales lines have already included in the mileage set clown fo1 l)~sin arc
now open. a gauge of 4ft. 8~in. partly in l\Iecklenburg , H aounr, &c., the st'ntl:, and p rin-
The Grand Trunk Railway is, by the last r eport,
SouTH A usTnt.LI A. cipuhtie in the German Confedtrotion being intcrminq~cd,
885 miles in length in Canada, besides the 149 mile of the &o to speak, like many of our countie , ns, for c~umplc, .,t;ast
Atlantic and St. Lawrence Iuilroad, in 1\llline, U.S., lea.st:d R ailways arc open from P ort Adelaide to Adelaide, a
llarnct, on a pcnini:>ula (if we may employ the tcnn) of
to the Gra::d Trunk for 999 years, and 69 mile of the distance of 3} miles, nod from Go.wlcr to K apuodn, 16 miles. llertfordshire extending into ~l idd le ex; Uudlt'y, bdonging
D etroit and Port Buron Railway, olso leased by the Com- The cost has probably been about .400,000. to Worcester, but forming a sort of i&lnnd by i~elf in
pany in Michigan, U.S. Thus the whole leng th now Stnfi'ordBhire; H ale's Owen, really in :-taffordshire, nutl
worked by the Company is 1,093 miles, although, as the CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.
miles a" ay from hrop hire, to which it legally belong ;
Riviere du L oup branch, 110 miles long, has been " fanned Of the Ca.J.>e Town U nilway, which will extend for 66
Craikc, in Yorkshire, and H oly hland, off the Xor thumbel-
out'' at a loss, the rruleage gl\'en in the weekly traffic miles to Wellington, the first 28 miles from Cape Town to land coast, both belonging to Durham, &c. &c. Early in
r eturns is 9i0. Of the whole capitol account of Stellenbosch were to have been opened by the end of 1861. 18.)9, Mr. J. Word, h er ) Ioj e:.t) 's consul at L eipzig, re-
11,888,464, 429,7i2 rtood at the last report to the The capital of the company, upon which a 6 per cent. ported that 7,360 mile of rn1 lwoy were open for u nltic in
cr edit of the account, and nearly 350,000 had been guarantee is given, is 600,000. A Line of 8 miles, to co~:;t Gennnny, includmg l)rus,.ia and A m ttia. \\' c have already
expended on the Atlantic and St. Lawrence leased line. The 100,000, haS since been projected from Cap e T own to seen that ther e ore now at lcru;t 6,627 miles of rnih' ay in
cost of tho Grand Trunk, in Canada, may be set down Wynburg. Austria and P ru!Sio. lllooe, but ~Ir. 'Vard r cporttd but
therefore at 11,000,000, or 12,430 per mile, including New ZEA LAN D.
4,111 miles three ) cars ngo, and cxclushe of Hung:~ry and
the Victor ia bridge, the CObt of which, up to June 30th The Christ church and LytUcton Rail,va y, to be 0 miles Gnlicia. A llowing for the o pro\'inces, the rumuning
last, had been 1,366,021. long, and estimated to co&t 240,000, has bE!cn commenced. mileage of rail,.-nyll in the Gcnnan States would not hn\'O
The Great Western of Canada is 229 miles long, from A long and difficult t unnel is t o be driven, which accoun ts fallen short of 2,iiJO milt~. Tnking Brodsluw'IJ C'tmfi/l('llifll
Snspcn ion bridge, n ear Niognra Falls, to Wind. or, oppo- for tbe great comparative expense. A line of railway is in llailtcay Ottidr (oud cxduding from the ummt:l.Jtll.ln the
itc D etroit. The Snrnia branch, from K omoka, be) ond progrc~. also, out of .Ncbon. L uxemburg rn1h'a' , nnd nbo taking car e that no port1on
London, to Sarnill, is .J1 miles long; the Toronto branch of any line shnll be 1nclu led but ouce, althou~ 1 :.. 'en in
(from Hamilton) measure !19 milell, while the Guclpb a nd Cl:.YLON.
A line is in progre . connection with two or more route ) we can m kc up
other 1hort brooches Dlllkc up the total length to 3.J1 miles, 3,239 miles now open m the Gennon S tntc~, e.xclu.sl\'C of
t he capital account, by a late report, being 4,9i6,0 !9. D EMERARA. Austrio. and Prtlh 1a, nod this, po sibl), do<'s not cove r t h<'
The Buftillo and Lake l!uron line is Hll miles long; the A lhOl t line has btc n open a nu iu USE' for t omc t i Ill(' whole. This, too, although il}cluding Mcckltnburg, is, of

 2 THE
cour-.e, exclusive of llolstein and chleswig, the railways
of which are to be included with those of Denmark.
The Wurtemburg and Bavarian lines, it is hardly neces-
sary to say, are numerous, long, and important, and tbcso
and tbo Saxon r ailwa-rs have b<'en co tly in construction.
'The Hoc from Frankfoi-t-on-the-)laine. n(,Bamberg, Nurem-
berg, and Aug~bur .,:-. to )l uoicb, is 32 ~ miles long; the
soutbe~tem ext<;nsioos to the Tyrolese and Au trian
frontiers arc of con~iderable len;th ;. the line from )funich
t:ia Land&hut and RatU.bon to urembcrg, with the branch
t o Pa&au, on the Austrian frontier, is 240 miles long ; the
line from Aug~burg to Lindau, on Lake Constance, is
121 miles long, and that f.rom Augsburg to Ulm 53 miles;
the Wurtemberg line from Bruchsal, near Carlsruhe, to
Friedrichshafen, on Lake Constance, and including the
Ileilbroun branch, is 201 miles long, and the Grand Duke
of Badco'sline, f.rom Mannbeim, up the Rhine, to Wald-
shut, near Zurich, is 215 miles long, including branches.
Ebtimating the 3,239 miles in question at 18,000 per
mile, which cannot be far from the real cost, we shall have
J 302,00U as the total investment m railways in Germany;
and cxehu.he of Austria and PI'W>Sia. l\lr. \Yard estimated
the in\'C:.tment at 120,000,000 for the 7,360 miles already
rcf... rred to. Our prcnent information goes to &bow that t he
mileage cannot now be les~> than 9, 66, and the capital ex-
penditure .1J2,125,460, equal to 15,420 per mile.
SPAIN.
The Madrid and Alicantc line, 2R2 miles long, increased
b y the Tol~:do and Cu:dad Heal branches to 3i0 miles, bas
been open for a considerable length of time. The line from
~l adrid to Jadraque is 65 miles Ion!f; that from B..t elona
tiit% aragossa to Pamplona is 337 miles long, and 93~ milcb
of other rail way line also extend from Barcelona. A rail-
way of 80~ miles is open bctwt en Cordova and Seville, a
line extending 9-1'! miles from the latter point to Cadiz. A
line 73 miles long r eaches from Valencia to Alman a,
60 miles north of Alicante, on the railway connecting that
port with ~ladrid. In the north, about 255 miles of rail-
way arc ofen from Santandcr and Barcena inland, and
extending with the exception of an interruJ.>tion at the
l:iierr~ de Ooadarama or Cantabrian Mountains), southward
vi4 Valladolid "it h a branch to Burgos.
W e have thus enumerated 1,375 miles of Spanish r ail-
ways, but it is believed that about 1,450 are now open in
Spain, while upwards of 1,000 miles more are in course of
construction, the contemplated "system" covering the
whole kingdom from Bayonne to Ca<liz, and from Corunna
t o Alicantc, and thence along the Mediterranean to the
French frontier. The actual co t of panish railways
already executed may be set down at 26,000,000.
lTALT.
W e have already, improperly J>erbsps, included the
Lombard lines with the great Au.&tnan system to which it
belongs. 'J bus, besides the line entering Milan from
Venice, the , outh Austrian Company work the l.!ne from
P iaccnza to Bologna, and from Plaisanco to Bologna, the
P iacenzaline being 105, and tbe Plaisance line 91 miles long.
Of the whole "sy tem" of 1,294 mile , upwards of 300 are
in that part of I taly now ~>ubj ect to the rule of Victor
Emmanuel. Including t his portion, the whole mileage of
raihvays in th? kingdo.m of Ita!y was, a few. months a.go,
1,11.3. Of thLS, 524 mtles were at work, bes1des 66 miles
about to be opened within the l:iardinian territory, 212 in
the Emilia, 222t in TUt.cany, besides 121 miles in con-
6truction, and 125 miles nearly completed in the Neapolitan
t erritory. The Bologna and Ancono, 126 miles long, has
since been opened, and, altogether, the present length may
be taken at 1,350 miles. I n our concluding summary we
shall deduct from the mileage already given for Austria the
300 miles of I talian line worked in connection with the
South Austrian system, and shall thus give full credit to
I taly in respect of railway enterprise.
Tm RoMAN STATEs.
The line towards Naples is reported to have so far pro-
ENGINEER. JAR. 3, 1862.
21 miles, has been opened from the Trunk line to Elvcrnm, shown in the followinJ statement of the milea open and
and the Kongsvinger line, which i.a above 60 miles long, is in 1180 at the enq ot qwntenniaJ periode :
expected to be opened in the spring. 18.31 . .. .. . . M mile~.
SWEDEN. 1836 .. ... . .. . 1,102 "
184 1 ... ... ... ... ... ... 3,319 ,
F r om Gottcnburg, the Government railway is open for l MG .. . . .. . .. . 4,870 ,,
113 miles to To:eboda, in the direction of Stockholm.
1851 ... ... ... ... ... 8,856 ..
A bout 50 miles of railway are open also from ~1 almo, near! y 1856 ... ... ... ... ... .. 21,0 ,
oppo ite Copenhagen. Of the Royal Swedish R ailway, 1861 ... ... ... ... ... ... 31,169 "
extending towards Lake 'Vener, 45 miles are open. A line This increase i.a strikingly illustrated in certain of the
of 80 miles is completed also from Gefie inland to Falum. principal States, North and South, u follows:-
There are thus 2 8 miles of railway open in wedcn, which K nee lD l&al . )UJ lD 1851. l oa to.
have probably cost about .3,000,000, the Government Ohio ... ... ... 3,057 ... .. !97 ... ... 2,660
having contracted a debt of 2,200,000 for railway pur- Pennsylvania .. . 2,94.3
poses. Illinois... ... ... 2,924 ... 14.8 ... ... 2,777
New York ... ... 21809 ... ... 11304 ... ... 1,505
'BELGIUM. Indiana... ... .. . 2,056 ... ... 215 ... ... 1,8(3
Tho railway system of Belgium is the most complicated, Virginia ... ... 11805 ... ... 418 ... ... 1,892
for its extent, of any on the globe. Its extent is now Georgia... ... ... 1,401l ... ... 665 ... ... 787
9.35 miles, divided in at least 24 lines, most of which arc l\fassacbuset1B ... 1,314 ... ... 1,160 ... ... 164
worked by the State. The mileage given includes the In Mexico a short line i.a open from the city of Mexico
Sombre and Meuse line, and that portion of the Great towards Vera Cruz.
Luxemburg within Belgium, the remainder properly WEST lNDIES.
belongin~ to H olland. The capital expenditure on t he In Cuba upwards of 500 miles of railway are open and
Belgian lines has probably r eached .18,000,000. in use, the average cost of which may be taken at 11,000
per mile, equal to, in all, 5,.j()(),000.
HOLLAND.
The Dutch lines may be set down as 308 miles, including SOUTH A.'\iERICA.
37 miles of the Great Luxcmburg, and portions of other NEw GRAr-IADA.
lines which, although not absolutely in Holland, are part The P anama Railway across t he lstbmlliJ of Panama
of its own railways, and arc not mcludcd with those of (Darien) i.a 49! miles long, and cost 1,600,000, or say
other countries. The Dutch lir.cs have probably cost about 32,000 per mile. The net receipts have ayeragcd about
6,000,000 all told. The Government of the Netherlands 400,000, or 25 per cent. on the cost.
have resolved to carry out an extensive system of railways, Venezuela. 'lwo or three lines have been commenced-
embracing, in addition to those already noted, 668 miles of one from Puerto Coabello to San Fclipa, a distance of
"fir~t class," and 171 miles of "second class" railway. 53 miles, and another running from La Guayra. towards
The e lines will involve the construction of extensive Caraccas.
bridge , ome of which will require to have spans of un- BRAZIL.
Ut.ual width. In Brazil 37 miles of the Bahia line are open, and up to
SWITZERLAND. the 30th of June last 1,2:16,405 had been expended on
The Swiss lines are already up .vards of 600 miles in ex- t he whole line, open and in progress.
t ent, and a large sum has been voted to their extension, via There are also open 36t miles of the P ernambuco line,
the Splugen pass, into Italy. the cost of which, thus far, has been 1,409,000.
PORTUGAL. The Dom P edro II. Railway i.a open for 38 miles from
The two lines, one from Lisbon to Porte d'Asseca, and Rio de Janeiro to Belem, and 220 miles are in course of
the other from Barreiro to Vcndas Novas, and measuring construction.
together rather more than 0 miles, are all that are yet in On 88 miles of the San P aulo line 314,000 bad been
operation. During the past year, bowe\'er, upwards of expended up to the date of the last report.
22,000 men have been employed on the new lines. CmLI.
TuRKt:Y. In Chill the Copiapo Hail way extends from the Pacific
In European Turkey the Kustendje and Black Sea line, coast at Caldera, 74 miles inland, t:ad Copiapo t~ P abellon,
40 miles long, and costing .300,000, is open. In Asiatic whence the Copiapo E xtension Railway, 26 miles long,
Turkey, 40 miles of the Smyrna and Aidir! line are at extends to C'banaxillo, 100 miles from the sea. A branch
work. The whole length of this line will be 80 miles, and of 531 miles is in course of construction by the Oopiapo
its cost i.a estimated at 1,200,000. Extension Hailway Company.
A LGERIA.
From Valparaiso a line of railway has been opened for
The Algiers and Blidah line has been commenced, and nearly one half the distance of 11 0 miles to Santiago, the
also the Constantine and P bilippeville line. Capital of the Republic. Another line is in progress from
Santia~o southward to Talca, a distance of 162 mile.,
EG1'.PT. upwards of 60 miles being open.
The Alexandria, Cairo, and Suez line, 204 miles long,
has cost, probably, about 4,000,000.
P ERU.
Three lines are open in Pcru-tbe Arica and Tacna, 38~
NOH.TH A~IERICA. miles long, and one of 81 miles from Callao to Lima, ~
R eturning now to America, the lcn~h and cost of British one from Chorillas to Lima. These three lines, nearly 50
American railways being already P.!"en, we come to the miles in extent, may be set down at, in all, 500,000.
United and Confederate States. l'he e countries have,
together, by far 1he most exten ive railway system in the RECAPITULATION.
world. The railway companies do not report to the national 0 &EAT BB IT Am AS11 I ULA.'>D : H Ues open. Colt.
England and Wales ... ... ... 7,683
Governments, and only m a few States 18 any report made Scotland .. . .. . ... .. . ... ... 1,486
to the local Go\"ernments. The length and cost, however, Ireland ... . . .. .. . .. 1,864
of all the lines in the States have been carefully collect.ed,
for many years, by trustworthy &tatisticians, among whom 10,<t33 ... 348,130,327
t he most authoritative is )fr. H enry V. P oor, of New ludia. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,408 ... 84,396,6
York, for :nany years eclitor of the American Railroad Canada. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . . . .. 1,826' ... 20,648,04!r
New Brunswick . ... ... ... . . 175 ... 1,050,000
Journal. These statistics gave the following results on the Nova Soot.ia. .. . . . . .. 99 1,000,000_
1st of January, 1861, or one year ago:- 'cto .
V 1 n.a. . 0. . 183' ...
!1,878,283
0

uNITED STATEs. New South Wales ... ... ... ... ... 125 ... 1,760,0~0
grc ed that it waa expected to run locomotives to Ceprano, Cape or Good Hope... .. . .. . .. . .. . 28 ... 500,000
Mlll'tl n! Railway open. Coct.
by the present new year. The line to Frascati alrclldy Six New England States, including 14.9
open is 11 t miles long, besides a short branch. miles leased to Grand Trunk of (;aoada... 3,715A ... 30,249,842 T otal, Great Britain and Colonies ... 14,277
RussiA. New York, New Jersey, Pennll)'lvaniA, CONTINENTAL R AILWAYS.
The St. P ctersburg and Moscow line, 400 miles long, is Delaware, Maryland and Dil.trict of Franco ... ... .. ... .. .. . 6,14.7 ... .154,4-40,000
Columbia... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6,922 ... 72,332,200 Prus.sia .. ... .. . .. ... ... ... 8,162 ... 44,080,000
owned by the Russian Government, and its cost has never, OWo, :Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wis-
we believe, been btated officially. Bayard Taylor, an in- Austria, deducting 300 miles in Lom-
CQusin and Iowa ... ... ... ... ... 10,333 ... 79,579,612 bardy and Cent.ral ltaly, but. worked
tell:gcnt traveller, who spent some time in Russia and paicl Ca.lifornia ... .. .. ... .. .. 70 . 7411,741 asparLof the South Austrian "sy111Alm'' 3,165 .. . ..t5,243,460
much attention to this railway, states that its cost was Mis.>~Juri and Kentucky ... .. .. . .. . 1,3H ... 10,6 9,237 Other German Sta!A!S .. . ... ... .. . 3,139 .. . 51S,3U2,000
1 8,000.000, or 4.5,000 per mile. Spa.in... .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. 1,450 .. . 26,000,0110
The Grand RUsian .Railway Company had 501 miles of Total in tho "Loyal " States ... .. . 22,384! .193,591,632 Italy .. . . . ... ... .. .. 1,850 .. . 25,000,000
CONPED~RATE STATES. Bomo .. ... .. . .. . ... ... . .. 00 .. . 1,000,000
line at work at the date of their last report, and expected Railways in the 11 Seceded States ... 8,784 ... 48,793,300 R\lSBia. .. . .. .. . . . . ... 1,289! 43,18S,OOO
to open .368 miles more early in the ensuin~ season. As the Denmark .. . 262 ... 8,000,000
company has been authorucd to abandon Its Southern line Total, United and Conledernte States 31,168f 242,384,982 Norway ... ... ... ... ... ... . .. 63 ... 700,000
t o the Crimea, the compl<:te reseau will include 1,069 miles The railways in the "loyal'' States have cost on the Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 288 .. . 6,000,000
only, instcod of nearly 2,600, as or iginally intended. The Belgium .. . .. ... ... ... .. . .. 955 .. . 18,000,000
average 8,648 !Os. per mile. Those in the Confederate llolland ... 308 .. . 6,000,000
company'11 capital has been fixed at 20,000,000, most of ' tatcs have averaged 5,.JJ,j per mile. The average cost of Switzorlnnd .. ... ... ... ... . ..
0

which probably has been expended.
The St. Pcter~>burg and Peterhof line, owned by Baron
Stieglitz, is 18~ miles long, and is about to be extended to
Narva.
'l'he R'ga. and Dunaburg line, owned by an English
company, is 135 miles long, and we may e.,timate its cost
at I .~00,1 00.
The War aw South '\Ye tern line, extending to the
Au~trian front:er, and including branches, is 235 miles
long. Taking it co t .at :3,500,~0 J, we shall haYe 1,289 ~
miles, and 4:3,18.J,OOO capital expenditure, represented in
part by cxten.::.ivo works in progress.
D tNMARK.
The following enumeration includes the railways in
Schleswig and H olstein.
Altona and Kiel, 6.3 miles; and branches to Itzehoe and
Rcnd~burg, 42 miles. Flen&burg to 'J'onn 'ng, with branch
to ltcn<L.burg, iO mile:.; and Copenl agcn to Cvrsoer,
56 mile . The Lubcck branch of the Berlin and Hamburg
line. 29 mile~> long, is in Ilobtcin.
'Vc thu~ have 262 miles of railway in D(nmark, tl.e cost
of which n1ay be taken at .3,01J0,000.
NORWAY.
The Norwegian Trunk Raihvay, from Christiania to
Eidsvold, is 42 miles long. The Stor H ammer line, of
600 .. . 10,000,000
all the lines in the United and Confederate States has been Portugal ... ... .. . 0 0. 80 .. . 1,600,000
7, 7i7 per mile. Turkey . ... .. . ... . . . .. .. . ... 80 .. . 1,000,000
Of the whole cost of 242,3 4,932, it is estimated, by Egypt .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. 204 .. . 4,000,000
the bc~>t authorities, that .611,000,000 arc held in deben-
Total ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 22,G92t ... .4761650,460
ture and &bare (chiefiy the former), in Great Britain, and NOBTR A..~D SOCTR AMERICA.
probably 411,000,000 on the continent. The gro earnings
Exclusive of British America, t he railways of which
of all the :H,160 miles \Vas Cl>timated for 1860 at 28, 06,5 4, are included with Great Britain and Colonies.
or 12 per cent. on the whole co t, the net earnings being
Uoited States ... ... ... ... ... .. . 22,3t4i ... .193,591,632
&imilarly c:.timatcd at l:!,:J4[1,0i8, or 5 per cent. As, Confederate States ... ... ... ... ... &,78! ... 41!,793,300
however, more than one half of the whole cost of American Mexico . . . ... .. . . . .. . .. ...
20 ..,. 2u0,000
railways is represented by debentures, bearing from Gto 10 Cuba ... ... ... .. . ... ... ... ... 500 ... 6,500,000
.per cent. interest, the actual average dividends on shares New Granada. ... ... ... ... ... ... <t9t ... 1,600,000
could hardly ha'\"& averaged a much as 3 per cent., and the Bro.zil... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... llt; ... 5,000,000t
whole bhare capital of American railways did not, previous Chili Paraguay ... ... ... . .. .. ... ... 8 . 80,000
.. . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 195 2,000,000
to the breaking out of the present war, a'erage much more Peru .. ... .. . ... .. . .. 60 ... 600,000
than 50 per cent. of its par value in the share market.
On the 1st of Januarr,lSG I, there were, in the 3-t States, 32,102! ... 2b7,264,932
---
and in addition to the :31.16!1 miles of rail ways then
open, li,OISO miles, on whicb more or le~ work had been Grand total or all tbo railw~ys in
done, making the total of line. con.,tructcd, and in coar e of tho world... ... ... ... ... ... 69,072 ... 1,151.168,4-46
con&truction, 48,101 miles. Thus, in the State of Texas,
which had but 2!Jlj miles of railway open, there were Inasmuch as tbo p articulars ~iven for the various
2,.Ji2 ~ miles in progre.,s. 1\linne:.ota, which bad no rail-
countries are in some caaes derived from returns a year, and
wa~s open, had 1,167 miles in progxess. I ncluding eum.s ra.leed for woru lD progroea.
'l'he progressive increase of railways in the States ia t !Deluding IIUD5 railed for exteDiive woru lD progT-.

 JAN. 8, 1862. TH E ENGINEER. 3
in a very few caaes, two years old, it is probable that the leri.sed the oldor strata. aro exhibited even in Ploistocono times. testimony to the proo0118 coming oxtensivoly into use, and remarked
actual extent of railway now open in the whole world i.s Tbo dark-doloured beds of clay, cbo.rged with fragments of that the gu companies, whose profits it would diminish, had takon
about 70,000 miles, and that the capital expenditure to date coal o.nd shale, in which alflO lio boulders of sandstone and lime- fright at it in consequence. Dr. Jlarrison refused to be a. party to
has been nearly 1,170,000,000. This vast sum haa been stone, clearly point to their derivation. and toll how tbo numerona reopeni ng the contract between the court and the Oily GOB Com-
cecarplnent.s nod ravines-which, rrior to glacial times, mWJt have pany, holding that it wn.s binding on both. lie a!Bo argued in
almost wholly raised and expended within the laat quarter intersected tho neighbourhood o a coal country fronl tbo faults favour ol carburating t he gOB on tho ground of economy. '!'he ro-
of a century. No longer ago than 1834, M. 'l'hiers, while and dislooations caused by upheaval of tbo flOiid rocks - bn.vo mo.inder of tbo discussion was conducted with closed doora, and
a min.i.ste~ of France, ~eclared his opinion, founded upon an boon slowly worn down to their present appearance. The eventually the court adopted, aU but unanimously, the roport of tho
ex~m10at1on of the Ltverpool and Manchester line, that numerous Cragmonto of ganni1ter, with their enclosed fossil rootlots com.mittoo, and the result was communicated bJ the chairman to
railwa:rs were ~ardly mo.re than toys for the curious, being of 1tigmq.ria, as well M the Cro.gmonts from the Perm.ian, toll ol the Mr. Shepa.rd, ono ol tho directors ol the Oarburatmg Company.
oxteosivo donudntions which flOmo parts of our Lancn.shiro coal-
~ful m certain exccpttonal cases only ! Now they are field havo suffered. 'fhon tbo bugo bouldera of granite, along with
n gbtly regarded aa hardly less than prime nece sities, and tbo smaller and more rounded fragments of pol"\'hYTY and trap, tell A DOCKYARD IN THE MERSEY.
in any eo..se as indispensable agents of civilisation. of the time when, drifted by icoborgs from tboLr ancient deposits, }fa. J oo LAIBn has addressed tbo following letter to tho
they 'vore strewn along the old sea bottom. And tbo red sand below Timu :-" I observe in the naval intelligence from the various
- which only requires re-consolidation to convert it again into MW dockyards tho.t the want of suitAble dock accommodation i8 being
MANCHESTER GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. red eandstono-ovidences by what agency, and at what time, tbo felt moro strongly now that the largo clll86 of ships i8 incroaaing and
November 26th, 1861. basin in which tho lower part of Stockport now stands WM scooped likely to increase. Some decided steps must flOon bo taken by tho
out of the solid rock. \Vo IC3rn, from tho recently published work Government to remedy this want, but, before fixing where tho
JosEPll Dto&INsoN, F.G.S., President, in tbo chair. of Dr. Maury, that the bottom of the Atlantic iB an inclined piano, accommod!ltion should bo provided, it o.ppears to me that it would
ON P LElSTOOENE DEPOS ITS ON TilE STO OK PORT AND WOODLEY formed from tho accumulating materials dropt by icebergs 118 tboy bo desirable tl.JAt the various ports In tho country suitable for tho
RAILWAY. float Routhorly, until, a.s they come upon the Gull-stream, they sud- reception of vessels of great draught of water should bo surveyed
By Mr. J onM TArLOa, Jun. denly melt, and so finally d rop all that t hey havo remaining, thus and reported upon, so tbat Parliament might h&ve an opportunity ol
fonninfl a tolerably stoop cacarpmont in a lino with the placos wbero judgmg where the nccommodation so much requjrcd could bo
Daamo the cutting of this railwn.y I have paid several visits in tho Oulf-t~tream crosses the Atlantic. Such circumRIAnces, howover, obtained at t ho least cost, and, at tbo aame time, affording tho
order to work out tho position of the drift beds. Jn tbo present slAte do not seem to have provaUed duriog the time of the northern drift. greatest fa.ciliti es for tbo public service. Mattera of this Im-
of this department of Goology every !net, duly authenticated, Then the order of tlungs wa.s reversed, and tbo thicker doposiiB wore portance should not bo left, aa the inquiry into the extension
is valuable, and, OB I have studjed the beds in q uestion with great moro northerly, I\Od thinned out in the southerly direction. It is of Ohatbam Dockyard was, until the end of the session. About
care, this is my only excuse Cor bringing tbo subject beforo you. probable that, during this later period, the neighbourhood of tho two years ago r addressed a letter to your pl\per, pointing
The extent of the abovo railway iB o.bout two miles o.nd a half; above deposits wOB covered by a. shallow sea, in which icebergs 00... out wi.JAt I conceived to be the advantages poS8C88ed by this
and thecutUngs aro takoo through t he tops of the higher grountlB; camo stranded, and thus pounded and crushed the solid rock into locality for the establishment of a dockyard and arsenal. The
tho dib,.il being llBCd Cor filling up the valleys. I n tho length of gravel and sand. It is further probable that at this time what is now commission appointed 'to consider the defences of the United
the railway sovoro.l distinct sections of tba drift beds ho.vo boon the chain of hilla commonly known M tho "back-bono of Eng- Kingdom,' in their report of 1860, agreed with mo that tbe Mcrsoy
laid open. A8 yet tho S tookport end of the lino hM been carried land," wore low le.ndB covered by a wintry growth of coniferous possessed very great advantages for the establishment of a ll.IJ.Val
only to & spot a littlo below S t. Paul's Oburoh, Port wood, on tbo trees. The wbolo of these deposits, in short, in thoir varying arsenal a nd depot. Some objections wore raised by parties in this
~rounds of Mr. Howard. It is bore that tbo first section is exposed. chara.cters, plainly toll of tLo littoral condHions under which thoy loca.Uty to tbo plan J then proposed of having the entrance to the
l ' bo lower beds of tho new rod sandstone, at Stockport, may bo were accumulated. dockyo.~d a ud seno.l through tbo Dirkenhead Commercial Docks,
soon dipping in a nort.L-wosterly direction, and, in turning of! the Recent OB tho o.bove deposits are, geologically speaking, yot the now bo10g conat ucted by tho Mersey Dock8 and Ilarbour Board.
Portwood-roacl to tbo section abovcrnamod, they are again ~eeu Lime taken up in their fonnation miLSt bavo been immense, in the T his objection ea bo obviated, ancf tbe two classes of establish-
cropping out, and are capped below by gravel and clay. Tbe..o gradual wearing and donudin~ of the carbonirerous rocks, to Corm ments be entirely cparat.e, by placing tbo ll.IJ.Val dockyard in
drilt beds cover tbo underlying rocks along the wholo course of tho tho clo.yt!, IUld in t ho breakmg up of tho old igneous doposi ts to Tranmero Bay, oolw , n the most sou thoro point of Dirkon-
line, wd hide the junction of the ne w rod sandstone M d tho coal form tho gravels. 'l'his extent of time, bowovor, m11y have been bead and Rook Ferry nd constructing wet baains and graving
measures. F or, 1\bout a mile beyond Woodley may bo seen sevornl ~'9ualled by tbat which ho.s elapsed since t hey were formed. These docks there. The deciilion also having boon come to to plaoo
grit.-s\oue qunrrios in the upper coal-measures, abounding in Si~il- h1gh grounds- flOmo 160ft. abovo tho river - have "since tbon the uew arsenal on Cannock Obaso, so largo an o.mount of land
alria, Calamiiu, iAPidodendra, and their 118sociated fossils. f ho boon slowly upbco.ved from t bo bottom of tho sea During as I previously antici~ted will n.ot . bo required f~r a dC?Ckyard
stone used for building the bridges along the lino is obtained from this slow uprisin~, tbo river oo the left band cut its way used 80lely for tho purpose of bu1ldtng and ropalTlDg sh1ps and
these quarries. These fow remarks on tho position of the under- through tbo superficial deposits, and oven t hrough some 20ft. or moohlne~ 'fraomere Bay is a position, therefore, well calculated
lying rocks lead us to consider the drift beds which cover them. 80ft of solid rock besides, OB may bo seen in sevornl places about for a doe o.rd ostabl.ishmoot, being sheltered from the prevailing
In the first cutting the depth of the gullet i8 about 25ft., and tbo Stock_PC?rt. That tbo rlvor was considerably broader thun than now winds by . igh land, a.nd ho.ving a depth of water in tho river at
beds here lie in tho following ordor :- is plmnly indicated by tbe terro ces which it ho.s loft all the way down l.bat point sufficient to allow of dock sillll being laid 80 low as to
1st and uppermost, An irrepular ln.yor of gravel and thin layers the valley; wbili;t tbo shifting of its bed, now on this sido and now admit the lo.rgest clasa of vessels on almost every day of the year.
of sand; the Jl('bbles compo&~og tho gravel consisting of rounded on tbo.t, ho.s deposited the sand and mud which lie below. The best anchorage in the Mersey is also opposite the proposed
fragment. of granite, syenite, porphyry, and trap, but moro espe- Great 118 the period ol time must have been during which site. The nature of tho foundntion is rock, atJd from the oxvo-
cially of sandstone, apparently o( carboniferous ago; this bed ill ~beso c~an~es took pi~, the. wholo of them have bo~n effected rionce J have had of the great economy in constructing graVJog
about 12ft. in thickness, and just caps the summit ol tho .first 10 the hfollmo of cxUitmg speo1es of shells! 'l' he old dr1ft streams, docks in tho immediate neighbourhood, I havo DO doubt that
mound. in bringing togethPr and comningling the ingrcdioo!B of tho various a wet ~io suiW:blo to receivo iron-C~U~Cd frig~tes of the largest
2nd, A layer of very stiff nnd dark-coloured clay, charged with r()('ks, have sened tbo same purpcsos o.s those which man o.tt.ompts class, With gmVlng docks attacltod for repafrmg them, can be
fragments of coal and black shale. Boulders ol o. tolerable size are when ho adds mineral manure to his lands ; and, doubtless, bad conatruct.cd at a lower cost tbnn similar works in almost any other
found in lt, obtained from varioUB rocks, but moro especially from it not been for this finishing stroko ol the Creator, bad not the part of the United Kingdom. The material excavated in formlng
the ganilter; and Iling in . hc;aps by the eid~ of t he rail way oro temperate zones been covered by suoh a subsoil of gravel and tbo foundations of the proposed works being principally sand-
rounded boulders o rock, s1m1lar to tho Perm~an at Collyburst, and sands, a scant and meagro vegetation would ovorywboro ha.vo stone, it Cfluld bo ~ed mC?st advantag~usly i.o constructing the
containing fossils such o.a Bakevellia. One largo boulder of black greeted the eye. And thus, llke the f11blod philosopher's stone, works, and any doficLency m the quanuty required could oaaily bo
limestone, which I dug out of tbo clay myself, furnished me witb wLich torned the baser metals into gold, time can make the most made up from the extensive quarries in the immediate vicinitr.
tolerable fine specimeDB of C011ia.tiw retietdatu1, C. Li1ttri, D.Dd common tbjogs venerable, and a patch of gravel or clay, viewed Thoro is a largo population of artisans of various classea resident m
G. Ltylaadi, This clay bed is from 8ft. to l Oft. tbick, and nearly all iu the light of geologic science, furnishes to us lbo history of our t.he neighbourhood-an important point in case of heavy repairs to
the boulders are polished and striated ; flOme of them so polished planet jW~t before, or contemporaneously with, the. epoch when man any ol her Majesty's ships beiug unoxpoct.ed.ly required. The
u to give the appearance, when first dug out, of having boon black- was called to take possession. Birkenhcad Railway, communicating with all parts of the country,
leaded. adjoiDB the proposed site, 80 that iron, coal, and all other materiols
3rd, A. bed of very floe red and yollow sand, similar to thllt required for use io a. dockyard could bo brought nt the lowest cost
found near Stockport station. This bed contains in somo placi'IJ CARBURETTING GAS. direct into the establishment. Southampton, Portsmouth, and other
la.yors of dark carbonaceous mattor, whjch soils tho fingers upon AT a special meeting, OD Tuesday, of the City Commission or
placoa in the fl()uth of Euglaud aro clulm.iug for l.h1.1ir r011pect.ivo
touching it. It extends to an unknown depth. Sowers, a roport from tllo Committee on General Pnrposcs, oo the localities the best site for establishing now or increa.slng old dock-
Theae beds aro found lying in tho first cutting in tbo order in praposal of tbo Carburetting Oas Company to apply their procces to yard establishmetJts, but OB a dockyard for docking and prompt
which I have named them. Tbe outting is about 250 yards lon.g. tho whole of tbo ~ublic lamps throughout tho City, WOB received repair or her Majesty's ships will bo found absolutely necessary on
At the end may be seen, imbeddcd in the gravel, a huge boulder or and considered. 1'ho procoss consistB of ao appa.ratua, containing t.b e WC6teru coa.Bt, I am induced to lay beforo you the advantages
coarse-groined syonite. Since going over the groundt!, in company naphtha, complete in itself, which can bo adapted to all existing which this port po8808Bes. I hope other parties at the varioua wes-
wil.b lrC88rs. Binney and Barr, wben this boulclor WOB lyio~ in litu, gOB lamps and burners, whether for public or private lighting. It tern ports will do tbo sa.mo, in order that the questlon may come
its upper surface quite wmooth, I found that it bad been di6lnterred, tends to economy in consumption of ~OB, without diminishing the under the nCJt.ice of Government and Parliament, sod that locaUty b6
and turned over, so that it hu now i!B under side exposed, and shows brilliancy of tbo lig ht, and hM been tned by this commi88ion for a adopted which is likely to prove most advantageous to the general
most evident traces of the Ecratchiogs to which it hM boon subjected month, in the public lighting of J.!oorgate-st reet, with satisfnctory interesta or the country."
by grating on the old ~ bottom. In this first cutting we find tho
lower hods of grovel of a coarser texturo than the upper, owing to bad results. The General Purpo8C8 Committee. to whom the eubi~ = ====
t he water not boing able to percolate through the clay, filtering proposed boon referred, reported that the Carburetting GM Oompaor RAILWAYS IN HOLLAND.
ro carburate the gM suppHed to the public lamps 10 tho
through them, and carrying away with it the fin er particles of "and City, n.ccordiug to certain conditions contAined IJl a specification, nt
To following communication has boon received from ll. J. W. Do
and rraveL T bcBe lower beds are quito moist owmg to the abovo 17s. 6d. per burner per annum, provided a contrnct wero entered Oampo, ol Hollo.nd: -
cause. .. into Cor not less thau 600 burners, or at 16s. por burner il the "Hall wo.ys may now bo regarded M neceasa.r ies ol life, and, bow-
At the next cutting, somo 200 yards further on- and which process bo applied to about 1,700 of the public lamps. That being ever high wore the expectations or tbo iovoolion ol Stephenson, wo
is about 400 yards long - the clay is seen lying undormot>t, so tbo comm1tt.ee recommended tbo court to accept t ho proposal, llave not been disappointed; on the contrary, wherever the steam
aad ia of a very ~oat thicknC88. I t is jlllit cappod i.n tho and alflO to adopt tho process for tho whole of tbo public lamps in locomotive h&e appeared, pr06perity has increased, isolation and
beginning of the section by layera of gravel and sand. In flOme the district henceforward to bo lighted by tho City of London Gas ignorance have given way, traftlc and clviliaatiun have advanced. I t
places the sand is qui.to bla.ck, o.od so llard as to be only broken Company, on the understAnding, to which the Oarburating Company is Mtonishlng, therefore, that tbls valuable meaDB of communication
with a hammer. 'l' hUi blackness bOB been e'1donUy caused by had consented, tbo.t this commission might at any timo termmate is not more generally used in flOmo countries, 80 aa to i.nct'C8.80 still
Ulo decompOFition or vegetable matter-Qld drl!t-wood, or huge tbe contract, if they thought fit, after fourteen dnys' notice. It more considerably thei r commerce and lnduatry.
mueee ol 8Cllrweed which wcro buried in thG sediment of tuo should bo stated that the court, at its IMt meeting, ncooptcd n. tender " Bow wa.s it that a. country like Holland, ~enerally known and
sJacial 6C88. In tbeso beds there lies another largo boulder ol fine- from the City GOB Company, for the oneuin~ year, to supply gas to highly esteemed for its trade and industry, dld not avail itseU of
Snlned red granite, not so largo M tbo ono tlrst mentioned, but still tho public lamJl&bwithin a cortaio lnrge d1strict, at 3 lls. per raUways, so M to keep pace with the general progr081J in other
of a tolerable size. Tho underlying clay i8 very flne and adhesive, annum for encb umor consuming 3ft. of gM in tbe hour. To countries ? Its most llour!Bhing provincos, where the cultivation of
u I , and tho gentlemen I hAve named, found out one moist Satur- that olJer tbo court, however, o.ppended a condWon that thoy (tho tbo flOil and the breeding of cattle have made great progrOBB, aro
dal afternoon. What seems to mo tho most singular fact connected court) woro to boat liberty, at thotr own cost and risk, t~ apply tLe completely separated from the general means of communication;
mtb it ia the presence of numerous brooches and roots of trees, cnrburating process to the public lamps, i! they should think it their product. are soot to the near1.1st harbour to be embarked for tho
apparently or coniferoUB wood. Some of them appear to ho.vo been dosirable, at auy time during tbo contract. Mr. Milla.r, tbo secretary great metropolis of the world, while persona travel by stage conches,
chopped and sawn, and aro found lying a t a depth of fi.Itcen feet to the Oit.Y Gaa Company, on their part adhered to the tender with like those used half a century ago in England.
from tbo surface. 'l' be specimens upon tbo table are Jragment.B tbatcond1tion ; but yesterday Mr. Gray, the chairman of tho company, " The groat incUnation of the people for water communication,
w hich I obtsinod during a recent visit From this pla.ce we 1.'\ko attended bcforo the court, and disavowed, on their part, 80 much of the tho great. difficulties of constructing railwo.ys over rivora and anns
leave of the gravel beds and clay beds-into which layers of BBIId arrangement M rolutcd to the carburating process, averse M they of the sea, which penetrate the country and form many !.e lands;
are found often feathering out and lo!tiog them11elves, only to aplJGar wore to boiog placed under the control of another company, and to the fact that their coru;tructit>n could not be a profitable enterprise
again in a short distance-predominate. A littlo further on bnngs the adoption of the process itsoll. For those rell80ns they wore for any private company, and tho hesitation on t he part of Govorn-
us to a pla.c& wbcro tbo clay is capped by about Grt. or 8lt. of coarse di11inclined to tako upon them86lvee the ful filment of tbo oontract. mont to undertake their construction itself against tbo rules of a
sand, charged with carbouncooW! matter. This series is succeeded This annou01emont, taking tbo court by surprise, led to a. discus- sound policy, may account in some way for this. n owovor, these
in the next cutting by alwrnating layers of clay nod sand ; the clay, sion, on tho motion of tbo chairman for adopting the report, in nro not to bo CODBidered as valid reaaons for being deprived of rail-
however, greatly }Jropouderating, and often proseoliug the appear- which ob~ervatioos upon tbo merits of the procOBS in question and wo.ye, and, if they are now considered advantageous, why wore
w ee of ho.viJJg been felwd klgetber. It lies in thick layers, D.Dd, tbe desirability of applying it to tbo public lighting woro mixed up tb~y not 80 ten 7eara Bf)O ? When tho nature of tho country mo.do
apparently, only wants CODI!Oiid.ation to convert it into shale. witb romarks on tho withdrawal of t bo City Go.a Company from pr1vato compan1es hes1tate to construct them, why should not tbo
P ollilhed and scrat.ched wuldcn~ are &till common in it. 'l'be their contrnct. Dr. A brnllam regarded the act of that company OB Government have done it ? Tbero o.ro, i.ndeed, very fow railways
depth o( lho gullet hero is about 30ft. About a quarter of a an attempt to dictato to lho court that they wore not to havo rcr which have been profitable to tho companies, but who can te ll
mile further on this series alters, nod tbo underlying sand comes course to tbo carburating prooo , though it mi~bt result, a.s ho con- how many millions they have increased tho wealth of tbo people,
up. llero tbo sand, which is capped by about l!Ofl. CJf till, tended it would, in a saving to tbo ratopayors io tbo public lighting or how rouch they bavo contributed to their civilisation and
1.8 found to contain numerous fragments of mari.no shell:l of about 1,7110 a year. lt WM, in fact, another ph08o of the con- woUaro ?
belonging to the genera Mactra, TeJiiM, Venra, Cardium edule, o.nd federt.cy wllicu had reooully boon ontored into betweon tho three " I am glad, however, to be o.blo to say that railwa.ys are now
Turri.ulla tere/Jra. )!oetof tbedO lrngmen!A! give cvideuco CJf bo.ving city gOB companies in their own interests, M opposed to those ol being CODBtructed in Holland. Tbo Govornmon~ le making use of
~n expol>Od to a rolling action among tho grains of sand in which tbo public. 'fho wholo socret of the opposition of thoS() com- its able civil and military en~ineors to overcome the d.i.!Hcultiea of
they aro imboddod. Although l.b&IO fragments aro numerous panies to the procC88 in question WM l.bat it would result in about cr~ssing tbo rive~, and has 10 vlow the carrying out of a complete
entira sbolls are rather rare, still thoro is ~;ufficloot evidcn-.:o that half tbo pi'C<!ont consumption of gM, without diminiBhing tho raLlwa;r system w1lhin ten years. Thoro will be constructed about
these beds need only careful examination to provo thcm aoytl1ing amount of light, o.nd so lessen tlloir profits. 'I' hat prOC08ll, he added, 900 miles of railway, at an exponse estimated at 7,000,000, of
bot unlossllifcrous. t The sand beds, in wbich tboy lie, aro al11o bad been applied in lighting tbo front of Lord P:\lmorston's house which a third part i8 to bo expended on railway bridges only.
mottled wit.h carbonaeeo\llf matter, tbo relics of tho ancient algae aod tho Timu office. h wo.a being brought ~enero.lly into public w.c, 'l'hCflO railways will unito tbo following towns:-Amsterdam,
which composed it. 'l'hi.s series continues to tbo end of the and be bold it to bo n. du ty incumbent OD tllo court to Ilague, Rotterdam, Breda, Maastricht, Utrecht, Arnhem, Zutphcn,
railway cuttings- sand below, and clay above. A.t Woodley avail themS()Ivcs of it in lighling tbo streets of London, having Assen, Rarlingen, N w Diep, and others.
thia clay is dug into for brick:making, and for tho manufactoro of regard to tho pockota of tho ratepayers. Deputy Jones regarded tho " Besides the railw11y, o. canal will bo made to unite tbo capital,
tiJee. n.ct o( tbo City Gae Oompaoy in withdrawiog from tho contract as a Amsterdam, immediat.ts wit h tho ocean.
Fow wd simple u 1\TO tbo facts whlcb I bavo recorded, &till l breach of faith. Uo trusted tboy would yet sco U1o proprioty o( " ~his r ay sybtem will bo bonoficinl to lho country, tho pro-
cannot help regarding them with a grC3t degree of inu:rest. In abiding by the ongagcmont. Mr. liattbews complnmeJ of tho duction of the flOil. an4 of. industry increasing in proportion as tbo
atudying tbom more minutely wo fuid in thes9 later d~>J>?l>i!A! that revengeful spirit shown towi\Tds lbo Great Central Oas Company means of communtcatlon 1mprove, and will be, at the same time of
t.b& ~~&me phenomena of denudation and deposition which cbarac- by several membora of the court, in excluding them from the con- much importance to Great Dri!Ain. 'l' ho commercial towns' of
trart to iltpply ,:\"M for tho public lightiDj; of the City. Mr. Dro.ss p-olland will ~bus be brought nearer to England's sea. port.e, and the
l may jWit Ay that the cby In wbtch thCJIO bnmches occur Lt e&flliOd epoko in favour of tbo Oroot Ccr..trnl shllrlng in tho ccmt ract for the 1ntercourse will be greater. It must bo bcneficinl to both countriCd,
bf a la)'er of coante and tbrco or tour feeL thick. JULiic lightiug, nod coutcudcd, amid remarks of ditisont, that a. whose histories are so connected with each other. In the groat
t TIM lheU.., whleb are ehlefty found whl)le, are thote belonging to T.cr- saving would 1hereby bo effected ol upwiU"ds of 1,800 in the event battle for liberty they have both marched i.n the aame couree; in tbo
riUll<& ttrc/ml. of thu carburatiug proceaa not boing rucc081j(ul. Mr. Saundert boro promotion of commorco thOJ' both have shown iliGJ.D.Mlve. energetic
and succC88fui".-So<:Mtu Of Arl4' Joumal.
 4 THE ENGINEER. JAN. 3, 1862.

CHIMNEYS FOR WOOD-BURNING LOCOMOTIVES.

7
3
6

'

IS 1o

I 37 39 11:--::\ 40 tl 12

52

IN America, including all tbo Canadian lines, wood is the prin CLOTUJNO or TirR P OLJCE.-Dr. Borlase Childs, the surgeon to tho
cipal fuel employed for locomotives. I n burning, however, this City police force, has just isaued a report, addressed to the P olice masts, the mistake in tltat respect made with the Warrior
fuel produces such a shower of sparks as to endanger everything Committee, upon tbe subject of the clothing of that body, which being about to bo repeated with the Do:fence, which will have to
combustible in the neighbourhood. To arrest and detain these contains some very i11teresting details. After a few introductory trust more to her sailing powers than either the Warrior or Bla.ck
sparks a vast variety of con trivances have 'been devised and brought remarks Dr. Childs says :-The bat now worn by the police force Prince. The Galatea is now completely rigged. This fine frigate,
into use. W o have collected a number of these, dating from 1881 fulfils no indication which the covering for the head of men so the tonnage of which is greater than that of many of our line-of-
to the present ti me. exposed requires. It a1Jords no protection in a struggle, for it either battle ships, has been filled entirely by the seamen, marines, and
N o. 1 is the original straight chimney, with a circular damper near immediately falls or is struck off ; and the man, becoming conscious riggers belonging to the Defence. It is uot yet known whether she
the top. No. 2 the stra1g ht chimney, open throughout. No. 3 the that h is head is exposed to great danger, hesitates, and begins to will bo commissioned, the .Admiralty awaiting the news from
same with a wire netting cowl. No. 4 the same as No. 3 1 with the think only of self-defence. It is moreonr heavy, weighing America, but, whatever the result, she will be placed in the firs~
exception that the top of the cowl could be opened at will. In No. 5 14 ounces, even when dry ; offers no protection to the eyes, face, ears, class steam reserve, and aa she is fully equipped, and the greater
the sparks were shot up against a fiat plate and deflected down ward, or neck ; causes headaches, &c. ; not being arched, it does not suffi- portion of her stores are on board, she will be ready to proceed to
through and beneath an internal cowl, escaping afterwards through ciently, even if it kept on, protect the bead from a blow, n o matter sea within a few hours after hoisting the ~nnant. The Galatea
the outer one. No. 6 tho same as No. 5, with the exception that a what may be its strength; while, as to appearance, it presents the addi- will leave Cbatham IIarbour for F olly P omt on Tuesday next.
large outer CN~ing is supplied to retain the sparks. This was tional absurdity of superadding a civilian's bat (the worst covering for The Rattlesnake is to be ready for sea by the 16th of January,
worked in 1834. No. 7 a. curious affair hardly worth ex- the bend ever invented) to a semi-military dress. "The coatee worn at and from the progress already made in her there is litUe doubt
planation. N o. 8 shows the inverted deflecting cone over the present by the force is the relic of a past nge ; it 11ffords no protec- she will be completed by the date named. Her recent trial trip,
mner chimney, the :.parks being thrown down while the tion from wet or cold to the vital organs contained within the which, so far as her speed was concerned, was exceedingly satis-
smoke filters through a wire cloth screen, and rises in an stnnular cavities of the abdomen or pelvil'-1 nor does it afi'ord covering or factory, again demonstrated the fault observable in most of our
space around it. No. 9 the same in principle as No. 8. No. 10 : warmth to the haunches r.ud limbs. In its/lace ought to be substi- 21-gu n corvettes, such as the Orpheus, the Orestes, and others, of
h ere the blast pipes are carried up through the wire cloth, the steam tuted a tunic, full, handt;omo, and provide with ventilation in the being down so much at the bead, which renders them so uncomfort-
being discharged above. N o. 12: the sparks are projected against a. arrnpita, and sufficiently warm to protect the wearer in our cold, able to those forward. T o remedy this as much as possible all her
cone of wire cloth. No. 16: here a spiral motion is giv4!n to tho damp, va1'iable climate. The modern trousers, when made of good shot and shell will bo stored, a.s far as practicable, aft. She 'vill
sparks, the centrifugal force thus generated carrying them ou~ material, and sutllciootly elastic, have been proved the best; but the present the nov~l appearance_ of having four catbeads, rendered
wards. trousers as generally made do not give full protection to the joints. necessary to admtt of the worl.:mg of her A.rmstrong guns on the
Cold and damp aid in the production of rheumati:,m and other upper deck. Tho Royal Oak, 61-gun iron-plated screw frigate,
In No. 28 this principle is further carried by guides much like those diseases in these parts; to remedy which it might be advisable to constructing at Cbatham Dockyard, is making very satisfactory
of a .lo'ourneyrou turbme, used in 1841. In No. 25 a great extension strengthen the trousers on the inside over the knee, in those especi- progress, and the enonnous teak planking on which the iron slabs
of the wire-cloth sud n.ce is obtain ed by arranging it in sections ally who may be liable to rheumatism, and to afford the shins aud will be fixed is nearly half corurleted. The slabs of iron which
as shown. ~o. 27, introduced in 1842, combines this principle with ankles additional protection from wet by the use of waterproof will form her covering are nll o an uniform thickuess of Hin.,
that of the centrifugal discharge of the sparks. This chimney leggings, worn over the trousers. But, whatever plan may be each plate boiog about 12ft. in length by 3ft. in width, ana of
hM been much used !ln railways carrying cotton, as it discharge.; adopted, care must be taken ao as not to interfere with the circula- tho average weighL of four tons. In order to do away with the
the fewest ttparks. It interferes, however, to greater e1..tent than tion in tho superficial veins of the limbs." neces:.ity of fa:.tening the armour-pl ates to the vessel's sides by meana
many of the others, witl1 the draught, requiring smaller blast orifices, of iron bolts bolts driven into the plan king, by which it is calculated
and thus causing gre~ter back pressure. No. 29 is a section of t he CllAmAll DocxvARD.-At no former period, not even during the the timbers and planking will bo very considernbly weakened, a
chimney in perhaps the most general use on AmeriC3n wood-burn- busie:.t portion of the Ru;,;,ian war, h 11s more activity been ob- plan has been submitted to the .Admiralty of fasten ing each plate on
ing locomotives. The sparks are thrown down on striking against servable in all the derarlments at Chatham Dockyard than at an entirely new principle, by which, although not a single bolt will
t be underside of a deflector, conica.l at first, but spreading out in a present ; every mechanic and workman connected with the esta- bo required, the plates will bo held together more securely 11nd
broad rolling flange which strikes down the sparks in the huge blishment, numbe ri ng in the aggregate closo upon ~.ooo hands, being solidly than under tbe old process. From the superiority of the
outer casing, characteristic of American locomotives. Tbe smoke fully employed, and the r e;,ources of the several departments taxed plan propol>ed it will bo adopted on the Royal 01\k and the other
r ises through a wire cloth cowl. No. 32 shows the same thing with to tho utmost. 'l'he chief object of the officials is to get those vessels of her class building at the several royal dock')'ards. Each
a feed-water heater in the th roat !lf the chimney. No. 83 shows a vessels out of band which nro required for immediate active service, of the armour-plates, before being fixed in its place, will be required
11 telescopic chimney," something like Mr. T oplin's, of W oolwich
including the Defence, 22, iron steamer ; the Galatea, 26, 800-borse to be bent to tbo shape of the portion of the frigate's side to which
D ockyard. No. 83 was first used in 1854. No. 86 shows a plan power; the Rattlesnake, 22, 400-borso power ; the P ylades, it will bo attached. To obviate the necessity of bending the buge
in much favour on tbo Grand Trunk Railway, tho blast pipes 22, 400-horso power; nod the screw gun-vessels intended to bo plates h ot1 by which enormous furnnces would require to be erected
discharge within o. pipe, into which the smoke can pass only sent to the principal ports of the kingdom. Every exer tion is adjoining the slip on which the Royal Oak is building, it is intended
through tho wiro cloth sides, the sparks dropping as in tile devoted to the com pletion of the Defence, the interior of which to bend each plate cold. To accomplish tbi.q, however, the most
others. N os. 41 to 67 show various arrangements of lifting presents a most animated scene from the number of hands employed powerful hydraulic machines will be r equired, and some idea of the
pipes or "petticoat pipes" as thry are called. No. 41 was used about her. It does not, however, seem at all probable that tremendous force necessary for this operation me.y be formed when
in }1(39, on au Eugli~h cnginl', th e " J ohn BulL" No. 4'2 was used she will be got to sea till towards the end of next mouth. it is stated that the machinery to be erected for this purpo~e ia
in 18:16, Xo. 43 iu ltl8!l, aud No. H in 18t0 Nos. 61 and 62 show 1' be iotention of baviug four mnst11 on board hns been calculated t o eMrt a prcS~oure of something like 2,000 tons to the
tbe plan~t most used at tho prcl!ent time. ab.mdoned, anti it bns been dccid!d to rig her ior three t.qual'o inch.
 JAN. 3, 1862. THE ENGIN EE R. 5
1 Main steam pipe . . . . . 120 01cc.r P. Lu.ctu.
COST OF BUILDING LOCOMOTIVES IN AMERICA. 1 Upright branch for do. and rcgulatingn.lve . . . 96 For Ottlngup driving and trailing wheels, crank ule, trailing
4 Caps on bottom of truc.k axle-boxes . . 48 axle, and crank pins, and setting and turning tyres, by
TUE following letter, respecting the cost of constructing and 2 Upright or brancb barrels for pumps . . 76 contract, 107 dolB. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22 0 4!
working locomotives in the United States, has lately been printed 2 Check or clack...caaea . . 80 Fitting-up 6 truck and tender axles, and boring and aeatins:
and circulated. Under present circumstances the American loco- 2 Plvot.-stands for compeDBating levers . . . . 30 12 wbeela, 18 doIll. ~ .. . .. 3 14 1
motive builders are hardly likely to receive any accession to their 1 StutBngbox for rcgulntorrod .. .. .. .. 10 Flt~ing- up 6 ecccntrlca and hoops, 42 dol8. . . 8 12 10
1 Ring and ftange for truck-frame .. ~ 76
foreign trade, which object might have boon to some extent attained 2 CbiUed guide-boxes for pump-plungers. . . 35
by the letter in question had the conduct of the Americans been TotAl paid Oscar F. Lucas .. .. . ~ 1 3
4 Castings for branch steam pipe joint.s . . . 40
such as to insure that their ports should remain open, and their 6 Eocontric:s, 2f-ln. throw .. .. .. . . 270 Wuley B1U"nham.
commerce continue in its usual course. 6 Di.sUincepleces for main jaws (tbe "jawa" corresponding dols. ct.e.
to born-plates) .. . . . . 1Gl For ptanlnr frame bars .. . . . . .. . 20 00
" 15, Tavistock-atreet, Bed!ord-square, London, W.C., 8 Jaws for tender . .. .. . . 616 ,. , cylinder bra.c.o .. .. S 00
11
December lOth, 1861. 8 Belli (U pieces) Llgbtner's boxes for do. 320 ., drillinr boles in frame .. . . . . . . .. 18 00
11 --- , Esq., 4 St.t~nds for side-bearings on tender . . 116 ,, , cyUnder brace . .. . .. 2 50
11
Engineer to the - - Railway Compa.n y. 'Rockers for do. .. .. 48 ., turning and cutting framo bolt.& .. .. . .. 16 00
"DEAR Sm.,-Your favour of the 26th ult. has remained unan- 8 Stands to bold bra.ke-beams . .. 66 , fitting draWirOD casting .. . . .. .. . . . 2 60
16 Cap!! for indJa..rubber tendersprings .. . 72 ,, ,, apringa . . . . . . 8 00
swered until now, owing to the pressure of duties which have left 2 P lntles for tender-truck frames .. 96 ., Ottlnjl' and futening cylinders to frllmo . .. 18 00
me but little time to collect and arrange the information which you 2 Bushings for do. . .. 66 , crectmg frame . . . . . . . .. 30 00
require. Much of this information I should on no account dis- 1 Buffer casting a~ back end of tender .. 66 ., vnrlous other jobs . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. .. 7 00
close were I not certain that it could not be used to the disadvan- 1 do. do. .>. trout ,. ,. .. .. 66 Total paid Wcsley Burn ham, 125 dol8. . 25 Ha. 6d.
tage of the American houses from whose business it has been de- 4 Castings for ln<1ilvrubber drnwspring .. 2-n
rived. As it is, however, I am disposed to believe that, in making 2 Wnter-cocks In tender.. .. .. . .. 34 Bo~/.u and Bud,
2 St-rainers tor do. . . 26
known here how cheaply locomotives are ma.de in the States, I may 2 Posts and 1 yoke for bell (on boiler) la For fitting.up the following work :-
be rendering a service to some of my former employers ; aud, dols. ct.e.
Total green sand castings 13,769 lb. or 6 tons 2 cwt. 3 qr. lllb., at 4 Valve spindles complete (2 ma.in, 2 expansion) .. .. 26 00
although I have not waited to obtain their consent to anything I 13 83. 6!d. per ton . . . . . 8U8s. 7td. 2 Pump rods, with boxes, cotters, and bolt.ll . . . . 12 00
may say, I feel no anxiety as to their approval, when copies of this "BoiLJm Al\"D TB!\'D!R T A.'iK. 2 Inclined braces for smoke box . . . . . . . . . . . . S 00
letter shall have reached them. . 36 ~ 0
0
11. d. Pumps, air veaselll, and plungers. . . . . .
8. d. 22 Check
11
I was for some time engaged in the engineering works of 1 ton 3 cwt. 1 qr. 16lb. plates, at 16 2 7! per ton 18 17 101 2 Guides for pump plungers . . .. .. .. . . .. . . . .. 66 00
or clAck chambers .. .. .. .. .
Mr. Soother, of Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. Between July 28th,
1848, and the spring of 1851, we turned outr-in addition to a con- 7 .. 3 .. 21! " " .. . 20 14 10 " 8 4 lit ..
Railing 11r0und eni\no . .. .. .. .. .. . 28 00
6 ,, 1 , " " . 21 17 lOl , 6 16 10 1 Main valve reversing lever, and one ditto for expansion valve . 9 00
siderable amount of other work- forty-ono locomotive engines,
ranging in weight from 20 tons to 24 tons. All of these engines
6 u 1 ,, 19 ,,
Extm quality for tlrulgmg .. ,,
, } ,, 23 0 11
1 ton 0 cwt. 1 qr. 3lb of tank plates,
.. ..
6 4 10 1 Lifting shAft for expamion gear, stands, &c. . . . . . . 15 00
1 IWgullltor lever, jomt and stem . . . . . . . . S 60
had four coupled driving -wheels and a bogie, and a tender holding .1 .n Finishing and fitting bell .. . . . . 3 00
from 900 to 1,200 gallons, and mounted on either six or eight wheels, at.. .. . .. .. .. 13 8 6~ " .. 14 0 ,~ 1 n~JJ f 8 00
2 cwt. 2 qr. 20 lb. cop)Xlr tube plate .. 115 4 6 , . 15 8 8 """ ramo .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
according to the weight. The smallest diameter of cylinder 1 too 2 cwt. 3 qr. 2 lb. copper tubes at 6 18 S per cwt. 167 8 It 1 Bell yoke and arm .. .. .. .. 16 00
was 14in., the largest 16in. The plan and workmanship of these
engines was, I should say, quite up to the standard prevailing at the
Bar iron and rivets for boiler, nnd rivet.s and angle u-on for tank__ lO_l_o_ o_
4
g~~~:J!ni:~g ~~~~ ~tralgbu;~ing do:: :: :: :: :: : : : gg
time in the States. Thirty-seven or the engines ba.d inside cylin- Total, boiler and tender t.llnk .. 287 11 4 S2 Safety valves .. .. .. . .
Braces to croas ~1rt . . . . . .
. . .. . . . . 12 00
5 00
ders and four outside. For these engines Mr. Souther r eceived FOROINOS, BAn. IRON TYRES, &c. 2 Cross hcad.s . . . 3~ oo
299,400 dols.- equal to an average of 7,302 dols., or 1,602 for each 8. d. 2 Slide valves .. . .. . . . . .. .. 8 00
engine, with tender, the rate of exchange being taken at 4 dols. l ton 6 cwt. 3 qr. 21lb. of bars and shapes for frame, nt 25 7s. 1 Dome-bead nnd cover .. .. .. .. . . .. . 4 25
86 c. per . The prices received were variable, and it was by Jler ton.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U 2 10' 1 centre plntle and flange for truck . . . . . . . . 6 00
no means the case that the heaviest engine brought the most money. 3 cwt. 1 qr. 12 lb. sb11pes for 81\mo . .. . .. . . S 3 4! Drilling 135 boles In each of ~wo tube pllltes . . . . . . 10 00
1 Crank axle, weighing, In rough, 18 cwt. 3 qr. 10 lb., nt 1 LUtlng shaft tor main valve gear . . . . . . 17 00
Thus, but one engine sold for as much as 8,001) dols., or 1,646. 3 98. l~d. per cwt... .. .. .. 47 16 Ol Fitting plBtons to cros.~ beads .. . .. . . .. . IJ Oo
This was a 15-in. inside cylinder, 20-in. strok e engine, with four 1 Trailing, 2 truck, nnd 4 tender nxlcs, 19 cwt. 3 qr. 26lb., at 1 !Wgulator valve and steam pipe .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . 12 00
coupled 5t-ft. wheel s and a bogie, 43-io. boiler, 136 copper tubes, 23 Os. Ud. per ton.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23 0 6 Planing jaws (axle guard.8) boxes and wedgea.. . . . . . 20 00
lOft. Gin. long and 13in. in diameter, separate expansion valve, and Shapes, nngle Iron, &c., 6 cwt. o qr. 136 lb., at 23 o~. 1ld. per '\York on tender . . . . . . . . 3 00
short-throw pumps. Three engines brought 7,800 dols. each, or ton . . . . . . . 7 1 04 Total pald Bowles and Buel, SOS dols. 76 cent.& . . 6S 108. 7d.
1,605 (the tender being, in all cases, included with the engine). Boiler braces, piston-rods, gujdc-bus, nnd crank pins,
Seven engines sold for 7,600 dols., or 1,664. Nine were delivered 7 cwt.. 26! lb. 11t 1 128. 3d. per cwt... . . . . .. .. u tz Cio Ridw.rd Ht!Dim.
2 Connecting-rods. 3 cwt. 1 qr. 14 lb. , a~ 1 16e. lO~d. per cwt. 6 4 5 For fitting-up the following br~IVOrk :-
for 7,500 dols. each, or 1,543, and among these were the largest and 4 Bowling tyres. 1 ton 6 cwt. 3 qr. 16lb., at 2 811. 4~ do. 62 13 1
best- made engines we turned out. Five sold for 7,300 dols., or 6 Springs (4 driving nnd 2 truck), 6 cwt. 19lb., at 2138. do. 16 7 0 4 Olanda for valve spindles dolll. cts.
1,502; four for 7,200 dols., or 1,481; six for 7,000 dols., or 1 ton 1~ cwt. 2 qr. 241b. bar Iron, 11t ~10 18s. lld. per ton 19 10 lli S Gauge cocks at 60 centa eacb .. .. .. . ' 00
.. . . . . . 1 50
1,440; four for 6,800 dols., or 1,399 ; and two outside 14-in. cylin-
der engines for 6,400 dols., or 1,317. Few of these en~ines were Total . . . .. . . 283 13 6 64 Cylinder cockB ,. 60 , .. .. .. .. . 2 00
Pump clacks or valves . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . 2 40
paid for on delive ry, most of the payments being mo.de w notes, at All the heavy forgin&s were purchased from a stenm forge in the ' Cross bead oil cups .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. 1 60
from three to eighteen months, with from 6 to 7 per cent. interest neighbourhood, nt the prices quoted. Some of these forgings 2 Spring balance nut.ll .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . 40
added. These were discounted by the Boston banks. Railway afterwards came under tho hammers of the blacksmiths engaged at Cu~ting screws on water nozzles to go under bott.om of tender.. 40
bonds, also, had to be taken, now and then, and worked off according our works, and whose labour was supplied by e. " job blacksmith " 18 Railing balls, or ornaments for stanchions .. . .. . . 4 50
at 21} cents. a pound, we finding iron, coal, and shop room. 1 Stand forslgnlll flag .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. 40
to the state of the stock market. 4 Wheel plates . . . . . . . . . 00
" These engines had ~in. English iron in all parts of the boiler, BRASS CASTINGS. 1 Frost cock or beater cock . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 oo
except the tube-plate in the fire-box, which wa.s of i-in. cop,.Rer, 1 Bell, 2 qrs. 2' lb. at 6 98. o;<J. per cwt. .. 4 128. 2<1. 2 Oil cupa and bues for slide voJve chests . . . . . . 3 00
and the smoke-box tube-plate, which was of -?rin. iron. I he 4 Mud-bole plugs (cu~ting screws) .. .. . .. .. .. .. :U
lb. 2 Maker'a name-plates, drilling and J)Oiiablng . .. .. 60
bojlers or the 15-in. cylinder engines were 43-in. in diameter out- 4 Mnin 7-in. brnsses(lined with soft metal) for connecting rods 6o
side, and contained 135 tubes of No. 14 copper, lOft. Gin. long and 2 Pet cocks for pumps . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. . . 75
4 3-in. do. do. for cros.he.ads . 21~ 2 'bl.mbles or eyelet.ll for bell and wbiollo ropes . .. . 3"
l iin. in diameter. T he fire-grate was 3ft. 1!in. square. Cast iron g Lined 2tin. do. do. coupling rods . . . 30 1 Blowo1f cock . . . . . . . . . . 62
mAi.n .steam t>iJ?O, and coppe~ bran~h steam .Pipes and blast pipes. 4 15-in. lined packing rings for pistons . . .. .. 76 1 Condensing or waste-steam cock . . . . . . . . I 60
Cast U'OD dnvmg wheels, Wlth ~m. Bowling tyres. Truck aud 6 Lined brasses and caps for rocket sba(t.e . . . 01 t Water hose nut.s and tblmbles . . . . . . . . 2 00
S Lined gibs for crOMhends . . . .. . . . . . .' .. 46 Cuttlnr screw on wbl.!o~le baso . . . . .. . . 2IJ
tender wheels 30-in. in diameter, o( cast iron, with chilled wearing 8 Lined brasses for tender axles . . .. .. . ~ .. 42
surfaces, and costing 14 dols., or 2 17s. 7d. each before being bored. 1 Stuffing box gland for regulator.. . .. .. .. . . .. SO
do. do. engine truck . . . . . . . . .. 68 2 Chamben for lower clackB ot pumps . . . . . . 8 60
Crahk axle of hammered scrap 7in. in diameter in the journals. Heavy Total, 419! lb., or S cwt. 2 qr. 27! lb. of IlOft metal lined 2 Braas plo_if& . . 16
steel sprinf?S over the driving-axles and in truck-frame, and india- brasses nt 6 188. Sd. per cwt. . . . .. .. 25 Is. lld.
rubber spnngs under the tender. The valve gear and workjng 12 Pieces eccentric hoops .. .. .. . .. 245 Tot.al paid Richard Hewins, S3 dols. 96 cetlt.s. . . . . 6 19s. ~d.
parte of the engine were somewhat complicated, and thoroughly 2 Pump plungers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 &rw;a. P. M()'f'lt.
4 Plates for crossheads . .. . .. .. .. . . 23 dols.
:finish ed. There were many extras-an engineer's house, or 'cab,' 4 Stands and caps for litter sba!t.e . . . . . . . . 22
with glazed windows, being always erected over the foot-plate, a 4 Skeleton liniogs for main axle-boxes . . . . . . 1Si For fit t ing u,yoke" . . . . . . . . . 70
sand-box with sand-valves, worked from the foot-plate, a 'cow- 8 Brasses for pump-rods . .. . . .. .. .. 12 ,. stands and rocker arms for cxpanaion gear . . ~0
., main-vnlve rabt, and works connected wi~b them . . 68
catcher,' a spark arrester, an 80 lb. bell to be rung at stations, tools, 10 Rings for pump-joint.& .. . .. .. . 12& , 2 craokll for working pumps . . . . . . . . 8
buckets, &c., being supplied also. The following gives the cost of 8 Vnlve spiJldlo bmsses . . . . . . . . . . . lOt " 2 gabsl. ror expansioo gear . . . . . . !li
mo.king these engines, almost the whole of the labour being per- 2 Sa.fetyvalves .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. 6t Tol.al paid i:jeneca P .Mon;e, 200 dol8. . 41 3s. Oj d.
2 Cbnmbcrs for lower valves of pumpS . . . .. .. 26
formed at piece-work by 'job hands, employing from one to thirty 18 Pieces of pump-valves or clacks . . 85 Allm and B'UlU7;/Itld.
men each. The prices of materials are those which prevailed in 4 Wa.terbose nut.s and thimbles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1!3 s. d.
Boston, U.S., in 1851, a considerable rise having taken place in the 4 Stuffing box glands for valvcspindles . . . . . . 531 For erecting engine 296 dol8. .. .. 60 18 1
price of iron, &c., in 1852. 4 Plateil for bosses of dri Yingwheels .. .. .. .. . 16 ,. ft~ting-up ~ruck frame 14 , .. 217 7l
2 011 cups complete, for slide-valve boxes . . . . . 15i ., setting 185 ~Jbes 24 ., . . . . . 4 18 9
" I B.ON OASTtNOS. 18 Ball8 for railing stanchions . . .. .. 19 Total paid All en and Butt.or1leld, 884 dols. 68 U.s. 6!cJ.
Zt,Pet.-cockB, 3 gauge do. 4 cylinder do. . 14i
"Loam castings supplied by the South Boston Iron Company, at 1 Blow-oil' cock, 1 wute steam-cock . 17t Si'fM11. P. Jfar1lw.U.
4 cents per pound, equal to .Ll8 Ss. 8~d. per ton. 10 Pieces of braa.s casting for frost-cock .. .. . 10 For milking timber truck frnmes for tender. brake beams and
2 16-in. cylinders . . . . . . . . 1,3M lb. 1 Gland for stu1Bng-box of rcgulntor . . . . 9i blockB, and moun~ing tender frame on trucks . . . 8 4 7;
2 Slide va.lvcbox casings .. .. 166 4 Oil cups and covers for crossbeads . . . . . . . 5t , making cab" and lagging boiler . . . .. .. 8 4 7l
4 Mud-bole plugs .. .. .. . .. .. .. 61 Total paid Simon F. Mars ball . 16 9s. 3d.
Total 18 cw~ 1 qr. !!6 lb., or 1,610 lb. 12 Ss. 6td. 2 biaker's name plates .. . .. . .. .. 14t
1 St:md for wblatle .. . .. .. .. . . .. 94 J o1t:ph A . Arnold.
" The remaining castjngs, n.s follows, were cast in green sand, 1 Stand forsignalllag .. .. . .. .. .. . 4i
and supplled by tho same founders at 3 cts. per pound, equal to 2 Wnterplugll for tender, with fittings . . . . 17~
M.r. Arnold was a coppersmith, and sup,plied his own materi.als,
18 Ss. 6}d. per ton. 2 Water nozzles for bottom of tender . . . .. .. 16 conducting his work in his own shop. 1'he following is a trans-
lb. 2 Thimbles for bell-cord and wblstle-cord, 2 spring b:~lanco cript of his account for materials and labour on one engine:-
'l l Sln piston.s . . 168 nuts, &.c. . . . . dols. ct.e.
2 Covers, or " followers" for do... . . .. . . 96 Total, 7H lb., or Gcwt. 1 qr. 14 lb. of ordinary unlined braa.s 176 lb. of Rua.sian iron for lagging boiler, say 16 sheet.& of 11~ lb.
2 Inside rings for do. . . . . . .. . 72 castin&-s, nt 26 ccnt.a. rer lb., or 619s. lOd. per cwt. 38 3s. ll!cJ. each, measuring 281n. &y 66in. No. 21 .wire gaug& tliick,
2 Front, cylinder heads . . 241 175 lb. at 12 ct.s. .. .. . .. . 21 00
2 Back do. do. . . . . . . . . . 306 All brass castings w ere purchased at the prices quoted, none being Putting eam& around boiler .. .. . . 6 00
2 Slide valve boxes .. .. . . . . . . .. 295 made on the premises. 'he total weight of brass castings, of all 7 Brass bands for same, 40 lb. nt 23 cts. .. . .. .. . 0 20
2 Seat.& for expansionvalves.. .. . . . . . . 82 kinds, is 10 cwt. 3 qrs. 9b lb., exclusive of brass in name-plates, given F inishing bands . . . . . . . . . . 4 0
2 Sllde-valve box covers. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 166 farther on. 34 lb. copper blut pipes, Including makillg . . 17 0
2 Stutllng-box i laods for piston-rods.. . . .. . .. .. 47 8. d. 3d lb. do. branch steam pi pet, do. . . . . . . 18 ()(
2 Cross boa.<lB 197 1 5in. steamwbi.stle, purchased ready nlade .. 2 17 7! 35 lb. teed pipes for pumps .. .. . .. . 17 5~
2 Rock &TDlB for expansiOnvalve.. .. . 60 2 Snlter'11 spring balnuces, nt 1 16s. . . . . . 3 10 0 21.u. !in. frost pipe, nt 37 ct.e. . . . . . .. . . 1 77
2 StALnds f or do. .
2 Slide--valves . . . .
82
60 Total braa.s castingll, wbi.stle, spring balances, &c. .. 76 1 8
0

---
12ft. 1tn. waste steam pipe, 11t 45 ct.s. . . . . . . . . . . 6 40
Bencl,ing and making joiut.s on 81\mo . .. . . 2 75
2 Expansionvalves .. .. . 40 Copper trough under gauge cockB .. . .. 2 76
4 Driving\Yheela . . 6,680 lll801LL.AJ(BOU8. Soldering amall jobs .. 0 60
1 " Draw Iron" under foot pinto.. .. .. 415 12 Bush and Lobdell's cbllled 30-in. wheell, at ~2 lis. 7~. . .34 11 6 Two brass escape pipes, over safety val\'es, 3ft. 4in. blgh, 9in. in
2 ?'in. axleboxes .. . . . . . . . . . 273 1 Tender frame, oak timber and milking, by contract, 45 dol8... 9 6 2 dla.meter at bottom . 36 00
2 6-in. do. for back axle . . .. . . .. . 259 16 lndia-rubber springNfor tender, 2 for each j ourno.J, tiln. diam. One spark arrester, with wire netting cap 480 lb. at 16 ct.e. per lb. 76 80
4 Oil cellars tor do.. . . . . . .. . . 44 4ln. high, 66 lb., at 76 centa per lb. . .. . . 10 3 Si Tot.lll paid to Josepb A. Arnold, 224 dola. 67 ct.s. 46 u. 7d.
1 Smoke-box front and door. . .. . 225 1 Indla-rubber draw spring, 6lin. d.iamet.or, U in. long, 15lb., at
1 Se~ of lire.bars in six castings .. . . .. 2MI Hti!Jt'M K tlly.
75 ceota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 34
2 Pump bo.rrelB. . . . HO 27 lb. band.8 and coiled wirea for springs, at 12; cent.&. . . 0 13 ll Painting engine, including pnlnt.e and olla. . . Z1 00
2 Alr ve88el8 for pumpS . . . . . . .. 88 For mak.ing india-rubber water h ose . . 1 11 6 Do. tender . . . .. . . . 12 00
1 PinU& for truck frame. . .. .. . .. . . 126 Do. Inside of tender tank . . .. .. .. . . 2 00
4 Castings for truck spring-SO<:kct.s .. . .. 78 Total miscellaneous rota! paid Eugene Kelly, 41 dols., or . . 8 Ss. S!cJ.
. . R68 12 1
0 0

2 Stands for satetyvalves .. . .. .. .. 144

1 Bu.trer c::a.stlng . 165 TIIIBBR. Jamu Manning.
1 Cone for 8})11rk-nrrester .. .. . .. .. . 61 685 superficial, or 60i cubic feet of pine and oak timber, Pa.ld him for erecting tender, 4.6 doll. 9 IJs. 2d.
1 Base or anddle for do. . . . . . . . 146 doa.ls, &c. . . . . . . 4 2 1 EXTIUS.
2 &se mouldings for safety vnlve or escape-pipes . . 56
1 Base for dome-casing . . . . 130 LABOUR. Cost or a palr of names or 0 letters each 26 lb. brass cast
1 Dome ca.ae . . . . . . . . . . 189 letters and borders, Onlshing, wood work, and painting .. 3 3 0
The following abstracts of prices, paid under contracts with job Cost of sand box, s; lb. bl'allS, 12li lb. cut iroo, 26 lb. arultb's
1 Ring moulding and 1 cap for domcca.so . 183
1 Dome-oover for inner, or steam-domo . . 123 hands, are given so as to show the amount paid to each contractor:- work Otting, painting, &c. .. .. 6 16 8
1 Ring, forming seattor do... 189 Paid Micbael Lally for making boiler, by contract, 276 dols. . . 56 11 8 Cost of ~ cow-catcher," 8 cubic feet ttmbe.r, 1~ 1 lb. smith's
.l'uttln~ on boiler braces, 81\Jety.valve stands, and emokc box, work, carpenters' ond fitters' work, and palnttng.. . . 6 4 0
( Copy) ~ dota.. . . . . . . . . 6 2 10! Coat of a oil and tallow caDB pair of jack acrewll, aet of
"London, November 26th, 1861. Making tender tank, 90 dots... . . .. . . . . . 18 10 4t wrenches nod screw wrcncb, 2 lb. bammer, plnchbu, 3
" Zerab Colburn Esq. cbi&els, nod 8 files 6 8 0
DIAR Sut,-I am inlormed that locomoLive engines cost hardly moro Total in boiler shop . . . . .. . . .. SO 5 0
than two-tbirda as much in the United St.lltes as hero. 1 nm at a. IOM to Paid Tboma.s Wise for forging 7,200 lb. emltbwork at, by con Total extra cbarges. . . 19 11 8
undc1'8tand bow such can be the case-labour aml most material8 being tract, ~ cent.& per lb. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. 43 14 6 Paid to n enjnmin Thunton, carter, for trucking engine from
necessarily dearer with you than with us. Your long acqunlntance with workg to alongside or any vessel nt Sout.b Boston wh&rves,
the engineering and commercial details of American locomotive con.strue- Clutr/.u H. Tl'lt~ttJMrt. 60 doiR. ; If taken over any of tbe bridges to the city or
tion induces me to uk if you o.re dlaposed to favour me with particulars of For boring, fnclngup, and drilling cylinders, lllicle valve boxes Boaton. for delivery at ei~ber or the seven nillway stations
the COli~ of making locomotives In America{ specifying what kind of engines and covers, and cylinfl~r beads, 76 dol8. .. .. .. .. .. 15 8 i! there, 100 dola., say, on an u.verage, 76 dols. , or . . . 16 8 7i
&re made for given prices and, il you fee a~ liberty to do so, Jtivlng the Fitting-up 2 pistons, packing. and rods, 20 doll. . . . 4 2 3t RBCAPITUW.TION.
C08t, ln detail, of exocutitig the various portioll8 of tbo work. I Bball be , 2 moin connecting rc.ds, 40 , .. . 11 4. 7t
obliged also, for any fiiCUI you may be able to give mo as to the perform. , 2 coupling rods ~ ,. . . 0 l t 11 Iron eaatings, in loam . . .. . . . . . . . 12 8 6}
anoe or American locomotives, and tho eobt of upholding or repairing do. do., ln gToen sand . . . . .. Si 18 7J
.hem. 1 "Yours, fAithfully, ." Total pa.ld Charles E. Whittemore .. 3, 15 6! Boiler iron, tube, tube plate, and tank Iron.. . . 237 11 4
0 I o o o 0 0 o

 6 THE ENGINEER. JAN. 3, 1862.
Forglo11, bar Iron, ~ylU. ~. . . . . .. 231 l S 6
Bra.. , ca.atln~. 4tc. . .. , , . .. . . . . . . . . . 75 1 8 II.D~ ~aving 13j-ln. outside CJlinden, 20-in. stroke, four coupled 6-(t. aa mucb u .2,266 ; and few, if any, on tho Be~r and St.rt.toga
llllcellaneoua " . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. 68 11 1 drivmg-wheela and a bogie, 669 equare feet of heating 11urface that have ~ .1,999 e.ch.
TimMr, doa.l, ~. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. .. 4 J 1 (copper tu boa), and a eoparato tender, wcro delivered by tbo m&lcen As 10 tho coat of ma.iotell.t.Dce o( American locomotives, it mu11t
BoUer maker'llbour, Mlch.ael Lally . . .
.. 80 6 0 for 6,800 dolt., or .1,400 cacb. Two co(tln.- o( liko plan and coo- bo borno in mind that all iron employed in repairs eot>t.. al.oout 60 ptr
Smll.b' lAbour, Tnomu WIM .... a 1 6 structiou, oo the same line, but having 16-in. cylinders, 620 squaro cent. more io tbo Sl:lU.. U1t.n bore, pig iruo worth 3 bero, I..:IDJ;
Tor oen' and 8~~,.. llbour, Chu. E. \Vhltumoro .. .. S4 15 6l feet o( beat.ing 1urface, and weighlog 20 10~ wero dolivel"Cd by tho .4 10& l bero, and bars Wurtb 1U oere hriogit:g t5 theN.
do. do. 0-car F. Lucaa . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. S4 7 s same truLken1 at 7,4.50 dola., or .1 ,533. One 19-ton engine, with llt'ChaniOii' wag\ll are ah;o 50 ptr cent. dearer in t1.e t!l.ata than in
do. do. Wcalcy Curnham .. .. .. .. 26 H 6
do. do. Senec:a P. Honoo . . .. 41 S Ol 14-in. lUBido cylindcn, 18-in. stroke, and in other 1\.'SpeCts liko lho :Euglantl, the raogo o( wag in repair shoJ18 bo:ing from :!7a. to
do. do. Bowll'e aod Duel . . . GS 10 7 above, wu dcll vorod 10 tbo samo lino for 7,500 dola., or 1,(143, and 65s. Gd. Jl(lr week, and averaging abouL 4l!s. F'or uct.rly ono half
do. do. Richard Uewlot . . . (l 19 0 this WBIJ the priC('1 &1!101 of 11. 16-in. inside fylinder peuenger engint'1 o( tho ) car, al110, many o( tbo linea-imperfectly balla..Wd and
Erecun' llbour, Alien and Dutt4lrileld . . . . 6814~2 20-in. stroke, 698 8QUIU'O feet of beating surface, and weighing drained 68 mouy o( them aro-aro frozen almo~t to the ho.N.nc of
do. do. J aroe. Manolu(r.. . . 9 0: 22 tons. An oight,-wboolod 20-too goodll engine, with 16-in. out.- rock. On m03t Amoricao lines t he wintar repairs a.ro eon:;idorod to
Carpenwndo., Slmon F. .Manhall . . . . 10 9 3
Cor.poamlth'a do., ami ma.~rlala, Joccpb A. Amold . ~rido cylinder nod 20-iu. stroke, wn.s delivered also to the Fitcbburg bo from ono half IL8 heavy again to twice 88 hoovy a. tho e in
46 4 7
Pa nten.' labour and do., Eu~tcno K~lly . . . . , .. .. .. 8 8 ~ Railroad Com pany for 7,800 dots., or 1 ,60~. Tbo Cllgiocs mado by BUlllllHlr, not o. wintcr pa~~Sing in which tbo cold i~ not, Bt twmo
l-!xtraa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 19 1l 0 Ur. l W!!s Wiunns for tho Daltimoro and Ohio Railroad, woi~bing time, from 6 to 20 d<'g. bclo\~ zero, or from 37 to 5~ 'deg. of froit.
'.l'rucklorr en!:lno away trom work.a . . . .. .. 16 8 7l 25 tons, nod having 19-in. outdido cylindon~, 22-lli. stroke, eighL lu ono winwr-lbat of 1&55-56-ncarly 200 breakage. of driviog-
coupled whcola 3ft. 7in. in diameter, with chilled cast iron tyres, whcol tyrca wero reported at the SyrncW~G worla,lw.,. o( lbo Now
1,221 0 Si nod with iron flrcrbox ood tubce, wero paid for nt tho raw of York Central llallroad, 85 t'nb-iooe being employe-d on tbo two
9,760 dola., or .2,00() each, of which 750 dole., or 164, is charged divisiotU or tho lino for which ropnirs wcro made ut tiyracllbc. In
473 tons of coal per a.ooum, for atc:uu onglno, a.nd ror 81Ditb'a 68 roynlty for eort.nin patents, lho ostensible price or tho ongincs tho \ViDlOr or 1856-67, thoro wore, 00 t110 MichigaJI Ccntrnl Hnil-
and boiler 8hop, at J:.t l a. 7~ . . . . . . . . .611 8 7 ooing 9,000 dola., or .1,852. AJJ a locomotive engineer, familiar road, then working 92 engines, 20 broken crank axles, 48 broken
~o~:lnomtln a.~ 37. per week .
\rat.cbmlln a~ 2S ... bel. . . . . . . . .
Job bla.clmnlth, for ruondlnsr tools, 41,, 2d. per weok..
. . . 96 4 0
. . 76 2 1
.. .. 106 4 2.~.
t c:
with tbo construction of th ese cnginos, l shou.ld say that noo.rly
t. n . .. 'h
coo r coo pro W68 m.....o upon cm, oven w1 ou. e roya -
't.b th 1
dri ving-whecl11, and 70 bro1cen driving-wheel tyros.
AnotJ1er fncl, whlcb is to bo collilidered in connection with IJ1o
ropB.irs or Amcriean loeomotivo , is tbat they are heavier worked
Joiner, forahopwork, 2 1!. 111.1. per week .. . . .. .. .. .. 64 2 8 "~ tics c 1a.rgod. Tho Baltimore and Ohlo and the Reading ltailroads
Carting (In addl~loo w Tburtwn'a cbArp) . . . 102 1o 0 ho.ve, together, ncnrly 260 or tbcso eQb<'iuca, io none ol which is thnn Eoglish ongin03, taking he&vier tnUWI ovor more diOlcul~ lin03,
Jruurt.nco . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. 102 10 o th oro n& much 68 5 owL. of bro.sa nod copper, nouo but the cheapest although at ~ rather slower bJrOO thnn the average in Englaud.
Oll .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 102 10 o forging, nod less bright work lhan would be pu~ upon no English Tb\18 tbo repair , per l,.ain mtlt, which U. tho sW.udard 10 which
Taxo.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 107 6 o contractor's locomotive. ~fr. WiiUUl8' bid for 10-whecl goods engino repair!! nre commonly refeJTed, show higher, in comparison
Wa~r.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Ltwp41, brootnJ, paUJ,
Supcrinwodoo~ .. bolting,
.. . . hudware,
.. .. ..&c.. . ..
Draugbl.mwl .. ~ .. .. .. .. .. . . ..
.. ..
.. .. 2.~ 8 0
.. 1H2 10 0
.. .. 307 10 0
. . . . 1!!8 12 o
I
I engines Cor the Baltimoro nnd Ohio Railroad, to weigh 27 tons
~GO ,OOO lb) . , ao d to h avo 18 -10. eyli od en~ and 2 4-w. litro kc, was
October 4th, 18!iG) 10,000 dots., or .2,057, 12s. 6d. ea.eb. ln 1 66
with tho samo iloma on Engwh lines, than would the rcpain~. tf
referred to tbo actual nmouut o( work done say to hon;o-puwer
exerted for MY given uui~ or time. I o oU1er words, American
- -- - the Now York and Erie Railroad ComVMy received 14 locomotives, OD(I;inl'6, boi.og urged uod~r a harper ula..t nnd worked to a. rather
1,831 16 7 or 30 tons' weight, four having 17-iu. out..ido cylindel":l and 21-in. higher average )JrCo8UJ'e or tit>am, ovaporatD mero water 1r hour,
At. Ibis &caloof gencrnl oxpcndilurr, and supposing no otbor work stroke, mado by the Now J ersey Locomotive and Machine Com- aud uert a groa r hoi'IIO-po,vcr thau Eogli:.h cnginCfl, althougb
wero turned out, thirty engines coald oo made yearly, giving say pany, and ten having 18-in. inside cylindenJ 11.0d 24-in. strokc, mado running t. lc a nu moor or mil~:~~ per hour. 'l' bue au Eugliah t'n 0 iuo
.61 of goncrnl expellSOd to each, and mo.king their total cost 1,2&1 by li !lr& Daofortb, Cooke, llDd Co.-all the engin03 hD.ving four migh~ run 30,0UO mUcs per annum, at a. co:.L o( 3d. t..er nnlc, or
each, excl111<ive o( mouey paid in tliseount;, wd interest. Allowi:lg coupled 6-fl. drivers nnd a bob-le, and a tender holding 1,Gv0 im- .375 in all; wboTCM an American engine, running 2t,,;oo mik ,
for thoso the actual profit JlCr ongioo ml18t bavo been no.'\rly, or perill.l gallons, tho materials and workmanship throughout being tho might really perfonn tile amo work, both dynamically aud commer-
quite, .200, equal to 60 Jl"r cent. profit on tho .12,000 enpit.al, best used in Aroorienn engines. 'l'h o ooginos were all po.id for at cially, and, although co tins 4d. per mile Jor repairs, co..~ only t11e
w hich wu nbout thllt u~n which lho buBinCS8 was then eaJTied 00. the rnl.o or 11,000 dots., or 2,263 oath. e.ame 11um in t11e coureo o( a ) Ot.J'.
This sum mar. appear ndieulously sllUI.ll, as, indeed, it was ; but tho In 1860 M<'881'8. :u. W. Dnldwio and Co.'s price (or a 24-ton With thc;;o ob5ervatioue l mny quote lho cost of repairing Ame-
riean l~mo~ve~, from tbo r~ttOrl::l of ,arioUll Amcricnn milwo~y
land and buildings wore not worth more than 3,\100, the plant pn&S(lngcr ongint', witJt 11)-in. cylinders and 24-in. stroke, made in
hardly ovor .4,000, and wiUl the system o( credit everywhere the best manner known in tbo States, wn.s 9,750 dol,g., or .2,006; o. compauacs, Vl.Z. : -
prevailing, the etoek of materials and working capital nover ex- 25-too pMSOnger eng'ino with 16-in cylinders, 22-in. stroke, and (our lly tho report~~ or tbo Now York nnd Erio R.'lilron.d Company, i~
coeded .5,000. coupled 6i-ft. wbools, beiug 10,000 doh!., or .2,057 12s. Ono or nppcara that tbclr Joeomoli\'cS ran, in the s'ixtct:n years, from t:icv-
As regards tbo labour, it amounts. io tho en&e in question, to thcar 27-ton ~ooda engines, delivered two years ngo to tbo Mine llill torubcr 23rd, J&<Jl, to October 1st, 18:J7, 21,226,240 miles, nt a co~t
about .45\1 per engine. Tbo cost or tho tender U. included with and Sebuyllull .Ilavon HaiJron.d, and bo.ving 19-in. outsido cylinders, for repairs or 94.2 cents, or 47d. pcr train mile.
that o( the engine. Sopnrnt.cd thorofrom its total cost, including 22-in. stroke, and eight coupled 3-ft, 7-in. driviug wbool!!, with 'l' bo avorngo eo~t or ropairin{t i36 locomotiv~:~~ on nil tb o raUwnys
lo.boua and motorial~, was .146 12s. Bowling tyros, brought 11,331 dots., or .2,831 J(ls. of tho St.,te or Now York, was in ti.Jo yoM 1855, !18 eout.s, or 'l:!ld.
1' bo "job hnotts," who contracted Cor tho work, worked tbcmsolves, l n tbo year 1866 tbo price list of tbo Lawrence Moobioo Sbop was per mile r un.
nnd em ployed ench from ono to thirty workmen, we" dndiog every- n.s follows, for on$inC8 with four coupled Uriviug wbcels and bogio, 1'ho Now York CcntrnJ RD.ilrond, wbich may bo eonl!itlercd M the
thi ng," shop-room, tools, power, oil, stool, &e. ; except files, omory, nod n tender on oatbor six or eight wheels, t.bo mBteriAls nod work- I.oodoo nnd North-WcbU'ru of Lbo Uultcd SIAWs, ran 21!! t'ugiues iu
emery cloth, &r., for bench work, which were round by the job maoahip being equal to thoso of any locomotives made in New tho yoi\J' 1808, nt n cost of 72 cents, or 3Gd. per trnin mile, tLo wi.Jolo
hands lhoUl.SCives. But, which may appear surprising, the moo England. nnmoor or train mllcs run being 3,912,047.
employed by tbo job ho.ndJ wero mo11tly ongagod by the doy. The 12-tn. ou~ldo cyllodora, 201n. stroke, 36.000 lb. . 7,000 dol!!. .. 1,440 On eight or the principal rail wnys of M68snchwretl8, i neiudin~; tbo
ord~nry wogPS or a; good ~ourooymnn were from 40s. to 50s. a week, 13 , ,, 20 ,, , 40,1100.. . . 7,600 ,. . . 1.1143 soveo lines running out o( Dolitoo, 13,ili5,650 miles were run durillg
ordaoary bLinds bcmg p:ud from 80s. to 40s., and apprentices 14s 14 ,. ,. 22.. , H,OOO, .. 1,7:.0 , .. 1,596 tbe flvo years from 184G,to 1851 ioclusivc. 'l'Le rcp:~.ira of co{.:iot~>,
T bo hours wore tcn 1\ doy, viz., Lrom 7 a. m. till n oon, and from 14 " " H ,, " 46,000" .. 8,300 " .. l,ios atUl carrW!JU oj ail kiru./1, avl.'ragcd (or thit:l period 13GG ccut.i, or
1 to G p.ro. Of COUI"'Ie, under a system whereby fixed prices were Hi " " ~2~" " ~0~00
000
0 " .. 8S,8i{J~ " " 1800 GSSd. per milo; and 1111 tho repairs o( O.'\rriagcs gonerolly nv~rugo
'd f h I ( I 16 ., ., - , , " , , . , ~., ,. . . 1,816
p:u or l o severa parta o nl oogmca, tbe lilllllll locomoti ves cost. 14 , , 22, , 47,000, .. 8,600 .. .. 1. 740 moro thllo two-tJ1irds RB much 08 1bo..o o( engine.;;, U1o Cobt for r e-
h llrdly less than tho largelit-tho COI!t o( labour being the same for 16 ., ,. 22 ., , . 0,000 ., . . l ,!I.'J~ pairing tho lliUer prob.'lbly avoroged 8 ccnL<l, or 4d. per mile.
both. On tho Dnltimoro nnd Ohlo Rillroad, the cngino.. Cif wbirb dmw
In 1852 &CODJ;idernblo riM look plnco in tho prices of iron and Thcso "list." prices, I ftlD di.sposcd to believe, were hlgber than exceedingly beo.vy trains nt blows~, 100 oJ tho staodanl cla&. or
d tb t '-bl 20 d tb060 genomlly obtained. burden cn~ines hnd run, from t ho timo they wcro }Jla~d un tltu road
CO[lJl"T, nu cy were, ""' year, prouu y per cent. earcr lhnn I t wUI bo understood thD.t 0,.en en,...ino o( which 1 have ,et ,.iv('o
in 1851. -~ o ~ .. up to Ocwbor lbt, 1866, 7,4.3i,ti9G JOJie"' at n eo:.t for rc1>Ui.to uf 9!J3
In tbe spring o( 180 l I bceamo engineer to the Now Jersey Loco-- the price bad a lll.'puato wndcr, tho prico o( which is invariably cuot:s., or neo.rly Gd. p<.r trnin mile.
motive and lluChino Company. We built cngincs ehieOy for tbo 6-ft.. included in thD.L o( tbo engine. The following t.ablo will givo (I ;;eoern.l idea o( tbo eo..t or U)hold-
gau~o, although wo bnilt somo Cor nt:arly 1111 of tbo sevon ditrercnt Tho roport8 o( the various .American rniJway companies afford
widthao( e:augo cx'-ting 00 tbo railwo.ye o( tbe United Staws and abundant data aa to t bo avnlgo C08L of locomotives mo.do in tbo ing American locomotives, having 110en propared from various reports
by dall'orem ~:ompanies : -
Cnadn. Our work WM I.Jeo.\'ior and of a more expensive ebartiCI.cr States, nearly nil of thcso reports gi\'i.Dg tbo number uf engin<'s
t.ha 1 t ... d t n.~ d d owned and thoir Rggrt'gnto coat. WOlll<INO AND RCP.\IRS OF LOCOUOTIV8.
n t ta ..u.roe ou m VV<tton, an 1roo an copper wero then 26 to Tbo N ew York and Erio llailroad Comnnny owned 203 Jocomo-
'10 por een~ doarer than in 18;;1. '~o made our own castings, bow . h "Oh (
over, ood did much o( our ho'lvy forgrng, and these p:u1.s or our work U\'03 on t o " t o 8 eptem r, 1.,. " t orr nggroga cosL O.v1Dg
bo os- h '~"- to h ...
0
did not, tllcroforo, stand ueln ruucb dearortbnn like items at Boston, been 2,018,628 dols., or an avero~o of 9,919 dole., or 2,041 cru:b.
throoyeBI"'I before. Oor work ,v68 nil dooo, "by the
Id h r r
cou not, t ore ore, &rnvo at t110 cost o ao eogioo wit tbo samo
dab," o.nd wo TbiB lino, or 6-Ct. gnugo, emplor.s tbo hc:lviest and most costly
engines, n.s o. elll88, of nny io tho Statos.
1' ho P onnsylvaonia Cootrnl Railroad Compnny owned, 00 the
Namo of raUway.
IFor tho yrar $ ~ .;
end!ut: ~ ~ ~
Milea
roo. I Coat of repairs
per mllo run.
degree of eort.&ioty as t~.t Boston. lo'or fin~t.-cli\SII express engines, Si st D ceombor, 1867, 21G locomotives. OC tbeso 69 bad l!oen pur-
wilb 1C-'n. out.sido cylinders, 20-in. strok~ lli-ft. wheels, and weigh- olulBOd togotbor with tho Philadolpbio. nnd Oolumbie. &ila-on.d,
--------------- 1 ------:- -<;\M, punco.
BaiUmoro and Oblo . . . . Oct. 1. 1857 2.'3 4,02G.037 12.1!6 6.83
io9 25 ton~~ 1 wo btld !1,600 dols., or 1,966, nod t his is now o.bout tbo tbo cost o{ tho remaining 1<17 bnving been 1,355,051 dols., or nn Now York and Erlo . . . . Sopt.. SO.IU7 :110 3,092,68t 13.67 O.S;l
pneoof socll cogiooa by the vory boHt American buildon. W o built ovcrngo or 9,21 g dots., or .I,89G l<le. New York Ccutral .. .. Sop~. aO. ISbS :t18 3,01:.!.647 i .ll ll.tl
somo 33-ton engines, on slxcouplrd 4-fL. whoola, 18-in. ouiBidecylin- The Now York Oenlro.l RruJrond h 68 225 locomotives, o.nd the Pennsylvania Central .. Jo'ob. l, 18~1J 2ltl 2,f>.l2,21S IJ.213 4.18
don~, 24-in. strolco, C41!l iron ci.Jilled tyrrs sod iron tubes; but, r b Reo.dlng .. .. .. .. Doe. 1, 1857 14:! lO.Oi ~.O:J
witL thoeo cxeoptions, of ox pensive mnteriol.s nod worlananahip, for Baltimoro Rnd 0 hio, nt tbo bcga.nniug o t . o WIU' now going on, Ptt.Wburgh and Cblcal:O . Dec. SI, 11167 114 1,829,118 7.01i 8.!18
an aetunl cost for laboor o.ud nutcrlalw of under 1,700 eoob. Am on,.. hnd 284. 'l' ho nvorngo cost or tJJose wu not fo.r from that of tbe Oatena llnd ChiCIIjtO . . . . J: " 60 I 4.0 ~.45
., P onusyhania Control cngin<"'. Wdlt4lm (Ma-chuaetlol) .. ~<or 18ti7. OS 10 SI 6.17
t bo most oxpensi vo engines over uwlo in the States woro thoso mndo Tho Galena nnd Cbicngo union Railroad Compnoy owned, on tho Clovcl11nd and Columbu... ., ., 42 ITIS, 757 11.711 1 t;9
upon Jllans furnisbcd by tho Now York nod Erie l{aiJroad Company, l st or JnnuBry, 1 58, GO locomotivot<, of which tbo cost bnd becn LILtlo Mla.ml.. .. .. .. ,, ., 41 (l(JG,646 0.8t -1.00
for t heir line, of GCt. b"'lu~e. 'l' bose wero 18-in. inside cylinder engines, 638,230 dots., or on avorngo o 8,9i0' dols., or J ,81b 1Gs. each. Central Obao.. .. .. .. ,, ., as 68~,671 O.la 4.(,U
20-in. 9lroke, four coup cd 6-Ct. 2-in. wheels, aud a truck, with sepa-- 'I' his, too, includes tJ1o COtit o( delivery at 4 distance averaging lloat.on and Mt~loo . . . . ,. , 34 637,770 6.11 :!.:1
rate tcndc.,., holdiug 2,1100 No'~ York, or 1,600 imperill.l gallons. The 800 mjJos from u10 (nctorics where the engines wC~re made. Binton and Wor0Cit4lr . . ., ., :10 6!'.4, 2 !1.02 ~ 1
48-in. boilers coot.o.iood 107 eopper tu bell, 2in. in dinmelcr and l Oft. 9in. The Pittsbw~h, P ort Wayoe, nnd Cbica(o Railroad Company, I'IUhburg . . .. .. . , ,, :;o 3~1.001 7.2 S.G
Phlladelplllrund l311lt1more ., .. 2U 4!!1\03:0 6.4 :l. 7
long. 'l'he..o enginca had, bowovor, like the mnjority o( American owning noMiy 1oo locomotives, purchased 25 engines in tbo year Ctnclnoatl and Da)'t.on . ., 1~1J. ::3 312, liO 6.a.cl :J.
locomotivOl', iron fireboxes, cast iron driving-wheels, witJ1 Dowling 1867, nt a cos~ or 2G0,438 dols., or 10,417~ dols., or 2,148 10s. Th~e
t rro"'t and solid enlit iron truck nod tender wheels. They were de- engines were considered 118 in overy way fin~wlass.
livcred at 10,600 dola. each, or :!,160 10... each. .At Paterson we 'l 'bo Cioeinnati, WUmington, and Zanesvillo Uailroad Company
1ndiana.!)()t1Und (luclnoaU ., 1&7.
Bo ton ond Provl<ltncu .. ,. ., 1 :!1
Clnclnnatlaod Z:uJet\ lllo . ., ,.
:!a

lG
I
S:',3,64S
:.':lll,Sil
JO.&..Itl!l
:; 4ll
7.3~
7.:11
!!.il
:J.Ii7
11. 67
allowod .COO for labour on eogiDC3 o( the ordinAry class, although
that on the Erio engin<.>s co t ncnrly i00. A t.coder, tbo price or own.,.;., 10 1 7, l
A 85 G 1ocomotlvCS,
.uo CO:ft o w c
r hi h h ...,A
"" ...,.,n
Kentucky Central .. .. ,. ., H 2.10,9-10 ~76 4.37

which is included in that o( ~ho engine, cost, separawly, and includ- 136.997 dots., or 8,662 dots., or .1,iG2 each, whlcb includes e..t o( Taking into f\CCOunt t11o higher co3t o( labour and mntcrin.ls
inr- evon.thlog, only noout -lOO. delivering 10 or tbem at a distance o( 1,000 miles (mostly by rnil) chargeable to r('puils in the Stall: , and coo idering the b~..-nvh:r work
" .- fromtho maker's works.
Ae a roll', in Ameriean locomotive factories, 100 men noo.rly aro Tho Dnbuquo o.nd Pacilie Railroad Com)lllDy owned. io J anunry, performed under a moo t>OVcro eUmat.o by AmeriCIUI cogin011, l
employed Cor ench engine turned out per mooUL Thus, in tho 1lntt 1857, 8 locomotivct~, which bMI cost8G,3'H dots., or 1o,i88 dols.l-ach, think t he a.etuAI repairs made upou tJtcm, Cor o. ghcn scnire, o.ro nu
l'ight months of tbo Yl1lr 18.'J3, liCSIIJ'S, Richard Norris nod Son, of or .2,219 10s., which includes cost of delivering tbo whole nt a ~reat.er thBn tboso upon J<;nglisb engines; o.nd, 1 (urther believe, tbat
l'hiJBdelph.ia, mndo eJ.nclly 100 locomotives, or 126 per month. Tho distnnco of 1,200 miles from the maker's works. This lino is ono tho "Iilo" of tho former is quito Bll long n.s thot o( tbo lnttcr.
number of men emf.'oyed 11.verogcd between 1,10(1 and 1,2UO during now io progress. M to tho pe(ormauco of America::, locomotives, 1 prCI!umo you nru
tbo aame period. 0 tbo year l tllill, ~Ie8Srs. :U. W. Baldwio nnd Co., In tbo report for 1855 of the Stntll Engineer of New York, lto nwnre that the grodicuta o( American lint'S are bcnvi"r oud tbc eurvu1
of PbillldelphiB, coml1letrd 81i locomotives, or rnther moro than 7 per h b d b di 'di h f L "harper lhnn ou English railways. You rMy no~ oo so well ~wa.ro
month; nod during t 10 wholo ycnr Uloy emplcyed, on an avo...,..,c, 710 I)Q.VC t o q uotieots, o tame y \'1 ng t o aggrcgnte eo:;t o t o tbat tho :wcrngo weigLt o( trains drawn ou Americ.'ln rnilway11 it:1
> L w k . ..., looomotivcs or various Now York rnllwo.y companies (as such cost
men. Th 0 I .ogcrd oromohvo or 11 turoc out, during l ll59 .and stood on tbcir books) bv 1110 number o( engines then uwned by tho considerably moro lLou here, oltbougL the bpced is about one-firth,
1860, from 8 to 0 Cllgio~ 1\ mooU1, nod employed, duri.ng the Sllmo <1. h h 1 bol b 1 or between tha~ ond one-fourth ~~~.
ti me, between iOO ond 800 moo ou locomouvo work, iu addition 'to respeellvo eompnnaus. o.vo glVon l 0 resu ts ow; ut, mny .At tbo o~d or thu ycas; 1865 tl!on werC', by official reports, 2,GI C!
otbors 011 cotton nud other mnchinery. .At a. time when tho Amos- romlll'k hore, that in mo~t cnMl8 they probably show more tban the maiCll of railwn.ya open m tbo Stnto o( New York. AlllJOugb thi~e
kcag lfaebino Shop wae turning out 6 locomotives per month, 00 the roo.l cost o( tho ooginf'tl, it lxing, I sua~t, the ft\Ct tbot the "total oxtent o( lino hardly I'Cprc,onwd ouc-tentb o( the roported leugtb or
avora~e, al.oout 500 men wrro employed, in addition to ILoso ongn..,ed cost" or all the locomotivea of many o the ro:~.d.!l included tbnt o( rn~lwt~.ys tbco opeu in all tho Stnte,o, lho New York litH!II mlly bo
.., nll engines purchll.scd from tho beh'lnning, wbore88 tbo "number o(
oo mill work, cotton mRChinory, and ongiocen~' tools. 1'ho Schence- engines," by which thi!l total cost wos divided, wn.s, l suspeel, only frurly lit ken M l'eprCl'cntatho or AmcriOiln rail roads gonornlly. Ou
lady Locomotivo Wcr~ u( a capacity to work i.iOO Uleu, u.ro capable tbo number owucd in 11~55, onl irrcsJX'Ctivo of en~llics wbich biJd thcsu Now York lin r.; tlwro wl:'re, orconliug to the report .,r tho
of producing 6 l'ngioca Jlllr moutb. Tho Taunton L ocomotive been broken up ond sold, tJao inclusion of which would have di- !)tale }:;nb-in('CI'1 14,ill/(t, Of rho frum lidO W3l(r aod J7,5t!Sft. full tl
Manufacturiog Company, when employing rather more than 3UO , ward8 lido wo~tcr. 1'1ti:. w:~t-, however, exel~ivo of tJae ~ew Yvrk
men, wl'ro delivering from 3 to 4 onl(iuca per month. ~!Cbl!'l"'l. Dnn- mini1<hed the "avorogeco t. 11
('cut.rnl-th~ J>riociJ al railway in the 814lc-nnd os the me t..nd fall
forth,, Coo~c, nnd Co., of l'akn on, New :Jel'boy, tul"'lcd out regularly Nllmo of l l:lllwny. Averni!'O ~t of Eoginoa. on its mnin !mu ill t,G2,)~ft., aud on both l11u Ulllio and 11ide line!',
6 cnclllcs ID two monUIJ when employw~; :!50 meD. TbC~ Ho ton New York and l:r1o, 6!L. gu.a~ro . . .. .. !1,010 dob. . . .1:2,041 abonL 4,Ml0ft., th e total ri.o nud fall oo tlao New York Slat> lhiJwat~:~
'V t... I t I (Ill I " . l 0 ~.., New York Ccntrnl, ,ll. 8llo... . . . )11,740 ,. . . 2,:!10
L ocomoti\'0 or..., COIOJI r "I ocomouvcs m w.o vurr ~
.,...,, or 11 .... RI
"""''" \er, )f)
1 ..
...
"
lllJ ,.
1, .,..,
~ wonld IJo t'qunl to :lG,!Sjj.j(a., oa to IUl nvt:rogu lfrBtlicut o( 1 in 3i5 ov'cr
Gf per month, nnd till' uunIJtr or men cmplt.ycd seldom roso to 600. 1\uw Y11rk nud Tltrlcm, do... . . . 11,w1 ,. . . :!,&"'7 nil tho railway" in the State. ChH' o( llw~o railway~>, tl1o New ). oTk
Wb~o tbo late :Mr. Jtobort 'WJJhe~ on visited tbo Portland Loco- Now York and ~ .. w lla\' CD, do.. . .. .. 8,001 , .. l,ibl nnd Erie, bos t!,II5Gft. of rill6 ond fall in o. lco~lb or H..j milts, <qu11l tu
mohvo Worklt, at Jortland, ?!lame, 111 1863, they were understood to BuJJ&Io and Now York City, G!t. guagc.. 11,014 , .. :?,~OG no avcmgo gradirm~ o( 1 iu 293 O\'er ti.Jo wholu dL.tnn.:c. Uf thu
be equal to tho employmcmt o( 600 men, and the ]>roduetion of 5 Buffalo, Coroln{tond Now York, do.. .. .. !1,21)3 " 1.01:! wholelcngtb o( this liue, 31milesaroonagradieuto( 1 iu b ,ortMt.
cngiuct:l per month. .At Mr. South('r'a nnd at the Now Jeney Loco- Canandai&'Ua. nnd l:lmlra, do... .. 10,314 " 2,1~2 )..Cr mile.
motive nnd Mll('bino COD1"":1J8
\" k.s, h
Y or
l
w ero was SUCCO&ii\' y
cl CllOlllldAI!..'Wio and Nlapra F&llll, do... . 8,0011 ,
cIIYUI:'Ito IUld s waquc hanna. do... . . .. "v,<Jl<o ...., "
1,itlJ
- .. l . ...
_,, Guing out of tbo lalo cf :Sew York, tbo main lino o( tho l'enn-
eob"llged, lcu than 100 men 8 ccd to torn out ono engine per mouth. Bulr:llo and l:!tt.u lino, 4ft. 101n.j,raUJ;-o . .. li,l7u ,, 1,&3 ~<ylvania Ccutrnl Hail road, 250 milcslung,laa~:~4,G39(l. o( rW. anl fllll,
1 am uot waJTantod in dmwiog comparuoDB between tbo working of S)raCUJe Gild Dtn~ebaropwn, Oft. 1:aul{e . . .. 8,032 , .. 1,1)3; 1U milt- 1U.ing tuolinuvutily ot tbo rat.o of 1 in 5G. ('l'bis length u(
the American and English lowmotivu factories; lrutl may, perltaps, Bbck khcr ILild OUc:a, 4lt.. btlo. .. . . 7,40.; .. .. 1,~2 2;iO miJe is cxelu ivo o( I OJ mih'8 frctw lllll'Tblrurg to l'hiL'Idtlpbin).
be allowed to record my belid thnt more work, of n given quality, is Watc:rt.cnrn and Romo, do. O,G:W , 1,:JC..S 'l bo llaltimoro nod Obivl\ailrood, 3il! mJl..,., long, tua... :1,13lft. vl r.o
hnd from a givro nou.ber or men in tbo American workshops than l'ott.&da.m and \\a~rtown, do.. .. .. 7,a7a " .. 1,617 ood filii in tba fin.t. 1it! mil , o.ud !l,5u..ft. in the whole diLau,c,
'f b d Olwcgo aod Syrocu.e, do... .. .. ?,WO , .. l,~M
J1ero- almott, 1 not qruto euoug11 more, 1 apprc en , to compooR3te Troy and Bo.tcn, do... .. .. 8,833 .. . 1,817 equal to 110 8\'cmge gnMiilnt or a Lout 1 in 200 all the way. On this
for the higher wag~ poitl in tllo S!Al.f . Here, I 11m told tho produc- Rcm-.elacr and I:!ILI"ntogo, df)... . 9,713 ,. 1,WJ lino thcro nrc, on ono divU.iun o( t.O milt."S, 8l mUcs of gmclicolll
tion of six ong10(8 monthly ri'!{Uin. ~ tbo coOBI.au ~ employment o( O~tdcn-bul"):h, do... .. .. 1!,4!!:1 , 1,731 rnuging frcm I iu oU to 1 in 45!.
from 960 to I,uoo mNl. Long hlnnd, do... .. .. i,6:.:;J .. . . 1,65S C..oiug iuto tho Suto or ~lru.,arbusctts, the D~ l'ln noel Worcc,ltr
'l'ltn~ there ml\y IJo no uu corll\inly M to Uao cost of .American loco- I ho.\'0 already cxplruhed bow I believe Utcso n.vcrogcs to ltnvo nucl \\'c.-!t'ru Jt.Ulru.vl!, 2110 uulf~ lvug, O<JIIc-ctivr:ly, 1U\\'t 4,181ft. of
motiVI,., J moy furtlll'rl)uoto lltllt of otlwt cugiueBootuaJJydoli\ered, been obt.o.ioed, and lm11.y rcmurk, in ~<UPt)Qrt of my bclicf,thut !hero rU.o nud fullll(t woon J:.... tou wad .A llxw y, 1t coutinuvua tutl~ rau 0 i ng
:18 woll as tho "liM~" prirl'lt 'IUOlcd hy certain nl>1k('nl. is n ot ono cogi uo on th u New York nuu llt1rl~nt Hnilroad tba~ L(UI frotH 1 in 71 to 1 in GJ.
F our cugince, t~u tLo .l!'itchbllrg Hn.ilroad, wcigi.Jing l!lloll8 co.oh, eo10t .:l,31l7: fow ou tho liuO'alo and New York City thnt baVI.: cobt l uccu not uwplify th~ lBrticular.;. 1'bcy apply to tbu flvo 1rin-


JAN. 3, 1862. THE ENGINEER. 7

cipal lines of the States, f1om t ide-water to tho" W est," and thoy net earnings of gold diggers, ~ud is . above the pa.y. of
NOTES FROM NEW SOUTH WALES. artizan.s in Sydney. As there lS nothtng very mysten ous
indicato what American linos are like. In tho year 1855, tho re-
ported avernge weight of passenger trains on the railways of the IN referring, last week, to the progress of various public under- in the art of coal getting - nothing that any man of mode-
liltato of New York wa.s, including engine and tondor, 87! tons, the takings in courao of development in the colony of New South \Vales, rate intelligence cannot easily learn, especially if he has been
avcrngo number of p:u;songel"' carried being 73 for each train mile wo found oul'l'elve9 unable to clear off the mass of details available, accustomed to hD.ndlo th& pick at tlle gold-fields, it i.s natnral t o sup-
r u.n. This, it will bo fou.nd by comparison with tbo data. furnished and we, therefore, now recur to the subject. It appears that, when pose that many of the less fortunate members of the working classes
in Captain Galton's reports, is about one-fourth greater than the our advices left in October, the works upon the three railway exten- will view the coal-getters' wages with an envious eye. Profi~ and
average on English linos. The goods trains weighed, including sions contracted for by Sir M. P eto and Co. were all in a forward wages in all occupations tend to equalise themselves,and the display
engine and tender, an a.vornge of 239 tous. Tho speeds were omc- state, and in some portions rapidly approaching completion. On the that hns been mado of the large earnings that a coo.l-gett.or in fu ll
what less than in England; I should say, on an average, froru one- N orthorn lino tbo excavations through the most diil\cult of the rock work can secure may gradually induce many persons to gravitate
fifth to one-fourth less. cuttings are noorly finished, and only o. small portion of the earth- towards that employment. The foreign trade 10 coal has been to
I cannot givo you a broador average than that contained in tbo work remains to bo executed. A largo quantity of ballast has beon some extent injured, but the local consu mers will ,Prob&bly
working of the Nuw York railways. I might give you an almoet laid upon the lino between Black Oreelc o.nd Lochinvar, and tho por- gain. Tbo new mines that havo boon opened, and the mcreascd
cndle!OS list of porfonnaoces of individual en9ines on varioua lines, manent way is being laid from Lochinvo.r station towuds Black Crook, stimulus that has been given to the existing minee, will havo
but tbeso would h:u-dly assist you in determimng the average of every extending at pr~ent as far a.s Harper's llill. Most of ~o colver:ta the effect, when taken in combination with the resumed operatio11.1
(lay work. As an engineer of somo} experienoo I c.,n, however, give and principal bndges are completed, but a few flocd 0!'9D1Dgs remaan where work had been suspended, of increasing the production and
you my unreserved opinion that locomotives aro worked considerably to bo made. 'l' he line 118 far as Black Creek wa.s expected to be reducing the t~~co. The co-operative company ha.s made good its
harder on American than on English lin03. finished last month, and the remainder of tho ex tension before the footing, and t is one very definite result of the strike. The com-
Yours faithlully, end of this year. pany has hitherto bad all fair weather, but now, of course, it will
Zzn.lu COLBITII!'I. Upon theWestorn line all the earth work is completed, excepting have to contend with the severer competition which its members
a portion of one cutting, which has to bo taken over the South Orcek have helped to call forth. It is to be hoped, h owever, that the
viaduct when ready for it. The only bridges not yet finished woro scheme will bo successful, as its development is sure to teach useful
RAILWAY TRAFFIC RECEIPTS. those over South and Rope's creeks. Considerable difilculty b1l8 lessons in ~liticM economy alike to employers and employed. A
T aT& gradual doclino in the t raffic r eceipts of railways in tho been experienced in obtain10g ballast for this line; the contractors little intermiXture of experience by different classes is about the best
United Kingdom has caused some nnea.siness respecting the have to eart stone from the Parramatta Domain to the side of the cure for class prejudices."
dividends of the current ball-year, just completed, that they will railway between Parramatta and Blacktowu, and again to transport
not bo so good as those of the corresponding period of 1860. 'l' ho it on to the new line by their locomotive engine. A largo quantity
docline in the traffic receipts is attributable to the depression of of ballast is !>eing procured from the Nepcan River near Pemilh, for THE GUNBOATS.
trade, arising chiefly from the war in America, and other pro- that portion of the line. The balla.sling ttud permanent way nro FROlo! tho notices published of late r especting the extraordinary
ceedings there injurious to co=erce. The receipts on the railways finished between Blncktown and Eastern Creek, and a largo number activity displayed in the outfit, commission, and despatch of tho
for the week ending tho 2 1st instant showed a decrease of 16,760 of men are employed in carrying on the work towards Penritb .. It 1irslrcl118s reserve gun-boats to the Mersey and elsewhere it might
118 compared with tho receipts of the corresponding week of 1860 ; and is anticipated that tho Western extension will be ready for operung naturally bo presumed that a.n cquo.l degree I){ activity existed at the
for the preceding week, ending the 14th instant, the receipts showed a early this year. On the Southern line most of the cnttings are out, head-quarter depot of the gunboats at lla.slar. T his ie not the case,
docrcnseof 5,975. Tho falling off in the expected receipts of the pre- and the culverts are finished. There are yet two or three timber however. With the exception of thirty hands specinUy employed to
ceding nine months hl\8 been chiefly shown by a decline in the increase viaducts to construct which 'vill occuv.y some time. The works'for the complete the Tyrian, begun, but deli vered in an unfinished stato by
over the corresponding period of 1860, tho nmount of it becoming Men angle -viaduct (described ~detail in Tae ENou.::n a few mont~s a private builder, there is nothing doing in the yard and shipway.
smaller and smo.ller until the la.st two weeks above-mentioned, when since) are progressing, b_ut still a. ga:eat deal rem:uns to be do_ne 1!1 It would take n considerable numbor of bands some length of time to
the receipts fell below [the roceipts of the corresponding period of preparing for the roundations of the piers. 'fho masonry, which. 1.5 rende1 the boats stored under Hoslar sheds fit for commission.
1a.sL year. This soriou.s decline has been nttributed to the expecta.. obtained from the sido of tho river at o. short distance from tho s1te, Many of them now lying on the blocks with their copper off and an
lion of war, and a consequeut cessation of spooulative operations. is being carried up I or the first pier on lbe l1onangle side of the river, air-stroke out of their planking on each side havo ]ain thus for
It should be mentioned that U1e gradual increa.se of traffic on rail- and the foundations of the second pier aro ready to receive tbcma.sonry eighteen months, and some still longer, since they were partially
way:~ in the United Kingdom during the seven years preceding 186 1 The timber approaches on the Menangle side, are nl.ao in course of con- examined and passed as sound boats. If a judgment may be
:wernged 1,418,000 a-yeo.r, or 27,270 per week, so that a decrease struction. 'l' ho lino is being ba.llasted in a great number of places formed of the probable state of the whole of these, from a
in tho receipts of 16,761l below the preceding year practically between Campbelltown and .Picton, nnd tho permanent way is being recent examination of one of their number, it may bo con-
represents a decrea.se of 44,030, or about 9 per cent. of tbo toto.l laid between Campbelltown and Menangle. From the presentllSJ,>?Ct cluded that many of them now are exceedingly faulty. There
receipts. of the works it is expected that the lino will be completed conslde- can bo but Jitllo doubt that many of these vessels, which at
'l'I.Jo traffic receipts on railways in tho United Kingdom for the rnbly before the timo stated in the new contracts-the 1st of January, the time of the official exami nation ml\y have hnd but a rotten
first quarter of 1861 showed an increase of 253,000 over those of 1863.-At a public dinner given to the Governor at Windsor, 1\lr. timber or picoo of planking at wide intervals, are now very
tho corresponding period of 1860; for tho socond quarter they Co wper announced tbttt, the evening before he left Sydner, ;tho defective. 'l'ho line of blocks on which the boats are stowed ara
showed an increa.se of 119,800 over the seco11d quarter of 1860 ; Government had agreed to place a. sum of money on the estun.'\tcs divided by brick partitions into six equal parts, and the whole
!or U10 third quarter thoy showed-an incr~ of only 76,801) over for a railwl\y or a tramway to Windsor. The distance of Windsor covered by zinc ridge and furrow rooflng . The mortar boats stand
ilio snmo quarter of 1860, nnd for the fourth qUllrter an incrcn110 of from the Blacktown station, on the Western line, would be n.bout on tho opposite side of the yard, with their decks merely covered
about 52,800, which might be reduced when the returns for the week ti.Jirteeo miles, and a select co=itteo of the .Assembly appointed with penthouse roofing. In the fin,t division of the gunboat sheds
ending U1e 28th inst. are made up. This decline in the receipts will be threo years since to inquire illto the de.sirabilitt of the extension are sto,vcd the Caroline, P et, Pert, 'finy, W oU, Crocus, Camel, Sky-
better understood whon it is stated that the incren.se of traffic in the reported in its favour, the evidence taken showing that tho traffic on lnrk, Garland, and Gannet. The seven !as~ named have each th~:ir
.lir:;t quarter of 1860 over tho same period of 1859 amounted to tho branch lino would give a pa);ng return upon the cost of con- copper off, with which exception they are supposed to be completo
.439,700; for the second quarter to 59:.!,600; for the third qunrter struction. Since this announcement was mado the estimates havo and sound in their bulls. But it is well known that they ore not.
to .4 3,421 ; and for tbe fourth quarter to .404,000, making togeth er been submitted to tho Assembly, and from these it appears thnt The P et and tb o Pert have portions of tho phtnking stripped from
1,919,721 over the preceding year 1859, while the total increase in tbo the line to Wind.\Klr and Richmond is to bo a horse railway, and their bottom. Ono is in a good state of preservation; the other is not.
rccoipt.sin the y ear 186 I will probably not exceed 500,000, sbowi ng a tc cost 601!100. A short lino between Maitland and Morpeth, One was built in a public and tho other in a private yard. T he
decrease of something like t,420,000. If tLis had been realised a counecting the Great Northern Railway with the head or the remaining boat in the shed ia the Carolina, still doing penance Cor
great portion of it would havo gone towards meeting the interest on navigation of the Hunter Rivet) was proposed last yenr to be her faults of construction. In tho second divisional shed stands
ndwtional dxpenditure, and increa.sing the dividends on the ordinary <'.3rried out by the Government, but the estimate for its construc- the Mackerel, fixed like the Carolino. Both vessels should be pulled
~>hares. Goi.ug further oock, the increa.so oi trafllc in the first quar- tion was refused by the Assembly, chiefly on the grou.nd that, as to pieces and their places occupied by craft that may be some day
t~r of 1859 over the same qUArter of 1858 amounted to 434,500 ; in the nlilway started from the mouth of tbo river, the new line would of use. In addition to the Mackerel is the Flirt, with fore part of
the second quarter to .;150,400 ; in ti.Je third quarter to 435,300 ; injure the port of Newcastle. Subsequently a priva.to compal!y was keel and some of her timbers crumbling to dust from dry rot. ller
aud in the fourth quarter to 464,900 over tho same period of 185 , got up for carrying out the undertaking, n.nd the necessary capital after botly has not yet been sufficiently oponod to givo a correct idea
makjng together an increase in 1859 of 1,785,100 O'l'er tlHl ytar having been subscribed an hoorporation Bill was brought into tho of its stato. Tho Chorokeo is bare yet to her timbers, which are
1858. Tho traffic r0ecipt.1 of 1858, owing to a commercinl crisis Assembly. 'rho measure wa.s supported by a large majority of the being completed slowly for planking. Tho Brave is rather more
and ~reat depressi011 of trade, were 4uO,OOO loss than !or tbe memben;, but met with persistent opposition from two or three who forward, and will soon commence plnnking. The Beaver and the
]lreccding yea.r 1857. The year 1858 Wll8 the first year urged that the proposed line wo_nld tako o.way ~e traffic. I!om the Badger have boon bauled up, and still retain their old copper, with
since 1M2 in which tho sggregate receipts of railways were Government railway; and, owmg partly to theLT oppos1hon and an air-strn.ke of rlnuking out, but no one can say what condition
less than in the preceding yea.r. Tbo following will show partly to the lateness of the session whon tho bill was brought in, it they are in unti they have been fairly opened. The remaining
bow tho traffic on tbo principal rail\Vl\ys in the United was not passed. The bill ha.s been again introduced into the boots here aro the Primrose, the Prompt, and the P ickle, belong-
K ingdom was affected during the past year a.s compared with that Asselllbly, and has been referred to a. select committee. A petition ing to the uocoppored class. In the third shed are the Fervent, th e
of 11S611, and will show that the falling off in the traffic has chiefly has been drawn up by some of the residents in the Hu~ter River Alba.core, the Gnat, the Swan, and the Redbreast, of the unooppered
lak('n Jllac.e in the mnnufacturing districts :-The increase in tho district and presented to the Assembly ~inst the pas510g of ~ho class; the Grinder and the Brazen, with their old copper on; the
trafl1c on the followil.lg railways in 1860 over the preceding yoor bill; it alleges that the two steam comparues engaged m thecarrymg Beacon, stripped of planking, and making good h er tunbers; and
amounted in the aggregate to 1,553,800, against 'l51,720 in 1861 trade upon the liun ter River are in collusion in keeping up the freigh t.s, the notorious Whiting, at length nearly complete in her now plank-
over 1860. Tbe incn:a.so in the traffic on tho London and North- which, in some cases, a.mount to three-fourths of the vo.lue of tbo iog. In tbo fourth shed stands tho Snapper, partia.lly opened,
western Railway in 1860 ove1 the preceding year amounted to agricultural produce conveyed; and that this is likely to bo por- and faulty, as also may be termed the Pincher; the Peacock i.s
244,881, against a. decrea.se in 1861 of about 17,200; in the traffic petuated should the proposed railway between Maitland nod sbipped of planking, and making good her timbers; the Gadfty,
on the Midland an incre&~e of 209,289 in 1860, against a. decrease Morpeth be constructed ; the petition further mentions that the the Hockot, tho Midge, the Charger, the P artbian, the Blossom,
in 18o1 of 3,220; in the traffic on the Lanea.shire and Yorkshire shareholders being, to a great extent, the same a.s those of the and the Confounder, belong to tho supposed sou.nd but uncop-
an increase of 199,728 in 1860, against a. decreaso of 16,350 in steam companies, their interest in monopolising the trade of the pered class. In the fifth division tho Thrush and Ready are
1861 ; in the traffic on the North Eastern an increa.se of 1 28,946 in district would be identical. Notwithstanding the defeat S\18- partially stripped (of their plaukiog, and m the adjoining and
1 60, against an increruse of 24,980 in 1861; in the traffic on tho tained by tho Government last session upon their proposal for last division of the sheds aro tho now class of gunboats now
Great Western and Weet Midland an increase of 1 28,251 in 1860, constructing the Morpeth Railway as a Government lino tlle sum building by tbo Government, comprising the Minstrel, Netley,
against 53,220 in 1861 ; on the London aud South Western an of 20,01)0 has again been placed on tho estimates !or that purpose. OrweU, Bruiser, and Cbernb, with the Dllljority of their timbors
increase of 78,692 in 1860, against 56,920 in 1861 ; on tbo '!'he project of constructing a railway between Botany and Sydney and Irnming in position, and tho Tyrinn, completing, Biter having
South-ERStern an iocrea.se of 58,190 in 1860, agaillllt a do- ha.s been energetically supported by a number of gentlemen, most of been received in an unfinished st.ato from the hands of the con-
et-ease of 19,900 iu 1&61; on the GreatrNorU1ern an increase whom have property about Botany, tho value of which would oo tractor, as alrcadf stated. The mortar boats in the yard consib't
of 56,277 in 1860, against 39,450 in 1861 ; on the LondOl\ considerably enhanced by the formation of such a line. A com- of twelve built o wood and nino of iron. Of the condition of the
Brighton, and South Coast an iocrOQ.SQ of 53,230 in 1860, B.g'.liust mittee appointed at a. preliminary meeting htwing reported favour- former, at present, no ono can speak with confidence until they
.6.J,130 in 1861 ; on thu ~lanchester, heffield, and Lincolnshire, an ably of tho project o. second meeti ng wa.s held, at which it wa.s have been furthcropened and esamiood. 'fwelve months since they
i ncre:\:!9 of 52,790 in 1860, against 6, 23 io 1 60; on U1o Grent resolved to fonn a. company, to be called tho "Botany Railway were said to be in good condition. T hree-fourths of the gu.nboald
Southern and \Vestem of Ireland an increaso of .52,317, againtlt Company," tho capital to consist of 15,000, in 3,000 shares of 6 aro of 60-horso power. or thoso afloat in the port are tbo advanced
~15,590 in 1861 ; on tho Caledonian an inorcnse of 49,8l10 in lStiO, each. Several propo:;al:~ were made 118 to the route which tl1e lino flotilla, comprising the Rose, Raven, Blazer, and Highlander. ~'rom
nKaiust 22,870 in 1861 ; on the West Jlarllopool ao increase of 11hould take, nod to other details, but tbeso it wa.s decided not to ontor this class have boen reoontly deta.cbod the Amclia and Escort for
.V17,960 in 1860, ngainst 13,016 in 186 1; on the Tafi Vale an upon until the company had been fo~mcd. 'rhe opinion of tho p~o service in the Morsey. To supply tho places of tho advanced
increase of 37,246, against .!78 in 1861; ou th e Glasgow and molers of the lino appeared to be m fo.vour of a tramway wb1cb flotilla in tllo fLrst-closs reserve tho following boata aro being
South Western an increa.se of 34,990 in 18601 against 5,230 in could be laid along tho existing thoroughfares without interfering hurried forward in the ship and steam bJ.Sins of tho dockyard from
18t.i l ; on the South Wales an incrCltSo of 21,086 in 1860, against with the traffic. the second-class reserve :- Tho J osprr, SO-h orse power, and tho
a decrease of 6,660 in 1861 ; on the North Staffordshire an incre;u;e For the two prc-miums-600 and 300- offered by the Govern- Earnest, Savage, Cracker, Foam, Swinger, and Pheasant, of SO-
of 27,300 in 1860, against a decrease of 36,100 in 1861 ; on the ment of tho colony for the best designs for the 11ew B ouses of horse power each. The remainder of the gunboats in tbo port
Eastern Counties an increa.sc of 20,420 in 1860, against 22,i'l1 in P arliament, and Government buildings, which it is proposed to erect, reserve consist of the Fenel.la nod llunter, of 40-horse power
1Htil ; on the Stockton and Dnrlington an increnso of 18,810 in twenty-ono designs were tendered in competition ; and, after these had ench, and tho Chub, Decoy, Aut, Ramblur, Daisy, Angler, and
1860, against 20,620 in 1861 ; on tbo Newc118tle and Cnrlislo an been publicly exhibited, the commissioners appointed to decide Cheerful, each of 20-horse power. The gun-boat yard at llaslar
increase of 16,860 In 1860, against 670 in 1861 ; and on the Mid- selected six 1111 boing the most eligible, and directed the Colouial at present is o. solitude compared with 01e chief yard at P orts-
land Great Western of lreland an incrcll8o of 10,850 in 1860, Architect to report upon them. As the instructions received by that mouth. In tl1o latter it is ono continuous scene of energy arid
against 1 4,480 in 1861. T he year 1860 in tbo foregoing refers to officer included an estimate of the entire c~st of C.'\rrying out en?h bustle. 'l'he efforts of the departments are at pr03ont chiefly
t he incr~e of traffic in 52 weeks, whilo 1861 refers tO the increase design, a very great a.mount of labour wa.s mvolved. The work 1.5, concentrated upon the gnnboat.s being brought forward Ior fin~~
and decrease of traffic during 51 weeks, the la.st week's tro.ffic not however, nt lenbrth com pleted, and the report of theColonia!Arcbitect class, and U1e vessels in the ship and steam basins and contiguous
having yet been made up. senl in. 'I' he commioBioners havo since had one meeting, and there docks, comprising the Black Prince, 40, screw, ordered for comple-
can be no doubt that the next \Dail for England will carry h omo the tion I.Jy tho 30th of April next ; tho Geyser, 6, paddle, Commander
names of thosucce fnl competitors. 'l'bo following are the m~t Jackson, bound for Vancouver, ordered for tbo 15th int>t. ; the
TilE Do~n MAIL PACitE~.-Somo interesting trials of speed toes aLtached to tho six designs which were selected by tho commis- Sutlej, 51, screw, Ior the lOth i:w;t.; the Tribune, 32, screw, for the
ba.ve taken plaoo between the Dover and Oo.lnis mail packets sioners as the most eligible:-" Po.lladio," "Horn e Sempre," 11 J 1st of F ebrunry; tho Dunc:m, l Oll screw, for the 28th of February;
a nd tho Admiralty nod Belginn steam packets, specially sent to bide," "Fide et Virtute," "Follower of W rcn," and "Sic fortis the Glasgow, 61, screw, and the .!!'redorick William, 86, screw, Jor
this port for tho conveyance of distin(:,"llished personages. On Etruri crevit." the same date; tho Ocln.via for tho 1s t of March, and tbo Esk for
'l'hun;day, last week, the celebrated mailJJaCket John P enn broughL We rend in tho Sydney Jfail with rrgaru to the strike among the the 9th of May. In addition to lheso tho C(l(}uette, 6, ~;crew, is
over to lJover from Boulogue her Serene Uighness the Princess Newcastle coal rninu~ noticed once or twice in previous numbe1':! of roasted; and thu Dart,'5, screw, has commenced receiving her rna.sts;
Jl ohonlohe. Although blowing a. fresh gale, with a heavy sea, 'l 'n& E.soL'\t:Jm :- " T be strike among tho coal minel'S at Nuw~tlo and botl1 will bo completed for commission a.s mpidly 118 po~iblc,
11ho made tho p6,'l:!ago in 1 bonr and 50 mioJtes. On Saturday the bll8 tcrmio au:d at la.st, a fter having endured Ior about eight week . and very prob.'\bly will be commib:iioned ooforc they arc out of tbo
Belgian Government packet T opaze, just como out with new boilers 'fho men at all tho mines bavo gono to work again. 'fi.Jo W.l(;e hands of the departmental offi04lrs of tho dockyard. The lllnelc
and leogthcnec.l dimeuRion, with the Duko of Sa.."te-Coburg and tho remain very nca.rl y the SIUXIU as Le foro tho strike. A concc:ssil)n of Prince wa.s yesterday placed in No. 10 dock, and, after h:wiug hor
Belgian Prinecl! on board, left Calais at tho saroo time ns tho mail 3d. a ton blltl b\:cn made by the miners, but then the employere bilge pieces, Ltc., iitted tO her bottom, will be payed over with tho
~ket Vivid, with hilt Escellency L ord Cowley and 126 passengers undertake U1e wheeling of the coal, so tbnt tbere is a. compellSl\tion. composition l)rcpnred by Mr. lla.y, tbo dockyar d chemist, in n liko
and their luggage on board, bot m the run sho beat the Belgian by '!'he masters havo failed in ~nforeing the reduction of 20 por cent. ; manner to tbo Warrior.
n early a quarter of an hour. On Moudny night again the Admimlty nud have failed nl:~o in their attempt to break up tho dominating
y acht Vivid, formerly tb o crack mail pn!'ket on this station, st.\J1(rl control or tbc uniou. The victory, thorcforc, rc:;L<~ with tho mcu,
frvm Dover neck-nod-neck with the J ohn l'cu u, the fonncr with the and this runv comptn~te them for the lo,.q of two mouth,.' wagt. Wu..n& ont Tr:Jr:ra COIIL~ aoy.-('rc.lt Brit:tin uud Ircllilld
P rince of PI'ID'>'i.l, and the mail ve.s cl with n largo number IJf mails, The masters.hlwo gaintl nothing to CODil.K'n.~nte t hem f!lr th.r lo; of import annually suruu 27,01JO,OOO cubic f, t, or .HO,Ooo hltu.l-, of
p l.\osengrr.-, and luggage; but the Admir.llty yacht had no chanle, two tnonths' protit~. 'l'ho only re;ult whach may_ be ~md to ~ Canadian piuo timbor, lllo.. greater part of wJoich is manuf:LCI.Urerl on
for the John Pl'nn blat her by ei;;ht minute~, in o. strong wind and ndwr:;e to the mrn and favourable to tho employers IS c.ue that w11l tho Otuwa. ri\cr :ml it.t; tribut..Lrie,., 'l'ho 01r~:ration.~ of tloi,; mnnu-
boavy sea, with the lido again<>t them. 'r\cral rapid ~":1_:(, havP opemtc indinctly. ' l'hc effect of tho di-cur~wu that bn~ taken pine. I.LCtmu c:-. h'nu o,er upwa.-d, uf 11 ,OOLI qnurc mik,., :md gi ''" l m-
recently been mHde botwoon Do-ver and Co.lais by the muil pa~kc t has been to show that. th P Newcastle coal mmers e:LTU far moro than pluyment to moro than ~o.uoo Ull:ll; but ti.Jen> ru1, pcrL.n)'' but low
E mpre..s, ju t brought out with improvrl\ new boil!'rs, now whcclR, the average wug('.."f of tho lnbcuring cl~W>. H has been pui.JIU.hcd in l::nglaml \\ ho havo more than t~y mo.,t mi~ty <;unc(pttou of tlw
&c., constructed at t ho factory of tl1it1 pot t On 'l'hundny last, wit h far nod widu Uu1t in a short dn.y'1:1 work a coal miner cnn w:LJ in which tho ginnt.li of thu fore:.'\. a1o :mi.Jjoclt:tl to tLo domiuiOil
1
s ook tide, she malo the rWl to Dover in Jc:.s thau 85 minute~. curn lls. ! d. with cu~o. 'l'hi:s is collilidcrably above tho 11 vtra:;o of ruan.-Unce" Week.
 8 TIIE ENGINEER. J.~. 3, 1862.

C LAY 'S C U L T I V A T 0 R S.

FIC . I.
.
l
SEAT.

Tm:~ invention, by Cha.rles Clay, of W akofield, has for its object
improvements in implemcniB for cultivating land suitable to be
worked by st.cam or other power. In the specillcation of a former
patent granted to l!r. Cla.y, and dated Nov. 4th, 1857, No. 2808, a
cultivating implement is described in which a series of tines or tilling
t oola are employed. 'rhe.se tines or tilling tools are mounted on
bars or axes eo carried by the fmmo of the implement as to be
capable of turning, and the partial rotation of these bars or axes
ca~s. the tines or tilling tools to descend into the land, or to r ise
out of 1t liS requ.ired.
.Fig. 1 is a lo~>gitudilll\1 section of an improved cultivator; and
F1g. ~ is a plan. o, a, is the framing of the machine, which, it is
preferred, should 'lxl carried by a pair of wheels b, b, so arranged
that they may oo u.'!Cd to steer the machine by reason of the axles of
t he whcela wing arrangt-d to perform a locking motion. For this
fJUrpo.-.e the nxles of tho w~ls nro fixed to blocks b1, b1, which are
capable of b.:ing raised or lowered by screws b:, (12, on the bars or up-
right.! bJ, fJJ, tbc platt'tl kl which such bars or uprights bl arc fi..~ed
bf,iug arran~;~ to movo up and down the two bars or axes c, c, ono on
each side of t.be m.a.chine, and it is on th~o uptit;:ht bara or axe.il c'-c,
that the bk-!:k.iJ carrying tM wee of tho wheel.:, m&vo or perform
their locking motion, and they nre caused to lock by means of the b\'O
connecting rods d, d, which connect the two frames of bars up and
down which the block.iJ b1, b1, are capable of being raised and
lowered. 'l'ho two connecting rods d, d, are connected by the
lever handles t, which turn on an axis e1 on the transverse
bar or framing f, which is connected to the side framing a, a,
by the uprights f', f'; hence it will be seen that, by pressing
the lever handles in either direction, the axes of the wheels
will be caused to move eo as to cause the wheels to lock to
a greater or loss extent, or the steering may be by other convenient
moo.ns. A nod B arc t\VO bars or axe_, to carry ono of two sets of
tines or cultivating in.,trument.. to act when the ma.chine is being
moved in one direction, and C, D, are two other bars or axes to carry
another set of tinc3 or cultivnting instruments to act when the ma
chine is moved in the opposite d.i.rection. Ea.ch of these bars or
axos is provided with an arm or projection g, g, so that they may be
connected in pairs by a connecting rod 4, h, and these connecling rods
may be so connected together liS to cause ono set of tines or culti-
vating iru.trumonts to go out of the land when the other seL IS
enterin g, and a~; the two b(!i.s of tines or cultivaling instrumeniB are
puintod Ill Of'"'"'i~ditiePOM, the bi.mple a.ct of drawing the machine
finit in ono direction and then in the other, wiU alwrn.at.aly bring
the two sets of ill.btrumoniB int.o and out of action 'vithout having
to turn the machine at the bnadlands. i, i, are transverse b&rs which
act 38 stops, &gninst which the stems which carry the tines or culti-
vating instruments rest when they are acting in the land, and th060
transverse bar11 also give stillness and strength to the framing.
J, J, are foot, the stems of which are adjustable, and o.re used to
prevent the framing descending too far towards th e surface or tbo
lnnd; 1.:, k, are two draught hooks, which are attached by chaius or
rods k', k', to the central bar j. Those dmugbt hooks are respec-
tively ntt.ached to the two ends of tbo wire rope used to move the
machine, first in ono direction and then in the other , by the use of
su.itablo machin ery, liS is well uuderstood, and these draught hooks
nro abo connected to each other by means of the rod land cbains
or cords m, m, so that when one draught book is being acted on by
ono end of the wire rope, and power to move the machine, this
bar l and chllins or cords 1n will be drawn in that direction, whilst
the other drau~ht. hook will go out of action, though still connected
to the other cud or the wire rope. In order that botb sets of tines
or cultivating inbtrumont.s m&y be off a road when being moved
from place to pla.cc, the con necting rod s are arranged to be shortened.

BARKER'S SIGNALLING.
TuE~E improvemont.a in sipllllling, by Dclabere Barker, of v~l the most ~ouitablo pocition to place it ii on the forecastl e with a
Clapham, are princip&!ly intended for the purpose of communicating 60Und roOect.or or roOectors behind the whistle to rellecL the sound
signals in foggy and other weather from lho land to vessels at sea, with a tube or tubca to direct t bo sound in advance, and in a
but are also applicable for UBO
in signalling on board vessels,
and in signalling on railways,
nnd to and from railway t.rainB,
and for other purposes.
T he apparatus for signalling
from the land to veSS4:ltJ at sea,
a nd for other purpooes whore
a stationary apparatus is used,
consists or o. ~;team boiler or
superheating apparatus suit-
able for generating steam to a
very high pressure; that which
has bee n found most suitable
for the purpose is a small vor-
tical tubular boiler surmounted
by a high &team cbellt, into
which some of the fire-tubes
from the furnaw are carried for
the purpo::,e or superheating
the steam therein to a pressure
of about 150 lb. on the square
inch. Connected with a st.com
pipo from the said bailor i:l a
powerful sWam whibUe or
whh.tles for signalling, and the
said whistle is furnisbed with
t\ eound refioctor and conduc~
ing tube or tubes for concon-
tratiug and directing the sound
of the whistle in any required
diroction. The whistle is ope
rated upon by means of a
suitable automatic appru-atus
connected to the boiler, which
opens tho vnlves for sounding
the s.uno at regulated periods ;
the a.pp4ratus to be wound up
every hour, and furnished
'vith a movement to enable it
to work while it is being
w ound up. The boiler is fitted
up with a pump and tho
noces:,ary apparatus for sup-
plying it with water. Hy
using more than ono whistle,
sounding different n otes ou
tho s:uno appcLratu.s, an iden-
tity may be given to the loc:~.
lity in which the app:~ratus is
placed, for example, a 6-in.,
5}-in., and a 5-in. whistle, each
sounding ::~ltcrnatl'lyand form-
ing a chord, may be gone over
exactly in a minuto of time,
nod forms a &nibble arrange-
ment with a di,tin~t musical
cadtnco for &ip!alling from tho
land to v%5Cls out at SC.\11; the
name of the place at which the
apparatus is fixed thus effi-
ciently serving the purpose of
a lighthouse in ~o dcn&Q!.t fog, ~r by mca~s ~f a properly m~uro sbiold tbo ~ngcrs from the annoyance hitherto cx-
8JTII.ogcd code of 61guals t.alcgraphtc commumcatiollll of m uch pencnccd when t>tcam wlustles h&vo been Ubcd. The refiector a.nd
greater longth 'IIlAJ bo sent, not only in signalling out tc sea, lube may be united, iC doomed dcsirable.
btt in signalling 1ctw"en Ycsscls nt soa, or from ono fixed station In the illustrations Fig. 1 is an elevation of a superheating boiler
to another, as mny be dcwired. Tn using the apparatus on board a fitted with appru-atus according to the invention ; Fig. 2 is a vertical
bOClion of the boiler; Fig. 3 U. a section in plan on the line A, B ;
and Fig 4 section on the line C, D.
a is the boiler shell, b is the furnace; care the fire-tube ; d is the
steamcheot; e is the whistle (the reflector and conducting tubes not.
being shown) ; fiB the autom&tic apparatus operating on the nlvos
for sounding the whistle; and g is the feed-pump apparatus.
rn PsmNS11LAR .L"'D OamNT.u. ColiPL"'Y's STE.ua:as.-Her Majesty's
Government have determined, it appears, to arm the steamers of
the Peninsular and Oriental Company, and other mail contract
paeket.s, so 38 to render thoro fully capable of defence against tho
F IG.3. attacks of privateers in the event. of war with America. 'l' he Penin-
sulnr and Oriental CompcLuy have sent in consequence a requisition
for a considerable amount of ordnauce stores. This company possoes
about fifty ve:.sels, and most of them can carry an armament of &i.x
heavy guns, including two 40-pounder Armstrongs, with rilles, re-
volvers, cutla.ssos, and boarding pikes for crews of about 150 men and
officers for each ship. With armameniB and crows to this extent, not
FIC . 4.
taking into account the number of naval and military pusengers
w.ually carried, and who would doubtless be willing to give their
II&Sistance, these vessels would not only take good care of theiDbOivea,
but, it opportunity ollired, would be ready to act upon the offensive.
FIC. .e. The bame comp4ny aro having their officers and men drilled both in
gunnory and nJie praciAce.
Tna Sxon NnsASCE.-In the T hames Police-court, on Tuesday ,
Mr. lL Charles llutts, the maoagor of the P ortland Cement Works.
Millwall, Poplar, appeared to answer a summons taken out by Mr,
Daniel How1c, t>uperintoodent of th e K divisiou, which charged him
with using furna.ces so constructed as not to burn or consume their
own smoke. Mr. William Sandison, civil engineer, said h e bad ex-
amined the defendant's premises, and eaw two furn aces to steam
boilers, connected with two steam engines. Both were smoking
badly on the 14th of Wit November. A slight alteration was made
alter an inspection three yeara ngo. It was not effectual. There
wore also four furn a.cos for beating cement ovens, on which no a~
tempt bad boon made to apply an apparatus for the consumption of
smoke, and three coke ovens, from all of which emanated dense
black smoke in largo volumes. Mr. John Hampton Ho.ll, ono of
the firm to whom the cement works belonged, stated that no
fowor than fifty-four plans had been tried for the purpose of
consuming the smoke. 'l' ho pl.a.ce had been pulled to pieces in
making the attempt. All the experiments bad failed. The engi-
neer of the firm had at last. adopted a scheme of his owtl. The
firm did intend to do all that was possible to carry ont the intentions
of ilio L egislature. It wa.s impossible to fire a furnace without
causing smoke to some exwnt. Mr. Sandison said it wa.sjracti-
cable to apply un apparatus to each furnace on Hall an Co.'s
~remises for the consumption of smoke. He was forbidden by tb&
Secretary of State to recommend any particular apparatus for
adoption. There were fifty-four in''entions which were unsuccess-
fol ln operation. Cory and Co. were the largest coke burners in the
kingdom, and they bad altered their furnaces for the consumption of
61lloke in a very successful manner. Messrs. Truman, Hanbury, and
Co., the great. brewers, had also fitted their furnaces for the con-
sum~~~~n of smoke with most decided success. lie would advise
Mr. I to seo these furnaces, and also the apparatus at the Royal
MioL The cxpellbO of the apparatua at Messrs. 'l'ruman and
J14nbury's brewery was in t ho firbt instance very considerable, but.
it was proved by Mr. llanbury, in & return made to the HoUBO of
Commons, th nt the tJaving effected in ono year by its adoption was
......, -.
I
:!,640. After a protracted <lli>cu.ssion )ir. Woo!Jych imposed a
- ~__. _ __....._ penalty of .5 on the defendant, and agreed to suspend his decision
for six weeks on Mr. liall undertaking to make the necessary
alterations, and to apply a smoke-consuming apparatus to each o(
his furnaces within that period.

JAN. 3, 1862.
--- ------ --------------- - - ----------- _ __ _ju~--- --- ----- - -- ------ E~C..:.~--- -------- . . _,
--1~-c{-- - -
..,
- - - - - - IS 0- - ----
- - - !2;>---- -+1
A
[Ol:::fO]
r---- - ....- ---- -----
::1
K ....
(Q .,..
'aI " ,.
:lit
rtG .6 ,
[01-~
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K
ol=foj
I........... G
-
Wa give illtlSlrations of two kinds of iron bridges in extelUiivo
use on the American milwnye. Fi5s. 1 to 11 inclusive represent
what is known 118 Fink's Bridge, and figs. 12 &nd 13 that known as
the 11 Murphy-Wbipple " Bridge. Our illustration of the latter
shows a short~ with the r oadway on the top chord ; and we take
from an .Am~ncan publication the following description of &nother
and larger bndge on the same genen.l plan, and in which the road-
way is supported oc the lower chords :-
The spans consist each of a centn.l nod two outside trusses, 125ft.
from centre !0 centre of bearing on the masonry, and giving 120ft.
of clear operung. The two spans havo no connection over the cen-
tral pier, each being a separate and distinct bridge. The two outer
trusses are each 141t. (from centre to centre) from the middle tru88.
The top and bottom cbords are horizontnl, and 28ft. from centre to
centre, t~e roadwar being ~id on the lower chord. The top, or
compreaa1on ch ord, lS formed, m each truss, of a line of ten cast iron
cylindrical pipes, 8in. outside diameter, abutting end to end. The
toJ? chord is 20ft. lOin. shorter than the bottom chord, the load
beiDg carried down to the masonry through an inclined cast iron
column at each end. These columna are 8in. in diameter at the
ends, 9in. at the centre (where there aro also large mouldings)
and ~in . thick. In the DlJ~dle truE& three of the pipes, on f'ach
end of the chord, are Jin. th1ck, the four central pipes being liin.
thick. In the outside trusses all the pipes in the top chord are fin .
thick. with the exception of the two at the centre of the span, which
are lin. thick each. The lower ends of the leaning columns, or, in
other words, the lower ends of the truss, are connected together by
a bottom chord, formed of ll series of wrought iron bars. The trn88
i1 divided into twelve panels, and the bottom chord is formed of eye
ban jointed under each upright post, the length from centre to
centre being l Oft. 6in. In the outer truss&~ the ends of each lower
chord are formed by two bars 1 iin. square, and the middle of the
chord by four bars, scant 2iin square. In the middle truss the ends of
the lower chord are formed by two bars 2iin. square, while at the
centre there are four bars 2~in. square. Square iron is preferred,
as it is more easily rolled than round iron, in considerable lengths.
'l'be eyes at the ends of the bars are formed by bending the full
size of the bar around a pin (the bent end, before welding, having
nearly th& form. of a fish hook), and then making a long weld
between tho end thus bent around and tho body of the bar. The
full tection of the bar is thus preserved all around the eye, which is
thus, theoretically, twice as 1trong as tho bar itself. The bars
are connectOO by 3lin. wrought iron pins, and tho lower chord
THE ENG I N EER.
AMER I CAN I RON BR ID GES.
FIC.t2..
FIC .I4.
F l G.l3
- -- - - - - - - - - ZO!;. d - - - - - -- ---
F IC.I.
'A - - - 1{ ('.____ -----12'--((.
' ~ ...
- -- ne. 1
n~
I ~~
I
FIC.i .
....
I
~-
10'
pi
PI ClClClClClO
52...... ~
m 1rno
may be considered, therefore, 118 n chain. .At each joint,
with the e.tception of one next to each end of the bottom
chord, a hollow cast iron post is erected, or really a two-
storey post, one length upon the other. These posts are all 6in.
in diameter nnd tin. thick. 'Where the u pper section orstorey of the
post bears on the top of the lower one a spider, or cast iron ring,
with four radial arms, is made to encircle the joint. F our truss rods,
of Jtin. round iron, e.ttend from top to bottom of each post (each
post of two sections), in the manner of tho two truss rods commonly
applied to steamboat: conn ectin~ rods. T hese posts bear each at
the bottom, on one of the 3!in. pms connecting the separate bars or
links of the lower chord, and, nt tho top, agai nst the under side of n
2tin. pin, which pin passes horizontally through the joint where ono
o the pipes of the top chord bears against the end of the next.
The nine upright posts, with the two vertical suspension rods
descending from the upper ends of the leaning columns, thus divide
the span into twelve pnnels, ench l Oft. Sin. long, and 23ft.
high. To bring, therefore, the diagonals as nearly 118 may be to an
angle of 45 dPg. (the most economical in trussing), each diagona I
crosses two panels, the end diagonals ouly excepted. The latter are
twice as steep as the others, cr066ing one panel only. In the
middle truss the diagonals nt each end colUiist of two bars, each
2in. square. T he diagonala n ext to these, [or the lint pair which
aro inclined 45 deg., are two in number and 2Ain. square. At
the centre of the middle truss the diagonals, two in number,
are each liin. square. In the outer trusse.CJ the pair of ond
diagonals are each l!in. square; the n ext pair (the first of
46 deg. inclination) are each liin. square, and the two at the centre
are each ltin. square. T he diagonals arc formed each from o.
single bar, with eyes turned, 118 already described, and having no
weld, except the long weld at each end, where the end lapped over
to form the eye is welded to the body of the bar. 'rbe light
counter diagonals h:ne eyes also, but so formed that their lengths
may be adjusted, at will, by means of keys. T he diagonala embrace,
at pacb end, the 2!-in. and 3l-in. pins at the tops &nd bottoms, re-
s~vely of the posts. T he ends of tbo top chords have a 3!-in.
pm each, at their bearings on tho tops of the l eaning end columns,
and to each of these pins a vertical suspension rod, an end or steep
diagonal, &nd n diagonal tension rod inclined at 45 deg. nee all
attached.
The trusses are braced apnrt, at tbo top and bottom, and tho
timbers supporting the track are laid upon iron cross girders, rolled
by lbe Trenton Iron Company.
-- --- ------- -105~0!..-------- -
A
FIC. 3 .
- -- - - - - 16'-0.- -
I
G FI C : S
V.ti i UU LT
The estimated weight of the three trusses of each span is :-Cast
iron, 96,000 lb.; wrought iron, G8,000 lb. ; total, 164,000 lb., exclu-
sive of beams and roadway; equal to two-thirds of a ton per
running foot. T he bridge is proportioned to r.vry, in addition t;o
its own weight, 8,000 lb. to the foot on each track, and, with this
load on each track, at the same time not to strain the wrought iron
in the outer trusses to more than 8,000 lb. per square inch of sec-
t ion, or, in the middle truss, to more than 12,000 lb. per square inch ;
tho cast iron, at the same time, sustaining a compressive strain of
10,000 lb. per square inch in the outer trusses, and 15,000 lb. in the
middle truss. .As two trains would very seldom be upon t11e bridge
at U1e same time, the middle truss is amply strong.
.As there are two systems of di~onals throughout, each diagonal
crossing two panels, forming what is called a double cancelled tru88 1
it follows that any one pAir of diagonals may break, or any one
upright post snap in two, without causing the downfo.ll of tho
bridge. The proportions of the pnrts are such, h owever, that the
flillore of any one member, under ordinary circumstnnces, would be
extremely improbable, while as a whole their arrangement appears
to present the greatestsimplicityand strength with the least quantity
of material.
Iron bridges, upon the plan patented by Albert Fink, Esq., aro
being adopted to a considerable extent on railroada in the South-
western States. .As an illustration of these bridges we may describe
one span of the Barren River Bridge on the line of the Louisville
nnd NMhville Railroad. 'l' bis sptm has n clear opening of. 20Lft.,
the roadway being carried at the bottom. The top chord lS lovol
nnd about 205ft. long, its ends ha.ving each o. r olling bearin~ on the
top of a column or tower of mtiBOnry, through which the
weight of the bridge and its load are tnlren down to the
abutments. With the exce.Ption of horizontal cast iron braces
to steady the Boor, there lB no bottom chord, all the tensile
strains being transferred through inclined suspension bars to the abut-
ments. The top chord is formed by a sen es of hollow cast-iron
pipes, abutting end to end. They are octagonal outside, with o.
circular hole through them. The outside diameter (between parallel
faces of the octagon) is 12in., the inside diameter being lOin.
Midlvay of the length or the top chord a. vertical post descends for
about 20ft. This is also hollow and octagor.al in its outer form.
Its outside diameter is 12in. ; inside diameter, l Oin. T he bottotn
of this post is tied, by inclined suspension bars, to both onds
of the top chord. These inclined bnrs are in quadruple p~~irs,
eight IJars, each 6in. by ~in. each truss, extending from tbo


10 THE ENGINEER. JA.lf. 3, 1862.
foot of the contro post U. each end of tho wp chord. For a alwrnawly, and will not produce a "to-and-fro motion," that being
Bingle track bridge of two t:russc.J there arc, therefore, 35 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR. duo entir.lly to tho reciprocating action of tbe engine. The weight
squaro inches of section in tbo principal teusion bars in do Mt lwld our1elttu rupon1ihle f or the opini<Jn1 of our &bould be, as Metl8rs. Brown o.od Mo.y ad viae, equal to the weight o f
each truss, tbcso bars, for each half &piU), being connecl.ed (We piswn and rod, CroliShead, connecting-rod, and crank, and placed the
wgether, in four length~, 80 88 w form a great diagonal of Corrupf/lldent1.)
about 105fl l,.ngth. E.lch baU IIJXIn ilJ agaio clividoo by an upright - -
RO\'AL NA\'A.L l::NGIN.ERS.
same distance from the centre of the sllllft as the crank i!BeU.
"J. D." objocu to tho coiUIIJorwcight beiog .Placed in the fly-
po t of the same height as tbo ceotru po t, and from the botwm of wh cl, u by that mCAOJ "an oblique oacillation tB produced." His
these IK-coodary posw inclinod bars pTOCoed, on tbo one hand to the Sm,-Pennit me to claim your a;,-istance in the matwr oi a. most dllfljCriftioo of the manner in which tbe "oblique oscillation ilJ pro-
cud of the top chord, and, on the other, to the centre of the same invaluabo body o!ecientiJlc men now suffering peat wrong in the duced I r~onot Ulldcro14nd. My o wn opinion is that it ill produced
chord; or, spoalcing more properly, to tbe wp of the centre po:.l In navy. Yo u havo bPfort', with groat kiodooss, advocated the causo by the impuL.o of the counwrweight beiog upoo ono bracket. in ono
BoUman's bridge, which Jo'ink's in some respects resembles, the of tho engineers of the navy, Bod, judging from the reforms follow- direction, wlillbt that of the crank, &c., ilJ upon the other bracket iu
d iagonAIJf from the foot of each upright post proceed directly w both ing your ondcavourl!, not wit bJut &ucccas. the oppo iw direction (tbo crook being generally close to the
cnda of tbo wp chord. r 'ink"s secondary dagonals in the Barren 'fhe pay, rank, Bnd widow11' pensions of the engineers-in-chief, and bracket furthest from tbo fly-wheel). "J. D.'' must have abandoned
River Bridgo are 44io. by ~in., and aro arranged in double pairs of the p:ly and rank of ~Witstant.-euginoors, havo bceo iwproved, and tbo &iogle-cylindcred engine as hopelessly rocky, or he w ould not
four, giving Ut square m ches of sootion in each truss. Each upon !per aU looks well ; but, unfortunately, it is not aa it looks. bave ventured to design hilJ double-cyhodcretl engine requiring
quarter ~ is again &ubdividPd by nn upright post of the You have, no doubt. visited that f;reat triumph of engineering nnd either an extremely incc.nveoiont length of boiler or a terrible com-
snme he1gbt 88 the others, and two bars, each 3m. by jin. navo.l arcbit.octurahkill, tho W nmor, and can probably beaT me out plication of parts to got connecting-rods of a proper length. 1 'his
proceed from the botwm of each of lbe third system of posts in SD.ying that tbo o.ommodatioo, so-called, pro vided for tho en- engine nppenrs to havo boon designed for tho e.xpreu purpose of
to the wps of the next posts o n either side, tho diagonals from ~:ineer and assilJt.nnt.-engincers is truly disgraceful to t11o Admiralty. iocreuiug tho expense, which "J. D." wisely suppo!iCS tho generaUty
tho posts next w U1o ends of the spo.n ex lending to and ta.k:iog hold Un der tho now Admiralty :regulntioDB the engineers and first class of purcluUicrs would not submit to.
ol the ends of tho top chord. The tertiary diagonals are inclined assistant-engineers aro described as commissioned officert~, the ono Now, sir, I thiuk tb o "oblique oscil.l ation" of the singlocylin-
about 45 dcg. 1 and h.o.ve four equnre inchetJ of soction throughout in ranking with Jiouwnants in the army, the other with eDBigus, tho dored oogioo can bo prevented by simply di vidiog the couuwrweiglJt
each truss. W o must beg tbe reader not to bo weary whPo w o tell scc.ond class assist.anw being of tbo same grade with midshipmen. into t.wo ports, pltieiug ono in tbo fly-wheel, the other in a pulley on
h im t1111t each oighth spo.n ilJ finally su\Kiivided by ~light post, only nut in tho Warrior thoso officers arc stowed away Tight forwaTd, tho other end of tbo craok-sllllft, tho weights being in thu inver:.e
haU BB high 88 tho others, nod that a po.ir of diagooals, each 3in. by and aro ubllf;Cd, in order to reach the pl&ceallotl.ed for their messing, p roportion of their distancea (longitudinally) from the CTaok.
jin., and having, therefore, three IIQUDrO inches of section throughout to jo&llo thc1r way among tho cre w. Tl.teir sleeping berth is j ust 'flus, of course, only applica to engines with a cranked abaft, thoso
m each tn~.S~~1 exteoJ.s from tho bottoms of these short posts up to the over tho cooderu.mg tankll for d is~ wawr, and when they are at with a sido or o ver-neck crank C3n have the cou.oterweight east in
tops of tboso on either side, tbo end diagonals (m the fourth S)'l>k!m) work tbo compartment id full of swam . ono piece with the crook, oithor by having a projecting arm opposite
t.'lkillg hold wiili Ulo..o or tho first, acoond, nod third &)'Stems or the Aware of ilieso evils lho Admiralty, when arranging tho inwroal the crank, or by puttin~ tho crook-piu in a hollow disc having o.
end of the top chord. '!'hero arc thus !ou.r sys!A!rns of tnwles, each o.ommodation of tho DIJ~Ck Prince, had the engineens' berth fitt.<.-d w eight on the opposite lildo of il U '' J. D." is anxions lt> improve
truss forming an isosceles trian~le, the long side of each triangle in the afwr part of the ship, oppo ito lt> the gun room. It cost some the portable engine I ehould ad viae him w abandon the iclt>a of a
being the whole or somo portion of tho top chord. 'fho lower ends money to mako the arrangement, but it seemed so desirable that tho rotary cn{.-iuc, and direct. his attention to a means of supplying puro
of each converr;ing p:lir of SU!J>Cnt>ion ban! arc connecWd to the Admiralty coosenl.ed at ooce lt> pay the dilference. water to tho boilers, for tbo water gcnemlly used by tbcso engioi:S
upper end of A short link, the bottom of which carries the cross On the paa..age round of the Bltiek Prince from Greenock w P orts-- cont..'lins such an amount of animal, vegetable, and earthy Dlllt!A!nr,
beams for the floor. BJ means of these links the effect. of une<)ual mouth the eogmoor and o no of tho assistants, Wmporsrily appoiot.<.-<1, that tlJero ilJ not only a great deal of deposjt, but it. frequently occa.-
expansion and contraction in tho snspension baTs is counten.ctcd. misbehaved themselves, and were dismi.t.,ed the service, and tb.a.t. cir- &ions priming, to a f(.:4U'(ul oxwnt, deTaDging tbe engines, thus adding
J:.'ink's bridge holds a position inwrmed.iat.o betwoen Bollman's cumstance is suppoecd to have induced the Admiralty to CODS(lnt to matcrilllly to tho wear, and very o!wu the tear of the boilers.
and a single cancelled Whipplo trUSII. In Bollman's bridge the tho proposition o( tbo captain of tho Portsmouth Steam Reserve, and 31st December, 18fil. Posr.&.DL.I!.
load is everywhere iUBpcndcd from tho tops of tho cod towers, and orde r tho engineers' berth of the Black Prince to bo shifted forward,
if back chaiDB wero employed no top chord would be required. In a_q in tho 'Varrior. 'l'hu~. in the two largest steam ships in the naVJ,
Fink'& only a load at the centre is suspended directly from the wps will tbe engineering ~;ta1J bo de1,'Taded by being put forward amoo~
of the end wwcrs, a load at any other part being partly tmru.-mitt.ud tho mco, and &tigmati-.ed as bcinf: unlit to live in the vicinity of PREVEXTIO~ OF STEA)I DOILER EXPLOSIOXS.
(to ono or both towers) through upright postB, and with the con- young gentlemen! Tbo samo officer has, 1 understand, induced Foa some yl!llrs put an 88sociation for the prevention of stcam
sequent exertion of focal compressive strain upon some inwr- the Admiralty to mako an altemlioo in the engineers' berth of tlte boiler explosiooa, and for e1Joctiug economy in the raising and uso
mediat.o po.rt of the wp chord. Fmk"s bridge bnsdecided ad\antages Duncan, 101 gun ship, \Vbich was armnged as part of tho gun of &t~am, has been in exilitcnce in Manchester, and from tLo roports
over Bollman'&. In tho former no suspension rod is longer tba!l room, his rCBBOn bein(( tbat. it was inexpedient for the engineerd to of the chief eugincer, which have boon regulArly published in tho
the diagonal or the haU span. In the latter ono-haU or more of bo intimate with the officers! J,linin!l J"urnal, our readers must be w ell aware that tho &ucce
the bars may bo of grenter length, and the length of two pairs I am Ruro you will ngrco with m e that tho more respectable and which lw attended tbo of>emtions of tbe society has been complete.
ol bars "in each truss may bo from three-fourths to elevon-t.welftlls comfortable tho yooog engineers aro made in thl' nnvy the betwr Not only have mnny va unble li\les boon saved, but the members
ol t he entire spo.n. In DollmBn's bridge the load at every point, will bo thO C)llljS of talent tiJnt will bo found in that. service; and havo derived grent pecuniary advantage by availing themselves of
except the centre, is suspended by a pair of 8U8peosion bars of tbat wbilo respectable, clover young mon, who, lJy education nod tho information afforded them by t ho officers of tho tl.880Ciatioo.
unequal lengths-by a short. bar running up to ono end of tbo top training, cannot fail to bo vBiunblo i.n any service, arc trc:a!A!d thus Durin~ tho six ycar11 of its ox~tonce nearly 50,000 boilers hBvo
cho rd, and by o. long bar to tbo other end. T he evils of unequal scornfully, only &n inferior body, tho very r e!uso of our factories, been Jn&pccted and reported upon, and dangerous defects hnvo
expo.usion Bnd contraction. even with the compensating links at tbe will be found willing to submit to it. hcou discovered by tlto iru.pcctors, in time to prevent accident
lower ends or lbo s usponsion bars, aro likel,v: to bo felt. to a greater ]Uink, unifo rm, a nd po.y will not mako up for contemptuous heat.- io 600 cnscs. llut a more striking proof is nfforded in the fo..ct
extent in the BoUman than in tbo Fiok bndge. In Fiok's bridge meot. Admiral Sml\rt, tbo Commander-in-chief of thr Channcll'leet, that only thrco explosions have occurred to boilera in"JX-cWd
the upright post& a ro compressed by tho load; in Bollmans no haa set a noble example to his brother officers by making no dis- by tllilJ IISliOCintion bince its commencement, one oi wiJkh was
upright posts are required, except to steady tho structure. tinction in tho invit.at.ion.s to dine at his tablo between e ngineers and cansod by ovcr-pn-ssure, f>CI"bisted in after advice to tho con-
Ill all bridges z.n angle of 45 deg. ilJ the most economical for other officel'll; yet, in &pile or lllis, WO find lho Admiralty subjecting trary from the O&SOCiation 11 engineer ; another by neglect during
trussing. Tho tcndeocy to buckling, however, of long compres- tbcso Ono young mc u to tbo greatest indi~itie11, making them hang the absence through illncss of tho regular qualified engine attend:mt;
sion m embers, whether of caBt or w rought iron, requires that their hammock3 in " a vapour bath," nod ISOlating them from :ill tbo and tho third from shortnes~~ of water, which tho attenda.ut failed to
they bo as short 88 (>OIIijible, and, therefore, vertical. lo tho offlcen~, to MY nothing of the iocon>cnien co of bavin~ w traverse ob,crve, o.lthough his boiler was fitted with a glass watcr-gaug<',
llurphy-Wbipplo bridge nil lhe WDBion rods aro inclined at nearly two hundred feet of deck among the men's mess t.ables, or h:unmockB ilio deficiency arising from a breakdown of the feed-nlve, which
46 deg.; in the Fink bridgo tbo dcf.t3rluro from 45 deg. is con- Bt night, shut oat from ovcry rational enjoyment. was o r a constructio n now gencrnlly dilicarded, and whenever m et.
siderable; in tbo Bollman bridge but ono or two pairs c.( rods a.ro I trust that your valuable paper, which is found in every with by the association'll chief enginP.cr or inspectors is poinl.ed out
inclinbd at any angle approaching 45 dtg. U the po.rta of a bridge mechanic' iostituw, and every factory in Great Britaio, will be the as dangerous ; while, on the other hand, it has been found, from
could be sa!ely proporuoood to tho exact atrcogth required for the medium of showin~ the rinog cl:bs of engineers what they have to limited inquiry ooly, that during that period no less th.ao 155 fatal
transmission of diruct etnins, and irrespective ol the U!ndeucy to e'tpcct if they tchould cle1t to e nter the navy aa as..--h.ta.nt engineers. explosions Lavo occuned to boil~:rs not under lbo inspection o!tbi~t
buckling in the comprc...;ion members, tbo load at the middle of a Better far they ehould remain in the huwblest position oo shore, as,aciation, which havo been au.endQd with the 1068 or 3tllivcs, in
b ridge could bo tmnsferrcd to tho abutments with but a boot two- With the hope Of riwing, than t bat they Sbould go Oil board ll lD:ID- addition to liCrious injury to nearly 400 persons, and consideroblo
thirds the qiWllity or iron, when disposed ill diagonals of 45 dog. Of-war to be treawd as if they wero no better than dirt. damage to property.
and urrigbt posts, M when d.ispo, ed, IlB in Bollman't; bridge, in a London, D ecember 31st, 11!61. LATE n. N. After such T08Uits it is not surprisiog w find that." Tho L ondon
pair o long suspension bars. .il weight of 7 toDB produce.il a strain Association for tho P1-evcntion of Swam Boiler Explosion.a, and for
of about 10 tons OD a loD&iOn rod illclioed at 45 dcg., while it TUE RODMAN GUNS.
EtTectin:; Economy in tho Unising and Use of Steam" should oo
cau&e8 o. strain of nenrly 29 tons upon o. r od illclined at 4 hori- est.ablishcd, nor that such an associ.ntion should receive th e wann
zontal to 1 vortical. TLe soetioDB, and consequent w eight per Sra,-Captain r.ooman, of the U nited States Kavy, C:ISts cannon support of tho llilt of tho e ngineering profession. Tho constitution
foot, being in proportion to the strains, the lengths, wiU1 the r ods of rendy bored by the oct of CliBting, in the snmo manner llil my pa- of tbo London 118sociation is precilJely ~>imilar to that of its prowtype
46 dog. a nd uprights, would bo 100 for overy47t of length of direct tented plno. H e, moreover, casts his cannon from within. Tht, at Mancht'Ster, but to compensnte for the boiler power bein{f less con -
SUBpCnsion rod, inclined nt 4 to 1. lleuce the product. o!lO toDB i11 an improvemen t on wy patent. Tho Scientific American describca centrated el$owhero than in Maucbest.cr, the subscriptions lmvo
into 100fl is 1,000, w hile 29 tons into 47;rt. are 1,3i7j , being o. the co08tntction of the EriC88on, o. stcol-clad Jloating battery for the noccliJ!Ilrily been fixed somewhat higher, that the sclf-&u p-
losa in thUI case of nearly 40 per cent. against direct suspeusion. defence of th o harbour of New York. Tbo sides of tJ,ii; batwry porting charact.cr of lbo society may D(Jt bo endangered,
As, bowovcr, tho compression members in a ~!urpby-Whipplo could not bo pierced by shot fired from any cannon in our service; for it must b e observed that the association is ~:~imply fo
bridge cannot be fined down to the calculated &train-the allowance bot a shot fired from tho 15-in. boro gun tabt ou the Rodman prin- mutual protection, that the wbolo of the subscri)itioos arc
to pr event bucklinl}, and lbo necossary tllickncss w )Jrevent. the core ciple : would crush io the sido of our swel-clad Warrior, wheo applied to r ender it effective, nod that tbero are n o sbnro-
from .Ooating too h1gh in tJlo.lriog the casting-involving ar1 ncess fired at the di~tt.nnce tbat. Nelson loved to pour in his broadsides. holdcn~ to receive dividcods from tho application of tho mcm-
of metal, the comparison in practice is ooL 80 much aga.inst the How w ould Drighton, with its princely buildings, look after a few bero' eubscriptiooe. 'l'hat every effort will be made to ntt.ain tbo
&llman bridge, and sWlloss :~.gaiDBt that of }~ink. rounds of I<odmnn's llhclls were thrown into it from a di6tance of objects in vlow cannot bo doubLed, when we 800 that th e council
five miles? Dublin is in the same danger, 88 well as many towns on is presided over by Willi.nm Fnirbaim, nod .compo~ of. roch _men
An lllo.atratlon and ducrlpt too of tho Dollman bridge appeared In Toz tho coasts of England, Ireland, and Scotland. Shells can now bn M Willinm Adam.s, J. F. Bateman, Fredcnck fira1Ulw1ute, Loncl
Ellonnu., VoL lU., March Otb, 1~7, paifO 182. charged with liquid fire (phosphonlll dissolved in bisulphide of Brough H.M. In.spoctor of Mines; Robert Galloway, the Steam
caTbon) the most "no.ufragoous" fi.re-stuff ever invented by the lnspec~r of tbo Board ol Trade; . A. Lamb, of the J(e~ and
STUJi SHII'BlrlLD~O ON TJI& CLTD&.-Measrs. J. and G. Thomson, ingenuity of man. Captain llalsted, RK, ono of ou.r very best Oriental Company; TholDliiJ W1cksiced, Prof. Willamson, and
of Govan, have laUDched a flno screw namod the Coms, intended to authoritiee on naval armaments, has clearly stated that one &hell many others of oqunl celebrity; and as tbe 90Ciety's operations a.ro
run between Cad.i z a nd llavannah, being the first of a fleet of charged with liquid tiro is sufficient w destroy tho brgest lin~of- to embmco tho entire district on tho south of a line drawn from
steamers destined for that lino by tho Spo.nish Steam Navigation be.ttle &hip. J. Noatos, Yarmouth to Abery"t.with, including Rugby and Warwick, there is
Company of Cadiz. The Cortcs is 2,200 tons burden, and 500-horse (Late Captain 34th Regiment.) a n ample field for the BliSOCiation to produce an immense amount of
power ; sbe has a lifting screw propeller, and aU recent improve-
ments, and will be ftttod for thu accommodation of 170 firiit-class
PORTABLE ENGINES. g~o duty of ins1:~ecting tho boilcl'll and steam engines of tho
and 70 secoodcla.ss pa81Wugers. Measrs. Charles Connel and Co. members, aod all apparatus pertaining thereto, is discharged by ooo
havo launched, at Overnowton, a screw of 600 tons, built for MCSSTB. llSPCTED Fnu::so,- llefeTrillg w the article in your publication or more competent. engineers, !lided by a suffic.ient number.of.loc.~l
Handyside3 Bnd U eodorson, and iot.cndcd fur the lleditermnean trade. of the 13th Dt-cember, po.go 353, beaded "'!"he Smithfield Club inspector!. and wo opine that 1! the system which the a&oelllUOn 18
The vessel h88 been DBmed tho Livoruo, and is now being engiued S how," w o o\Jeervo that mention ilJ made of the genemlly--adopted ~tablished to e&rry' out wero geoernlly introduced solely into tho
by H ears. A. and J. Inglis, Whitcha.ll Foundry. M~r<~. Cunncl piBo of passing the ex haust pipe (of portable engines) through the mining districts, w1thin the liwits of its operation, almo:.t incalcu-
and Co. have now on tho stocks a fino iron ship of 1,000 tons, build- boiler. Wo beg to remark tbat we have, for more tlllln one reason, lable benefit would accrue. 1 '1Jat inspcclion is D~SllJ1 is grad.usli.Y
ing for H esers. G. Smith and Bona, and iotonded for the Calcutta eodeavouroo to avoid thiJ since 1855, and during the lllBt four yCI\TB becoming more fully rocognW<!d, and the nssocllltion m qucllhun ~
trade. Tho fine st.camer r>eru, lJuilt by Ue.ssrs. J. Itcid and Co., of wo llllvc r:nado nU our engines with tho exhaust outside. on titled to especial patronage, since it.sauccess wilJ atTo1d the ~ttrooge!!t
P ort-Glasgow, !or tho Pacific Steam Navigation Company, l1lls made Another fault complained of in tho samo article is tlut of not argument tbBt Guvernment inwrfe re nco is not required. A small
a w ccessful run from tho Olydo to lho Mersey, having accomplished coUDIA!rbalancing tho crank, &c. 'hill wo have always dono since nnnunl Jymeot for each boiler ensures ono examination by tho
tho distance io 14 hours, oxciUBivo of swppage for water to cross the February, 18/H. . . . e ngineer of tbo tl.880Ciatiou in ench year, and to three other examina-
bar. D uring the run sho ntta.inod a speed of 15)rnotB with 83lb. Iwmarkiug nlso Uf!On. tbo defects. mentioned 10 your art~le ~n tho tions by an inepector-o~o o.r tho inapecti?DB bein_g a th orough
pr03sure of steam to tho square inch, tbo engines making 23~ revo- Royal Agricultuml l::locety's mootmg h eld at Leeds (publication of iot.cmal and oxwrnal oxammat1on of each boller and 1ts flues. An
JutioDB per minute, and the consumption of coal being at the rat.o of J ulv 19th, pago 19), we further beg to add- eutraoce !eo is po.yable, but. tbo r.und thn.s roi.sed wiU, as far. 88"
30 cwt. per hour. 1'ho engines of tho ,oru wcro constructed by '1\bat wo hnvo used stays on our engines, between cylinder nnd possible, bo reserved b>: tbo ~~cil for the purpose of promo~mg
K easrs. Jtandolph, Elder, and Co., of Glasgow, and are tJJo wnth crank shaft brackets, since tho year 1856. 11uch experiments nod Inveshf.,'llliODB 88 may toud to throw hghL
pair supplied by that firm w the~~~ Steam; Navigation Cf?mpany. Thn~ our llre-boxc.t have ~n mado with ~angod plates (without upon tbo probable cnuflC.il of boiler explohions, or may otherwi.t.e
Tn Cuvz.-Of tho Clydo it lB UD.JlO!!Blblo to llpeak 10 other nnglo 1ron), aod our tubes w1thout ferrules m tho smoke-box end promote tho objects of tho association. Wo trust that the L ondon
language than that or admiration. Tt lB but too fourth river in billce 1S.J2. society will succocd as completely 88 the parent. II.SSociation at
Scotland in volume of fresh water, aod the third in length; inferior And tbat wo have maclo lock-up safely valves with eHber sprin(.'1! Manchester, nod certainly know no r eason to anticipate auy lc..s
to tbo F orth or Tay in llighla.nd scenery, and to tlie 'l' weod in or weigltts since 1855, whenever they were a&ked !or and our favou rable result: the lliSOCiation is established for an excellent
{Utoral beauty : but. it iB 8uporior to all of them in uWity, in &rtilicial cn.stomcrs did not object U. too extra expeDS(l. object, and ahould receive overy possible aid to enable it to attain it.
unprovcmcnt, in manufacture., in commerce, and in tho triumphs of Wo havo alwaya ht\d a favourable opinion of the u&e or high -Mi,ifi{J Journal.
JnCehanical genius. 1.'bo improvcmeuta on this river have, womut prC$8UTe steam and rather quick speeds, and havo found, from ten
ay, boon conducted on a scale of Ulltuua1 magnilicence. About a yea!'ll' experience, no r~n U. abandon it. fussons .L'"D Soo. ------------------
century ago its depth at th~ point where the Kelvin ~barges ~to Orwell Work.to, Jpl!WlCh, Wo prClUOlO th:~t 1L 1.t meant t hat GO.OOO lnrpectlons have been made,
its channel waa only 18111. at low water, and 44iJ:I. at hJgh January ut, 18Gl. ror tbo A.llocll.tlon bu oover bad 60,000 bollenJ altogether unlkr lu car...
water. I ts course, far below DumbarU>n, abounded in shallow -Eo. E.
lagoon.s, intcrspcl'!led with low ialets and marshy .ground. By COUNTERWEICHTIN O PORTABLE E~OlNES.
j udicious engineering operations, spread oyer a le~mes. ol y~a~, Sm,-Your rclllarka on the counterweigbting of portable e ngines
accompo.oied with an enormotu expenditure of cap1tal, 1t lB have aroused the attention of manufacturers to this Important object. EXJ'OBTS or Co.u..-By tho monthly cire-.tlar of Messrs. Laird wo
no~ u navigable aa tho Tham~ In fact, by dint of dredf{i~g, In tbo tbrcocommunicatioD8 you have already published the neces- learn that tbo qua.ntibes or coal exported dorillg November Wa.ll
cottmg, excavating, and embt.nkillg, to the tune of about a m1llion sity of the counterweight is not questioned, but only the method of 484,782 toos,agnm&t619,841 tons in the corresponding month of 1860,
and a half sterling, the navigable depth of the river has been in- applying it; and I e.m rather surprised thBt ou such a simple matter showing a decrc880 of 45,069 toD&. The varticulars aro :- F rom
cre88ed within the last 60 or GO years, from 3ft. to 20ft., and the such a diver~ity of oplnion should oxist. I say simple because I the northern ports, 225,333 too&; Yorkshire, 18,188 tons; Li\'cr-
r evenue from 3,000 to .9,000 per anonm. Tho Broomiela. w harbour canoot 800 any complication in it, n otwithstanding the views of pool,46,655 tons; Severn porta, 152,853 tons; and Scotch, 41,768 tona.
11 at thiJ moment practically nothing leas than half-a-mile of ex- "J. D." to the contrary. "J. D." supposes the " to-and-fro motion 'rho total cxpo!U from January to November were 6,;83,684 tona,
cellent d.o cu we need not say how crowded ; and the contrast is w be due to t.bo event of o. counterweight in the crank and Bppend- against 6,88&,854 tons ln the lllll!le period of 1860, being II.D incrcue
indeed great betweou tho &mall fishing sloop!J and Virginia traders ages in part.'" Ry this I suppoao "J. D.'' to mean the ~vitauon of of 896,280 too& during th e present year. There wu a decreaae in
which once unloaded their treasures on the same spot, and the th~ craolc and coonecting4fod end in horizontal eng1nee. B ut ae the month ' ehipmeotl at the n orthern portl of 88,462 toOl; Y ork
gigantic iron euamer and the merchantman of 2,000 tons, which gravity acts perpendicularly this can only aiJect the prC88ure of the ehiro, 10,616 toOl; Severn, 16,176 tool; a~~d the S cotch, 2,964 ton;
no" conetitut.t the honour CLnd glory of the Olyde.-Buudu. engine .and boiler upon its carriages, increuillg and diminiabini it while there wu an I.Dcreue at Llflrpool of 18,aO tone.

JAB. 3, 1862. TH E ENG I NE E R. 11

11 Wo would fnrlhCT rocommend tbat tbo department aak of Con- ~ MISCELLA:NEA.
AMERICAN liON-CLAD VESSELS. grou at Ita ni!Xt 8C88ion an appropriatloDt for cxperiment.i.Dg on iron .
plat.ell of diiicrcnt kinds, of 10,000 dols. Tu& great 800-poundcr Aruutroog lwl been complel.cd at Elawck
Trre following rot.aloguo eootaillB tho vnrious soociflcatioll.8 re- "All of which i8 respectfully euumitl.cd. and 110ot off to W oolwich.
Nutly IIULruitted tl) the noard of l.rJrtniry appointed uy t.he Pcderol "J. S.111m. 'l'oe AdelAide Gas Comp:~ony, of South Auetro.lia, aro advertising
Con"rcl!l in Augu_bt last:- " I r. PAULDING. for t.cndont for pipes and othor plant.
" Wo have made aaynopsia of tho proJ!O$itioos and spccif\rotlollB 110 II D.1. VIJI, 'l'uE Comrnill8ionc!'11 for the Tnt.cmalional Exhibition have outbori-
auiJrnitted, which we annex, and now {l!'ocood to si.At.o in brief the "llon. Oidcon WeUce, Socrctary of tho Navy, present.'' taUvely denied thAt tbo Quoon will open the E~hibition in per80n.
r<1u .. IL of our deci&iollJJ upon tho offers prlliented to UB. '1'!1~ " Wa~b Co~itt.cc'' of tbo COI'{>Orlltion !If ManchOIJter arc ad-
"J. Eric.-~on, New York.-Thia plan of a floating oott.ery is vertilnng for a supennt.cndont of the1r llro bngadc. S:dary .200,
nov<'l, IJut aecms to be baal'l on a plan wbicb will render the belL- RAILWAY ENGI~TE.DRIVERS' SHORT TL\f.E with boose, coals, and gu.
Wry 11bot aod shell proof. We are 10mcwbat apprchP.r uive that her MOVEMENT. IT is stated that ~ieul'll. GJ.au, EIJiol, and Co. h.avo wndCTed to thD
pr11perti01 for eca arc not llUCh aa a l()a.-(;oing v I 1llonld ]lCI8Cll8 Engli.tb Government to lay o cable from Milford llAven to llalilax by
JJut t.ho may bo moved from one Jilaco 14 another on the COOit In Orr WednPSday, 2i;th Dooembcr, the engioCHlrivers and flremtln July, 18Gl!, for 700,000, {,"llAA"'lnteclnJ> ita cJfUcicncy for ono yror.
srnvt'ltb wat.tr. Wo recommend tlmt an experiment be mado witb coonPr l/'d with t be varioU8 ro.ilwoyaln tbo kingdom, to the number or '!'n11 commiilsioners undcT tho A1rc<lalo Drainage Act la.vo an-
ono Lct.tl.lry of this rlc&cripliou, on the lcnDJI propt)IIOd, witiJ a gwv About 200, a.wmbled at dinner at tho Uollo V uo Chrden.s, MaocllcJ~ Mnncod their doairo to borrow .25,000 under itA! proviiolll. ) {osaTR.
r ..wt.co au<l forlcitnro in cue of failuro in any of the propcrtic.11 and ~r, with a view of conferring tn;;oth cr on t~o subject o! the movc.- )1artln o.nd Fen wick, of J~cods, arc the cngineel"ii to tbo commiasionors.
Jloint.l of tho v011acl, as pl'opoiiOO. !'rice, ll75,000 dols.; length of m~>nt roccntJ.r, establis hed BmOtl&'llt them for regulating their Lours A .. tenso, presided over IJy Mr. John Laird, ba8 boon held o.t
vr.,.,.,.l, 17llft. ; lm:adth o! 1)(.-arn, 4 Lfl.; dr pth of l1old, u~rt.; time or labour. Tho rrubjecL llll3 bt f'll mooted for 80mo time, and nn Bi.rkenhcad, tn promote o. mll WO.)' from tllilt pl.at;O into tllo salt, iron,
100 tlo.y; draug ht of water, l Uft. ; dU.[IlaccJncnt, 1,265 tons; SfiCCd effort ls abo11t to bo mo.de to enli~tt JIUblic sympathy and legislative nod pottery districta of WCllL Uhcthirc.
JlPr lv mr, niDI' atatuw mi.lca. iowrfercncc, tho nrgumeot being that the Wl'llare and convenience 'J'JJ ~00 mUce of submarino robto tor tbo now T lllcgrapb to J ndill
".John W. Ny11trom, l'lilladclpb.ia, 1,210, Ch.couut-strccet.-Tbo of tbo men, 111 well BB tho ufcty of lho public, is concerned. An Company hall been manufactured and tbippcd by :\LOisrs. dl:l!ls, EJJifJl1
piAn ,,r (rtuo.d ru(llt:) ~u os ia oc.~ known, and cannot Le coDBidcrcd. cnginl'!or helooging tn tho I.aneaabire and Yorkshire Company prcr and Go. witbln t he month alipuJAt.cd, and tbo Sir James Duko ll4.!f
'l'lt11 d im..o iQD.If would not fhat. tho V(:. .o~:l witlw ut. the gnart!JI, IJirJctJ, and all the principal ro.iJwo.ys in tho cou ntry, it was suted, eo.lled for Aclen.
which wu are uot &ati:.Jled would revel 1h~ We do not rcrorn- wcro rcprCI(ntcd, 'l'nuharelu,lders of the Gb~!'!!Pr o.nd Jlolyh'3d RAilway lmvo agreed
mtnd tlo l'Lao. 11 riCI'1 al.tont 176,000 doiJJ. ; hmg tb of v088el, liiJft.; The chainna n pl'opc!RCd tbo UBUD.I Joy11l aud patriotic loostit, and to tho creation of 200,000 additional guaranteed capit.AJ to pay for
lor1'31.1tlt o t.-rn, 2ift. ; W>ptb of bold, 13ft.; time, !our months; & cleiPgate from tbe Great Norther n proposed " T IJO 1IOU8C;t or cPI'1Aiu worla, and to enable tllo arrangement of theo.ccount.s Lctwccn
draught of water, l Oft.; W..placcmcot, lf75 ton ; ~pced per heur, 12 Parliament." Ho said it was gratUyinK to liod that a. oood of tLil c:ompany and the London and Nortb-WM!t.crn.
knotJt. union had iprung up among t en~;ine-d ri ve111 and firemen, an..iog A tl!TT&a dated Calcutta, November 22nd, obscrvca that " three
" Willio.m Perin,.., New York, 2,777, P. 0. Box, r,rescnts throo out of t he t.cn boUT8 movcm.ent, which h.Bd been unknoWll IJeforc. In montla hence the rnUwo.y will 110 OJlCn all tho way between AllAIULIJod
plo.llll. '1'110 pccillcation.s and drawiog11 are no~ full. 'l' bo lu L LeodB tbey had uot been idle. They bad tb,.re, ataU evente, thosym- o.od Agra. Twelvo montb.llat.cr wo may bopo to 1100 tbG iron hone
w,pol'al ft,r tuo heavy plAting illlho ool[ ono wo havo considered, pathy of th o [IULlic, having oiJtained eignaturos to a petition to ])ar- tmven~iog~tbeentiro road bctwooo Dclllitmd tLia, tile commercial oopi-
f,ut tl ur o is nd tbcr dra wing nor JJl'Jd , anrl tbo ca.pa.city of tho Jinmcut in favour of thescbemc-vcrylntlurnti.alsign.a.tores, including to.l of Jndia.''
vo o~~l , w1 think, ''~'ill not bear tho Brmuur and Bm1amcnt proposed. t ho judgo of the County Court, tbo oorougiJ coroner, 6 magiatmtce, A UJJ of thirteen fell, on TbllJ'i(]ay week, between tho platfonn or
] 'ric.r, C21 ,000 dol. ; h;ngtb of VC8J)CI1 225ft.; breadth of IJ(JM) 1 4D!rt.; BG of tho oorpomtioo, l G J)(lor-lo.w guardiara, 6 barrillteriHI.t-bw, U1e Now OrOM roil way station o.nd o. t roin which, although lltoppiug
dtpth of hQit.l, lvJ tft.; time, nino montbB; draught of wa.wr, 18ft; 21 1urgcons, 25 svlicir.ora, upwards tJI 2110 maoufacturcre And tbo thoro, wae stiU in motion. Ho WM almost instantly killed, and hi.l1ro-
<llilt,laccm ut, 2,4.54 on'f; speed, flCr bour, 10 lmo1.11. r.,.t firms in the borough, and GIJ clorE,')"'l<'ll, tbe total number be~:!{ tber, io attempting to IIIWO him, hnd two of biB t.oce crushed under
" .J ohn C. Le T erre, JJol.lon-DCICriJ,tion cleOcicot; not r ccom- upwanb of 1,600; and not ono operative amollgit tb&m all It tho wheels of the train.
m,.ntld ; ~Cn l :1. model, hut neither price, ti..me, nor dimcllJJioUJ been lto.ted in LccdiJ that with aborter hollJ'8 they would have to pot TIU Minifi(J .Journal stawa that Tinsley Main CoUlcry is about tl>
lttalrd. up with ICIJI payment. Somo or them were f.Gid for ovor boUTB bo lighted witb gas. It is added tbat " the pit.s aro now in exceiJcot
"E. 6. J!enwk k, 33.), Droadwo.y, Now York, preeeota drawinp others WCl'C not; but they did not de ire tha ~ymeot for extra lt&IAI of working, the discipline u good, lho ventilation as near aa
lpCCifi,...atioo, o.od m.tJ<lcl of an iron-clad v0111el of large capacity and laLour 10 much aa tho recr~tlon o.nd rc.t to which they ooruidercd may bo perfect, 35,000 cubiC feet of air )Y\IIIing into t he pits every
J.O\v,..rful eog io011, with trrcat speed, capablo uf carrying a heavy themtclvee entitled. lie hoped that If their OUie came before tho mJoute, and ~:~.fcty-lampe aro exchuively uowd."
Lattery, and ~otatcJ to bo bot-proof aod a good 110& boat. The form LogU.bturo that lho rucmbcra of Loth lloD.fleS of Parliament 'l'u cho.i11.1, &c., of U ungerford Bridge, wiJicb have bceu purchlllcd
aud maonor of cooatrw:tioo and proportiolli of tbis ves.ocl arc would 100 tho jw.tico ol thoir demand 11 ooth as rClllpCCtod for oomplcliog Clilton SD.Ipell.liOn ~ridge, will be deli vcrcd in CIIJtol\
nr.vel, aud will attract. tbo attention of &eicnttllc and prnctical men. thcm..clvc.t and the public. In propotlng Sll.CCCiiJ to tbo '!'on lo J OJW next, when the operation of 111.1pcndlog them between tho
f:ibo il ,,f very light draugh t of wCLter, aud on tho quc.tion whether Ht,urs Movement " he said that bo waa grati.Jled to mee-t 10 l4rgo a r,iC1'11 erected ou the Gloucetter and f:lomcniCt sides of tbo Avon will
11b.o will pruvo VJ boa. safo and oomfor1A\ile tea boat we do not number of biB fcUow-workmcu !rom aU parta of the oountry, and bo im1oodiat.cly cowmeoced. It IJJ hoped tbo work may be complet.ed
CXJITI.' 11 a.rl'cldcd opinion. V ClliCII of 10mcwbat similar form io that to oorlgralulato them that tbe o.gitat ion of tho ten hours movomont wlthio Ule ye&r 186~.
pMt of tbo vNIBOI which is immci'IICCi, of light draught of water, on hnd mndo tbem bettor a.cqualnted whh each otbor, moro united in '! 'Ill 'f ront, Aocholme, And GrillllllJy :Railway sbarcholdere, whoso
our wcatem lakes, hAve, wo llclicvc, proved entirely eali.Jfactory ln tl10ir e!JortM to seck the wclfaro of tbo whole oody, aud more work croa!lea tbo weUbo-IJridgod 'l'rPnt, aL Kca.clby, have had their llrtJt
all wtathi'M!. 'l'o oouoteract thA ellcct of tbo wllvct~ when diBturbcd hearty In the cause wbich. tbcy were met to prcmote. It bad been mcotin~. The work on the !,ridge U. pro-,{l'esaiog at Mell8ra. F'airbalm
by the wind, u,r producing a jerk or iudclcn rolling motion of flat aakcd wbctbcr the !Jln bour11 movement was general t hroughout and Oo l!oncbest.cr ~&bore aro now two 11nns there bt>ariog tbo
Hlwal v ~ 1t 18 propoRed to rorry a 100icient weight above tb.o t he ClJuntry. llo held in his band lctt.cra from all J.ertll of tho namo of l!'airbairn, to w1t :-Meur11. W IUiam Fairooirn and So11.1, and
,.....,ntro of pavity 14 C<>un tl>rpoi.llo lho h"a.vy weight below, which kingdom, wh.icb would provo tbnt tuch wat the ca110. fhceo letter Met.~~M!. J.'airiJairo and Oo.,) and both the bridge and tho permanent
ill dono in th is ;,b.ip by the 1 mmeo~o iron annour. If, a ft.el' a full were from Uribtol, E xciAir, Notting ham, VoncaBt.er, liuguy, wo.y aro expected t<1 be completed IJy J\ [lril next.
W..Cu. ion and examination IJy ex110rl.t on thi11 plan, it. should bo London, nod, in fact, aU tlte prineipal 1tation.s throughout tbo ldog- f;P~l.U. mootiogs of the prOJmtors of the Great Western and
clccilcd that 1bc iJ a 113Jo ve.IIW!I for liC3. service, we would rocom- dom, all of t hem exprca.ing their int.crc tin tbo cause. Tboy were South Walcl Railway ComJ!diUCI o.ro to IJO held on the l GtiJ iuat.,
rnr>nd th, con tructioo upou it of ono 1hip at ooe o! our dockyarda. only asking for what other worlaneo enjoyed, and for wbat tbey for the purpoae of oo111idcrlng and dct.cnnioing with re!croooo t.o
'J'ho c..tima.U!d eo&t of this 11bip, 1,6110,000 dole., JITecludcs ~U:t.ion cooo;id.crcd themsel ves, in their own right.~, and in the lotercsiAI of rortaiu head8 of agreement wblcb llilve boon proviaionally mado
11110n t bo plAn until furtbPr a ppropriatiOUII 1ha1J bo made by Con- tb o p ublic, entitled to. Wu i~ tolcrablo lbat Amao ebould not iiCObill Lctwcco tho directors of ooth coml4ni0fl for a. lc.1SO of tbo South
~'1'0111 for 11ucb object. 'l'imo uC1t 11tawd. L ength of vessel, 400!t.; own family from :Monda.y morning to Saturda.y night! thAt he 1bonld WaJ(jjl &Uway to the Great Wott.cru Hoilway Com[JanyJ And for tho
breadth or IJMm, llOft. ; dcr,tb of hotel, 83ft. ; draught of water, Hl!t. ; enjoy no. 10eial privileges and, cojoyroeotM, and that t ho public ultimato amalgo.ma.tlon of thceo oompanics and the \Vest M1dlo.od
displACCmeot, G,530 ton11 ; "pccd per hour, at least I8 miles. Hhould bo subject to tbo dolays and o.ccidon!B consequent on mou lW.il wa,.r. Oompe.uy.
"Whitncy and &wlAnd, .Mrooklyn, Grecnpoiot, proposo an iron being overto.xcc1 in their laoour? 'l' hcy had rccontly had iot.crviowif "A l 'RAJ>11" writa to tbo Timu to 110.y that "lho eo&t of BOnding
~'lln boat, o.rmoor of bars o! iron and tbiu plate tJvor it; no price stawd. wit!J, Clod bo.d conununicaliollll from, tho JJlembei'IJ for Manchester, to Para 2 lb. weight of good.t pnyin~e an ad valorem duty ill legally
Vlmeo..ioo" of vCBScl, we think, will not bear the wctgbt o! and Mr. J. A.. Turner and )ir. Bazley, bollt of whom had expr0118Cd At tW... moment 6s. 8d., ioclepcodcnt of the duty tboy may hAppen
IX etaiJility. Time, five montb. Not recommended. Leng th lbtir ympa.thy with tbe J!O$itim of thr mco, aurl bad slAted their to pay. A certiftcatAI of orig10 frorn our Cuttom-hoUIIe cotl.t le., o.
of ve.cl, 140ft. ; IJYC!adth of beam, 28ft.; depth of hold, 13!Jt.; drought willh to aid them in obtaining an amolioratlon of their condition. J.'roncb oolllulartrignaturo appended 14 t he certificate 00111111 h., and
Thoy ho.d allo seen the llo1L ~cmon Egcrton, one of the memboi'IJ
of wntcr, 8ft.
"J)oo.ald lfKay, Btbton.-VOKSOl lo general dimeJaiODB and for South Lancashire, who 1 al.;o encouraged them to veotilato
a 'k' roru:b ooosularflignature !or the lnvoico (which should alw11y1 bo
tcllt witb goods pe.yin; ad ~a/QJ'tm) eo.ts 21.; 10 that. vorncioUB
armour approved. The apeorl ctim.at.cd elow. 'fbe cost preclude:~ their grievances. Mr. Cobbett, tbu member for Oldham, and a wcU- animal, tl\o red t.:l.pe 110rpoot., ewallow" ~.'' Larger pareela Jl&Y no
tlio e<Jru;idcmtioo of construct ion by the board. Price 1,000,000 doll. ; Imowu friend of the working cltMes, bad al~ rClCleived a. deputation, moro, but they arc generally eight or ten dayt on the rou~.
length of v I, 227ft. ; brca.<:lth of beam, 60ft.; depth of hold, 26Mt. ; and b,'\d enter ed with a. deep iuterott into their CA\liC. Mr. Cobbett 10 'fu.r: Iron oowsprit. for tbo Defence, 22, iron etcam~.:r, baa bocn
t ime, 9 to 10 mootl:.s ; draught of water, lift.; displacement, if, tOO far -rmpathiiJcd with them that bo bad mentioned the matter to o rocolvod at. Obat.bam from the 'l'hAtn01 Iron Compmy, and Bncceu-
t''"' ; ltfl'&l ]JCr hour, G to 7 knots. Dimew.ioDB will not 1loat tbe rneetmg of biB coOBtitucol.t, nod ho (the cbairulllo) belicvod M r:Cob- fully fixed in its pla.c:e in tW:t vOifJOI. JIB wolght ia ro.tber 1011 thau
gulll hfgh enough ; not recommcnrlcd.. bctt would, if consiBtcot with other arraogcmenlB, i.otroduoo tho )lvo tone. The iron masta bavo allJ() arrived at the dockyard from
"WiUlam Jl. Wood, Jersey City, N. J.-PricG 255,000 dols.; subject m tho notice of tbl} llolUO o( Commoos. An eugiuc.- tbo 'l'b.amca, but tbeiO oonoot. bo flXDd un til tbe vcasel baa been un-
leng th or vo...el, l GOrt.; bre:ultb o!lx:am, 34ft.; depth of bold, :12ft.; man ought to boa man with. full pby~;ic31 oucrgy,, with o clct1r bead, docked. };very clay 11008 the IJto:nnor approaching nearer oomvlotloo,
timl', four montbB; draught of wo.ter, 13ft.; displacement, 1,215 tons; and a btcady oyo; nod w1th tbo rnomcutoWI JJltAirctt.'l at. 1takc, and from tho progress already made it ill believed 11ho will be rendy
8pt'Cd not stated. with. tl1o hundreds of liv08 .dependent upon bia et.cailinOCIII and to procood to sea in about tb.roo wooks. 'l'be following otncors have
" Mer rick and Sons, Pbilidcl phla.- V COli' I of wood aotl iron vigl.l.o.nco when ho wne oonductiog his troin, he ought not to oo 10 taken up their commiJ.8ioruJ nod joined her :-Capt. H. A. l'owcll,
r ombincd. TW. proposition wo coneidcr tho most {Jracticablo for f.or overwrought aa to be uoablo to perform his duty. -UT. Oobbott C.J3., Commander; P. 8allllllli'C't1 Lieut. F. 'l'. 'fhomJli!On, Llout. J.
h,.avy armour. Wo rCf'..ommvnd that " contract be made with that hoo mcntloned to them the caao of an accident where a. ral.J way G. Mcadc, Lieut. W. L owtJ1cr, Lieut. K 1.'. Pocock, Master W.
Jl<lrty undcT a ~'Uarantee with forfeiture In C380 of failure to comply {,'UJU'cl, an eogincmao, and a fll'cm.ao, wero proved to llavo been .Mayes, Surg. C. Ji'. A. Courtonay, Ate~t.-Surg. J . PalCJ'IIOn, H .D.,
w1th the llfl llcations, and that tbe contract require the pbtca to bo uleep when a iCri.oU8 accident oecarrod.. Tbeao men wcro con- l'aymast.cr G. U. Wiae, Assist. l 'aymMt.cr R. H. A.liicbard.IJ; J. Cox,
16lt. long and 31iin. wide, with a rC~~Crvation of some modillcalion victed aod puoisbed; but M.r. Cob bet~ o.d.mitt.ed that the qUC~tion clerk; J . .U . Ollia, cbie cugiooer; W. Collier, engineer; '!'. l larll?).',
which may occur, aa tbo work p rogre;....,.., not to o.ffect the COlli. bad oevor been asked how many boUJ'IJ tboy bad been at work, and 8. '1'. Wo.Uia, aud '!'. GrCCJ:1 fll'llt-cltu aa.ist.-engineers; W. Wil-
)Jri,.l', 7eiJ,IlOO dol11. ; length of vC~w~CI, ~20ft. ; bl'eadtiJ of beam, GJrt. ; wlu:tLcr, tbereforc, tb11 real guilt Wll.'J oot a tt.Achablo to their em- J.Janu and '1'. Stcwart, acting ICCOod-cla.t!.s 318ist.-enginecl"l'.
dJ.Joplaccmcuc, 3,2!16 tons ; sr,...cd per boor, !l'
deJIIJ of hold, 23ft. ; timll, olno moot ha; dro.ugbt of water, 13ft. ; ployers mtbcr tbo.n to th.cmaelvcs. Uo (lhe chairman) believed that
kuoti. railway directors would flntl it. c!Jeapcr m tho end to employ more
"Honja.min llatbUuru.- We do not rCC<Jmmcnd the plan !or bo.nW., rather than by ovenvorking ll small staa to 1.n"o.Jvo the com-
'l'u.r: whole c.f the re.(.turcot of tLumithericeat Cllllt.Lam Dockyard
arc IJeing taxed to their utmost. to provido the ncceaary ironwork,
o.nd to keep pace with the progre11 c.! tl1o ~everal 8b.ips fltting for
n<luption. Price not stated; Lco~tb of veasol not 11t.at.ed; breadth tJf panicl in extra. ri.ik. 'l ' hey bad the authority of a ma.o of kocn cornmli!sion at that port. l o addition to tbo ordinary work of tho
bl-.uo, SOrt.; depth of hold, 74Jt. ; timD not stated; dro.ugbt of o!Jacrvatioo and high poaitioo, and a man perhaps better acq ualoted department th.e workmen bo.vo C<lmroencod forging the after-portion
water, 2:ift.; dLivlAcemeot, W,OO(J toDB; tpccd not stAted; pccifi- with rnllway man.agomcnt tban any other in Lbo country, who bad tJf tbo kool of the iron llCrew frigate Ach.UicH, liO in COJaequeoco of
catitm lne<~mplcte. moroover ridden more miles on & railway eogioo t.b.a.o any other tbo delay experienced in obtaining tbo portions ol the boovy forging
"Herry H . .Dunbam, Now York..--Vcwel too co..tly for tho Appro- man, excepting eog incmoo tLcllliCivCII-Ai r. George Wiblon-i11 for tbo vc&acls !rom the ll()vcral Ironworks oontra.ctiog to suwly
pr!.'llitJn; no drawiuga or 1pocillco.tlon11; n o~ rCC<Jmmended. P rice, at14:tttatioo of the vigilAnce ntoce.ory for tucb men, and t bo goucral them. 'J.' be portion of tho keel now ooing forged at Uhath.o.m ia ~oh.
J ,20fi,JOO d>l01. ; !t.ngth of vC~~&~CI, 32.Jft. ; breadth of beam, GOft. ; clllcicocy of those with whom lto bad moL, bo hoped t bat all would In loogtb, aod weighs upward.t of eigbt t.o111. A letter from 'l'oulon
dfJ1lh of hold not ttat.cd; time, 16 to J8 montla; draught of waw, 1trivo to d01ervo that cro<Ut, and tllll.t they tb.ould eventu.o.Uy ubtai.u of the 2:.!ud h1at. state. that tho irou-cued frij?al.o Gloire bad juat ro-
l Git.; rli JJtac.mro t not -tat.cd; t ptcd po::r hour, 12 mile.~. au ameliomlion of their oooditlon. turned to port alter a cruiac, i.o wWcb her aailing powers were ~t.ecl
11
C. 8. HUAimtJl and Co, New Uavco1 Connecticut, propoc!l' a ves-- In' pro~ing " Tbo Dir~t.on1 of Railways," o. delcgato from in o. heavy MCaand during a toVer o galo of wi.od. T be Maglcienoo
1 ltJ l..o lron-i:lad on tlte mil anti plall' priuciplr, an ti to obtAin high Cruwo Mid that he believed that mauy of tbo ~entk'men fonnlng tbo 1.1 r.ot to bo plated witb iroo, o.a w~ mentioned io tbo new..papera.
"I" 1tl. 'J'L ~ objfction to this v1 -.1 u tho far that hG wUI not lloot IJOard.t of directors were not a ware of tho position of tht i r Sbo la a magni11ccnt ecrow atoam fri~;ato of GuO-bono power, and
hr armour and lt>ad tuOlciently lolgh, and bavo atability eoougb, for liCTV.lnl.t, and aiJIO that tho l barel...oldcrs would find that tho 20,000 wil~ rorry twcoty-cigh~o( the Leavi(!lot riJiod 1,"1111.1.
11. " , vc .,.J. With a !,'Uarantco that t!Jo 11b.o.U do t hcso we rccom-
or .30,000 ti.J.at were often required to provide for o.ccidoutM mi .;ht 'J:n& following appololuLCnl.t uf naval cngineen bavo been mado
mfutl M l that hn.ia a ci'Jnlract.. l'riCI', 2Ji;,250 dols.; length of vc:. Le obvio.t.rcl. If thc..e circunutancca wcro well known the inter- since our latt:-JohiJ fJncll, engineer, to the I ndus, for tbo HoyaiUIL;
ru I, I IS(Jft. ; urcndth of IJcam, - fl. ; 1lcptb tJf bold, 12jft. ; time, fou.r !crenoo ~.tf tlJo LcgiBlAtnre wuuld not bo nccotnry. Willlom Farqubanwn, cogincor, to tbo l ksvongo; J. 0. Weeks, 01'11t-
JtllJhth.t ; dr~t u gla of waU:l'1 l Oft.; dilplaccmcut., - to!lfl; apeed per 'J' ho vico-cboirma.n, on cngiucman belonging to the L ondon and c!Ms abi.iBtaot.-cng.ineer, to tbo CornwalliB; llervey JJeooow llrsL-
)ll)ur, J 2 knot.l. North-Western Company, in an amuaing speech, llhewe.tl t.b tit tbo clasa a.811llftant.:-cnguleor, to tbo OornwalliB,for the l!'l,Y; A. Uorthwicb,
"Jubn Wc:~twood, Cineinn~li. ()bio.-VcwKCl or wood, with iron human frame WWI not capable of 10 mucb corlurancc as a locomotive ftr.,t-clald on iatant-onginccr, ooolinncd, in the .A.Ilta, for tJ1o llif{h-
annr,ur; Jlnn gooll cnr,oglt, IJul t bo broo.dtiJ. nul enough t.o beur tbo w g in", Lot, llko thecngioe, it rertuircdlubriootiou1 which, In tbocaao laudt.r; U. Va teller, sec:ond-cliL&II U.tant-engiucer conflnned In tb t>
anut,ur. X o +lt.Alle:d v-ciUcatiun. No }lrico or time et.Atcd, onJy o. of tbo hlllllllll luiJjcct, mrout rt L Uo cont.cndca that, 10eially and Surpriao; G. Jl. Gos:t.1.ge, ~:and-clul auitant-eoiPnocr, cooJlrmod
g<'w raJ dr~winf!. Not. r<comrW'JitlPd. mora.lly. men wbo wero e<~mf.tell od to work undue bours-tuch u lu tho l!irauda; C. I:'. Gregory, ICt'.Ontl-claal IL&IIiatanl-cngincor, 1.t1
"XcaJio and J,.cvy, l 'biladdJhi-.- No plana or drawing~, there- railway cngincmcn wero t uLJcCt to-wero placecllo a wrong potition. U1e lndllS (lt:nt to tbo A vou) ; aod T. Stewart, 1oee0nd-cl a...iltMit-
fore out CIJo ..idtrcd; n.eitlwr Jlrif'o oor time alated. !Awgtb of 'lbe hcalt.b of tLe cba.irman and of the trea.aurer, Mr. Jaroot cnginccr, couftnncd, in tho 1M~:nco; J. n.. ALoott a.n d John lbll ( U),
v I, llOIIft. ; IJ"C!a.tflh of I.> -am, 40ft.; drptb of bold, 16ft.; drauf(hl Turner, and other toa.ltf, wcro propo.cd. &Cling 60C0od-clruia a..i.tank:u~occrs, 14 tLe CumiJcrtaud, u IJU-
uf wal.t'r, J:;rt.; di1Aar mcut, J,74f$ ton; 1peed [.*r hour, 10 lmvUI. f.CI"'Awncra.ric. ; W. 1'. Davia, acting loi'COilll-class istank'ngiol'<'r,
"WiJiiAm Norri.., 21i, C\:().ar-ttroot, New Yurk.-Iron Loat, wllb- 'fn )!Jml.oPOLJl'.L'I ltAJLWA Y LOCOIIOTIVE.- Tbu originAl W!aign 1.0 tbo lndDB, aa upemum"rory; W. '!'. lCay aod 'f. 8. Dlytb, artin~
,,ut ann,ur. 'J w ltJlUliJ, nod uot rCt'tJmrn,..udcd. Price, 3:t,OOtJ doll.; for the locomotive to Le WtCd un tbo Metropolitan Subterraocau socond-cla 8IJ:tli&tant-cnginccrs, to tho ~t.gard, aa tupcruumerorin;
Ju~th (Jr VC ..I I, ~Jft. ; JmlaAJtb Of IJcwn, 2/jft,; d<J,tb uf hold, 14ft.. ; HaiJwa.y t:mana~ from l.Ir. J~dmond lliwardlt, of Bca.ufort-bulld- W. ll' Ewing And ll 8. Lee, actlug I-OCOnd-clo.M usiltant-cuginocl'll,
t ime, CU to 'i.:i day ; dro.ugJ..t uf wat.tr, :lft.; W..r,facemtut, :lo toll6; iog , the rJrlginal drawing haviog been JJrcparcd by lilin, and to tiJO J\lliO., M BUllCrDDill(!J'Il.ric.t.
IIJII" 1'1) ntJt lbt.cd. merely trifling modiflcatioos in rlrtoits ho.ving sl.oco been m.t:lde. 'f1u: tmfllc rCC4:lll.s of nillwo.yB in lho ki11gdom fQr lbo week Ctltllog
" WiJUnm Kiog~olcy, Wubjugton, D.O., }iropotCS a ru1Lor-clad 'l'ho ateam it 80 perftoclly cond,osed that tb o locomotive can be run the \!ht of December amounted to .633,620, a.od for tbo C<irrt'IIJIOnd-
VPcl, wbkh we canuot rccowmend. No price or dirnen1lon11 flvo mll('!l witJwut blowing off, and 118 tho loogott. tunnel on tbo lng week of last year to .6li0,280, abvwing a decrcaso of .11J171i0.
1tatrtl )lotropoJitan lirul ill two mil01, the macblue cannot Jail to provo '! 'be gro111 rtj(;(Jipll! of tho eight railway11 having their terminJ In tho
"A.lkebl', 82, Droodway New York- Speciflcation and tke~b elfoc:ti"e. Although thCTe I.Jia mixed gaugo ltljd tbe engiDCI wUI at mctropol!Ji amoun!OO to l!i;0,20 t, o.nd !or the corrc.tporuli ng wook of
,J,.ferti ve; plo.u not approved. J>rice, 60,000 doll.; length ol c.ael, pre~ent be oxcloJJively broad gauge, and, u the Uno la to be worked 1860 W 268,~24., 1bowing a ll.ocrcue of 7,930. 'l'ho d.ocrcuo on
l ;.!IJft. j urNdtb <If !Je&m, ~j(t, j di>ptb not lt&ted; tiwe1 JO() d.ay1 j 11y the Gruat WC~~tern Company, are llkl'ly to oontlouo 10.-A loco- the Eutern Coootic.t llaUway amounted to .322; on the Oroa
draul{bt uf water, CCc.; W.pl.accment, 1,000 tau; tpeed per hour, motivu co~oe 1.1 In course of coll.ltruction at the engino worb of Northern to 3,041 ; on the Great WeBtern to .1,660; on tho
._ luwtL H r. llonley, at Scaton Sluice, lntentl d to be uted undergTourul at L ondOn and North-Weat.crn to .l,308; on the London aad lJiaclr-
"'J: b1110 llm'G propotitions recommrndw- viz . Butlulell and Co., tbo lJodaidu Colliery, Northumberland. '!he meane propoted to bo waU to ll; and on tho Soutb-Eutcm to .1,822-total 9,lb3.
Newrhuen, Connecticut; llerrick and Son, J!biladelphia; and UJed for the condcnMtlon of the ll~, antl the cou.umption of But from thia mu..~ be do-luctotl .LG1, the lnereuo Qn t.b Lond.on,
J, Ericuon, ~ew YtJrk,-wiU ablorb 1,290,260 dull. of the appropria- trmokc, have not. tran~plred. but 1boald tbo cogin.e prove a 1\lCUM Brighton, and Sou~h Con t, and .1,0&9 on tho London and SoutlJ
tion of 1,600,000 dtJt..., leuinc 2 9,i60 dol-. yet unexpendt-d. it will be of h.~UD.Cn.se advant.ge aud & gTCIIt improvement in the We.tero-togetber, .1 ,2 .3; leaving tbo clccre&sc M above, .i 1!J3Q.
"1'ho board recommend.l lha& armour with heavy guu be plac:.d me..nt of coal bauli.ng undergrQWld. The conetrnctlon of a loco- Tbo rece!pta on the otb t ll.oOB lo tile United KJ.ngdom amount.od
Oil ou of our river craft, or, U DDU will bear lt, to coll.lttuct a 100w motive engine for the purpoaeof hauling underground hu long been to .283,226d;d for the corretpondlog period of lut year to .;!9~1 06(),
wbJcla will auwer to pt&uaDd tbJId tbo guDBfor the river ..nee Oil a dlll.deratw:o, and it J. to be hoped nw thll attempt will . prove showing a reaao of 8,830, wblcb, added to t b& decrca.o on tho
&U Pot.omao, to be conatruct.d or prtpVed bJ the Gove.rumnt ai nceeMful. Wo have u.ot hocu'd t&e namo of the lnventor.- Mining metropolitan ll.ncs, Jtl'\kel the total clecreue 16,760, u comp&red
the UTJ fW hert f(lf lmmtclla&e ue. Jqurr141. With tho corretpondlng week ol 1800.

12
-
Tlf& illastnlion represenla one of the last clo.ss of p355enger
locomotives coaslruclcd by the late M. Camlllo Polonceau, at the
I vry workshopg of tho Paris and OrleAns &11way (4ft. S!in. gaugu).
The peculiarities in the arrangement of the regulator, variable bla..st
pipt>, the ribs upon tbo smoke-box to assist the fastening of tho
cylinders and tbo air vcssol around tho lower clack of the pump :u-o
about Cbo ooly peculiarities to <lliitinguish the French engine from
ild English progenitor. Most of M. Polonceau's engines have
boilers of an onl section, the vertical dinme!A)r being 3in. or 4in.
greater than that measured horizontally. The present ongino has
151in. cylinders, 23tin. stroke, the connecting rod being tb.roo limes
the length of tho stroke. The driving wheels are 6ft. Sin. in din-
meter, the lending and trailing wheels being 4It. lin. The boiler is
8ft. 9tin. in internal dinmetor, and contains 1S2 tubes, 11ft. !in. long
and Uin. in diameter. 'l'be length of the grato is 3ft. 7iin., width,
3ft. ajin. T he heating surface of tubes is S8Si square feet. The
weight of the engine, iu working trim, is 25 tons.
T II E NAVY.
Tru: annual official return of tho condition and situation of every
vcsscl in the navy was published yesterda1, under the authority of
the Admiralty. From this return it is satisfactory to know that, so
far as the navy is concerned, England was never in a prouder
position. The number of vessels on the 1st of January was 856 of
all rates and clas:,cs. T horo were, bc:iides, 150 liue-of-batUo and
other sailing ships stationed at the various porta in England and tho
colonies for harbour duty, thus swelling tho total to upwards of
1,000 vessels of all descriptions. Of tho 856 vessels actually in
commiSr<ion, or building or preparing for service, only 154 are
sa.iling shi(ll'l, tho wholo of the remainder being propelled by steam
power. The list. of vossels is made up of S1 lino-of-batUe ships,
each mounting from 74 to 131 guns; 112 vessels, each with an
armament of from GO to 10 guns; 44 5 1-gun frigates, the whole, with
the exception of about. 10 or that number, being screw steamers;
57 ships, each mounting from 22 to 50 guns, and the majority of
wh ich have a tonnage as large as ships of the lino; 29 screw
corvettes, or frigate", each mounting 22 guns; 317 screw and paddle-
wheel steamers, each carrying ICSB than 22 guns; and 185 screw
gunboats, each provided with two Annstrong guns. The following
screw ships of the line, and other steamer.;, composed the squadron
on the COMt or North America, under the orders of Vice--Admiral
Sir Alexander Milnc, K.C ..B., on the 1st of January, exclusive of the
v essels of war now on their passago to that station :-The Conqueror,
101, 800-horso power; tho D onegal, 99, SOOhorso power; the
Nile, 91, 500-horso power ; the H ero, 91, 600-horso power; tile
.Agamemnon, 90, 60U-borso power; the St. Georgc, 9u, 500-horso
power; tbo Aboukir, 86, 400-borso power; the Sanspareil, 70, 400-
b orso power; the Immortalitk, 611 600-horso power; the LifJey, 51,
GOO-horso power ; tho PhAeton, 51, 400-horse power; the Melpomono,
5 1, 600-horso power; tho Orlando, 61 1 1,000-hol'l!O power; the
Mersey, 40, 1,000-horso power ; the Diadem, 32, 800-horso
power; the Ariadne, 26, ljOO-horso power; the Challenger, 22,
400-borao power; the Cad mus, 21, 4.00-horse power; the Jason, 21,
400-borso power; the Orpbeus, 211 400-horso power ; the
Greyhound, 17, 200-hon.e power; the Rinaldo, 17, 200-horso
power ; the Racer, 11, 160-borso power ; the Desperate, 7,
400-borsepower; &he Bulldog, 6, 500-horso power ; the Barracouta, 6,
300-horso power; the H7,dra, 6, 220-horse power; the Medea, 6,
350-horso power ; the Sp1teful, 6, 2SO-horse power; the N imble, 6,
80-horso power; the Steady, 5, SO-horse power; the Plover, 5,
80-borso power ; the Landrail, 6, SO-horse power; and the Cygnet, 5,
80-borso power. The squadron stationed on the South-East coast
of America, under t bo command of .Rear-Admiral R. L . Warren, con-
11isted of the Forte, 61, 400-horso power ; the Curacoa, 31, 850-horso
power; tbo Satellite, 21, 400-hon.o power; the Curlew, 9, 60-borso
power ; the Stromboli, 61 280-horso power; and tho Ardent, 3,
:.lOO-horse power. Tbo fioot composing the Mediterranean
squadron, under the orders of Vice-Admiral Sir W F. Martin,
K.C. B., conbisted of 119 vessels of all rates, several of which,
h owever, have received orders to return to England for sor-
vico clsowborc. During the past year the following vessels
were completed and lauucbed from tbo various royal and private
dockyarda :-The Defiance, 91, 3,4.75 tons, 800-hon>e power; the
l 'ersous, 17, 965 tons, 200-borso power; the Shearwatcr, 11,
TilE EN G I N EElt
FRENCH PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVE.
6G9 tons, 150-horso power; the Pandom, 5, 426 tons, SO-horse
power; the Aurora, 61, 2,55S tons, 400-horso power, at Pembroke;
tbo Bristol, 6 1. 8,027 tons, 660-borso power, at Woolwich; the
Glasgow, 5 1, 3,08S tons, 600-horse power; and the Cbanticleer, 171
950 tons, 200-horao power, at P ortsmouth ; the Rattlesnake, 21 ,
11705 tons, 400-hon;o _power, at. Chatham; the Speedwell, 5, 42S tons,
SO-horse power, at Doptiord; the Black Prince, 36, 6,039 ton~,
1,250-horso power, at Glasgow; the Defence, l S, 3,66S tons, 600-
hor&& power, at. Newcastle; the Resistance, 1S, 3,66S tons, 600-borso
power, at. Poplar ; and the Lily, 4, 695 tons, 200-horso power,
at MiUwall. 'I' he following is tho list of the vessels of war uow in
course of construction, with tho pla.cos at which they are building:-
'I' he Achilles (iron), 60 guos, 6,0i9 tons, 1,250-horso power, Chat-
ham; the AJnca, 4 guns, 669 tons, 150-horso power, Devon port;
the Aginco11rt (iron), 50 guns, 6,621 toas, 1,250-horso power,
Dirkenhead ; tho Alli~ator, :.!2 guns, l ,S57 tons, 400-horso power,
W oolwicb; tho BolVIdera, 61 guns, 8,027 tons, 600-borso power,
Chat.ham; the Bulwark, 91 guns, 8,716 tons, SOO-horso power,
Chatham; the Caledonia (iron-cased), 60 guas, 4,045 tons, SOO-
horso power, W oolwich; the Columbine, 4 guas, 669 tons,
160- horse power, Deptford ; the Dartmouth, <16 guns, 2,47S
tons, 600-borso power, W oolwich; the Dromedary, 4 guns, 500
tons, 100-horso power, Millwall ; the D~ad, 51 guns, 3,027
tons, 600-horso power, P orU!moulh ; the Enchantress, 4 guns,
835 tons, 250-horso power, Pembroke ; the Endymion, 86 guru;,
2 47S tons, 600-horse power, Dcptford ; the Enwrpriso, 4 guns,
6G9 tons, 160-horso power, Deptford ; the Favourite, 22 guns,
1 623 toas, 400-horso power, Deptford ; the Guernsey, 4 guns, 695
u',ns, 200-horse power, Pembroke ; the Harlequin, 6 guns, 950 tons,
200-horso power, Portsmouth; the Hector (tron}. 32 guns, 4,063
tons, 800-horse power, Glasgow; the Helicon, 4 guns, S35 tons,
250-horso power, Portsmouth ; the lster, 36 guns, 3,027 tons, 600-
horso power, Devonport; the Jaseur, 5 guns, 425 tons, SO-horse
power, DcpUord; the Menai, 22 guns, l ,S57 tons, 400-borso power,
Cbatham; Minot.aur (iron), 60 guns, 6,621 tons, 1,250-horse power,
Blackwall; the Myrmidon, 4 guns, 660 tons, l!OO-horso power,
Chatham; the N &SMu1 4 guns, 695 tons, 200-hor;;e power, Pembroke;
the Newport, 5 guns, 425 tons, SO-horse power, Pembroke; the North
Star, 22 guns, 1,623 tons, 400-horso power, Shoorness; the Ocean
(iron-casod), 60 S'llns, 4,045 toas, 1,000-horse power, Devon port ;
tne Orontos (iron), a r;uos, 2,S12 tons, 500-horso power, Blackwall;
the Psyche, 4 guns, S35 tons, 250-horso power, Pembroke; the
Rattler, 17 guns, 961 tons,200-horso~wcr, Deptford; the Reindeer
17 guns, 951 tons, 200-horao power, Cbatham ; the Repulse, S9 guns
8,716 tons, 800-horso power, Woolwich; the Robust, 89,guns, 11,716
tons, SUO-horse power, Dovonport; the Royal Alfred (iron-cased),
50 guns, 8,716 tons, 800-borse power, Portsmouth; th6 Royal Oak
firon-casod), 50 guns, 3,716 tons, SOO-horse power, Cho.tham ; the
~alamis, 4 guns, ~36 tons, 250-horse power, Chatham; the Sappho,
6 guns, 960 tons, 200-horso power, Deptford; the Sylvia, 4 guus,
695 tons, 200-horso power, Woolwich; the Tamar (iron), 3 gUllS,
2,S12 tons, 500-horse power, Mill wall ; the Tart.arus, 4 guns, 885
tons, 200-horso power, P embroke; the 'I' rent, 6 guns, ~50 tons,
200-horso power, P embroke; the Triumph (iron-cased), 50 guns,
3,716 tons, SOO-horso power, Pembroke; the '!'weed, 51 guns, 3,027
tons, 600-horao power, Pembroke; the Salient (iron), ;,2 guns,
4,068 tons, 800-hors& power, Millwall ; the Wolverine, 21 guns,
1,&23 tons, 400-hon.o power, W oolwich; the Zealous, S9 guns,
3,116 tons, 800-horso power, Pembroke.
F outOif AND CoLO~"U.L Jonmos.-Tbe Fiji Islands Pastoral,
Agricultural, and Commercial Oompa.ny havo purchased the island
of Kioa, which hAa throe good harbours and 15,000 square miles of
land. It producas cotton nearly oqual to good American, arrowroot,
cocoa nut, toba.coo, and building wood. There are only sixty
natives on the island whose labour will bo useful to the company.
Portions of sovoml of the Fiji Islands are already occnpied b,r
Europeans, and preparations are making by them for stocking theJI
setUements with sheep, and to undertake cotton growing.-A large
portion of land atlMani, in the Sandwich Islands, has been prepared
ior the growing! of cotton. The King of those islands, and Prince
Kamehrunoba, are boUt deeply intsres~d in the speedy introduction
and rapid development.. of the cotton culture in their dominions.
- Another expedition to India has been proposed to start from
Pekin, and travel by the northent frontiers of China. t o India.
JAN. 3, 1862.
LONDON ASSOCIATION OF FORE~IEN ENGINEERS.
llf the report of the annual fe:.tivo gathering of the :~bove named
u~>Cful and highly intelligent body of men, we observe that the pre-
sident BUll regret:. tho fac~ tbat employers do not countenanco
tho uuion of their princip;~l sorvant.s, or, at IC3St, do not encourage
it by their presence at tho meetings, scicnti1ic and otherwise, of tbo
Foremen's Society. On a fonucr occasion we, ourselves, referred to
the fact. that few UWlter engineers had enrolled themselves, as Uley
are especially invited to do, as honorary members of that society.
r ossibly, wo thought, there may exist some reason for this ab-
stention of the h eads of engineering firms from companiouswp with
their assistants-their right hand mon-as foremen might be wnnod.
It is in vaiu that. that rcasou has been sought for by us. The moo
closely we have scrutinised the rules aud watched tho proceedings
of the associlltion in question, lbo more th oroughly have wo become
convinced of its freodom from any taint which should act as o. deter-
rent to the co-operation of employers.
It might be supposed that tifty or sixty foremen of engineering
establishments meeting t.<>gether month by month, as the membol'll
of the above society do, would be tempted sometimes to enter into
tho discussion of forbidden topics-as trade secrets, trade politics, or
other mysterious or mythical matters. There is, however, no groJnd
for supposing any such thing, and au intimate acquaintanceship
with the mode of conducting the society's business has led u~ still
more urgently to advise employers to take its members cordially and
confidingly by the ho.nd. Of one other thing weareconvinced, and that
is that, whether patronisod or not by cmployen>, tho ~Woeiation is
G.;jlablishod on so safe a basis as to prevent its doclen:.;on. It is, on
the contrary, destined, as we think, to become much more ex-
tended in 118 sphero or aclion, and to dcsseminate its advantages
among a much lArger body of foremen engineers than is to be found
within the wide-spread districts of the metropolis. W e feel assured
that if employers would only do as we have done, inquire and ox-
amino for themselves into the cbarac~r of the rules, and of the
general transactions of the Associalion of Foremen Engineers, they
would come to a 6imilar conclusion to our.;, viz., that it is one dosorv-
ing of every kind of encouragement and support.-.Jfec/uwia'
.Magazine.
Tu EASTERN COONTII!S RAJLWAY. - It appears that the great
"coal lino" projoot.od from tllis com~~.y;s railway at March to
Askorn, on tbo Lancaahiro and Yor e, is withdrawn for the
present, in consoquenco of the stato of public affairs and tho
strenuous opposi tion threatened from various quarters. 'l' ho \Varo,
H ndham, nnu lluntiugford scheme has; also been abandoned for the
present. 'l 'ho Bill for amalgamating tho Eastern Counties, Norfolk,
.!!:astern Union, Newmarket, and East Angolian companies has boon
duly dopo:.ited, and contains no less than 32S clauses. The Bill
p roposes to mass the amalgamating companies together under
the general namel)f the "London and East Coast." The agreement
to work tbo Enc.t Suffolk, the lease of the Northern and Eastern,
and various arrangements entered into by the Norfolk and Ea.t.tern
Uniou Companies, aro all to be conJinned, and continue in
force as at present. The total share capital of the united under-
takings will be 13,396,884, of which 7,514,S68 is ordin!U"J
stock, and the remsindor preference shares, bearing various rutes of
interest. As regards the assimilation of the stock of the Norfolk
and Eastern Union, the Norfolk ordinary stock will be placed on
rather a better footing than that of the Eastern Cou nties, in conse-
quence of the higher dividend which it has received; but the
~tern Union A stock will only be reckoned at the rate of 82 10s.
for eech loO, and the B stock at 55 for each 100. In addition
to the .13,396,884 forming the united share capital of the va.rioiUI
companies which it. is proposed to amalgamate, the debentures issued
\.ly them aro to continue, of co11r110, in full force, although the bill
authorisefl arrangements for paying them otr by an issue of deben-
t ure stock. These debenturos, as stated in a. recent return, amounted
to the following BUms :-Easwrn Counties, 3,08S,930 ; Eastern
Union, .758,488 ; Ea~;t Anglian, 276,1i2; NoWllllirket, .116,666;
and Norfolk, .79,510. Thot;O amounts, added to the 13,396,884 of
sharo capital, will make the total sum embarked in the united under-
takings .17,666,6501 for which the amalgamated company will havo
667 miles of railway. The Amalgamation Bill propose to authorise
a f urthor add1tion of 1,800,000 bl an issue of preforonco shares
bco.rini interOdt at a rato not oxcocdillg 5 per cont.


JAN. 3, 1862. THE E NGINE ER. 13

TO CORRESPONDENTS.
Y ol. xl t// Tnl ENOOOI:a& can noiD be M.d/rlltll tAt o/Jit;t, pri 181.
~1/ITT' bi11ding tht 1'0l~ c:an b( had. /TO'flt CM p!'bliiMr, prier 21. 6d.
.uh.
W . M'G.-Jfr. HaehDITT'th, 'let appreMnd, dairt l jacu il141((1cl t/f l tnlimmt ..
X. Y.- We have illUilrakd 1eueral 1uch. maehinu, "'"cannot la!JIU to uhlch
il the but.
W. B. (M&nchester).- We pu.blilhl a Large illUitrali<m of Unoir' engine
rather more than a year ago.
T. C.-Meur1. B arratt. Bxall and A ndrttDU, of Reading, and Mr. J ohn
Pdrit, Cl/ Roclulalt, /lOve ltmg tUld the plan.
W. R. A.-G'mo.inly yw c:4A n14ke any artidt patenUcl in 1843, provided the
paUIIt h.al not b(en attndtd, tDhi.:h. il very ltldom tilt CIUt 'fDith palm(I.
Aif OLD SI788Cllmll&.- We cannot 1ay at tAil aoment, and IU you !lOve not
lent your na~~~t and addreu we could not lra.n1771il to you any a nltDtr 1Dt
miah.t ,.ectitoe were your <JIUTY pt.WiWud.
J. J. (Hulme).- 7'Mp,.u:w'eon the1DCltt7 pi#on tDOUlcl b( equal to tht,.uillan
of the boat. n IDOuld b( tto definite quantity, but varying1Dith thl ruilt,mce
Otlt)'COIIIL No ruh ea" be applua in tht CIUt.
BRICltlU.KL'IG lUCLCL,'DY. - We haw b(en 1'eqVUied to lltt that tht maclli!lt
employed /Of' mo:J:ing the bricl;, for 11~ London, Ch.alha , and Dover Ratl
1Day, notU:ed in our l<Ut, 1DCII made by Jfeur1. B rud.ley and Cl'aoen , of
Wak(/ldd.
S. J . -A boobe~Ur'a alwp tDoulcl b( but Mated bytDh.alelltr 1DOuld but heat any
other kind of alwp 10/~e tht object 1DOI to 10arm tht occupant~ and vilitcra
rother t.\a1~ tM (Jood:l. !Yill not a n open gl'ale ana~Dtr' Or il the III.Op
tDith.out or.e? If 10 w a!Ul'Ulcl reconlmtnd mal.:ing one, if pouiblt, i n prefer
ence to any other mocte of tDarming.
V ULCAN.-A 3iin.. pi4ton 1Dould 11ave an area of 9f aquare i nclw, on wliU:h
ateam o/ 40 lli.1Dould preu tDilh atotaljorce of3S5 !b v:hieh force 'I&Oulcl aet
tllroWJh. 91flt. per minute (100 l'tllol1dio111 and llin. to e.uh rt~~olution).
The product of 385 and 91~ i13S.292. 'll!hieh. divided by SS,OOO givu lw.rdl.y
more t.\an lMrlt .p01Dtr. A boiler that teould boil av:ay 5 gallon oj water
an lwur '!Dould dnve l1lCh an engine.
SURFACE COND ENS AT ION.
(To CM Bclitor oj The Bw,;in.eer. )
StR,-<::m you or any of your readers inform me wha~ is the loss by eva-
porotlon, under the present system of surface cooden.sat1on?
l n other words, for every cubicfootor ton ofwn.ter supplied to the boilers,
what 1.s the quAntity returned by the condensers under ordlnary circum
stances? T. N.
Newba.vcn, December 30th, 1861.
---
Ad.,ertil~ cannot be gtVIr anleccl inacrlion unltu dtliverul bejore tight
o'clock on Thuracloy n~ming i,. each tDet k. The charge f or fo_ur lim1 aucl
ndtr il 1141{-a-<:r&~~Jn : eoch line ojteMtJarda, rixptlltt . The h~te aweragr~
ni11e vord1 : bloch are charged llu 1ome rate jor tht 1pou they jUt. .J!.. ll
linglt advati#m-eula jro1n tl~ e<~W!\1 '1' "'"'' /)( acctllllpaniccl b-y llampl " '
pa)'1MIIt.
TUll El!GINU& can be liacl, by order, from any ntllJiagmt m to1Dn or coun.t':Y,
and 1\t tht varioua raiheay atationl: or it can, if prejmed, b( IU1>Jllied
clirectjrom tl~ ojftce on tl~follo1Ding term~:-
B alfyearly (including doulile n umber), 161. 9cl.
Yearly (including heo cloubu numb(r1), 1 lla. Gd.
11 trtclil be takm, an c:ttr a charge qf lteo 111iUing1 and ri.zpcnu pc!' ann1nl\
ill be made.
The largest commercial vessel put afloat last year was
the Scotia, built by Messrs. Napier and Sons, belonging to
the Cunard line, and 400ft. long over all (366~ft. keel and
fore-rake), 47ft. 6in. beam, and 32ft. deep.
Mr. Lungley, of Deptford, hos launched what he calls an
"unsinkable ship," and in which, certainly, those most
valuab~ ~otections in case of collision, strancing, or leak-
1
ing-b ends-are applied in almost every possible way
to exclude water.
Improved river steamers have been built, t wo of which
are plying on Southampton Water. These boats have
covered deck saloons for passengers, a definitive declaration
of the BoudofTrade having removed all fear from the minds
of shipbuilders that such saloons would be liable to tonnage
measurement. A good deal has been said, too, of some of
the new Clyde b~ats, built by ~essrs. Na.Piers and Mes~rs.
Simons, and which have certamly attamed a very high
rate of speed, although the proportions appear to be much
the same as those of other boats built at Glasgow some
years ago.
The Channel hos been crossed, between Folkestone and
. Boulogne, durin~ the last year, in le s time than ever be-
fore, the new mail packet V1ctoria, built by Messrs. Samuda
and engineJ. by Messrs. Penn and Son, having attained a
speed of more than 20 miles nu hour.
The Galway packet disclosures, the loss of no less than
seventeen North Sea and Baltic steamers, the official c!>n-
demnation of iron sent in to Chatham, and much general
discussion and comment upon the inferiority of ordinary
steamship construction, will have done something, we
hope, to promote gteater caution in this respect, and a
higher sense of responsibility than before. Two of the
Canadian Mail steamers, the Canadian (the second of the
same name lost on the same line) and the North Briton,
were also lost last year.
As fol' new steamship enterprises, the blockade of the
American ports has runsted the preparations made for
establishing lines of steamers from Liverpool to Charleston,
and from Liverpool to New Orleans. The blockade, we
have no doubt, will, by one means or another, be raised
before long. In the event of war t he Galway under-
taking may chance to go overboard altogether. ::>omething
has been said of a scheme, under the consideration of Go-
vernment, for the establishment of a line of 6,000-ton
steamers to India, and the rapid growth of our Indian com-
merce renders it likely enough that such a line will soqn
be needed. The Australian line -r;ia P anama and Tahiti,
finished for all the essential purposes of a. defence from the
winds and waves. Holyhead and Dover breakwaters are
still incomplete. We have the comfortable assurance that
the former will cost 1,920,000, and that it embodies some
rare engineering blunders. As for Alderney, it is admitted
that we are literally throwing our money into the J ersey
sea, but Government, having taken up the matter, cannot
withdraw. A great breakwater, something on the scale of
Portland, is promised, moreover, at Scarborough.
The Tyne Commissioners have not yet come to a decision
as to the formation of the Low Li~hts docks, and it r e-
mains unsettled whether the ex tens10ns of the Tyne piers
are to cost 550,000 or 880,000. The work upon them,
however, is still going forward. The Mersey Docks Board,
with 9,000,000 of debentures afloat, are about to expend
another million in great works at Liverpool and Birken-
head. Their new graving dock alone, 750ft. long, 100ft.
wide at the bottom, 106jft. wide at the top, and 85ft. deep,
is to cost 84,000. Very expensive these thingR are, but very
wise, in our o~inion, are the Mersey Docks Board to take
them in hand m seoson, for assuredly the time is not far
distant when they will be required. Then there is Hull,
where additional docks at a. probable cost of 500,000, are
about to be undertaken. We must not forget that the new
docks at Britton Ferry, Neath, carried out at a cost
of 160,000, were opened lost summer. The Tyne Im-
provement scheme includes lengthy quays at Newcostle.
The Leith gravin~ dock at a cost of about 50,000, docks at
Falmouth, on which nearly 50,000 have been expended,
and for which nearly 150,000 more are about to be raise d,
a new dock at Greenock, to cost upwards of 64,000, and
other like works are in propress, while schemes are on foot
also for the improvement ot the port of Bristol at a cost of
400,000; for great metropolitan docks at Northfleet; for
breakwaters on the Tees ; for harbour works at Galway to
cost 100,000; for docks at Boston to cost 100,000; and
drainage of the neighbowing tens, to cost 120,000 more;
and for additional docks also at West Hartlepool. The
Sunderland people have been "talking" of a new 20-acre
dock on the W ear, to cost 165,000, but the scheme has
been shelved for the present.
DRAlliA.GE AND WATER I:>UPPLY.
Great drainage works, includin~ the Metropolitan Main
Drainage, are also in progress. '\volverhampton is about
expending 35,000 for a like purpose. Edinburgh, New-
castle and Hull, Leeds, Preston, and many other large

THE ENGI NEER.
PRID.A Y, JANUARY 3, 1862.
1861.
THE old year hos departed for ever, but it is not t oo late
to review its results as accomplished 'vith the help of the
engineer and the artizan. Wideandinclusiveasour profession
is-lending new purposes and directions to so many arts-
we shall be prepared to find a lengthy r~ord of progress,
the aggregate, howeve1 large, being less the result of great
achievements, than of a countless number of moderate
additions to the original stock. Some of these are, natu-
rally enough, greater than others, and probably the most
important constructive works carried to succe~ful com-
pletion durin~ the year 1861, were our ~eat uon clad
frigates, theWa.rrior and the Black Prince. These, althou~h
not technically works of civil engineering, justify us m
commencing our review with t spring, additional works ar e to be undertaken at a cost of
STEAM SHIPS.
The Warrior and the Black Prince form the nucleus of a.
new navy,a navy for which "improved warriors" are already
in progress. These ships are not only the largest ever con-
structed for purposes of' war, and not only the first which
have been so plated as to afford reasonable promise of secu-
rity, both from the ordinary fire of an enemy, and against
the risk of the loss of the plates from the " working" of
the hull itself, but they are substantially the first examples
of iron fighting ships, deliberately planned and adopted as
such. I t may be true enough that iron hulls have see~
ser vice in engagements in Chinese waters, but the r esult, 1f
it went for anything, wos to condemn iron as a material
for war ship building in future, and hardly two years ago
there was as little expectation that the Admiralty would
take up with iron as with stone for such a. purpose.
Turning to commercial steam ships, the Great Eostern
has given us a practical illustration that "she can 1oll," a
discovery, it appears, which has been made only very
gradually. This matter of the rolling of ships has been
a good deal studied of late, and it will, at least, be recog-
nised in the construction of future Great Easterns, that,
whether the bottom be flat, wedge-shaped, or semi-cylin-
drical, and whether there be a keel or no, a hull having
great height out of water in proportion to its draught,
and having compamtively little weight aloft, in the shape
of spars and ya:ds, is sure to roll 'Yhenever the~e
is a sea t o furrush reasonable ptovocation. 111ere lS
a disposition, too, to adopt two screws, one under each
quarter, an a1Tangement pa~n~ed by Mr. Bennet W~od
croft, as long ago as the begi.Ilillng of 1832, and occaslon-
ally adopted since. The control 'vhich two screws give
over the movements of a vessel, and the probability that
by their combined working the largest ship could be
turned out of the trou~h of the worst sea, and kept head
to wind, render it likely that we may soon see the applica-
tion made on a large scale.
No further notable attempt has been made to modify
the proportions of steamships, as regruds that of length to
breadth, the fate of the Galway steamers having inspired
some fear of _long ships. In respect, however, of propor-
tionate draught, something has been heard of a scheme
for starting a fleet of improved Great Easterns between
Bristol and New York, each ship to be 600ft. long, and to
draw but 16ft. of water. The vessels, if they are ever
built, will however have almost the same proportions os,
with about double the linear dimensions of, the ordinary
cl888 of American steamers navigating the great lakes and
Long Island Sound.
so long discussed, is still in abeyance, while the chairman
of the P eninsular and Oriental Company boasts that his
company have se~ured a ~bsi~y from Government, : suffi-
town.s, will soon find it prudent to incur considerable ex-
pense under the same head. Extensive drainage works
are imperatively demanded also along the Shannon. Bed-
cient to make theu Australian line pay whether there 1s any ford has acquired some notoriety in consequence of the
traffic or not." An English steamship line from Panama want of thorough chainage there, and our contemporary
to British Columbia is beginning to be much needed, and the Builder, which appea.1s to have constituted itself an
inspector of nuisances for the whole kingdom, has found
can hardly be much longer delayed.
that most of our large towns remain yet undrained. Every
France has taken a decided start in the establishment of
large town in India will require the same treatment as ow
steam ship communication between her own ports and
own.
other countries. Besides her monthly Brazilian line, already
As for waterworks, a scl,leme hos been broached in the
-working, she is about to start a fleet):ii 't)le East, ~ run
from Suez to Chi:na. Contracts have becn..siiroed also with last year for supplying London 'Witu 'vater dirrct from
W ales, a scheme which out-Myddletons ~1yddleton him-
a Greenock firm for the construction of stcq.m ships to run
between France and the West Indies and N ew York, should self. Glasgow is already prov~ded for in t~e c~stal waters
of Loch Katrine, Manchester 1s well supplied from wood-
that port happen to be open for the entrance of mail packets
head, and Sheffield from the opposite side of the "back-
and merchantmen. Altogether France has granted sub
bone," about Dunford bridge; but there are other large
sidies, to her new steam lines, amounting to about
towns in which modern and extensive waterworks ar e
1 ,000,000 a year, or considerably more than is paid out of
already imperatively r equired. Even at Bradford, where
the Br itish Treasury for a like pw-pose.
592,000 had been expended on waterworks up to last
Spain has subsidised a line of mail steamers to rlin
between Cadiz and H avannah. One of the ships is now
on her maiden voyage, and others are in course of con- 100,000. During the past year, few new waterworks of
struction. any considerable extent have been opened. Worcester,
Lines of trading steamers have been established during Wallasey, and Bridgenorth have been supplied, in this
the past year be~ween Glasgow and H av_re,. and .between r espect, with works suited to their r equirements. N ew
Leith and Dunkirk. Nearly all the eXlStmg lmes also works ~re to be undertaken at Dublin and at Galway, and
have received new vessels, and in various ways extended works, at a cost of 30,000, are about to be commenced at
their operations. Birkenhead. The Ea.t London and other companies arc
The marine engine rightly comes in this, our very general alao about applying for powers to raise additional capital
summary, under the inclusive head of "Steam ships." The for new works.
year 1861, we believe, forms an era in marine engine RAILWAYS.
reform, substantial success having been already attained in
The railway extensions of the past year may have been
a. path in which much further progress remains to be made.
numerous, but, with one or two exceptions, they have been
During last yeal' surface condensers were not only generally
of local importance only. The London, Chatham, and
re-introduced (for they were in use to some extent Dover , has been opened throughout from Pimlico to Dover,
upwards of tweno/ years ago) into the commercial steam
and the City Extension, including,upwar ds of three miles
marine, but also, m one or two instances, into our vessels
of viaduct (600 arches of 30ft. span each), and a tunnel of
of war. The saving in fuel, and that, also, in the wear of
2,200 yards near the Crystal Palace, is in active progress.
boilers, is already such os to afford much encouragement,
This and the Worcester and H ereford, the South Durham
and many of our marine engine builders are already and Lancashire Union, the Exeter and Exmouth, the P ort-
pushing forward in the matter, seeing, as they do, that,
patr ick, and the Oldham, Ashton-under-Lyne, and Guide
'vith distilled water, boilers may be readily constructed to
Bridge Railways, have been the most important lines
carry any desired pressure continuously at sea, and that with
opened in 1861. The W est Midland (formerly the Oxford,
higher pressures, greater expansive working is practicable.
Worcester, and Wolverhampton) has been leased to the
The use of steam jackets is becoming general, both in the
Great Western, and the South Wales, it is expected, will
merchant marine and in the navy-these terms being now shortly be " taken in" to the same growing establishment.
commonly understood to imply steam vessels instead of Of the lines in progress, the Charing Cross and the Metro-
sailing vessels. It is only Wlth steam jackets, or somepolitan, the latter r eaching for three miles under the
equivalent protection against condensation within the streets of London, are among the most interesting. They
cylinders, that high expansive working is practicable, nnd
will cost, together, upwards of 3,000,000. The Bedford
only thus, therefore, that increased pressures become and Cambtidge, the Bor der Union and Border Counties,
economical. Those who have attempted very high pres- the vVansbecli Valley I Mid-Sussex, and the Manchester and
sures, say, 100 lb. to 130 lb. for sea~going steamers, have,
Milford, are among the lines which have been making con-
from what we can see, chosen a most unsuitable boiler, and
siderable progress, and all of these will prove of much
the consequence has bE:en that Mediterranean steamers, importance when finally opened. Railways have been pro-
fitted with this contrivance, have broken down at Falmouth,
gressing, too, in Wales, particularly in Montgomeryshire,
at Gibraltar, at Naples, andatPatras-" all in consequence
and a line is about to be pushed clear through to Aberyst-
of the boiler." Superheating is still in favour, and affords
wyth. Among the works named there is the usual amount
a proof of how much waste heat escapes from all our of viaducts and t unnelling. That on the London, Chatham,
boilers. W ere our boilers properly constructed little or no
and Dover has been r efer red to ; the Manchester and
available heat would be left for superheating. As it is, it
Milford line will have a tunnel of 2,200 yards ; the South
is found nece$sary to temper the superheated steam with
Dur ham line has some lofty viaducts, the Border Union hos
ordinary saturated steam, in order to prevent " cutting"
a tunnel of 1,160 yards, and lesser works abound on the
the cylinders. This mixture of the two qualities of steam,
other lines.
and which forms the whole foundation of Mr. W ethered's Were it not that railway receipts have been suddenly
patent of 1863, is now practised on more than one hundred
checked, and that, for the present, our commercial prospects
English steamers. are somewhat dubious, we cannot say what great railway
undertakings mi\ha~ not at once be carried out. The
HARBOURS AND DocKS.
Eastern Counties first b rought forward, and then aban-
During t he past year Portland breakwater has been doned n scheme for a great " coal-line to London; the
 14
North British o.nd Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee, propose
to conaolidatc their intcrc ts and to bridge the Forth at
Quccnsfcrry, at a co t of 500,000, and the Tay, at
Mugdrum, at o. further co t of 1 0,000. Last spnn~ it
W08 said that a new line, the Buckinghamshire and '\\ est
)lidla nd, would be made ftom Worcester to the )letropolis,
but the chcmc was dropped. There is a project, too, for a
railway line all the way to John O'Groat's!
Among the bona fi<le railway undertakings about t o be
commenced is that of the Gar~:tton and Liverpool line of
the London and North W estern, involving a bridge of five
spans of :JOO ft. each across the :\Icrsey at Runcorn- thc
bridge alone to cost .;{;:300,000-a:cd the City extensions of
the North London and Choring Cross lines, tho former to cost
:700,000,and the latter hardly less. The Thames, ita~pears,
I:; likely to b e roofeel O\"er with railway bridges, the 1 imlico
bridge being already completed, the Charing Cross and Ful-
ham bridges in progress, nnd thosoofthe London, Chatham,
and Do,>cr, and the City Extension of the Charing Cross
being about to be commenced. Great r ailway stations will
be the r age. "\Ye have o. new one-the Victoria, and we
are soon to h ave others at Hungcrford )l:.lrkct, in New
Cannon-&trcct, in Livcrpool-street, and in Faningdon-
6trcct, while other3 still in Finsbury-square nod in Leadcn-
ltall-street arc not unlikely to be erected. The Dublin
people are to ho.'"c o. "great central station," Manche. -
tcr is t o have no end of money e:\-pcndcd in its
midl.t, in Etation improvement, 100,000 arc set down
for Lime-street, Li vcrpool, and the Caledonian are
:rni iog no lcs than 6.JO,OOO for new station " and other
improvement "-which sound like the demolition of the
abominable pas"Cnger shed at the b ead of Bucbanan-street,
Gla.'-gow. The L ondon nod North-"'cstcrn ha'"e expended
large sums on their Crewe 'vorkshops, the London and
South-Western will lay out 100,000 for new shops at
1\inc Elms, and great thin~'l> are 6pokrn of at Ashf01d.
Referring more particularly to r ailway bridges, l\Ir.
Fowler h ns completed a cn.st uon span of 200ft. across the
Severn at A r lcy, the (.;~1a rin~ CIoss bridge has been well
advanced, and n. new bndgo IS about to be put aCIos the
'frcnt, at Keadby, neru: the entrance of the Trent into the
H umber. On the Continent the important railway bridge
at Kehl was opened on the (5th of A pril. In I ndia the long
pile bridges of the Bombay and Barodo. Railway have been
mostly completed, and the twenty-eight 150-ft. spans of
the ~oano and the fifteen 201-ft. spans of the J umna
bridge!! have been p ushed forward. In Holland, it is
un.dcrstood, 2!;)00,000. are to be e~pended on railway
bndges alone, ID cariJ'lng out the Important system of
:rnilways about to be undertak en th~re.
It is hardly necessary, after speaking of railway bridges,
to make any especial distinction between them and those
for ordinary highways. As for the latter class of brid~cs,
that at \ Vcstmioster is now nearly completed, and alre~dy
have plans been adopted for the erection of a grand bridge
at Blackfriars, the ccutral pan to be 2 Oft. wide, with
only 22ft. rise. A suspension bridge with a trussed road-
way, so long a.dvocnted by )lr. P eter \V. Barlow, is in pro-
gress at Lambeth. The chains of Iluogerford bridge will
aoon be erected over a still wider span (703ft.), at Clifton.
It is already proposed to remove Battersea, Putney, arJd
H ampton bridges, and to erect structures more worthy of
the situation which th<'y ozcupy.
A continental scheme has been broached for spanning
the Straits of l\Iessina in spans of 1,000 m~tres, or 3,2 'Oft.
each!
I n modern bridging it is r emarkable to perceive how
completely iron is taking the place of stone, even for great
metropolitan bridges like those at W estminster and B lack-
friars.
Not having wandered entirely awaY. from :ailways, .we
may yt:t note the frequent and ternble aocldeot"' \Vhtch
have so painfully marked the p08t year. A coronet's jury
waa unable to find the cause of the d isaster which k illed
lJr. Baly, another jury was unable to ascertain w hy a
passenger t rain, running at a brisk rate, was hurled off' the
rails near l'utbury. The Brighton accident taught us bow
closely trains might be run with only an occasional smash ,
the Hamp tend junction catastrophe Jet us into the qualifi-
cationsofsignalmcn, and a series of collisions elsewhere have
shown 'vith h ow little broke power some managers think
fit to supply their trains.
As for railway construction, we are just where we
were a year ago. Our lines are imperfect- no one iB
allowed to perfect them, and great engineers tell us that,
tllcrefore, the pace is too great. Our engine!', mean-
while, are growing more and more portly, and their tread
falls heavier and heavier upon the yielding rails.
The Giffard injector is being applied still f1lrther to
locomotives, and, probably, with considerable advantage.
Uoal burning r emains i" stllt" quo.
] RON AND STEEL MANUFACTURE.
The p ast h as been a di11couraging year to ironmasters.
A year a9o there. were 572 furnaces in blast, ~ut of 839 in
the kingaom. S1x months ago the number m blast had
fallen to 524, out of 882 in all. Prices have tuled very
low throughout the year, and many bankruptcies have
t aken place. We do. not. doubt. that this state of thin~s
has induced l!lany mtelhg eot 1ronmasters to toun thetr
attention to the improvement of ironmakiog. Some
among the01 have already attained exccll~nt ~e~u lts. io
taking off the was~ fu~uace gases for h eating. m cokmg
slnck and in subsbtutmg steam power to a still greater
cxteo't in place of manual labour. Increasing atte.ntion is
being paid to the Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire ores,
and, more lately, to ~hose of Wiltshir.e. :Ma~hinery .for
paddling has been ag1nn brought promtoently wto nohce,
but we fear , 'vitbout satisfactorv results. 'l'he Bessemet
pro~esa a being more extensively practised, it having
been already adopted on a large scale at some of the
largest iron and steel works in the kingdom, as well as on
the Continent. By this p rocess, steel r ails are already
being made and sold in considerable quantities. 'l'h e
manufacture of armour-plates baa brought out the fulleat
retoW"cel ot many of the ironmaeten, the machinery and
appliance required being on a larger acale than anything
THE ENGINEER.
of the kind heretofore used in this country. On the Con.
tinent, Krupp has still further extended his already vast
steel making machinery, having, among other works,
erected a hammer with a head of the enormo\13 weight of
45 tons.
ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS.
The t elegraphic achievement of the year has been the
successful submcr ion of the )lalta and Alexandria cable,
thus cutting off 1,000 miles of the r oute O\"er which news
had previou.sly to be carried between England and India.
'f he R ed Sea cablo appears likely to be soon resuscitated,
thereby affording the hope that 3,.JOO miles more of the
long journey to tho East may bo practically annihilated, 08
far 08 the transmil!aion of important intelligence is con-
cerned. It h08 just been announced that Messrs. Glass,
Elliott, and Co. haTo offered to lay, and guarantee for one
year, a cable across the Atlantic from );Iilford to Halifax,
the price to be 700,000. W e are not aware that the North
Atlantic line has mado any vrogrcss during the year. The
United Kingdom, or " sbillmg" te!cgraph company, have
opened their lines to llirmingham, Li\crpool, and )fan-
chcstcr, and great is the gain of the public, and the dis-
comfiture of m ')O) p:>ly.
Duri ng the year telegraphic communication has been
extended across the American continent, and already arc
arrangements being made to connect it, tia the Pacific
coast with the R4ssian telegraph extending along the
valley of the Amoor.
A single ~;pan of telegraph wire, 1,400 yards, or four-
fifths of a mile in extent, was pot up last spring between
Edinburgh Castle and Calton-hill.
)1JSCELLANEOUS.
In legislation, the last year has relieved us of the p aper
duty and e&tablished definite and reasonable rates of toll
for road locomotives. I n 1 3 with 52.J paper mills in the
kingdom, we made 93,466,2 Gib. of paper, in 1849 the
p roduction had only risen to 121, OO,OOOlb., while in 1860,
with only 38 J: mills, 223,.Ji.J,OOO lb. submittld to excise.
H enceforth the make of paper is likely, at least, to
exhaust the supply of rags, and other materials will
doubtless be adopted 08 substitutes. As for the Locomo-
tives Act, it h08 already gi,en a decided impulse to steam
traction on common roads, and in cases where heavy work
is to be done it has been abundantly proved that steam i11
iu all r esp ects superior to horses.
The preparations for the Great E.xhibition are re-
garded with great interest, and the display will doubtless
be worthy of the occa ion, and of the resources, artistic
commercial, and industrial, of our great empire. That it
will make known many valuable no>elties 've do not
doubt.
Last year"s census ha! afforded gratifying proof of the
growth and general prosperity of the manufacturing
towns. Liverpool, :Manchester, and Glasgow, counting
with each, its suburbs, now contain each almost exactly
the same number of inhabitants, say 445,000. Birmin~
bam counts nearly 300,000, Leeds 207,000, Sheffield,
l fli,OOO, the cluster of towns on Tyne~ide contains a
quarter of a million, and South Lancashire, Staffordshire,
and Yorkshire at least arc not declining in their workin~
population.
Steam is being wo.rke~ cxactl.Y 08 it was a year ago, but
the adYantages of bo1lcr mspectton aro becomina more and
more appreciated. "\Vc have now an association for the
prevention of boiler explosions in London, where, certainly,
one was much n eeded, and where we hope it will be well
sustained. \V e have recorded, in our own columns, no le&s
than t wcnty-fi,o boiler cxplo ions, attended with the loss
of at least thirt y-five lives, since the beginning of
1861. E very one of these, we believe, happened in .Eng-
land, nod five of them, attended with the lo s of fifteen or
sixteen lives, occuned in the metropolis. Of the twenty-
five explo&ions, one was that of the boiler of the steamer
Alarm, at Brutol, and two were of locomotive, , one on the
I ,ondon and N011h-Western, and the other on the North-
Enstern Hailway.
During the terrible storms which ha>C nsited our coasts
during 1 61 the crews of the Hoval National Lifeboat
Association arc under~tood to have rendered noble
service. In 1860 there were no less than 1, 11 >esscls
lost on our coasts, their value being estimated at
2,000,000. 5:!6 lives were lo&t by these wrecks, the
average_of.tbc p~cvious seYen years hamg been 800. The
ltoyal r\at1ono.l bfcboats :es~ued 3,679 persons during the
year 1860, no~ the A ocu1t10n has saved, or granted re-
wards for savmg, the ,ast number of 11 ,856 men, women,
o.nd children since the date of its first establishment.
The past vcar has been remarkable for a series of most
destructive fires, the long memorable disaster in Toolcy-
street being the w-eatcst of these. 'fhe burning of ~I essrs.
Harrison and \ Vtlson's sugar r efinery, Davis' wnarf, South-
wark, the Victoria Hotel at Chester, )lcssrs. Parr, Curtis,
aod ~ladely's worb, at Manchester, and the late great
fire at Antwerp, make up a sad list. The alarm occa-
sionc~ by these fires, and the increased insurance premiums
to which they have led, have caused much attention to be
p aid to the bc:st means for the prevention and extinction
of fire, and we may r easonably hope that such calamities
will be less frequent in future.
D eath has wrou~ht more than his accustomed havoc
tl1is year, as a nahon's mourning too sadly testifies. In
addition tc our great national berea,"cmcnt we have lost
ir P et er Fairbairn, )lr. Eton Hodgkinson, Vice-Admiral
:Moorsom, General Pasley, Sir Howard Douglas, Sir
William Cubitt, )lr. Joseph )laudslay, and many other
men of mark.
!he new year ha& begun in the height of our national
grtef, and at the height, also, of the most painful national
susp ense. We arc stancling on t he verge of war, and at
this moment the is ue has been decided across the sea, and
we st~nd waitin~ (how sad~y, but how firmly!) t he first
electnc flash which shall g1vc u~ War or give us P eace.
A t such a moment we may be spared from speculating upon
the prospects of the present year. W e have only to
atrengthen ouraelvce in the truet that the right will pre
vail, and that every Eog1iahman will do hit duty.
JAN. 3, 1862.
LITERATURE.
Lit:tlof tJu. E11{Ji1ltffl: tDitA. ern .Accoum of tMir P ricipal
WCirb, c&mpri1i119 allo a H iltory of lnl4nd CommunicatiQn '
in Britain. By S.uroEL SMU.xs.
[Fol1llm NOTICB.)
A PATn.or a pad-fr~mpede1-or footway, was 6Uch as the
In~o-Bntons of lludibrns made by the act of walking, and
thUI pad way or pathway W08 also a "highway," for it went
along the high ground and ridges to avoid bogs and watcr-
CO\l.l"bcs, as may be seen in Mr. Smiles' characte1istic wood-
cut of the ancient causeway near Whitby, in Yorkshire.
This served very well for the pack-horse, but the road,
proper, broad, and hard, whether natural or artificial, was
needed for the wheel carriage.
The water r oad was doubtlc s older or r ath er earlier than
the land rood. The earliest settlements were on the rhcrs,
so that the inhabitants could "go down to the sea in sh ips."
The &ito of 'London \vas doubtless dctennincd by the
Thames, and so with cities and towJ)s the world ov<'r.
\Vater was a cheap road down stream, but a laborious ono
up stream beyond tide reach, and, moreover, the utility de-
pended on facile landing places, and the water did not help
transit away from its banks. So pathways and bridle-
paths grew up. In Spain and the Spanish colonies wo
tind laid down on the maps the high sounding phrase
camino real, " royal road." From such a phrase we mi~ht
expect to find something like a Romo.n causeway, but ~c
find a mere track for riding-horses or p ack-mules. But in
truth the royal road means a real road, that is, a road
which does lead through to a given place or places, and is
not a mere blind path. In days when 1.-iogs were leaders,
rcz the king, and res the thing, were closely allied. The
king represented the thing, the nation. Tbe word thing
means the matter-in old Saxon a nobleman was a thing,
i.e., a r eality, which some modern noblemen are not. But
there were royal or r eal roads in Southern America long
before the advent of the panish king or his commanders.
'f he Ynca, the absolute sovC>rei!m of Peru, held Chile as a
conquered pro,ince, and from Quito on the Equator to t11e
south of Chil6, a distance of some three to four thousand
miles, there existed .what is known as the Ynca's road-
Camino del Ynca-n veritable highway, for it ran along the
table lands of the Andes, and oro ed a grand torrent in tbo
P ass of Tapungato by a natural bridge of limestone, still
called the Ynca's Bridge. This was a practicable road for
animals and foot passengers, simply by obstacles being re.
moved, stones cleared away to nght and left, and occa-
sional 6U.Spension bridges thrown over streams. On this
road t here was a regular series of posts, traversed by
carriers on foot, who convercd parcels from one to another .
\\'o arc accustomed to call railways an invention, but in
truth they were the r esult of simple growth in the neces-
sity for economy. It is absolutely cheaper to make a
narrow track, just wide enough for a wheel, than to make
a broad road, and the early timber trrunway still e.x.ists in
the navvic~:t' planks and barrows, which r epre ent one half
of the earlier way. When the ground ''"as rough and hilly
vehicles could not c cape from the track, o.nd it was needful
0
to make it good when worn. On t olerably dry level , ~;uch
a the Pampas or Steppes of L a Plata, the royal road for
wheels consists of a series of r oots on ' 'egetable mould, which,
when too deep, are abandoned for parallel lines, and in
tllis mode the royal road is something like a mile in width
in low ground. lt is in half inland countries that the
traveller can ' 'crify in the present day the early condition
of the roads in England described by Mr. Smiles, who has
with p atient industry dug up a mass of details from the old
r ecords.
The present writer r emembers, when a boy, being at
school in the North of England, at a '"illaae where now
sweeps through a main line of railway. 1t w08 within
fhe miles of n. market town. It was in the days when
" Booey" W08 a kind of incubus ,to rustic imaginations,
and a " Lunnoner " was little better. In front of the school
was the highway, with ruts some two feet deep, .6.lled, in wet
weather, with muddy slush to the brim. On )fonday the
farmers' carts came by, drawn by the dobbins and old blind
Balls, laden with poultry, and eggs, and butter, offering o.n
irresistible temptation to the varlets of boys with construc-
t ive engineering faculties. Late on t he Sunday evening
they would steal away to the brook, on the churchyard
wall, and select some efficient boulders or other stones,
wherewith a few feet of the ruts were .6.lled up nearly to
the top with a p erpendicular face towards the market-
towns, and sloping backwards in an inclined plane towards
the farms. On came l>obbin, in the early morning,
with the farmer's wife p e1cbed on the cart, with a provision
of pillows to make up for lack of springs. Up the incline
went t he whc~ls easily, an~ still more easily they plunged
down the vcrt~enl front, wtth a crash that broke half tho
eggs, upset the farmcl"'s wife with a shriek, o.nd covered
the whole with an avalanche of mud. And, meanwhile,
the varl~ts sniggered in the schoolroom at the catastrophe
they hoped for. If the 11taw, as it was technically called,
was well built, three or four carts in succession might be
jolted; if badly built, it crushed down. It became such a
n uisance that, at last, a man with a stick went over the rut:;
on market day, t o verify the safety, and that source of
amusement was stopped, though pelting passengers with
stones-and the more so if they looked like " Lunnoncrs "
- still afforded some satisfaction. 'l'he "'aye arf a brick
at 'im" of Pu11ch is no caricat ure.
)lr. Smiles gives us a. very interesting account of John
)lctcalf, the blind roadmaker of Knart>Sborough, a truly
original man of will and power. Born nearly a hundred
and fifty years back, he became blind by small-pox, which,
however, left him in full yjgour otherwise. . 'J here i8 a
portrait of him in his habit as he li\"ed. A tall, strong
body, a gentle face, a farmer's garb, and a slouch hat,
covering up, no doubt, a goodly brain. H e was a geniu.s-
i.e., his perceptions were instinctive. H e could swim, and
climb trees, and course hares, and play the fiddle, and,
blind oa ho waa, ser ve aa a guide to people with eyea on un-
frequented roadJ. And, out of hie own ee.rniugs, he
bought a hone, who was no fool either, but u intelligeut


l
JAN. 3, 1862. THE ENGINEER. 15
companion, making up by natural sagacity for some of And it was something t o have been born in the H igh Peak ON 'I 'IIE LARGE DLA TS AT IIOL YIIEAD.
his maatcr's blindness. And the merciful mnn wn.s merciful of Derbyshire in the days of the Pret ender, o.midst a neigh- By G.EOROI> ltOBI!IlTIION, C.E. F.R.S.E., &c.
and kindly 'to his beast, which cnrricd him in hunting, and bourhood of strong, if not very moral men. 'Ve glean a Engiuoer'11 Office, l\ow Works, Leith Docks.
won races for him. And Blind J ack could play at bowls, curious piece of ancient history from Mr. Smiles. Our Dt.ASTL'IO operations ntl\y bo dhridcd intc thrco di!ltinct ciiiSRes,
too; that true old English game which people might well modem term "Flash" tukcs its rise from o. hnmlct of that nccording to tbo 1ffect iutcndf'd, nnd the intensity of lho chl\t'I)O o
learn now in order to understand the science of projectiles. name, inhabited by people with sharp brains and light gunpowdtr-lst, \V hero rock h ns to be scpnrntcd by weo.k chnrgl't11
And the landlord's dnu~htcr of the Granby I nn, of fingers. H ow it came by the name does not appear, but \\- ilh na lilllo inj 11ry and fracturo ns JlO -iblc,tniucip,dly for buildmg
H nrrO\~gntc, fell in love with him and mnnied him, be- probnbly from some natural phenomenon. J nmcs BrindlcJ'S
purp<N:s; 2nd, 13la.:.tiug fur 'U~iuccriul) wvrlui, as br.akwntcl"ll, ,h.,
wlu:ro quantity nnd rc~ultlrity \l( t-UPII) Bro of more importauc-o thnn
cause she could not be happy without him: "his actions arc futhcr was fondcr of sport than work, and until the boy wos sizo nod r,gularity o fra.cturo; 3rd, .MilitMy bla.:.tiog, whcro tnt.\1
so singular, and his spirit so mnnly nnd cntcrprisinl? that I seventeen years of age, be could only get labourcl"s work, de-tl'llction is aimed nt, nnJ. "hero nu c:-..ccos of powder illlitUo or
could not help loYing him." She knew how to cnoose a thou~h from hiscnrlyyenrshcdcmonstrntcd that hewn o. born no objection.
mm~ did this York hire girl. She could look through nnd mechanic, by the usual proc<:ss of model making without In the fir:;t c~ the cho.rge3 of gunpowder eau hardly be Wo
bthind the blind eyes, nnd sec the brain that was there, tools, and at seventeen years of age he was apprenticed to WC4k, so long os tho stone bo btparoted, and limo.ll clmrgc.~ nro
preferoulo to n large quantity nt oure-tho oLjcct being to l.'rocuro
and could mark the strong power and healthily glowing n wheelwright, one A brnham Ben nett, who lhed o.t ~ut ton, btoncs fit for mnsoury, with o.s fow cmcks nnd sLnkcs ns }JO~<Mbll'.
blood out of '"hich comes prog1css. And he wo.s n ncor Macclcsfield. llis master did not tench him, and he In tho third clasll the chn1go can ht\l'Uly be loo btrong, tllo chit'f
wandering minstrel, this Blind Jack, nod he went to :.imply absorbed knowlcd~c by obbervutioo, and turned it diOicullics bciug thoso of cn.rr> lnl) on or)(.'r,1tion11 undor an rncmy"s
London and elsewher e, maintaining himself by his fiddle, to nccount by thou~ht. And he hud unmatched persever- fin, with lhot-pocd ntul brcrucy coustquonLthcroon.
lt is to thoseconu claAA, thut of "onginucriug bln~>liug,'' tho.L tho
and he wnlked back from London faster than n colonel ance. Ve1y natural was it that Yulgnr natured workmen, folluwiu~ observations two dircllt~d.
could t1avel in his carriage. Ho was as multifarious in his working by routine, should look down upon him, for they After describing tho Rystcm put,;ucd in workiug tbo qnnrri1s hy
faculties as n modern Yankee: was musician to the county could not sec into his depths; and, when his knowledge largo bll\.i>IS I t,hall b-ivu tho culculnliout1 for rcgulutiof,: the cho.rg<'ij1
assemblies, and then turned pack-carrier and fishmonger ; nod skill burst forth at lru.t into action, his mru.tc1 n ked nn<l, IMtly, the co:;t 1f "gltting nnu filliug'' t.ttnc ou tho lnrgc t-eah.
after that helped to raise a volunteer corps, under Captain how be had got it, nnd Brindley's simple rcplv wo , Jn O.U l'Ugiuueriog }JOint of Yiow tho bULjcct id ODO or CUU"iduroblo
itn~rtaucc.
Thornton, to fight against tho PrctendCJ', and became "it came natural like." So does oil really valuable know- l'he pcri~ more inuncdintcly referred to in the paper i11 from 1 50
himself the band to the corps. lie played them into the ledge. "Cram" is unnatural, and growth cannot go on suYo in to 1853, when the largo blast.> wure liJ.,t introduced nt 11ol) ltcud-
fight at Fnlkirk, and, in tbe defeat, he lost his captain, who n fruitful soil. tholnw Mr. Heudcl b<ing nt that timo cngiucc:r-io-dticf. J\ fh'r hi"
was obliged to run away 'vith the rest. Blind as he 'vas, o Jamcs Brindlcy grew to be the best workman in the dcntb, in 1851i, Mr. Hawk.shuw WtiS nppointed oub-ill(.'cr. Mr. 0. C.
he penetrated to the Pretender's camp in search of him. millwl'ight's shop, and the cunning man, his master, Dobson Las been rCI:tidont cnginc~t biuco tlto COil.UllCU('CIDCUt or tho
H e was at the battle of Cullodeo, after which, in the thought it needful to advise him not to clo his work too works.
Sinco 1858 tho large bla::.ts hnvo gone on regularly, 08 mo.ttcr11 of
p iping-time of peace, ho turned hosier and horse-dealer, well, or by the time his apprenticeship was out there ovorydny occttrrctwc, excili ug I i ttlo <'ttdosity 1 nnd gi viug lilllo
and was suspected o' doing n little " free-trade " in ten would bo no repairs to do. After this t he master under- trouble. At firilt., however, tboy woto tlto subjects o{ muth 1\nxioty
and brandy, and such smuggling ware. Then he became n took to erect the machinery of n paper mill, and "mndo n and cxpcrimont, both in o. pruclical nod ccooumic point or ,.ilw.
cnniet with a stage wagon between York nnd ](nares- mess of it." In this difficulty Dnndley, without 'vnrning, 'l'ho bclil mothod of workiug tho quarry on tho Jo.rge ~calo, nod tbc
borough, and, in addition to all this, he wn.s a competent "natural like," walked twenty-five miles and back between cnlculatious for tho char~c" of powder, wcro not dotcrmincu upon
witlt'>ut couoidemblo <:xpcu~<', dnu~:;cr, nud oven IoS<! o life.
mental arithmetician in the matter of weights and mea~ures, Saturday and Sunday to sec a real paper mill at l\Inn- Tho rock of which Lho brenkwllwr id compo:.ed is a wry hard
timber, and other matter . chcstcr. The remarkable thing was that his learning was quartzo:oo nud micnccout1 ~tthio~t, t~lighlly t.tmtilicd; io blltoO place:~
When he had attained to 48 years of age the H nn-ogate not sufficient to enable him to take notes, so be eo.nicd Leariug mark::~ of former llt:\ihility, tho .,tmta bciDg twi~>tcd nu et con-
o.nd Broughhedgc turnpike-road needed making, and back all the information in his brain, and was at his work torted m a curious mnnncr. It ill intcroect.N by vertical joint.!, run-
13lind J ack, determining to be o. road contractor, sold off ngain on the Monday morning-his master being in an ning in a uortb-c:ISL aml south-wl:.1>l direction, pn::.cuting fi\Ccl!
ftontio~ thouorth-west and lloutiHn.:.t. As will be llt!OIJ hurcaftcr
his carrying stock, and offered to construct three miles, agony at the idea that he had run away. But not r.o, be lhCSO joints WCI'O takcu o.dvantago or in fixing tbtl lJOtlitiou of mint 1
which he accomplished. Next he tendered for a stone orch had done tho 'vork, and, at twenty-one years of age, he o.ud iu CrucuJating tbo 0:\)JCCtetJ produro of a charge.
bridgo of 1 ft. span, never having made or seen a bridge completed the paper mill to the satisfaction of his master 's 'l 'o tm)Jply tho grenL domnnd for the ~>tone required for t\ b~nk
in his life, and this, too, ho executed satisfactorily. employers. 36Uft. broad o.t tlto bnso in doop wnt.er, within a limited coutc'l\l't
In mnking roads over bogs he con tructed, in n very More than this, as he improved, he became his master's time, ovidontly ncl."ossitnlod thu most vigotous effort.!; o.nd nccon\-
original method, fio11tin..,. roods, but which, we believe, has support- the mind of the business, tho faculty on which ingly nu exteusive system o ~omnll tilJot.l Wll!l nt tlnst Mmng~d,
giving employment to nhovo J ,000 men. 'l'bo holes for tlw,o shot.!
been adopted to convert bog into garden ground from the tho t rade depended. H o maintained his rooster and his wero of all sizes oud uopths, acrorcling to tbo judgmoul of tJto fon-
earliest periods. Heath noel fern were bound together in fnmily till the ma ter diect, by the labour of his brain, nod men of tho quarries. }'or con vcni6nce sako tho q unnitJI \1 cro
shcnvcs or bundle , nnd laid side by side. Then another then rcmoYed to Leek, in talfordt>hire, where his reformed divided into portions, consocutivcly numbered, or wcro cnJled by tho
nod another thickoe11s wn.s laid on them transversely, father had, by hard work, become the proprietor of a small names o tbo different for<meo, ns "Jonc.i's qonrry,'' "Fieht>r'11
forming o. k.ind of hurdle work, on which was laid the e:.tnte. Brindley was twenty-six years of age when, be quarry," &c. 'l'he boundaries were, bowo,er, iclc:.11, ru1 lbe fnoo ol
tbo l'uck altered with each grcnt bl.tltlt.
balla:.t forming the surface of the road. opened his first wheelwright's shop. To avoid the do.nger IIUd delay o firing ihoiB at all tim!'ll or tlto
F or t\vo and twenty years he wrought at roadmnking He was more than a workman-be was iostincti"ely an day, wbonover ll1u holes wero ready and chn.rg<'d n. gcuoml gmud
and bridgebuilding, and, having lost his wife after thirty- im'cntor, a contriver, nn impro,er, and he became known flrmg took placo twice, or, if nee<:bt~ll'y, tbJ'ICO n day. 'Vhcn a
nine yeal's of happiness, he, in l1is old age, turned spinner in his neighbourhood as " The Schemer ;" not, however, as largo boil sounded the quarries worr emptied of meo, horBCS, ctatlcs,
and cotton weaver, then again took to roadmakiog. o. tc1m of reproach, as in these lnttcr doys, but as n term of nnd all plant cosily dc:.troyed. 'l'he fusoa were t.imnlwneoullly
lighted, on o. red barrel boiug hui~>lcd to 1he top o n lllll mASt. .t:nl'l1
\Vhen he was 7iJ years of ago he returned to lhis farm, and respect for mental authority, us sound as it was originnl. man, 11S ho ligLwc.l his fuso, cdrd "liro" (or" utn" iu Wel~:~b), ~ttul
t ook up once more his old occul'ation of bay nod wood Yet, all this time, he could scarcely spell or write. In mndo the best o his way by t<Ct't\mbliog up rope.; to a. plo.co of secu-
salesman. I n the year 1810 he d1cd, leaving behind him li65 this man cut down nod sawed timber with his own rity, or w ono of the bom~proo hut.s ercct.cd for lho Jllii'}>OI!C. As
four children, twenty grandchildren, a nd ninety great- hand at 2s. 6d. per day. \'crily, he loved his w01k better tho fnco of the rock Wt\8 ofwn aLovo l UOf1. high this WQtl ~ servtco
grandchildr en. S<!,~ernl year::~ after that the Stocktoo and thnn the reward thereof. of DO blllnlJ danger, and o.rciol'nll! frCt)UCnlly happened.
The averogo work douo ovtr the \VIcolo cp\n.rru~ll, in drilling Lol1'd
Dorliogton, nod twenty years after the l\l unche:.tc1' and H ere comes in the oft-quoted story of Mr. Ailbur.'' of for tlto llmnll :.bot.'!, w&o Hiu. per hour, by thrco men UBittg li-iu.
Liverpool luulwnys were in operation. John l\leteolf helton, a nd the powdered flint which the o::.tlcr, at J)uu- drills. 1'he charges were rrgulntt~l chilfly IJy the "rulo o tlmmh,"
was r eally of our own time. 'What he did was not re- stable, blew into the eyes of his horse to core a disorder, or, at mo::.t, by tho ordinary miu,r's rule vf one-third of tho hole,
markable, othcrwi e than for the circumstance of his and, thenceforward, 6int mill. became a fact in Staf- iudl'pcudcut of tbo diomcllr-a r.~ugb n1le, cc:rtainly, hut IJct ICJ
blindncs . llis energy was remarkable, but it wn.s dis- fordshire. The carlie~>t were m ade by llrindley for the thnu so many "CO }>fttU~<," the cnt> being a very commou lllNtsUt'l'.
lndll'd, whero one hundred or IIHIJ'O shots went off twico n duy it
played chiefly upon matters requiring little depth of Brothers 'Vedgwood, o.od tho reputation of this me- wa11 itnpo;,!>ible lo be Vl'ry pnrticulnr.
ob ervatioo. What he might have done had he po se sed chanical success gained him employment as an engineer. l do not iutcud goiug iulo further details regarding thcso ~;mn. ll
eye ight we know not, but it is evident that his energy A Mr. Heathcote, owner of an estate nod coal mines shots. 'l'ho syetem willbo found fully dc:;criued iul:lu John JJur-
went largely into contracting speculation, and thnt hc near Mnnchc~ ter. was drowned otot, and could not get coal goyno't~ treati:.o on "Hlnstiug."
knew how to manage men. \\' hcthcr the cogineel'ing or because he <o ald not g<:t rid of the water by any known Wherever it wo11 po:,,iulo J>Owtlcr wo..q poured into crockH in thn
rooks, t\lld tho rent tampl'd 11!1 wtll o..q its form would numit. 'l'h<'ro
t he coutrncting quality was strongest in him we have no appliance. He llt:ard or" 'l'be Schemer," nnd sent for him. was often 1\ cousid<'rnblo w~tsto o }X>wdcr, but tbo shots wcro
means of judging, but he was one of England's worthy Tbo , chcmer observed that he could drain the miu s, very cO't'Ctuo.l in bringing down lnrgo lllUbl>t'S c. rock. 'l'his "Y~>lem
sons, and we are glad that he has found his wny into and received carte blunclw to do it. lie carried the river ii pun;ucd to great odvunlJ'Ito at North ll,ueens(crry, in ulosling
Mr. Smiles' archives. Invell through a rock tunn!!l six hundred yards in length, columns of wWnt~lonc.
In a chapter on bridges l\Ir. Smile gives us some cuts and delivered it into o. water-wheel to which pumps were About the year ll!oO the conlro<'tors for Ho!) head brl'akwatcr,
Mt>.,;,n;. J OSCI_lh nnd 'bo.rl<'s Highy, commencl'd a .-y.. t<'lll of
of oiginal structures. An ancient British brid~e, over a attached, and the workings of the mine were laid dy, largo ru=ncs, ngbtly conc<'iving ll1o.t 1\ quantity of powder llnd nt
stream in Dartmoor, i probably one of the carlie~t samples without other aid than the capital sunk. nut for this onco would, in thu cud, ]Jrovo chcapc1, and afford 1\ grrntcr nut.!
of a. girdc1 b ridge, i.e., pier~ of up-piled granite blocks work it does not seem that he obtained any greater reward ~:>tcndier Bli)J)Jly of &touo thau n numiJcr o tilllllll ~>hots. Sino llll'tt
ar c spanned by long slabs of granite, the primitive archi- than the ordinary workman's wages of 2s. per day. No tho supply lJM been over 31U00 tOUII })('I' dit:m-oflCD 4,0001 WCllt!Jcr
tecture of Egyptians nod Greeks. Tho arch brido-c at doubt tlw man of genius, who co\<ld not rend books, thought pcnniLttUI) ; 5,0UU wns n dny wn.s :,(ldom, H ever, reached, not frum
wnut of stone, but from the dilllcuhy of depositing such a qunntity
~r?ylnnd,. in the Fcns, is very like a wooden str.fcturc moo of his work than of the lucre of g ain. during working hours, even with 1\vo lines o l'llllwny 011 tbo
1m1tatcd 10 stone, so sh nrp-po10tcd is t he arch and the H is next operation was to build a silk mill at Congletoo, st.ngiug. 'l'o do this rt.~JUircs lt.i wngonl! for each lino o( l'llilt<, urn
coping above it. It is o. triangular groin. iTt Cheshire, and he succeeded in turning out " the most total of G25, to be lvadl.'d, ruu duwr1 frvm lbo qMrries, tip!X'd into
'fhe earliest stone road bridge was that at Strntford- complete and cconotnical nnrangemeots of manufacturing the sca, nnd drown up ogniu to the quo.nies every day.
atte-llow, built because an En..,.lish queen was nearly machinery that had, up to that time, been erected in the 'fho 'mgon.s held ubout eigbt tvu11 cucb ; wero mndo of wrought
drowned at a ford of the Leo. ri~cr, one of the channels neighbourhood." In this case he had to strug~lc against a iron, nnd furoi,!Jed "ill1 liwiug g<'nr, which rcleMcd tbo ~coup
when ll1o trigger struck a catch op the roil. 'l'bo bCOOp wns couu-
of the great marsh where Kin,.. 0
Alfred did deeds pretender, who failed in what he bad undertaken . Aft~r tcrbolanced, tu return ugt1in to its originnl position when tho tvuo
of derring-do against tLc Danes. Mr. Smiles gives this followed some larger flint mills, and a water-wheel to WM dil:iclmrged.
us " :oodcu.t.s of many. curious bridges in stone, from gi"e them motion, and at the tame time to pump a coal '!'he Hn,t large sholtl lried wrro ;.ho.fli sunk from tbe tOil,,( tho
on~ . 10 " ales, by. l mgo J on~s, in 1634, to one by mine. And this water-wheel and pump worked from IJUO.rry: They wer~ nbout 6ft. by 4ft., of different depths, vi C<tUI');r,
l\CCOJ'dtng to the hctgllt vf the we), ; nnd wero charged with nf(-
\Vilhnm Edwar~, 10 175J, whteh, from the steepness, 1i5i to 1812. The pump bnnds gave token of tho purs uit rcuco to the lines of lcnst rc.. i~t.ancl, or llo shorl<'S Ldibt 1nco o tlto
looks ol!flost hkc a lo.rgc r~ek with a hole pierced of practical mnchinery under difficulties. They were sbnft fro01 tbo fncc o{ the lunl'l'y.
through 1t. I n fact :'-ll stone bndgcs 6tnnd well in so far formed of staves, like a barrel, and hooped witb. ashen AH tho dnugcr o lJlo\~i ng 1111t th\' tnmpiug wns gr~l\tcr lltnn
ns they 1csemble sohd rocks. W e con imagine that any hoop , the sliding portion 1or tho bucket being n tube of m t;tttnll shotll, fl'l)tn the mccu.wd dumNt:r u tbo hole, care hnd
stone briugc that stands well in pieces would stand COW hide. to bo tnkcu that tho d<'pth of vbnfL wns sufficient lv allow tbo woil{lcl
well if cut out of the solid ; and, were our knowledge of H if! next operation was to construct a mill for grinding Fig. 11 c.
artificial stone making perfect, it would be better to moke 6ints mixed with wntcr, to prevent the 6int dust froUI Fl:;. 1,
o.ny future stone bridges moulded in one piece, as the French tiying o.bout nod injuring the grinders . 'l'he amount of
do with t heir till imperfect cement called betun. Could we invention in this does not seem to ha,,o been g reat. A far
obtain a perfect cement the be t bridge would be a skeleton more perfect machine is kno wn in South Americ L under
of light tron as o. framework, bcddca in cement, rendering the name of the Cbilinn mill, yet quite as simple. We
t he iron indcstructibl~ by rust, i.e., 6upposing great spans shall describe this in our next orticle.
not to be needed, for 10 greo.t &pans it 1s essential to avoid 1'o be continued.
grea t weight. As a. sample of strength, the Southwark
}jridgo is catchlcss, but it must be kept painted. Were W}'ORF.ION AND COLO'IIAt. Jo;m;oij.-Tho Swedish Government Il\
i t cover ed with o. solid o.rtificial stone cement, impcnious Y<'l\r sent n. scientific expcuitivn to Spitzbergen. It hOB just re-
t o the atmosphere, it would be eternal. But, t o achieve turned to TroniSS, when<'o it blarled, o.ter htwiug l\( Complish('d it11 '
the greatest spans with the smallest quantity of material, JniJ..sion very sattsfactorily in spite o the extreme rigour of the
the tension principle of small steel wire is doubtless the weather. 'l'bo old maps havo Let!n corre<:ted; fresh porll! lmvo Lecu
di.scovoroJ, o.nd uumerolli O:\pcrimeuts mnde which have thrown
most effective. Yet it must not be forgotten that lofty fresh light on meteorology aud no.tural history. It ho.s been ~
'
towers arc needed for this purpose. asrerll'lioed t!Jat animal and veget.lblo Iilo cxi.su in the aea at a ~VIf
After two interesting chapters on Hnrbouril, Lighthouses, depth of 2,500 yarJs, and that the ~reat current of the Atlantic EnlArged ~edloo of chamb<r.
Cbara'o, 000 lb. ; producJ, 3,000 tone.
Riven, and Navigable Streams, we come to the Life of Brind- Ocean known by the name of the Gull Stream reaches u fu o.s the
of the tamping to rcsi~t the powder. The rule was that the ahalt
lcr, the early canal maker of England. By his portrait he coost of S('ilzbergeo, piecell cf broken wood, bottle: 1 &c., having
~o found there. The Italian Goveron1eot hAve det.ll'mioed to lay should have one-third lel!l grip (or dietance from the lac~) than
mtgbt be o. hutch mnn of good type, o. \"er itnble Dutchman, at once a eubmarine telegraph cable frl)m Tr.ap:~ni or Marsala. to depth u a muimum; and tbe depth wu orteuer twice the line of
not a Spanilh Dutchman, one of the t rue Norse blood, with Oapo Carbooata, in the hland of Sardlnitt, a. futa.nce of about 200 lout resiat.anco, or oven more.
a territorial name, large browtd, clear-eyed, and with a mUea. This will obviate the necelty of meaeage.e from Ale:undria
placid ~mile, a quiet coDACiouane., of worth and power. and Malta for this country being cUtpatched tli4 Naplea, Bomc, Read before tho Royal SooLLIIh Society of Artl1 and clraWlnll' oxblbh.<,
Turin, &c. lltb Dooomber, 186~.

16
. This is, however, not so groot a proportion as in 8llllill shots ; but
m the sh&!!$ the chamber at the bottom for the powder was bout to
ono side, so UlAt the l.:lmpiug was never in the dll'ect upward lino of
fire (see Fig. 1).
. ~he most f:wourablo position for a shaH is in the centre of a pro-
JOChng column of rock, whore (as iu Fig. 1, a) the linos of least
resistance are nearly equal on oil sides. This mine (ono of the
first) was fired ou November 13th, 1860, and was 2rt. deep, with
hnlf thnt, or 21ft., of least resistance on all sides. It was charged
with 600 lb. of powder, and yielded 8,000 tons of stone; ono of tho
highest comparative results obtained being fivo tons of stone for
each pound of powder. An enlru-ged section of the chamber is
given in Fig. 1, 1>. llad H not bOOn for the remains of a previous
blast on ono side tho fCjlult would have been even higher.
It is seldom thnt a shaft can be placed in so favourable a position
~ this,, and Fig. 2 shows tho most common and the next best posi-
tion, VLZ., that of blowing off a corner. I recorded this mine chiefly
becauso it was nu example of the otlect of inferior powder. Tho
depth of the shaft was 44ft.; the line of least resistance 80ft.; and tho
cbnrgo 1,800 lb. of powder. This only produced 3,500 tons, or less
tha!l two tons to the pound of powder, in place of about 5,000 tons
whtch sood ~ w~?r would have giveu, and generally did give, in so
favourable a poshon
Fig. 3 shows n very common, but very unia v('lurable position for a
sltaft whero a straight face of rock has to be broken up, and where
the powder hBS to toor its way out under disadvantages. T he minors
called this a "rooter out," ~~oud it WBS almost always pla.ced so BS to
FIO .2 F IC ,f:..
Charge, l,SOO lb. : produce, "Rooter out." Cbargo, 900 lb. ;
3,600 tons. produce, 2,000 tons.
hi\Ve a joint on ono sido which determined the line of fracture. Tbo
example shown in. Fig. 3 had a depth of 44ft., with a line of leMt
resistance of 21ft. The chi\J'So was; 900 lb., and the pl'oduco 2,000
tons, or 2t tons por pound of powder.
The very \vorst position for a shaft is at & re-entering angle, or
n oorly so, BS in Fig. 4, where tbo rock bindsfit in on nil sides. The
ratio of powder for amino like thi:J had to be greatly increased, accord-
ing to circumstances.
'r ho powder wn.s not always in ono spot, but was often divided into
t wo or three charges, placod at the end of galleries driven from the
foot of tho !!b&ft in directions d etermined by the neighbouring joints
or cracks. I u Fig. 5, for enmplo, the whole charge, 8,000 lb., was
divided into P 1 of 2,800 lb., and P,, P1, each of 2,600 lb. The depth
of the shaft wa~ 67ft., and the line of least resistance 42ft. This
m ine produced 23,000 tons of stone, or nearly 3 tons of stono to the
pound or powder.
It is to be noticed 'that in most ~ it is better to spread the
powder along tho face of the rock, in two or moro charges, than to
have the whole in one spot with a trreater lino of least resistance. In
tho l:l.tter case tbo rock is thrown forward in larger masses, and iB
neither so well broken up, nor does lho heap present so many points
of conta.:t for the \vt\gOns to load at.
:'"':It WBS found, from oxporience, that 30ft. was about the economic
limit for the lino of lcl\St resistance, ttnd the powder was seldom,
therefore, at a greater di,stance tht\n thtlt from the face of the quarry.
Occasionally two se~to mines, with their respective shafts, wera
fired simultaneously side by sido. T horo was some little danger of
A blew the tamping out ; Cbargo, 8,000 lb. ; produce, 28,000
B dld not explode. tons.
tho two shots (which wero 1ired by a galvanic battery) not going
ofJ together. This actunlly occurred on the 24th Feb., 1U 1, when
t wo contiguous shnfts were to have been fired at once; but, owing to
the accidental fracture of one of the battery wires by a previous small
sh ot, B (Fig. 4) did not explode.
The mass of rock iu front was too great to be moved by A without
t he assistance of B; and the whole tamping in A was blown out. An
immense shower o stones WBS hurled into the air fo a great height,
and fell amongst the spectators, who lined the side of the mountain.
Strange to l)&y, the only person seriously hurt was the gentleman
who had planned and directed the mine, Captain Hutchlnson of the
Royal Engineers. He was struck down with a broken thigh, and
died tbo same night. His wife and several ladies, who were talking
to me at the lime, had t.hoir cloth es torn by great stones fa lling on
them, but escaped with some trifling injuries. Captain Hutchinson
had had great experience in blastillg 1 having been engaged both at
Gibraltar and at DoTer whon the Round Down Cliff was blasted in
1845.
The objections to shafts are as follow: -
1.'ho miners not onJy work in a confined space, but to great disad-
vantage, BS their work is below their feet.
Tho materials and men have all to be drawn to the top by a wind-
lass ; and tue ventilntion is bad; so much so that, after a small shot
in the shaft was fired, tbo mon could not return to their work for some
time; notwithstAnding the windsails, water tubs, and other contri-
vances that wore used to help to remove too foul ai!. Any water,
nlso, which may collect in a shaft, either fror, rain or wet joints, has
to be removed, and will not drain out of itseU. Sbnfts have some
advantages, bowover, over headings. They weaken the whole
column of rock, from the top .ID the bottom, greatly helping the
powder, and detennining tho lino of fracture. '!'hey are also very
quickly tamped; as the debris which came out in sinking the shaft
bBS merely to be thrown down ngain. 'fhisis of some advantage in
wet situntions, whoro tho powder should be fired ofi BS soon BS pos-
siblo. lt is obvious that the same point in the rock may be reached
as !well f!'om 1tho faco aa from t.he top of lhe quarry, and often by
a shortcl' r oute.
lleadings, or gallerios at rigM angles, or nea.r ly so, to the fee 1 are
evidently in some points preferable to shafts sunk from the
top. They are o e. more convenient form to work in ; t he men
having tho rock in front of them instead of below their feet; the
chippings can be easily wheeled out; the ventilation is better ; no
raiu falle into the mouth as in a shaft, and any water from joints
drains itselC out. A heading also forms a convenient place of lillfety
for tho miners while neighbouring shots are being fired. The usual
size for a beading was 6ft to 6ft.. 6in. in height, by art. 6in. wide.
Wherever it Wl\8 possible headings were driven by the side of joints,
&nd were generally placod so as to blow away a corner (BS in Figs.
6, 7, 8, :J). When it wu desirable to clear the bottom o( the quarry
well the powder was placed several feet below the level of the rails.
H eadings are more nearly in tbe direction o the line of least re-
sistance tht\n shafts arc, and the tamping is in consequence more
liable to bo blown out. They havo therefore to be filled with greater
care, an.d the <li:rection of the gallery changed and sunk. at parts, as
sh own m tbo diagrams.
F ig. 6 had a lino o least resistance of 28ft., with a height of face
of 70ft. Tho cha~o waa 21340 lb., placed 3ft. below the rails, and
JAN. 3, 1862.
WOOLLCOM.BE'S PROJECTILES AND FIREARMS.
J. FIC .I FI C. 2
fiC .21
rt C.3
' 'l'he testing machine referred to is B count~rpart of that em-
FI C. S
\ States Governmeut.
FIC.7
F. IC . 20
FIC.9
T w s invention, by R. W . W oollcombe, of Stoke, Devon, consists
in constructing projectiles in the form of discs, r ings, and oblate
topheroids in order to obtain cycloidal rotation in contradistinction
to helical or riJle rotation as generally employed, and it is preferred
to make the projectiles eccentrio, but with the centre of gravity in
the equatorial plane.
T he improvements in firearms apply more especially to large ord-
nance, and are intended for the discharge of the projectiles a bove
referred to. They consist in forming the bore straight, that is,
without twist, and of a section to correspond with the tranSverse
section of the projectile, leaving just sufficient room for the projec-
tile to roll in the bore.
F ig. 1 is a transverse section, and Fig. 2 a side view of a pro-
jectile in the form of a disc of metal. a, a, are cavities one on each
side of the discs w hereby the projectiles are rendered eccent.ric; the
cavities a, a, may or may not be plugged with wood, compollition,
or other material as deaired, and of specific gmity different to that
of the projectile. Fig. 3 is a transverse section, ::md Fig. 4 a
longitudinal seotion of similar discs of metal rendered eccentric
by holes made in the centre of the zone alld .lllled or stopped
with a plug a of different specific gravity to that of the ptQ-
jectile. F~ 5 a nd 6 are end and side Yi1l"Ws respectively ol
projectiles m which the eccentricity is ptoduced by removing
a small q uantity of metal from four points at the edge of the discs as
shown at a, a. I n Fig. 6 a. sabot b is attached to the disc; F ig. 7 is
a transverse, and Fig. 8 a longitudinal section of a hollow shot or
shell ( with sabot) made according to the invention, having a
greater nmount of metal o n one side of the shell than on the other;
this extra. thickness produces the required eccentricity; this thick-
ness may, if so n eeded, be somewhat greater towards the front than
at the back, or vice tJer1u, to make allowance fo r the lightening or
the preponderating effect of nny particular fuse; when the
shell is in the position shown, the centre of gravity will be
above the geometrical centre, and it must so be when fired
(with a margin to front or rear of a. few degrees) in all the
eccentric projectiles thus employed. Fig. 9 is a transverse
section of a simple concentric disc, to w hich cycloidal rotation
m ay be given by tiring it at a depressed angle; it is also preferred
for double shottin~t; Fig. 9 also,represent.a a transverse section, and
Fig. 10 a side view of a disc in which the eccentricity is produced
by making of somewhat oval form one side of it; the lower side is
shown so shaped, but its lowest part or base is circular in profile
and across the zone to permit of due suppression of windage.
Fig. 11 is a transverse, and Fig. 12 a longitudinal section of a pro-
jectile, in w hich a series of eccentric discs or plates of metal are laid
together and secured by any suitable adhesive material; sixteen discs
are here shown, each having a hole made in it, so that when
the platos are laid together the holes coincide and form an aper-
ture through the projectile and produce its eccentricity; when the
d ischarg.e takes place the discs separate from one another, the sidos
of_ the ~ are roughened to prevent them sliding on one another.
Fig. 12 J.S a transverse, and }'ig. 1\! B a longitudinal section of a
compound disc, composed a.s Figs. 11 and 12, excepting that the
h oles for the eccentricity are not cylindrical but truncated coues with
bases towM~ the equatorial plane of the whole projectile and apices
towards the s1des. These cavities are in each component of this
compound diac to be made wide enough to correct the lateral eccen-
t ricity caused by theobliquity of its zone; the cavities extend half
~brough each COmJI?nent plate of this compound disc; F ig . 12 C
IS a transverse aoction, and 12 D a side view .:>! inner side of
middl? COmJ?Onent .ring of a compound shot eccentric by a
sphencal c:aVJty, w:hich a~ tend~ to C?unteract l11teral eccentricity
o~ each ~~ i F1g. 14 lS a s 1de VJew of an angulM zoneii
disc, .haVJD~ parts a.. a, c~t , o~t to produce its eccentricity,
and F1g. 13 lS an end VJew of 1t ; F 1gs. 15 and 16 are transverse and
longitudinal seotions of a projectile of the form of an oblate spheroid.
a,.a, are. the wooden or olh:er plugs f~r producing its eccent.ricity;
F 1g. 17 lfl a transverse section, ~nd F1g. 18 a side view ol the disc,
the outline of a transverse section of the zone of which is in the
~o~ of a semicircle ; the space betw.een the dotted lines in Fig. 17
JDdica~ the exten.t of {llaue surface m ~e pr~jectile. .At Fig. 19. is
sho,vn m per spective VJew one method m wh1ch an ordinary serVlce
gun may be adapted to fire projectiles of ally of the forms before
given in Figs. 1 to 10; c, c, are movable cheeks placed in a common
cylindricsilly bored gun a. They are made of iron bars plAned and
turned, a.n d are welded to the bolt d behind. T his bolt passes through
a hole made in the breech end of a common gun in the line of the axis
of the cylindrical bore; it is then screwed up on the outside and
rear of the gun by a n ut. The hole in the breech for such purpose
is about ~th.s the diameter of tho bore of the gun, 8lld is tilled by
the smooth portion of the bolt e. The cheeks nre kept close to the
sides of the gun, either by bolts screwing into them passing through
the sides of the guu, as shown in section at Fig. 20, or by a very
shallow dovtltailed groove cut straight along each sidt~ of the gun,
ss shown at F ig. 24, in a direction perpendicular to lho common
axis of the trunnions ; a corresponding dovetailed projection run-
ning straight alon.~ the convexity of the cheeks, which may also be
secured by do\etaits, thus keeping the ch~ks close to tho 11ides of
the gun ; the long axis of the bote is then perpendicular to the
ommon axis of the trunn ions, and it must be so iu each gun con-
.tru?ted on the inventor's principle.
Ftg. 21 represents a section in advance of lhe trunnions of a gun
> fire the cl.i.6Cs shown in F igs. 1 to 10, and with a eimila!ly suitable
THE ENGINEER. JAN. 3, 1862.
tho produce 6,500 tons, or 2~ tons for each pound o powder. Fig. 7 tho r equired length. A considerable portion was recovered from
isa very simple form o heading run along ajointnotatrighhngle' the heap of stono after the blast was over.
to the face. The lino of 1038t resistance was 1ft. more tb&n in Fig. 6, Tho batteries were placed sometimes in a h eading, sometimes in
but the chi\J'Se of powder was rather less, viz., :.!,300 lb., as the face a bombproof hut, according to circUIUBtrulces. T hey consisted of
eartbcnwaroceUs, with platea in pairs of zinc and platinum moistened
with sand dnmpcd with suJphuric acid. The acid was thus econo-
mised, and kept from being spilt when the batteries were sbillC:d
over tho rocks from one mine to another.
Tamping a shsft gave litj.le trouble; q uarry debris, clay, and
stones, woro thrown down promiscuously. Readings required to
be tamped with ~cater care. The chArge was generally built iu
for some feet wtlh a dry rubble wall, and the remainder of the
gallery rammed with a red clay found in parts of the quarry.
The great shots were always firod after the usual small ones bad
gone off, ou the hoisting of a rod flag on the battery-house. H
successful thero wn.s little or no noise; the column of rock was seen
FlC.6 . FIC. 7. to h eave slowly forward and crumble to pieces amidst a cloud of
smoke and dust.
Cha.rge, 2,solb. ; pr01\uce, Charge, 2,300 lb.; produce, T ho 11 rooters out" were apt to make a good deal of noise; and
6,600 tons. 6.600 tons. sometimes, in spite of overy preco.ution and care in the calculations,
was but 60ft. high ; and iu Fig. 6 tl1ere was also a h eap of loos0 tho whole mass,twns blown across the quarry, tearing up rails, and
stones at one side which g~tvo the powder more to do. 1.'he p roduc0 stopping the traffic for days. Vory largo lumps of rock wero :\t
of Fig. 7 wn.s 6,600 tons, or nearly tho 81\IDO proportion to the times thrown a considerable distance, an<l these bad to be reblasted
pounds of powder ns in tho IBSt example. Fig. 8 was also driven and treated ns separoto r ockB before they could be used. I hnvo
along a joint, with n lino of least resistance of 28ft., and 86ft.. height known a pieco of 1,000 tons thrown forward over the linos of roils.
o face. Tho chargo was 21500 lb. (1ft. 6in. below the rails), and the At tho bottom of nearly every bl!L!tt there was a "coro" of solid
rock in tho heart of the heap, which had to be removed by smoll
shots to prepare a fresh face for the next mine. This core prevented
any very accurate estimate of the quantity of stone yielded by a
bln.st. 1.' bis could on1y be told exactly by counting t.ho number of
wagons which were loaded at that heap. The wagons wcro nil
weighed BS they went to the breakwater, and the contractor paid
accordingly.
For a short timo after a blast. thoro was some danger i n approach-
ing lbo heap, owi.ng to the foul air which bung about the stones. I
recollect two men nearly losing their lives from this cause, one in
endeavouring to help lllO other.
Charge, 2,600 lb,; produce, Chus:e, 4t200 lb.; produce, Iu enwring upon tho calcultltions upon which the charges of
6,000 tonJ. 10,000 toll8. powder wore bru,ed, I must premi.s.> that they were not to be r elied
produce 6,000 tons, or 2~ tons to tho pound of powder. As in shafts, on as mathematically correct, but were the nearest obtainable iu
the powder was often divided into several charges. An instance of practice. An uniore.3Cen joint or crnc.k, or some weak )liU't of tho
a double charge is givon in F ig. 9, where the gallery follows the rock, tlrising either from texture or cleavage, would upset tho best
direction of ono joint, nnd the principal charge of powder is placed of calculations. But still, in the generality of cases, the chru-gvil
at another joint. 1.'ho sinkage iu this heading was not, 1\8 usunl, at could be regulated with very great nicety.
the turu of the gallery, but in the centre of the straight portion; Sir John Burgoyno's general rule for small shots is as follows:-
P 1 was 2,400 lb.; P, 1,!100 lb.; the lino of least resistance 33ft.; and One-half of the cube of lhe line of least resistance in feet= chargo
the produce 2t tons to lho pound of powder, or 10,000 tons iu all. in ounces; or, what is the same thing, the charge in pounds = thud
A doublo beading with tbrco sinkages is shown in Fig. 10, where of tho cube in feet.
the face averaged 60ft. in height, This rule is sufficient !or ordinary minin,g operations; but at
~ .s'v. -s'v and the lines of least resistance Holybead tho desideratum was uot only to move the mass, but to
(, 't-+ '1-+ 1- 29ft. The Jproduce was 12,000 bring it down thoroughly broken up and fit for loading the wagon:~
1-+ -;;. .J'' :!: tons with R charge of 5,100 lb. at once. '!'his the :hnd of the cube would not do unJess under tho
"<> During the period referred to most !avournblo circumstance. After much experience tho general
in this paper the largest mine rules determined upon for llolyhead wore as follow :-For ordinsry
fired was ono of five tons of shafts from 1\th to 'l'ltth tho cube of the line of least rosistanco ill
, powder, producing about 40,000 feet= chRrge in pounds. F or ordinary headings J'oi t.h of the same
tons of stone ; but since then lino cubed. Iu "rootel'il out" it was found necessary to increa.qo
these quantities to tb th of the cube of the line of least resistance.
--.:u..----.J....t-_..~"Gi..-.J there have been others larger. But it will be easily seen that, with the 6.'\me line of least resistance,
FIC. I O. One of the most successful ever
fired at Holyhead was a head- the contour of the rock, the position of the mine, or the height of
Cbu ge, 6,100 lb. ; produce, 12,000 tons ing with four charges, in which tho quarry, might very considerably alter the work the powder has
tho joints of the rock wero very favourably situated, as is seen w do. With lbo samo distance also from t.ho face the depth of Ulo
in Fig. 11. Tho height of face was 146ft., the length l.Wft., and tho shaft, or distance from tho top of the heading might be 30ft., or
grip of beading 36ft. Tho total charge was 13,000 lb. of po'vder, or it might be 130ft..
6! tons (2,000 lb. of powder going to the ton); P 1 == 4-,600 lb., of Ittho would be unreasonable, therefore, to base calculations for mines
sizo we are treating of upon the line of least reeistance alone.
P, = 4,00olb., P1 = 8,000 lb., and P 4 = 1,500 lb. The produce was In small shots it 1\louo may be considered, because these objection:~
stated in the newspapers to be 70,000 tons of stone, or fully 6j tons
to the pound of powder (unless the rock was very overhanging I do not apply in the ~>.'Ulle degree t\S in 11\J'SO mines, and here the
think this quantity rntbft' full). powder is genernUy in excess o 1 what it has to do; but in operation.i
Larger ch&rges wero required for lteadings than for shafts, as the where tons of J>OWdel' are in question t he case is di.trerent.
suporincumbcnt roek Wall not weakened by the shaft column, and After n number of mines were recorded, with their chargea and
the height of faco w~g_enernlly great where headings were most produce, a check upou the general rule was obtained. The qJADt ity
advant.ogoously nsod. It will be seen, therefore, that shafts and of rock upon which the powder would operate, and which the mllio
might bo oxpooted to produce, was determined beforehand. By a
careful exaunnation o the neighbouring joints this could be ascer-
tained very closely. For a lower headwg, where the powder does
extra duty (being genenilly below the roils), ono pound of powdur
to every two tond of stone expected was allowed. W hen a top shaft
a
was iu question 1 lb. of powder ought to produce tons of stone;
the avomge over the qulUTies of both shafts and headings beiug
llb. of powder to 21 tuns of stono. The ditierence between tllo
FIC.II. quantity of powdor, calcult\ted in t his way , and the quantity
obtained with reference to the line of least resistance cubed, wn11
Charge, lS,o:o lb.; produce, 70,000 tons. the variable quantity, which was altered according to the position
headings b avo each tboir peculiar merits and defects, and that o tho joiuts1 &c. &c. l:lnlf tho ditierence was taken in ordinary
a judicious mixture of both is the on1y proper way of working cases.
a quarry on the lnrgo scale. On the whole headings preponderated, For example, in a lower heading-Let the line o least resistance
especially after the first two years' e~perience. = 30ft..; the height of rock= 60ft. ; the ~Lverago width of column
Tho usual method, when the face of the rock was not perpen- = 60ft. ; then taking this last check rule we obtain-
dicular, WM to remove tho upper ball by a shaft and the lower by a + +80 60 60
heading. When the face was nearly upright the heading alone was
sufficient, o.s tho top fell in when the root was blown out. A head- Say 12 (the number o cubic feel to the ton).
-
ing an.! a shaft fired together left a clean perpendicular face for tho 7,500 tollll of expected stone.
next mine. 7,500
A good deal of forethought bad to be exercised in placing the Andj :l = 3,750 lb. in the charge.
shafta, so that thoy might be ready in rol.:ltion to keep up a steady
supply of properly broken stone. They took many weeks to sink; ~ow, bad we ~on the .line of least resistance as t he only element
headiugs, on the other band, were driven in a much shorter time, 1n the cnlculation, applymg the genernJ rule for headings we hav&--
and in this respect bad the advantage. ~u '
The bii\Sting powder WBS kept in strong vaulted m:lgazines, and 1 ~ = 2,260 lb. in the charge ;
wn.s landed from the boys whilo the men were at dinner and the
locomotives out of tbo way. It was delivered in small barrels h old- a ditierence of 1,500 lb. less than by the other method. I n prsctiu
ing fifty pounds each, or hall a hundred weight ( l OO lb. boing tho about. one-h~1I thid ditierencl.', or 760 lb., would be added to tho
hundred weight of powder). One pound of powder = thirty cubic quantity ob tamed by lhe f.Jth of t.he line of least resistance~ to OJ.Jablo
inches. The strength was tried in two ways; either by a gun, in the powder to do tbe work required by the position of th~ bending
which the recoil was measured on a graduated arc, or by a smt\11 Tbe cbarge would, therefore, be S,OOU lb. i instead of 3,760 by th~
mortor elevated at an anglo of 45 dog. One ounce of good powder one method, or 21:!50 by the other.
ought to throw a ball of sb.ty-eirbt pouuds weight to a distance of ~ho only remaining poiu,t,n?w to be noticed is the cost o quar-
181lft.. 1.' he different qunlities of powder wcro somelinles mixed, to rymg ou the largo scale. Ilus I am enabled to give from 3 very
bring the strength near this oJiective standard. It WBS delivered at accurnto o.stimate whi~h wns ~nde in Nove~ber, 1~56, from the pny-
Holy bead for about 65 the ton. sheot.s foro. .week, dunug which the. quantity quarried w 38 2::~,0~u
T here is an idea amongst quarrymon tht\t it is an advanl.:lgo to tons, of '~h!ch 1\165 to~s wore dobns, .not deposited in the break-
mix powder with sawdust or quicklime; the former to divide the wnte.r. 'I his estimate tncludes quarr,Ylng, filling.the wagons, aud
particles and causo them to ignite slowly, the latter to absorb any movmg them clear of the face of tho qul\1-ry ..
moisture. Doth t\re erroneous notions ; true economy iB to use good lst Qu nnnso.
powder, though for blasting it may be coarse grnined. Pence
In the shafts a space 'vas sometimes left round the charge. per ton.
Powder !or headings and shaft.& .. .. 2G9 8 10 280
Theoretically, I believe, this is of uso in permitting the expanding Drivinlt ditto . . . . l6S u 0 1'74
gases tO acquire momentum ; but the spaco was so small in com-
parieon with the quantity of gBS evolved from such llugo charges
Supcrinwndcnce .. .. .. .. .. . , ..
---
Total cost of qulUT)'iug 231095 tollll 441 8 10
0 0 oo.
that it was practically of little use. The 60 lb. barrels were poured NS
into a deal box of the cnlculatcd eize for the charse. A box 3ft. 4in.
cube would hold a ton. Bags were at first used, but wore discon-
tinued, and tho powder lt\y loose in the box. There was little fear Pence
per ton.
from damp, as a mine was never chru-ged till the day it was tamped Wli03 or tillens and gangons , , , 202 16 2ll
and fired. Inside the heap o powder was the bursting charge, which Quarryrucn blMtlng large stones .. .. .. 76 10 0 0'78
was a small bag of fine sporting powder enclosing a piece of wood, l'owder used by dltto . . . . , . . 11 8 1 O'lt
in two nicks of which the 'vires from the battery lay with a piece of Wages or corpenwrs, Blnith8, strikcn, point-
platinum wiro between them. ' Vhen the circuit was completed in boYM, t.oolbo)s, brakcsmen, drivers of horses,
the OOttery house thia grew rod-hot and fired the mine. platel&yCMI, and gcncrallabouren 122 9 2 1 '27
' - t
Th e uu te7o wucs m . . th h-' had Foremen wages .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 f 0 ou
o s wts to be protected from
the tampingt ~lling...?n them, adnd they were therefore laid in T~:,or filling wagons .. .. .. .. .. .. 42'2 6 7 09'
a g roove cu m & uatten place up ono angle o the shart. At o.... cost or ilone quarried and lllled, per tt.on 8'9i
first a length of llickford's fuse Wl\8 t\lSO placed in this groove, Tho miners' wages varied 'vith the kind of work; in somo parts
in case of the wires missing fire. This occurred so seldom that of the qu~Lrry they got 26s. per foot ruu for driving n heading in
the fuso was discontinued, it being cheaper to run the risk of now others only 14s.; out o which they had to pay about 2s. for 'the
and then hnving to unl.:lmp a mine than to supply them all with po'vdor, fuses, &c., used in blasting. One man could drive fully
fuses. . l tft per week, tbo twerago over the quarries being oft, o heading
Tho w1rcs frotn tho battery-house were of copper covered with for four men. I n ono ooso four men only drove art. in a week, in
cotl.on yatJl or gut ta-percha; thoso woro unrolled from a drum to I another case t\B much as l Oft.-a low avornge, therefore, is 6ft.
THE ENG I NEER.
17
AN ACCOUNT OF E XPERIMENTS ON PUDDLED
STEEL, HOMOGENEOUS IRON, AND STEEL
ffiON, MADE AT H ER MAJESTY'S ARSENAL
FIC.I2.B FIC.II FIC . I2
AT WOOL WICH .
By W JLJ.U.lll RIINRY BARLOw, F.RS., M. INsr. O.E.
Ta:E rapid extension of the m anufacture of puddled steel, its
great reputed strength, and the cheapness and facility with which it
is capable of being manufactW'ed, having excited the attention of
the engineering world, the author of t ho following experiments
thought that the time had arrived when it would be UB6ful to ascer
tain the principal m echanical proper ties of this and other like ma
terials.
With this object application was made to the U nder Secretary of
State for W ar !or permission to use the testing machine at W ool-
wich, for the purpose of the experiments ; and, a.s the object sough t
FIC.- F1G . I2.A FIC .I3 i' l c .1 4 was J?urely in the interests of science, the perm ission asked for wa.s
readily accorded.
ployed by the United States Government for ascer taining the
strength of cast iron. T he strains are brought on by levers and
dead weights, and the maohine is capable of recording accurately
the ultimate resistances with w hich rupture ensues under the seve
I C.6 FI C. IS FIC.I6 ral strains of 11 tensioli," 11 compression," "trnnsvt-rse strain," and
11 torsion."
Complete drawings and description of this machine, and all its
FIC . I2.C details, will be found in the reports o Major Wade to the United
But, although adapted for ascertaini&g accurately the ultimate re-
sistance at the time of r upture, under any of the strains above men-
tioned, the machine is not well arranged for recording the progres-
f iC. I8 sive action of these strains, excepting that of torsion, and,
consequentl y, in using it to test a material like puddled steel, w hich
rarely yields by rupture, excepting under tensile stmin, the mach ine,
' in its present form, does not afford all tho information which could
be desired.
Nevertheless certain facts have been ascertained by these experi-
ments w hich point out the more prominent mechanical properties
of the materials tested ; and, although the investigation has not
FIC . I2 . 0 FIC . 23 FIC.n been carried so far a.s the author desired, yet the results may bo
relied on as accurate to the extent to which the several materials
have been tested.
Puddled steel is made direct from cast iron, by a process analo-
gous to that used in obtaining common wrought iron; but, instead
of expelling aU the carbon, su ch an amount is left contained as to
section of bore, or when the bore is of a corresponding shape impart the quality of steel to the metal so treated.
to fire the projectiles as shown at Figs. 11 to 17. ln each form of Considerable experience is required in the selection of suitable
section of bore the external transverse t~ection of gun should be in qualities of metal, and also to know the precise moment at which
conformity with the section of bore, thus in Fig. 21 the ex- to stop the process of decar bonisation in the paddling furnace, and
tern al angles are made to lie in a line prolonged through the angles other conditions have to be observed in order to secure the success
of the bore A, B, C, D, from the points E ana F on the side oppo- of the operation; but it is now accomplished with great certainty,
site. and the result is the productiou at a very low cost of steel, which,
F ig. 22 is a side view, and Fig. \!3 a back view of a sabot some- although not of high quality, is, nevertheless, possessed of many
timea attaohed to the projectiles as shown in Figs. 6 and 8. valuable properties.
ln addition to the experiments on puddled steel similar experi-
ments were made on homogeneous metal and steel iron, and on
puddled steel melted and cast into ingots.
Drscovsav OP AsOlENT R&l!AINs.-During the week the workmen
employed in erecting the Electric T elegraph Company's wires by the SIAlel iron is a condition of the metal )Vhen the process of decar-
bonisation is carried further than in paddled steel: its fracture is
side of the Malton and Driffield Railway, which crosses the Yorkshire
Wolds, have, in mnking the post-holes, found &everal articles of flint, fibrous, and it approaches very nearly to wrought iron.
'l'he other materials above mentioned 6how a crye-talline fmctW'e,
from description presumed to be weapons, probably arrow heads.
T he district has many ancient intrenchments and other evidences the crystals being very small, fine, and regular, like that of gun
metal; the steel possesses, also, similar properties of nuilleability,
of early occupation, generally attributed to the Britons. T his view
is strengthened by the finding, on 'l'uesday, 1lf 11o skeleton, tbe bones although much harder and of much greater strength than g'Un
very far mouldered, but, as usual, with perfect tePh, Rnd near it a.swne metal.
celt. Uufortunately these a&ooe implemenu b~o flit.herto ba6 no T he forl(l and d :..Oensions of the seven' A~~Uni~CS testod are shown
valuein theworl.;men's estimation, and nearly allha):e'1le"en re-interred on the acedfDpany.Jng figures~
- but a. pretty sharp look-out will now be kept for any further relics I SUMMARY OF EXPERIMENTS.
tho.t may be exhumed. Q.uite recently, al.sot.~'uother- huiillUI skeleton
OA t.M Resistance ta TeMion of PuddluJ S141l, Jc.
was found near the foot of the Wolds, at Winwringham, showing '
every indication of very early burial. - .;
8.
..
--.
~
Tas Aa :usnosos. -Under the date of the 11th of November, from
--,.
()
~ ~
the War-office, and with the attached signature of Major-General
Alexander TuUoh, the new Director of Ordnance, thE.\ public are c. Na.mo or
() - .;
Name of maker. o"'.t:> Mc:~n. RcJJlll.rka.
again in possession of those important changes and additions in >< m a~orial. -
arms, accoutrements, h arness, tools, and militar.)"furniture generally,
which the preYa.iling spirit of improvement at the present time ap-
~ insatiably to require. As regards the A.rmstrong guns, the z
Q)
0
0
. - -
d-
=~
-~
p~
~
u
<""':
first important alteration to be noted is in the position of the breech
tangent and trunnion sights of the l OG-pounder guns, which are now
- - lb.
so arranged nearer the a.x.is as to admit of the gun being aimed 52 Puddled steeL Mersey iron works. 8 1,162
through an embrasure or port-hole narrower than was before re- 63 do. do. 109,ll7
quired. A 40-pounder of reduced length, nnd weighing only 82 cw t., ~-1 do. do. 9t,tlll 115,233 Fr:t.eturo
is now approved provisionally for sea service. '.rhe 25-pounder gun is crystalll.ne.
55 do. do. 92.SJO
in future to be called a 20-pounder, and is to carry projectiles which are 66 do. do. 05,~5
not to exceed 2llb. 4oz. in weight, with a charge of 2lb. 8 oz., both for
land alld sea service. In addition to this we have now approved 19 Homo~neous
a 20-pounder for land service, weighing 16 cwt., and 8ft. Ion"", and metal. Firth and Co. !ll,Ol S
another 20-pounder weighing 2 cwt., and 5ft. 6i~. long, ~~ with 20 do.
do.
do. ll5, 133
the same ch11rge as the above 25-pounder. In thJB report lS g1ven a 21 do. 97,4!!2 100,01).1 Fracture
crystalliuo.
complete list of our naval ordnance, by which we .find that our 22 do. do. 111,869
sailors have to attend to seven descriptions of Armstrong guns, with 23 do. do. SS, >tO
their various kinds of ammunition, &c.; and, besides, no less than
29 varieties of the smooth-bore guns, including cnrronad93, mortars, 29 Puddled sl.col. Na.ylor and Vickers. lZI,OilS
and howitzers, with different descriptions of powder, shells, burst.- so do. do. ll4,ti!l2 Fract ure
crystalline.
ing charges, fuses, &c.; in endless combination. Thclastimportaut Sl do. do. ll9,:illS 116, 336 No~ brok.cn.
item is the approval of the little 6-pounder ri.tled gun for colonial 3.! do. do. JO~,tl48
alld mountain service, with its carriage limber and wagon to match, :!3 do. do. 100.931
the limber suiting either gun or wagon. The weif?ll.t of this 3A do. do. 13~,06t No. S1 re
beautiful little pocket.-pistol is 8 cwt. ll lb.; of 1ts carringe duccd in
and side-arms 5 cwt. 3lb. ; of its limbers, 7 cwt. each, packed diameter k
turn. ago. in.
complete; a.nd of its wagon body, packed with ammunition,
11 cwt. 3 lb. It is 3ft. lOin. in width by the track of its wheels, 6i Puddlod slccl
carries eighty-one rounds of ammunition, and either on its owu melted and
wheels, or \Vith the aid of mules, when taken to pieces, will be able
to scale any difficulties. In it, and with the acknowledged failure
of our rocket system, we have found fo1 them a most efficient sub- 68
cast
{,'Ot.s.
into in
do.
Naylor and Vick.ers.
do.
84,652
101,868
I Fracture
eryst.nlline.
stitute. I n the section of ammunition and projectiles the le:lod coat- 69 do. do. 96,6?9 101,763
ing of all natures less than 20-pounders, common shells and solid 61l dn. do. 124,4.92 I
shot of 20-pounders, and lower natures, w hen made in the Royal 61 do. do. 101,136
L aboratory, is to be attached by means of zinc sold~r, instead of by
undercutting, while segment shells of these natures, t.e., 20-pou.nders 8 Steel iron. Atlas Work.s. 71 ' 157
and under, are, however, still to have the lead attached by under- 9 do. do. 00,3ti
cutting. This subject ha.s been freely ventilated in the columns
10 do. do. 6:i, l 51 . Fmcturs
G9, 4:i6
llbrou~ .
of the press during the last three months, and on account of ll do. do. 11,158
the liability of the lend to strip w hen fired over the head of 12 do. do. 67,487
troops is of the highest importance. T here can be no doubt
that Colonel Boxer's plan of the zinc soldering produces a perfect
alllnity between the lead and the iron, remedying the dangerous From the above experiments it appears that the ultimate tensile
tendency completely; but Sir W illirun .Armstrong maintains that a strength of puddled steel, homogeneous metal, and puddled steel
too tight grasp of the lead prevents the shell from bursting into the melted and cast into ingotto, is nearly double that of w~ought iron.
greatest ~ible number of frngments, and defeats the m:ili1 object The variation of strength iu the different samples JB not greater
of the IDJ.SSile: so a. comprom.ise has been made as above, and the than is found to arise in wrought iron.
knotty point remains for perfect solution at a future distant day. I n the detail of th e experimenlil given iu the Appendix it will be
'! 'be proof and developing proof chArges of the 100-pouncltlrs seen t hat an endeavour was made to ascer tain the relative extenliions
have been increased to one-fourth and one-sixth of lLo weight with different straius; finit, by measuring the distance between tbo
of tho solid shot used, 110 lb. ; and finally the whole of the nippers called in the expe~ents lh~ " di.:.tance a b ;"'.and, sl'C?ndly,
chnrgoJ for the navnl ordnance have been arranged nud pub- by observing wh~u the we1ght applied ea us...'?
a sens.lble t>Ub:.uleuco
l.ished for the information of that l..loble senice. I n the iu the lever which showl'ld that the matonru continued to extend
miscellaneous items packing-cases for what are called the " Joo:.e after the weight was put on.
parts of the Arm trong guns~ are approved of- theile articles 'fhe construction of the machine, however, does not admit of
consisting mainly of tangents, sights, vent-pieces, levers, patches, accuracy in these indicatiocs.
hammers, plug:!, crutches, pans, screws, and a host of such small fry; Several specimens taken out alld re-measn.red after receiving
the weight for the case of the lOO-pounder weighing over 6 cwt., strain indicate that permanent set first begins to be perceptible at
evidently proving that oven with Sir William's inventious the 20,000 lb. per square inch. .
millennium of guunory ha.s not yet a.rrived.- .1rmy and N at'!l P uddlcd ~teel and ho~ogeneous metal broke With a !ractu~ J?re-
Ga.:ett~ 1 senting n lllU\U te crystalline appearance, and there " 'ere two distm ct


18 THE ENGINEER. Ja. 3, 1862.
forms o[ fracture, ono being in ll plane at. rigbL aoglcs l~ tho lino or pcrimeott ~o, .it would appear that & lr or puddJcd steel may bo
strain, and lho ot her ll CUJ>-&IIIlll(l(\ fracture moro or lC~>S pcrlC<'t. boot about Lwtco 311 much NI a bor of iron or liko dimc~aions withou t E MBANKMENT OF THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE
'l'ho material callod "11teel lron" showed ll fllJrou.s fmcturo, and impairing ita elabticity, or without caW~iog a greater ponnanont 110t.
wa' of much less strength than puddled tool and homo~oneous TllAliES.
mcLal. lo thia ln&toriaf it wn~~ evident that the pr()IC(':III or deear- Srwvio GnntTY.
Tns flrat meeting of the commiMionenJ was bold ou Tnesday,
bouittatiou had boon carriod too far, and that it dill'orod but llttlo Tbo llpcciflo gravity Wl\8 118CCrLaincd to be 1\8 follows:- Dect~J!~r 17. 1'ho Lord ~lnyor ocellpicd the chair; and the olllor
from iron of good ClUaJity. l'uddled Swot . . . . . 1tlttnmplo . . . . . 7'7805 CI'Jmml88Loners pr~ut were t)i r J. Jcbb, Captain Galtoo :Mr
SUltllAR Y Of.' F:XPElll M ENTS.
dCJ.
Swcl Iron
. . . . :!od dtJ.
. . . . . . l t~ flo.
. . . 7"7830
. . . . 77:n 'l'hwoitca, llr. lluut., and Captain Ruascll. The bu.inctB tron~ted
do. . . . 2nd do. . . . . . . 7'7f.80 waa Mt very intcrctting or impomot, u tho witne&b('ll called simply
On tM Ruutenco to Cumpruirm of l'uddLed Steel, lj'c.
- ..t.!l -6='

6. =
c..:::- .d.
- - .. :;- provc:d tbo fact already well known, lbat tho 11pring tides at limes
~verllow the _south bonk or lliO 'rbames. On futuro cx:.c&~~ions moro

I ~a-8:~
~
.....----'--a-t ..., ....
- ~ ?-~
t.(.l-...,
t1 lm)>Ort.ant. ovidooco may be anticipated, and iL will then be dCIIirablo
e~~ ~-~~~k~-~~k~~~ ~~~- ;:;. ,..
...o.....:
...o,...c
~ ~~ 5 8o~ o8 8 888 8Q ~F that some accommodation should be provided for the gcnUomon of
.8.E
Nnmo of mnwrial
lCIIt()tl. l lakor'K namo. ~~ ---
c -=~
0 -'5-
- s-
;;,~ ;: I .. :=IJ ..
~
lho press. ,Owing, probably, to an ovor&ight., no 1111ch Jlrovifrion wu
11.md1t on tins OC031fion, uut., doubtless, it i11 only DOOOIIIIaJ'Y to mention
~~
Q

=-
2!11 O~--
:: '

....a:~
='
~ =:.!~
-
..... r;, 0 tho m~t~l' to e,nwro il6 being remedied at futuro mooliDI)"'! of 010
-
~ 0
~ ::: cornmLSliiOo. Tht llrat witness callO<l wM llr. 'raylor, ono or tho
~ 0~ ~~~..;.,e;,. .:>,;.~~oo~
r;,
COOt- 'JJ..._J
:a:1
-41 - l'uddlcd awct Mel'l<ly I ronworkll 21,&70 ooa
~~c;;tf;~ "" ~Q, -.- --
"'
.... g
,.:T
churchwardeOB of Lambeth.
'l'ho I:ord :u ayor, addr~ug him, explained the object of tho
..
0
18 do. do. 21,986 '003 c ,.
0
comm~111on, apd called oo lmn to make any sLal.cmonL for their in-
o flo. do. 21,828 002 = !ormat1~n wblcb ho thought bore upon t he ma.ttcr in question.
DO
Ill
flo.
do.
~loan tcnl{th of tlllmplc
do.
do.
21,026
~1,928
ooa
005
?'
Yl
. .,
8 ...
t:h
I ~J "'
,_
~

S"
""~
~
Mr. I aylor then entered at somo loogth into the subject. IJo
ob:lcrved that ho bad not come thoro with &. viow 10 much to toll
~ r~

1 !123ln. MC3o 21,9011 '0032 OOOU7 ~ 0 0
tbo commissioners whAt should bo done as to explain to them whllt
had been eodurod by poor pcl'80nll on tbo occasion or the hig h t.id011.
85 ruddlod stool Nnylor and Vlckm 20, H6 005 Ho spoko of the diatrict within half a. mile or Lambeth PalAeo. llo
36
37
flo.
do.
dl),
do.
do.
do.
20,196
2 , 298
02
ooz ,,. c.o to w ...., ..., ~ t-~t .., ....,. ....,
. . ..
,.., ....,.
,a.r;,
::s
r;,
7,
e.-
WIIB frequently soot to llBCCrLain what llhould bo done on the oeoa.-
eioo nr Uoods in that diatrict from blgh tides, and Jt Wflll not at a ll
all 20,U6 '004
~~~~~~~~~ '~d Ea*~~~~ ~
~loon lonscth of ~nmpto
1'8G81n. ~1cnn
- 20,106 '003!6 COO:I63 =
. ..
I -..
::::
0 .,
0 uncommon for Lho pan11h engine to be employed for tho purposo ol'
pumping the wator out of the dwellings or tile poor cr~tllrc~. Tbo
- 0 ~
"'
water come up through tho sewenJ at times, aud aL other.~ over tho

I "'"'
~ 3 .-
24 UomogcncoU8 mci.:IJ Firth 2Z,6U bauk, and ~e damage do~o Wllll 110 r-_eat that they had in the n.cigb-
nnd Co.
,-
~

Lcn:ttb of WIIDfllC '003 } ooo~1 ;o &>

~
bourhood raised a "floodmft fund,' out of which the suJrercra by
1'211~10. Yl ~
(i4l'uddlod MWCI mc1tod,
too
8 8 ... 0

~
...
0

::t

~ 0 lrg..= = "'j%
0 tho llooda wcro ns iauod. 'l bo lloods took place to such 110 oxt.ont
that~~~ had llCOn boats in Fore-street., and bo enterLained Lho opinion
nml Cll~~ lrtW logo~ Naytor and Vlckonl 22,68f ooo
65 do. do. do. ?O,IH2 ouo tltat., 1f the northern 11ldo WllS cm banked, something must be done to
62 do. do. do. 22,7LS oo t;J
protect tbe southern siclo; and be bad groat fcanJ that whou tbo
63 do. do. flo. 22,277 '007 0
~ coll'e.r-dams woro removed at W ostminstcr-bridgo tbo result would
:::
llaln lcn{,-th of a:~.mplc
-~ e.-.,
r;,
too ...
00 dUJIUitrOUB to tho IIOUtborn side of the river.
oo .og ..; ., &"..:. ... ..:. 0
c:. ~ ~
1'417(,10. 21,098 '00~76 ()0()413 o ~ oc
,...-
Mean a.oc:,.c.,_ :::: In reply. to the Lord Mayor )ir. Taylor said there was &. difficulty
- Atlu WorklJ .= -
0
0
13 Swot Iron 22,&70 '001 "' m ClmoooJcing tbo eboro throughout tho wbole length, M in IJ&m bclh
~
14 do. do. -- -- ... "' thoro woro certain auciont rights of way existing which could not

I ~_,..i .--'" -
10 flo. do. ;o fiJ ~ bo blocked up. It might, howovor, bo possible to increase tbo
17 do. do. 2!!,879 006 eo iuclaoe.
rn ~
18 do. do. 21,9113 ooo
... ...
~
:::l :::l I n reply to tbe other commiasioocra ho llll.id tho bubbling up of
Mean length of Ample
t lu2lo. l1enn 23,67~ 00~3 'OOOC$9
'"
& 0 0
..
=
I'>
tbo water tbrougb the 80WenJ W38 not owing to any defect io tho
IJ.aps of the IIOWCrd. 'fho overflowing Of t.be books took pJ.aoo about
overy two mouths. 1' bo ba.lanco in the handB of tbo lloodiog fund
0
Tho 1113mplcs tcfltcd were all obeut l!io. in looc;tl. fff tO ID tO 1, _ """'...., ,_....,. ....-
f r;, Y. ..= !;- -
.... now Will! aoout .75, nod tbc ar~ lloodod W0!4 hatr-a,-milc in lcogt.b
The approach of tbo steel pistollB, Lctweeu which tbo fltlmt'los ~~t&t~~~~ss e ~~~~'~ .. ~ and it took in Foro--street, and a portion or lligb-street., noel bo bad
r:.
woro compre118Cd, Wl\8 carefully 1neMurecl, a111l tlo J'esu!IB, M recorded,
aro correct, t\8 ehowing tbo compr08;1ions of columue of tho length
<:>
0"0
---- 0
?
....
g g
0
,. ... BOOn it up to the burial ground wall. 'rho water fl owed back nt
least 10~ yar~ for hnlf-n-mile, and it waa rising ground. Tb.is w1111
employed.
-=-- ,. ,,Ul. ~ .., ... "' at tbo h1gh tides. ilo did not think much iocooveoience was ocea-
'l 'bo amount or comprc' i"n per ton per inch is, however, 80
f,'T~t, oud being, moreover, ioconsil;t.oot with thnt which may be
.er-
o1
t:h
,_.:l a
,.,
V...
., ,. .. - - ~<ioned by th~ buubliog Up of tho wawr through the IICWeT81 uut
!ho ovcrtloWJng of tbo banb drovu the poor out of their hom()lj
inferred from tho cxr..crimcniA oo t.raOBverao strain, iL is to be pr~ ""'=
., ... ~
!~w tho. workbolllfe, 118 th''Y had no other 111100 to go to.
sumed th4t tho rc:~u!t iJI ulroot.cd by tbe Bhort lcol)"tb of tho samples.
'l 'ho olfoct or tho pr~uro iJI to enlarge tho diarru:tcr at tbo contro
0
Cl
~ 0 :! 0
:::l

iZ
.. IIJo med1cal officcrtl had called his attention to lho dangeroW:I stato
of the walla of tho houses of t ho poor. '! 'boy wcro suturatcd, nod
of tlte 8aln}lO.
F I C. I.
l'ig. 1 represents tho samplo No. 24 bcforo
F I C . 2. pro.;suro WM applied, and Fig. 2 ia tho ~~amc
~~amplo rut.cr reeeivin~ a preasuro of (i l lGOB
::0
""3
~ II rt
lbe mnttcr ca:riod into their rooms by tbo llood.s was moat Jlrcjodicial
to laCIIIth. ~ otbiog but an universal raising of the wbarvos would
rcmody tho evils ho referred to. Tbo drowdocka e&tablisbed by
auclcn.t CWitom, and lo which ho had referred, wero not much used.
per inch, and similar effects, though in a. tho chwt one W38 at J:'c:rry-street., which ran w011tward from BiJihop'a
!"'"' dcgreo, rc:;ult rrom smaller prc88ur~s. Tho stl'('ngth or puddlcd steel in rc:~isling torsion will be best W!Jorl.
It is known that, iu long bat'lllluujected k> undcr~tood by a direct comparillon bctwe1m the rcslllt8 in Uao abovo Mr. F. Koyvetl, Secrel4ry to tho Arc!J1.1isbop of Canterbury, saicl
~mr1rC:11tlion, the centre 110rtiou ill IJOt pro-
tablo and tlao~e obtained l1y l\injor Wndo on samtles or tho samo thCde floods Ol'.eurred abouL twenty times a year; they carno up to
portJOoatcly expanded, nod it follows tha~ form Md dime!lBions in ClUit and wrought iron. tho palace gatcs1 antl tho porter bad to put un boards and 611od to keep
tho Ul'f:rcnso of length iu 11ilort. column~ will ,--..u..l'!tiON,..___, CND YIEW tho waU>r out ol tbe K~I,Clj aud his lodge. 1'b.ia generally bappcnod
not Lo Jlropcrtionnl to thnt in Jong one:~. nt tho JIIiJ?g tid'i!. 'l' ba porter WruJ warood of tho ap11roat!b of tlw
--~ wawr l.y Its bubbling 1lJl througb tbo [,'1'3tiog iu (rout of tbo
U ill oviddut., however, tbat the rsud lied steel and bomogeneoUJ
metal nro lc..11 compr~jblu than ca.rt. paddled ~Steel nod &teel iron. palace, and t.bc borricado made on such occasions waa about
l'uddJcd steel, whether e.1.11t or othc:rwibc, C(Juld not bo cro11hcd I I
!iglttcon ineh08 deep. l n tho York-road tho pcoJIo erected water
with ouy pres:~uro the mnchioo Wlla capablo of c.xcrting. 'l.'Lo ouly t 'tl I tight. boards to keep tbo water out of their arctlll. Uo rnigbt bo
effect wl\8 to produce nn alwration in the for:n of tbo sample. ~---- pcnmlLod to obsorvo that the mud bank at tho !Jido of the ri ver Wflll
This property would iudicaw that, iC great prCIISuro woro to be 1/f DIA perfectly liCS~ilootial; tbe conscrvalora of the Thames improved
resU.Lcd, it might bo orlvautagcoWI to submit the material lo great
SEC TION. THAO A 8 . tho sLate of thmg?~ by throwing rubbillh into it at tho eides, but that
eomprc~&ioll bcforo Wiing it. had bceomo covered again, and the benefit derived from it hAd bceu
The effect or the prCSHuro nppcan to produce a re-arrangement of now decreased. Uo ho.J>OO tbtlt any echemo for c:mbanking tbo
tho ,Particles, nod, whon 110 r(l-'arrongcd, tboy nro capablu of blllf- Th4mcs wonld load wan 1mprovemont by doing away with the bono
tainwg a greater pre88'UI'O than in their original form. be! ling an~ manuro cetablishmrntf! betwecll tho palacoand Vauxhall
Bnlgp. The fioode in .Biahop's-walk bad iocreaacd in dopili during
SU.M ~1ARY
OF EXPERIMNTS. tho blbt two ycnra. A.:ny system of cmoookment to do &.way with
On the Rnut<J.nct to Traru'Ctrlt. Strain of Puddled Stl, lj'c. TORSION. tbo mud l>ank in some degree and cover it with water would boa
- A boncfl~. ll~ bad visited tbo JX!Or after tho floods, and observed tbo

b.8
';)
~-- '"J ' f. -
1'----'...! - - - - ~-------L!'!'------- -..:t---L!---
I
11" I llmell 10 thmr dwelliog11, wb1ch thoy inhabited immediately after tho
fiOIJd &ubsided.
. . 0
5 --"' - I ~i Mr.. Silk, arcbitcet., surveyor, on cl engineer, W08 next oxamiocd .
1~o su1d ho was acquui11t.cd with tiJe fJOuth aide of tllo river for eomo
produced Valuo ut ~~
Donc,-tlon
DCliCT~ruon "" "' 8
~c d1.st.anr:o ~bovo and bolow Loodon Uridge, and he know numbers o!
Q
Nnmoof Speclmcll8 Expcrlmootod Upon.

- material. maker.
~
""
8
::<!
by
7,CiOU Ill.
E .
't
"'=~
-2-
- Tho following tnblo i4 on nbstrnet or such or his cxporimcnte AB
afford a. direct compariliOu. J u both acts or experiments tho weight
lbo bu1ld1ogs thoro wcro frequently flooded. lie bad boon ongagcd
i~ the erection. of, somo of tbo wlll\rvcs destroyed by tbo fa tu
0
;;:! -=-~ Wftl applied at tbo end of a levor 2;jiu. long. tl1J1118troUB liro m Tooloy-stroet, and although ovcry precaution

=~
0
~
I :,..
..
00::: ~
TASIA~ SIWWI N(l CeRTA IN ltli:SULTS Oll'rA INP.D DY l iA.J<JR WADE
0!'< Tll ~ 'J'(Jit8l()NAL R~ISTANCE 01<" CAS'r ANIJ WHOUOilT IRON.
thought n~ry ~ lrevcuL fl1101liogwaa tbeo t.akeu tho110 wharv(.'S
~vcro occa~>tonally wundated. llo w113 now engllf,;cd in rooonstruct.-

afl Puddlcd 8t.ccl Naylor, Vlckcrll

In.
1927G
Ill .
I f13G
In.
ur,:J
lb.
10,000
- -
welgM ajlelioo Wclfh~ np~IIW
- IDg thNn and tho warchout~Cs, aod the lovcJ would bo 1:lio. higher
thuu tl,cy we~o boforc, Lo J>rovout uny further inundation. Witb
40 flo. fJo. 11125 10000 OtO 16,(100 1,000 I , ,:.00 I . rcfSard. w rnak!ng a roadway in fmnt cf tbo whllrvcl!, ho thought it
I flo. du. 1118.'> tf.lif.O oao
- OIS -
11!,000
-"'=2.: - ()~ltl 1mprncllcnblo on tbo ea&L 11irlo of J.oodon .Uridgc, though iL

-...t: ..a.:
I
c0 UJI~ht pcrhaJIS be fet~.tti blo on tbe wCtt bide.
..
l iH:i )1):;.!2 2h70,WO 16,000 Dc.crlpllon. =
= Hcmark.l.

't
Mcnn ..
UomogencoU8 Firth and eo . l'li6ti 1oco
- - -1:
0

e~ ac;;
~ 'J'ho inqu1ry Wt\8 then adjourned.
'l'h~ comrui&iouon~. appointed for tho pUfJ.)()IIO of con!lidoring tho
'030 H ,OOO = '5
3
mctol.
do.
do.
do.
do.
1'96~ J ffTO
I O(.;() 1IJ!jO
I ooo
O'Jij
.u .ooo
111,000
~"' CJ
p.. ~
b
p..
--
propr10ty of cmbaukang tho south Hido of tbo '!'bam<.'tl met 011
l::lutur1la.y, Dccc1nbcr 21111., al. Wc11tminlll.cr.
C_u11tt1iu Gallon, iu tbo absence of tbo Lord Mayor, occupied tho
Mean . .. 1'000 1ii70
-
'042 2,070,~
Cut Iron:-
16,333
No. 1, 2nd fw<lon 002 :. 9 t Mcan of four ox-
eluu.r.
-t --
Pufldlcd 81-'cl Atills Workt .. 21 0 zOSG
-
ot1 - 16,0011 Do. 3rfl flllll<m
20 2
J 7 00 0 3 0
2" 2
00 3
pcrlmcnl!l.
Ono CXI)'Tlmcnt
Mr. Fredcrick DouJt.un Wllll tho llr&t witness examined. Ho 83id
tbo cmiJankmeoL of tho 'l'hames at tbo south 11ido wa. rendered
a do. do. 2o:w 2or.o I (IC2 1(),000 10 part.l No. 1 and} u,'ct ..Bary or desiraulu from tho fat't tl~aL flood!~ froqucnlly took p~
~lean
--
.. .. 2082 2062 ' ()40 2'(j()g, 000 16,000
4 Jl&rtAI No. 3, ~111.1
fu.rton . .
1 6 00 0 2 4 (lo 1 Do. do. thoro, by wbicb tbo poor and tljo wbttr1logenJ woro 1J<:riou11ly affeeLod.
'!'ho poor wore driven from tboir bo1M81 nod immediately after the
- locflcctlon
- 8 paN No. 1 ami}
u par~ No. 3, llrfl
futlon .. . . ..
1 6 000 2 3 00 1 Do. do. water subllidod they returned to them, and di.IICMO Wflll caWICd by
tbe dampness or their dwcllioglll\Ud the filth left in tbcm ruter Uw
produced
by Equal parta N011. 1 } 3 8 00 9 ( Mean of two ox- fl<Jod. h wns <Juit.o arr.arent that the whllrfiogcra must. 6U1Jer by
00 1

l
aud 2, tnd rwlon 1 0 pcrlmcnt.. having th<.-ir plact~J o bWiincss flooded. 'l' h<.'IIO &erious lncunveru-
6,1101 lb. l
4 Puddlcd SU:tl Atlas Worlu .. ii'TG 1'!11$6 C62 8,000 Do. do., 3rd fJIon 1 2 000 ~,.. 4 000 Ouc oxpcrlmcn coccl! could be prevented by the construction of on emiJankmellt on
clo. 1'033 !!O.lO 9,000 )llxturo or 3 po!U the HOUth Side &f the river, which embankment "'ouJd afford tbo
6 fJO.
--
Mean .. 11'006 2(102
-
'055
'058
- --
3,1<10,200 8,00
No. I, 3 part!!
No. 2, nntll! part~ 1 00 0 2 L 00 I {
b[cnn of four ox-
porlmcnw.. moaos of making a nuw road, and tbus relieving the now overcrowded
- --- -
Deflection
produced
No. 3, 2nd fWIIon.
Do. do. Srd ru,lon. 1 6 00 1 2" 6 00 21 l fcan of four ex
pcrhncnu..
thoroughJores, tho cruwding of wbllb would be incrc31lCd hy the con-
lltruction o! Lambeth Urid&;e, which would be Opfnld uext year. A
new &lrcet was uudouhtcdly ncce&ary, and it ruigbt be m111le by an'
I Wro1gh~ Iron, No. 1 000 17 6 JG 1 Ono cxpcrlmco
cm Lnnkmcnt., or by widenlug tho wl\t<fllide thoroughfaro a.trcct. AJI to
by do. No. 2 o- 1 lli 8 u Do. do.
2,3W lb. do. Nu. 3 1 2 3!/0 1 37 7
1 uo. do. tbonorth 8idoof the rivcrabovo Wc.tmiubt.cr, it Wtutlllrcady tmb:mkod.
f'uddlcd SU:tl Attu Workt .. 2010 1'()()/j (lfj$ 3,600
~
As to heightening t!Jo wharvea on tlJo river &ido it would int.crlcro
dO. do. 1 '07~ {)GO osa 3,6(1 0
- -
!1cnn .. .. 11192
- -
082
- 07-i
-2,830,800 3,000 CONCLUl>JSO H RliAIIK., ,
Good puddled steel and llomogencoull metal llr,pcar to bo very
with all tbe existing thoroughfiU'CII of tho neighbourhood, and would
entail the entire r(- ;ani!Iruction;of tho wbn.rvcs ; nod, in1lccd, m011t or
- Dy comparing theeo CJtpcnrnonl-5
WJtll
-
those or Profe>~wr llarloiV
8imilar in tholr mcchonicol propertied; their t.on111lo :JLrNlgth being
nearly double that of wrou~ht iron, the fmcturo llcing without JJbro,
tho <.X~tiog wharf '"al111 were 110 IJad tlmt any attcm)l~ w \>Gtch Utom
up would be&. failure, and wouJtl not removo tho cvit. or l ooiling, or
on wrou~b~ lrou bars 2in. "'Juare (~ ISarluw 11 On tho Strength of and JX)!UIC in~ a flno cry11talline or granulAr appearance. remedy tho over-crowding. llo h&d great doubt thAt any oth1r
Material,'') it wiJI be llCeu tbat tho dPfleeliou under trau.svonw atrnin Both malenal11 are duc111e,11od may V< condeu110d and consolidated courao than an embankment would rcmody the exUlting orils. It.
is grtJateT in tuddJ<d IJWCI, when o! like dimensions, and under like nnd1r tho hammer. lloth materiAls, nl110, altlll'lugh bending under mu~t bo remembered that tho..e on tho south ~ido ll(>i'lit a. largo
circumlltooC()}I, in tho ratio or 10 to 11. trouevtr"o lltr(un M much a.s wrought Iron witb equal weigh la, arc amount in coal tox, whirh went lo liiiY for lhc enabaokmout on the
But t ho wcight it ilf capllblo o( 11ustaining bd<'rO tbo iocrcm('JlU! of capable of lll'ariog nf'firly Lwico llJI much stroin n8 wrouglat. iron north ~ide.
deflection with equal \VIightll CNtliO lo 1111 rcgular is, M IINuly us bcforo tJroduciJag & grcat~r nmoimt of )J(rmnnfoL 1.0t. Captnin Gt~lton : 'fhat. ar~;umout would llpply thus-every di.slri~t
polldi.blc, duu blo tbat of wroughl. iron. HcJ](;c, ll<l far u tlll'!lu ox- It i11 to be reh"l'tltel 1ltat the tCIItiu~ mnehine io bor Maj~;'Sty' Mhl)uld J,ave 110uw imJ1rovemcnt.
Anscoal oL Woolwich ill not adapted to rcr..civo lJanl of &uUicieut \VittJCNI: \V ulJ, hy lh~> nortb emb:\ukmcot tlao whulu of tho n11rtl
The value of E 11 obtolocd from the ronoula :- length for determining tlao modulus o! olu..ticit.y. 'J'ho very short. di!ltriclJ! aro imyrovcd, and by tbo toOUW ~mooukm ut the wbolo <
Pv lcu~-th or tho r.amples which tho machine ill capable or n.-cclviug, io tho r.outb distncts would be 1mprovcd. 1'he floods cnmo over tb
apJ1lyiog tCIUJile nnd compr,'Sl;ivc slraln11, rondonJ it impot111iblo to ornbnnkments, nnd wont up through the &owcra. It would IJU mo
arrivo M corrccL conclutrion11 frorn thom in rospcel. of tbo amount of iujurious to aboli.tfb the frco landing-placeiJ j from OLI() ~Jf thorn 1,0(
cttwmion aod comprCtll!ion per ton per inch. wue wore carted a wctlk; and any road on tbo south 11ide must '
 JAN. 3, 1862. THE ENGINEER. 19
eonstru~ in commun ication with frco landing-places. T ho objec- FIREPROOF FLOORS. receives lho direct support of si't atlj oining ones. The last brick nt
t ionable alimo of the sandbanks is due wthe sowage. each sido rests o n a shoo (h b) formed of strong a ngle iron, kept in
TaP.! Mark lAM &prut, u nder the head o i "Some & marks position by tbe iron tie-rod cc. Floors o f this sort can bo fitted
By Sir J . J ebb : The roo.ds betwcon my w harf and my w orkB
are fr equen tly ftood eci. An e mbankment would remedy this evil. Suggested by the .Misce1lanoous I mplement De}XIrtment of the L eeds up with great facility, and a t & moderate cost..
'l'be value of the property between Lambeth P alace and Vauxhall Show of 1861," gives the foUowiug pnrlieulan~ rellltivo llroproof w
Fig. 13 ill ustrates o. ll refroof Ooor nnd ceiling construetod wHh
boors no comparison w tha t above it. floors:-
W e now proceed to descri be fuoproo Ooor construction in w hich liaUoCs Buckled Plates, o the principle o f formation of whic h 11
Mr. Mackintosh, surveyor to tbo Lambeth Vestry, S.'\id bo had
beard the evidence of tb'3 last witness, and could speak strongly in iron is used, and that in conjunction willi concrete; the first method description is given in the f!OCOud paragrap h from t his. I u Fig. 13
au pport of a ll that he had said. lie had held his present position we shall notice being the pntooted ono o f Messrs. Fox a nd Barrott, a a are tho wrought-iron bea~m, b b tbe " buckled " p lates, o o t bo
for twelve years. The v~try, bo bru:l found, ha.J no mcnns of re- of London, n. method which has boon largely and most aucccs fully {looting joU.--ts, d d tho flooring boards.
liuving the inbabitnnts from the evils they suffered. Notices bad introduced. I n this form of firep roof floor wrough t-iron beams aru Partitions may bo made of corrugated iron. " 'hero sheds a ro
been served on the wharfingeTS w improve their wharTes, and they u~ed, or ~~Cetion and fonn as s ho wn in Fig. 8, at a a. On the lower U'l~d., tho roofs of which a re o f corrugatOO iron, supported by pillar11
took no n otice of them, and tho board had no power wb:ltever to tlnngcs of these beams small batteDB (b b b b) are lllid, in the pG~>ition of 1ron, tlte sheets of corrug:1ted iron forming the parlitioru! s hould
enforce the improvements. The flood extended sometimes b:lck shown in the side be titrcU:Led betw een
from the ri Vft &o Broad-street-a dk.tnnco of 2.)0 yards. The water,
occa.&iooed [ram_ \he flood, g ot inw the sowers, fi.lled them, and then
elevation, nt the
right band of illus-
tmtion. Coarse mor-
'ZJ e
--
!J a
e
- ~
the iron pillnl'l!; t bo
pillars bciug p ro-
vJaed on the tsido
their contents w cro mixed with tl10 flood. Thoro were floods from
rain w ater ; they affected St.amford-strect and tho neighbourhood. tnr ( c c) is then
I
' J next the interior of .f
'l'ho main drainage works would remedy this, but not the tidal prcbscd between ,'ff.tfiKt~~%t~zzztzt1.lf/.i_~;;z~1
' ~~rd~:zz7:.<rz 0n~ t ho shO<t with m ugs
floods. Beyond this the inhabitants wore subject w a daily inoon- tbcso strips, so os to ( IlB sho wn in l'ig .14,
I
venience. T ho subsoil on t ho banks ~ing gravel and the walla form o. rough s ur- o n next pngc.) Clll>t
I a
'
r otten tho water penetrated through, and IlB far lxlek as Kenning- face for the ceiling
l a on a t in tervals. 'l' bo
ton-oval t ho wells were aiJ~ted by it, and the wnter in them ro:.e below. Above the b r br. r t-:i 11r I' LTDI ' t i T . edges of U1e ahceta of
and fell with the tide. T his would bo remedied by a solid embank- mortnr a layer of ~~~dt~~~~~~~ => - 4'7.. P W ...... -
corruga ted iron aro
ment. lie did not know the depth at which the clay was. concrete ( d eO is then li:
' e
r-- ~
placed in the spnco
By ~fr. 'l'hwaites: The surface of the lllnd close to the river was plaeed, reaching a a of the soub"ll, an d
higher than the roads inland. Tho sowers in the neighbourhood somo height above Fig. 1. secured by a bolt
w cro seven or eight feet below the surface of the roads. The 60wnge tho iron joists a a. passi ng throug h
washed up by the lloods extended iolnnd miles rather than yards. 1'ho upper surface holes in tho snugs
In 1850 there was a tidal flood and wet weather. The flood b:lvi.ng
somewhat sub:,ided for some lime before persons had begun w store
of the Ooor may
finished with cement be "T:?'
~<<.<.: , ----=-;:-::__::;z<;::":;::r;;?i':.:/i:'::::;:=:ss~~E::==~;t:::J~
-!I .. ' ..d ::r.z,.z:;z:;;;; . 'f'jf,_ _ =:g: and tho plllteil. The
edges or the corru-
goods in the basement of their premises, the consequence was th at or nsphnlte. If a f----<E=:i'I-------:.!J ~ -----------.rc - ';)-- ..::-- J gated plates, w h<'rO
no itlllllOiliO quantity o f cheese, ba.coo and hams were d estroyed. boarded fioor is de- they meet in tbo in-
'! 'be poor, w hose dwellings wero inundntcd, suffered not only from sirod the flooring terior, should Lo
the dampucss of their dwe llings occnsioned by the flood, but by the boo.rds (ee) rest upon bolted or ri vetted
filth that was left in them when the flood subsided, and he believed qunrteriugs (ff), together, and the
a ~ood sound wall and an embankment would cure the evil, but which may be let s paces rusted up.
w1tbout a &"ul...tantial wall the soil must percolate tnrough the into the upper sur- I n place of corru-
g ra vel-that WIIB proved by tbo rising of tho water in the well8 and face of concrete be- Fig. 2. gated iron Mallet'11
the ponds on that which was Keonington Common and is now foro it seta. buckled plateB" ruay
Kennington Park. I n Fig. 9 we give be used w ith ~'Teat
By Captain BnrsWI: Whilst it might bo do.simble lo carry tho a sectional drawing of the frreproof system of flooring introduced advantage. T his is a reeent invention of :Mr B. Ms.Jlct, t ho wcU-
cruoonkment wall to the clay, it was not ab;;olutely necessary. As ~~ the Continent by M. Tbausne-a a are tho rolled wrought.-iron known engineer of .Dublin, nod, fmm the sueee.;s which ha.d at--
to tbo necessity of improved communication between Lambeth a nd JOISts or beams; saddle pieces (b b) are passed over tbo joisla, and tended it, is likely to create quite & revolution in the application of
lho W est-end there could bo no doubt. If the opportunity of carry at their lower ends the fiat strips of iron (cc c c). These wrought-iron to constructive purposes.
making the embankment Wru! now lo~t it could not bo done here- IL'!1iD r.arry at ri.ght angles square rods of iron (d d d). A platform The term "buckled pinto " has been given to denote t.bt> manner
after without cau:.ing great expense. Now the streets could be hem~ temporanly placed below the floor mortar (e e) is prC88Cd in which the surface or nny plate of metal, of square, rectnngular,
widened and the district improved a t a small expense, as the com- above and between the bars d d, and strips cc; the platform being or polygonal form, has been curved o r arched. The c u rvature or
pensation would no t bo large. rise--small in extent- springing f rom the edges of tho JJlate iu nJ.l
By t.ho chairmJ\D : The old buildings in For~strcct wore flooded directions towards tho contro. 'l'ho p late may, or may not, ba vo a
f requently, but the vestry did not allow the basement of new build- 'b t'---Civ- c fiat border or margin all round it. A traDBverse section taken of
ings to be made lowe r than tl.le level at whi~:h good drainage could tho plate in an y direction shows
bo tiCCured. Unless power was given to do away with the free dmw a curve in i t. Such p lates, in
locks on t he south side of the river nny raising of the docks would whatever position they are placed,
nre capable o f resisting enormous
~
bo abortive: Undoubtedly somo of tbo wharf property on the
b:lnkil of tho river was more valuable than tho other, tho walls d pres:.~res. A plate 7ft. by a rt.,
being better.
Mr Goddard, a vestryman of Lnmbeth, said he had JX1id consider-
~I ~ (l 9 t-in. thick, and with 3 ril!C or
curvature of 3in., supported with-
able attention to the state or the south bank of the river. H o could ollo c I 7L ] .~h out injury a weight of 17 toDB.
bear W8timony to the percolation which been referred to by other
witne~. llo lived in the neighbourhood of Nine Ehn-300 yards
~if::> Tho principle has been carried
out in the construction of firo-
from tbo river. The bottom of his garden was nearly always under IZ J) 6 ! 0 proof buildings wiLh marked
water , and in any p.m of it if ho dug three sp3.des, or :i6in. deep, ho I N ~.-
1 --L---J-lL-.:..__ _t,__...__..L-..!..I__.__ __.jl success. T he plates are much
go~ water. liis garden was belo w watermark, and in the height of
tmmmer ho found water nt 2 1in. d eep. Jlo apprehended that the
whole llistrict w as built on a qungmiro, o.nd tbill was proved by the
fact tha t tho houses were continually sottling. liis hout>e bad a
Fig. a. 0

,_ _ j on
[m
superior in point of strength to
corrugated iron plntcs, wWch
ly resist transverso prCbSures,
nnd pressures in tho Hoc o f the
removed on the setting of tho mortm. The joista U.f) are o f timl!er,
crack down it suffic iently lll~e to th1'\1St ooe's fist into iL. It bad and stretch from be:un to beam; they support the lfcoring boarding Fig. 7. corrugations. but do not resist
been stOl>VCd up with. nUISOD.l>' putty, J\Dd the d oors of his ho\L"' had !J {/: Tbo t;Ca!o to wb.ich this sketch i.'! drawn is 1 incb to the foot. prcMure--beyOlld the mere
frequently to be reduced on oue !lido nud pieced on tho other to Jo Fig. 10 we give an 11uln~ed drawing of the saddle pieces strcob-th of the ~late iU;ciC- in
mak" t.hem shut. I n hi~ neighbourhood sickn ess was common. U o (b b, Fig. 9), showing bow tho strips of iron (cc) nrc j oioPd; an is a line acro these; buckleJ plates are capable of rc.;;isting p ressuro
had frequoutly 6CCn Bishop's-walk flooded. Ho was an auctioneer tho iron joist, b b the saddle, c c the iron strips, d the SCl'.laro rod in nil directions.
and valuer, and in that capacity be know that it was in contempla- :Fig. 15 illustrates a buckled plate; b is a section through the
tion lo form a company to em bank tbe south side of the Thames; it a c a diagonal c d; e, a sectio n through f !J; a nd h a section through i j.
promu.ed & large profit, and the only difficulty was in getting tho
D OCOI&ary powers. c iI II r
I iIFl I . !~ i ir,. '' '' .' c
'' ' I'

I
' '
'
I
I I :

b
Mr. Oddley, medical officer of tho Lambeth district, corroborated
the other WltD{'bSC61 and explained that a low typhoid fever was - -!' : :'
I I I
I
. .'
' :: i
,; : '' r I I --rI
I I
I I I

:; I
-
al wayj prcvnlent in the di.l;trict, owing mainly w the floods and the I I IlI I I ' '' ' Ill I I I

dc~sita they left behind. - !! I I I

! '' 'I
Ii : .
' . ! +I'' II
!:i
'o I' II.
'I J/
/d
l'bo inquiry was then adjourned. I'' I I I I
. If: I:' !'' ''
I
r;::=:=:::t::.==:=.?l/
.4 :r:.: : h . .' ' d
I
I' I I' I I I' '' ~ I :
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.' //
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' .'
t I \ I I I I 0 I
R J.JLWAYS IN TJL Soom or ITALT.- Tho Sannila, a newspaper I I I I I II I' I I

printed a t Campobasso, says:-" '!'be railway between Vasto and - I I I

l i '
'''
:: I '
I I t
I I t

' I ,
}'oggio. proceeds with great alacrity under the contractors, the
' ' ' e' I I

--------;,i/
Brothers Gianeuini. About 1,000 workmen are employed bo~wecn d '
I t I
' '
'l : :
I I
'~ .
I :
I f
I
I
I
: :' d
I

.. . . . .
I I I I I I I I I
T crmoli and Campom.:uino. They work uravely, and arc hand-
c ' I '' 'TIT . ~ ---------------H~ .
' ' ' ' ' '' '' ' I
I I I
I I I
somely paid. 'l'ermoli has acquired all the look of a little city, 60 I I I I I
'' cb l / . J
~eaL is the stir and bustle co051!9uen t on this incessant work. b ::~ ''
I I I
I
I
I I I
' '
Jlouscrent has risen to fabulous pnces, aud provisions nre equally 0

dear. Money circulates freely, aud the joyful popullltion begins to I
I
value the advantages wwch may arise from rl)ads and the frco
iuwrcourso bet wee n one district and the others."
sruno phenomenon is observable iu nil other ports of tbo ex-
Now t11o F ig. 4. !

kingdom. 'l' be Mi ni.bter o r Public Works, Pcruzzi, after
la) ir.g out a general pln.n of tbc railways to be coru;tructcd i9
a~ tho e xr ose of Government, bas a warded the trunks nud
IJmochcs o the different lines to n variety of contractors, aud the
work i:l Leing done simultaneously atovery point. W ere it not for tho e
lrcqucnt Appenine P asses tho SoutJ1ern railways would, at tho end
o( 18G:.!, be brought w as satisfacwry a alate of completion as those Fig. 8.
which intersect the great plain of the Po, on either side of the
river, and in eYery direction. But the mounl.'\in chain, 10tretching
all along the peninsnla, p recludes the posibility of Florence, Uome,
and Napl~ being joined by railways to Turin, Milan, and Bologna, - -
for any tune aborter than two or three years. The worka acros
tho Porrotta bet we.!n Bologna and Pistoja and Florence, owinf? to
. . .. , --
the treacherous nature of the soil, have taken thrice as much lime Fig. G. Fig. !1.
as their projectors anticipated, and tho Hoe will hardly be opened
before the end of 1864.
OPPOoTO:>~rnss FO& ENTERPBIJl IN U usoAnY. - " A Uungarian' corresponding w din F ig. !1. A section of tho s:lddlo is given nt F ig: l G illnstrntes a pnrlition of buckl ed plates.; the spaces a a
i o 3 letter to U1e. Timu, declares 11 that ll ungary is the wealth and er, the stripsff passing throuKh sloll! g, mndu iu the c od of the may e1the r be filled n p w ith coocrclc, some non-cond ucting material,
power o( Austnn, and that Pc..th, from il8 l>Ot>ition alone, has the saddle, nod secured by a vin (!1). 'J'Ito ~>ketch to tbe right i::1 no or l.oft empty. F or 81Jlnll I!JlClCcs, aud where no great prc'-8\lro is
m l':lns o f Conning the centre of a (,rreat and free country." lie edj:te vie w of ~addle. anltcipnted, the simple plnl<'8 as in P ig. 15 may bo used, riveltiug
p roce:eds w MY that 11 We are deeply pcn;uaded that had an Engl ish Fig. 11 will show the general a rrangement of the various po.rta or them together at the edges or " fillets.'' 'fbe spaces between tho
consulate been established &here the English merchant, great in this floor, of which simpler d d
pillllrs or columns of n. shed
practic&l knowledge, clearheadednC88, and titeadfastnefa of purpose, moditlcations may easily be , , may be fi.Ued u p with tho
would have fount!. a gua."nntee for emb:lrkiog in cnterprU.e, and we carrit'd out by the farm ~~ ~'le ~ ~ ~ hnckled plates, no d with an
architcct.-aa,'bbrepresent ~ a""""'~~ ~ C CL f f b kl !<! 1 u,
ll ungarians would soon have )l'llrut what wo are &till ignorant of-
llOW to 1 do a good bU&io~:ss.' Compunits would have been Conned tll(' II ne., of walls' tl1e .,,
n<u.n
__ 1- . ~- -:;..-,-~;--- - .....,,.,,"" -, r'~
~~"'=..>,_ w;ft.:. .. ~~-.:e-~~.&"'~~~~~~"7r. ~~.:. .. ~ .,.,., ,
~-~- _,.... 'trbon-rooL
0 w 00 1 building P a .c
uc c would
tecau~o the profits would hnvo been evident. While one, by build- being l 8ft.3io. T be iron ,.._.._~~..,..,.~ ,._. ~--. ..,. - ~..- >-JT .. .-.-'.f~~:r;-;:.;J -..:/ !.:-_ be C\lmost absoluloly firc- b
ing s team mills on the Jargctil scale, could have sent in great qlll\nli- joil!l.tl (cc) are placed at proof.
ti<:.ll tl10 tlour of the excellent H uogarinn wheat In E oglaud ; another, dis tAnces npnrt of art. Tho F ig. G.
<:tstnulitlhing central wino-cellars nt J'c~;tb, would have JJrocccded SllUdlc pieCtSBOd s trips(d!Q
to mBko bmndy lrom ordinury wineM, or U> p repare g ood wioea are placed nt intcrvahlapnrt
!li'COrding to the Eugh!th to.sw. l u tlli~ way the credit of tho of 3ft., whilo the square rods (d, Fig. !l) rcprcsonled by the dolled D.euHAN ENT.Elli'RJSt:.-We ltam, by rvlvices from CharlC'roi, tltnt
H u ngarian wines, in1J.13ired as i~ is, tiny after day, by t he adultem- liur,g in Jo"ig. 11, aro placed nt mtcrvals of Jft. <"o.lCb. A very ~;implo tlto ro lliug work::~ or Ml-ssrs. Dl Drdolot Brothers, at Chiiwlincnu,
tious practised by wine merchant,.,, would soon have ~n re,torcd. nnd efficient fireproof .floor btUI been recently intnxluccd by lies rt!. wiU cornmcoco tbo fabrication of rnila thi_s month. Notwithstnnu-
Hawmilltl also wouM }'ay, and protits could be made ly the forma- Bunnett, of Dcptford, Keot, in which the Jlooring material is COin- iug n fecliug prc,alcut in H olland in favour of Belgian rail!9 this
tio n o f n. new eteambuat comrJUny. 'l'u~~ are wanted; tJto"e now JlM"d of hollow or cellular brick.., titrcngthened aJJd supported uy t tabli.:lhmeot did not sucr'l'ld on the occasion of the adjudi c.1tion
on the Danube pny I 2 per ccuL Eotllc Ocld.:l of cotcq..ribtHoul<l uon tie-rods. nf a recent Dutch contract, in obtai ning a prefel"f'DCC over nu
t.o }lf>inwd out, not alone for th" b-odit of tlw~ ncti~ely concerned In Fig. 12 we illustrate o. porlion of n 1bt floor, lbo upper Englil.l1 house, which ftJrwarriNI a lo wer tender. Me " Evrnrrl
in t hem, but fur that of mnnkind ut r;cncral. From eolerin;; into lfUrfacc of which may be left as in the dmwin g, or linbhcd w1th and <.:o., or J3TUE"4'!1, havo obtnitwd nn orde r for thirty locomo:i\'!''1
a nything of th~ nature, lwwu,cr, witht)Ut Eoglbh capital, we nru C~'mcntcd or board"d floor. The hollow bric:ks (a a) lork iuto nod tenders for the Mr.drid, 'arngrl-~, and ..\ licanlo ltailway ; aud
i u~Jideitai.Aol by our pn:-.cut unh:\)'IIY condition. 1 &ubmit tht -e lUCh otl1cr on nJ.l sidL-s, aod l..eing laid to brc k joiut, cncb brick have nlo cootrnctetl a t Paris for nil tho irou \,ridge, locomutin,,
tleuuls t.o tltt- J~oghsh vut.lic, caruf'~tly tl ..~iriog to cnlbt il.ts intl:rtbL carriages, trucks, turnt<tvll:!, crnncs, and hydraulic npp:nalu>J
in the aul1jt't"l ou wh1ch they tr,.at, nod, iu bo dflio~, to scrvu my rf'I!Uircd for 1\ DOW H~ian lino in UIO neighbourhood or tlw !:)(,\
For tho u.o of tho woodcuts lltu.st rntlng thl' article we o.ro lndcbt~tl to of Azoff. T his is tho fir~~t timu n l lelgian bouso hnll undertaken w
count!'), E ngland, and tLe Clllllie of c hilibalion it.,cU.' tbe pollwnc.;s of our ''Ontllm))<lrnry the .!JiarJ: Lane B-lJ!'ftM. executo both tbc fixed nn u rollmg material of a line o f railway.


20 TH E ENG I NEE R. . JAl~. 3, 1862.

SCIENCE EXAMINATIONS AT SOUTH
Section IV. a. Show how the compound pendulum ca.n be used to find the fol"CC
1. Give a plan of a circular an~le-tu;ret 7ft. ~te~ diameter with of gravity.
KENSINGTON. stone walla in segments l Om., 81D. 1 and Gm. ~hick.. An exter-
nal gallery 18in. wide, with parapet wall ~ truck, and 4ft. Subject II. ]JfeclUJnical Phy1ie1. - Subdivision I. T heqretictJI.
THE Science and Art Department at South Ke~gton ]J{echanicl.
hig h; floor of the whole 5-in. stone slab in p1ece8 not less than
have issued forms containing problems and questions for 20It. area each, dovetailed together; a slllAU stove, two doors Euminer, Rev. B. M. Oowu:, M ..A.
the examination of candidates for certificates in science. and two windows; the whole carried on stone corbels on a TB.BOBETIOAL llEciUNICS.
From these forms we select tho following:- corner wall, art. truck. Scale, n
2. A section to show the corbels and their jointing and cutting
Section r.
S ubject I. Gwmetrical Drawinp.-SubdiviBion I L Jleclu.mical and through the door, fireplaco, or window. Scale, ./J . . 1. What is vil vi!HI 1 Show that the amount of work a.ccumulated in
Mach ane Drawing. a. A drawing of the timbers of the conical roof, With prOJeCtmg a body moviug with a given velocity is on~rhaU the vi8 t1iN.
Examiner, Professor T. Buor.n. eaves over gallery, roof leaded on boards. 2. llow are tbo vibrations of thin plates exhibited to the eye ?
Describe the nodelinesin some of the simplest instances.
MEOIIANICAL AND M AOXIJ!IB DIU. WINO. a. What is the form of the curve in which a flexible body will boat
Subjeot I. GUJmttrical Drawing.-Bubdivision Ill. Buildin!J
N .B.-Whore no scale is specified it is left to the candidate's judg- Const1'UCtion. rest between two tlxed poiuts ? Describe it, and mention its
ment, but in every case he m ust specify the scale h e emJ.>loys. AB principal properties. At what point is the tell8ion greateilL?
ample time is allowed for the drawings the candidate 18 to make Examinor, Professor T. BIULEY.
they must bo carefully finished, and shaded sufficiently to express BtnLDINO CossmucrlON. Section IL
the forms. No credit will be given for any drawing not strictly Questiona to be answered in writing, a.n d subjects !or outline 1. Show by mathematical reasoning that the pressures at all points
complying with the conditions of the question. drawings in pencil by the candidates for certificates in Building Con- in the same horizontal plane 'vi thin a fluid at reot must be
Sections I. nnd ll. r efer to the accompanying r ough figured sketch struction. equal. (The only forces acting being gravity and tho pressure
(intentionally out of proportion) of a crab or windlass, the candidate N.B.-No candidate to answor more than !our questions in of the atmosphere.)
to mako from it the drawings s~ifiod in either of those sections, writing, nor to make more than four drawings or sketches in illus- 2. Describe an apparatus by which the compressibility of water may
but not more than throo from Sections I. and IL, and ono only from tration of, or in addition to, those answers. bo measured.
et\Ch of tile other sections. 1. State what, in your opinion, was the reason for making the 8. Show that tho pressure of a lluid on any 6'1lrlaco is proportional
Seclion I. brick in the proportion of 1 : 2 : 4 ; and why was it not mado to the IU'O!\ of the surft\CO and the depth of tbe centre of gravity
1. A lront elevation.} twice or more as large as it is made? of the sllrft\CO.
2. A side elevation. Scalo, ;. 2. Give a sketch, to scale, of the bond at the angles of walls of S ection Ill.
3. A plan. 1 ; 1;; 2; 2t bricks thick, respectively. 1. A ship is do~ting in f~esh water, A is the area of. its p~ne of
Section II. 8. Why lS an inverted arch turned under the openings in all large floatation, 1t moves 1nto salt water, and the vertical diStance
1. A segment of the whool, comprising about six teeth and ono com- buildings? between the new nod old positions of its plane of floatation
plete ra.dius. Scale, t 4. Give a d011ign for a cornice to a building made of common bricks is (n) inches. Hence fiud the weight of the ship, having given
2. T he pinion, with a side elevation of it. . and tiles. the specific ~vi ties of fresh an d salt water.
3. A vertical section of t.he whole maohino perpendicular to the a:ua 5. S tate the constituent materials and their Jlroportions o! good 2. A sphere, _rad1us a.in., weigh_ll 50 lb. in vacuo : what force will
of the cylinder. mortar, and why are r oad scrapings with all its impurities support 1t when 1mmersed 1n wate.r? . . .
Section Ill. allowed instead of clean pit or river sand, formerly insisted on 3. What is the metauntre of a floalinj; body ? Show how 1t l8
in contracts, a.n d why was sea sand prohibited? found nnd explain its use in detenwning the s tability.
1. Show by a section the doubl~action pump and valves for a 6. Give a drawing, to scale, of one course of the solid DlASOnry of a
common air-pump. . lighthouse of ~ft. diameter, built on a rock, and exposed to Section IV.
2. Draw the plan and soction of a stage for~ microscope, with slow heavy seas and gales. 1. When water escapes from a mall orifice show that the velocity
motion adjUBtmonts in two directions; the slips to hold down 7. State how you would secure the foundations of a lofty building is ns the sq uaro r oot of the depth of the orifice below the B'llrlt\CO
the object-1llides to be shown. erected on a clay soil with a dip stratification. of t.be fluid.
3. Draw the plan and section of the compass, and box hung in 8. Make a section, to scale, of a brick drain 3ft. wide and 5ft. high, 2. Describe an experiment to show the effect o! friction of particles
gimbals in a binnacle. (Tho "compass" on the card need not and show the !all you think it ought to have. of water in motion, and Lhe lateral exhaustion produced by
be drawn.) 9. State the reason for mortising the bridging joist4 into the sides apertures in pipes filled with moving water.
Section IV. of the girder in floors instead of notching them down on the a. In an open channel where the water flows uniformly at the sur~
1. Show in skeleton outline, in three of ita positions, tho grasshopper top. face, t\CCOrding to what law does the velocity vary below the
parallel motion for a marine engine. 10 Make a section, to scale (h), of the timbers of a floor of 36ft. surft\CO ?
2. Draw to its full size the eight-sided nut, with its washers and span. Section V.
part of the bolt, for bolting down th e cap on the brasses of the 11. State your opinion of the best mode of strengthening a girder 1. A piece of wood in vacuo we! gliB . 2 lb. : w~en connec~
paddle-axle of a highl y .finished marina engine of 100-horse 40ft. long and 12i n. X 11 in. with a piece of metal (whose we1ght tn vacuo 1s a.lb., md 1.n
power. 12. Give a drawing, to scale, of a sash frame with boxings and water 2i lb.) the weignt of the compound mass m water u
3. Show by a plan and section the solid conical axle, with its shutters, liniugs and architrave, for a good hou.so. It lb. : find the specific gravio/ of the wood and o~ the metal:
socket, collars, flanges, &c., on which a 80-ft. turntable moves. 2. Three 9lobes of the. same diamete~, an~ of gtven S}>ectfic
Subject I. JJfeclaniiXll Physie4.-Subdivision L Theoretical
Scale, ~ .ftfeclwniu. gravitaes, are placed m the same strtUght hne. How must they
Section V. be arra.n ged so that they may balance on the same point of the
Examiner, Rev. B. M. CowiE, M.A.
1. Show the arrangement for reversing the mot.ion of the table of a line in vacuo, and in water?
plauing XllD.Chine or printing press. 'fUEORETJCAL :hfECIU NICS. a. A semicircular tube with its two extremities in the saroe hori-
2. Show by a plan and elevation, or section, the slide-rest of & lathe Section L zontal line is filled with equal quantities of fluid of different
!or heavy work. 1. If two forces acting on a point are represented by two straig ht specific gravities: what quantity of tbe ligh ter fiuid will be
3. Show by an elevation the strike work of an eight-day clock. lines in magnitude and direction, and the parallelogram be expelled before the equilibrium is established?
completed of which theso lines are the adjt\COnt sides, sh ow
Subject L Gwmetrical Drawin!f. -Subdivision 11. Jfechanical and Section VI.
that the diagonal represents the magnitude of the resultant
1/achine Drawing. force (assuming that it r el?resents the direction). 1. Defi ne mathematically an elastic fluid, nnd explain the connection
Examiner, Professor T. BRADLEY. 2. When several forces given m magnitude and direction act simul- between pressure, temperature, and density.
M ECB.A.NlC A L AND MACBI K DB AWINO. tan~:ously upon a point, show ho'v we may most conveniently 2. How would you measure the p ressure of the atmosphere ?
find ou~ ~~& magnitude and direction of a single force which a. II a small quantity of air should got into t.bo vacuum of the
Subjects of pencil outline drawings of which two only u o to be barometer tube, how would you calculate its efiect on the indi-
shall countel{ltCt tboir united effect.
made by any ono ca)l.didate. 3. 'Explaib ~o e!jjuilibrium of ' 4 kite balaneod in the air. Tbo cations of tbe barometer (ita v6lu.me being given at the tem-
1. Show ,5ome combinAtion M levers by means of which nn enormous forces must oo represented by linos drawn in tcbe proper direc- perature 0C).
pressure 'can be suddenly applied at one point resulting from a tion througli the proper points. Section VIL
moderate force applied at another. ,, 1. Define specific heat- How is it me&~~ured ?
2. A, B, 0, representing equal circular disks, show bow 0 can be Section IJ.
made to perform 1001 and B 10 re':'olutione, whi;le A makes 1: 2. Explain clearly why a fall in the barometer should indicate rain,
1. Find tho centre of parallel forces acting on a body, and explain and a rise indicate fair weather.
3. Show how the action of a clock-we1ght on the tram may bo mam- the result when two forces are equal, parallel, and act in oppo- a. What corrections for temperature are required when you are
tained while it is being wound up. site directions.
4. Show how two pieces can be so attached that a thin blade may 2. Explain the forces acting on a drawer when you are attempting comparinS. the indicati~ns of a barometer at tho base, n.n d at
pass eutirely through their junction without separating them. the summ1t of a mountain?
to pull it out by one handle, and it sticks fast.
5. S how how the motion of a locomotive is reversed by means of 8. A rouo"d table sta.n ds on three equidistantlogs, and is loaded with Subject V. Jfeclanical Phy8iu.- Subdivision 11. Applied
two eccentrics on the axle of the driving wheel, the eccentrics a given weigh t at :1. given point: how do you find the pressure Mechanie~.
being connected with the ends of a curved bar grooved. exerted on the floor by each leg ?
G. Show some combination for producing a very perceptible. motion E :nminer, Rev. D. M. Oowm, M.A.
!n' m an imporceptiblo one, as, for example, in thoanero1d baro- Section Ill. A.PPLID AbCR.l;).'lCS.
meter or in Daniell's pyrometor. . 1. When pulling out a nail with a pair of pincers, explain all the Section I.
Whatever det.ail is shown in these figures must be drawn m a forces which are called in to action.
workmanlike manner.
1. Describe o.nd draw the crown whool escapement, and explain it.s
2. Define the centre of gravity, .~nd fin~ tba~ of two spheres f:ouch- action.
ing each other, whose radii are e1ght m ches and three mches 2. Describe and draw a reversing motion for a planing machine.
Subject I. Geomtlrical Drawino.- Subdivisiou Ill. Buildino Cqn,- r espectively, and their densities in the ratio of 5 : 1, the smaller a. By what mechanical contrivance can we secure a slow forward
8tructioo. ono beiug the more dense. motion of the cutter in a shaping machine, with a rapid motion
Examiner, Professor T. BBADLEY. a. A cone with its vertex downwards is parUy filled ~ith mercury: when the cut is accomplished?
BoJLDINO CONSTRoonoN. the depth of the liquid is Gin. and the radius of 1ts surface 4in.

RaU the ground plan of a double cottage for two families is given; li the temperature is raised l OO deg. Fah., find the rise Section 11.
the two cottages to be precisely alik.e.. '!'he ~uilding to be two storeys in the centre of gravity (neglecting the expansion of the vessel,
1. Give a. convenient method for r eversing the position of the cutter
high, lho front upper room to be diVIded m to two by a deal framed and takio,g the expansion of the mercury ,in bulk as 00010415 for
in a planing machine.
partition, each room to have a separate entrance, and small sash each 1 deg. Fah. 2. In wh eel-work, if the teeth of the drive~ have to act upon rou nd
window, and a. small dreplt\CO in two upper rooms. Section IV.
projecting pins in the follower, what JS the best shape for the
Tbo ground floor to be 9!ft. high in the clear, floored on joists, 1. A rectangular f!l~ of iron rests ou an inclin~ plan.o : it is o.n teeth?
6 x 2t resting on dwarf waliR, the earth to be dug out .~Ut. below the point of sbdu:~g do~n and also of over~rrung; 1ts l_>aso lS a. Describe a good parallel motion. Explain the principle of the
the under side of the fioor, and to be kept dry by open grshngs. The 2ft. square, and 118 he1ght 308ft. Wbat IS the ooeffic1ont of pantograph, and show how it is applied in parallel motions.
walls to be two bricks at. foundations, and carried 1ft. below the friction?
lowest part of excavated groun d, the level of the floor being l oin. 2. How do wo estimate the force exerted hy a buttress to support a Section Ill.
above the external groun~. . . wall? 1. Describe Watt's steam indicator , and explain clearl y how the
'l'be walls to bo one bnck tluck above ilie lower storey, earned to a. Enumerate the principlo of virtual velocities, and prove it in the curve described by the pointer is made use of to measure the
the height of 4ft.. abovo the lever of upper flooring bo~rds, which case of the lever. work done by the engine.
are to be on joists 9 X a. The roof to be a sim ple A; tiled, rafters Section V. 2. Whataretho objectiOI\5 to W att's govo~or? ~bow how t~ey aro
6 X 1!1 18in. aP.art with ti~rbeam, but no ki11g-post ; strong angle- 1. Define momentum, moving force, and velocity. Enunciate the obviat.ed in extreme cases by Slemen s contnvance adapting an
ties at hip~:~, ttlcs on baU~ns, atl the dwelling rooms to be coiled, third law of motion. epicY.cle train to a conical pendulum.
lean -t.o at back paved with Yorkshire stone, level of pavement 2. In unifonnly accelerated motion show tbat the spt\CO described a. Descn be the snail wheel used in the striking r.nachinery of olocka,
Gin. above ground laid on dry brick rubbish, a small copper nnd from rest varies as the square of the velocity, tLe force being and show how it acts in repeaters.
sink, window over door. coootant.
The draw ings specified in Section I. and Section 11. nre to be made a. A body is thrown vertically upwards, with a velocity of 50ft. per Section IV.
all to the same scale as that of plan. Every drawing to be correct second: bow mnny seconda will elapse before it is 100ft. from 1. Describe the Geneva stop, and show how it is used to prevent
in details and tinted to show the materials, but no candidate to the ground ? Explain the double antSWOr. overwinding in a watch.
mnke more than three drawings from these sections, selected at his 2. Explain the princ~p~e of Sax ton's difieren.tial pulleys. ..
own pleasure, and only five altogether. Seclion VI. a. Describe Hook's JOint, and .find the r elative angular velocities of
1. A body A, moving at the rate of l Oft. per second, meets a body B the pieces.
Section I. moving at the rate of 6ft. per second- the mass of A ill throo Section V.
1. A front elevation of both cottages. times that of D. What is the velocity after impact when t he 1. Explain the different ways in which materials yield to crushing
2. A plan of the upper storey. bodies are inelastic? pressure. What is meant by ulti.rrulte and proof strength, and
3. A cr oss section on AB (of one cottage only). 2. In the previous esse if the coefficient of elasticity is ~. calculate working stress ?
the motion after impact. 2. What are the results of experiments on the strength of cast iron
Soction IJ. 8. A weight of 8 lb. drags ono of 2 lb. by a string passing over a columns, solid and hollow?
1. A plan of the r oof, to show that over the stairs and. tbe modo of fixed pulley : the strings being parallel, .find the velocity of the a. Defin e unit of work, modulus of a machine. What must be the
getting entrances to the upper rooms from the landing place. centre of gravity.
horse-power of a stationary engine that draws a weight of
2. A section on the line OD . Section VII. 160 tons along a level road at the rate of thirty miles an h our ?
S. A sectional-elevation on EF. 1. A pendulum vibrating seconds at llbo earth's surft\CO is taken
Section UL down a mine whose depth is ono mile: how many vibrations Section VI.
will it mako there in 24 hou.r s ?
'
1. Give a design for tho truss for a roof of 60ft. clear span, nso 20ft., 1. Tho mean section of a stream is 7ft. by 2ft. ; its mean velocity is
tie-beam scar!ed, a gallery do.wn the !Di~dJe .1?1t. br~d and 2. A weight of 10 lb. is suspended by a string of 8ft.: when it is 30ft. per minute; it has a fatl of 20ft. ; it ill required to raise
!){t. bigh, the flooring ooards la1d On bndglng JOISts earned by
whirled round so as to make three complete revolutions iu a water to a height of 250ft. by means of a water wheel whose
the tie-beams, gallery lighted by donner windows, roof slated second, what is the greatest U.nsion wb1ch the string has to modulus is 7: how many cubic feet ,viJl it raise per minute?
on boards with felt covering between, g utters aod pal'apet. bear? 2. A train weighing 90 tons comes to the foot o{ an incline of 1 in
3. What is meant by the pennanence o! tbo plane of vibration of a 160, with a velocity of 130 miles an hour, the rcsistances are ?lb.
Scale, ~.,. . pendulum ? What remarkable experiment can be performed to per ton, the length of the incline 2 mites, the train haa nt the
2. An isometrical projection of the connection of the qu~n-pests,
lie-beams, braces, &c.; tbo double queen-posts a~d t1~rbe!lms show this? top of the incline a volocity of 20 miles per hour; bow many
hal ved together ,with the braces between; showmg the 1ron Section VIII. units of work have beo1.1 e xpended in gettin g the train up tho
lies, stirrups, straps, &c. Scale, ~ 4. What is the centre of percussion ? Show how to find its position incline, and through how great a distance would an expenditure
a. The scarfing of the tie-beam sho wn by plan and elevation, or by in a heavy rod moving about one of its ends.
2. How can a. body be made to v ibrato in a cycloid?
of the same number of units have taken the train with a
uniform velocity a.long a h orizontal line?
one isometrical figure. Scale, 1)-.


JAN. 3, 1862. THE ENGINEER. 21

3. When the powder io the bore of a cannon is exploded, tho GREAT JU.n.wu Suto.- T he American mails by the Africa, THE GLA.SOOw MANOI'AOTURES-As to its manufactures Glasgow
pressure on the end of the bore, and on the shot, are at e 10h which were landed at Queenstown on W ednesday morning about was early celebrated for its weavers. During the seventeenth cen-
mat&nt equal : a ahot weighing 6 lb. is fired from a gun free to
move and weighing 6 cwt., the velocity with which the shot
a a..m., left Queenstown by special boat to Cork at 3.40 a.m. A tury Glasgow plaids bad acquired a. certain celebrity ; and the
train conveyed them to Dublin, and thence to Kingstown, where a readers of Sir Waiter Scott's exquisite novel of "Rob Roy" will
leaves the gun is l,OOOft. per second: whatis the initial velocity special boat, which bad been kept in steam all night, was in readi- remember b ow Bailie Nicol Jarvie delighted to dwell on the extra-
of the gun's recoil? ness to carry them w Holy bead. They left Holy head by a special ordinary qualifications of his lather t be deacon. But it was not
Section VIT. engine, which had also been kept in waiting all night, and arrived until the invention of Arkwright had given an impulse to the cotton
1. A roof has a piU:h of 45 deg , the rafters nre 40ft. long, the weight at Euston-squaro nt 10 minutes befora 9 in the morning, having thus t rade thnt Gla.sgow began to excel in that great branch of our
of each square foot of roofing is 18lb.: determine the dinmeter accomplished tho journey from Queensoown to London in 17 hours nationnl manufacture. The steam engine, too, did good service in
of the wrought iron tie n ecessary to hold the feet of the priu- nnd 10 minutes. 'l'he distance from llolybend to London (264. miles) the city of its nativity; an d, in fact, about the beginning of the
cipnl raf~ers with snfety,_ supposing them lOft. apart. ('rake was accomplished in five hours and 43 tninutes, including all stops present century, the river wns covored on both sides with the
the tenacnty of wrought Iron bar at 67,200 lb. per squnre tnch.) and delays by impediments on tho line. 'l'his is probably the most smob:y l'himneys and dingy buildings which (to its inlinite dis-
2. A mass of earth, the specific gravity of which is 17, whose extraordinary expressing on record, bearing in mind the fact that the grace) distinguish the genius of our manufacturing industry. After
surface is borizontnl, presses against a rovetmeut wall whose railway company had very short notice of the intentions of the Post- cotton the muslin trade is, perhaps, next in importance. '!' hen we have
top is on the level of the ground, and height 20ft., the nntural office, and that the ordinary traffic of this important lino did not the Turkey red fabrics, celebrated by Monteitb; aud after that an
alope of the earth being -i5 deg.: show thnt the pressure of the admit of interruption. in1inite variety or soft goods. The chemical works of Glasgow are
earth on each foot of the length of the wall is 3,646 lb. TuE SBIPPINO TIIADE. - :Messrs. Cunard, Wilson, and Co., of second to nono in Europe. Sulphuric acid, chloride of lime, soda,
3. A cylindrical log of wood being given, show that the strongest Liverpool, in their annual circular, say:- " Liverpool, Dec. 81.- soap, glass, earthenware, all kinds of pigments, o.nd all sorts of
rectangular beam that can be cut out of it is one whoso sides Reviewing the business of the year in the sales of shipping we manures are here produced. 'l'hero nre some distilleries a.nd some
are in the proportion of 1 : ..; 2. estimate the numbor of vessels eold at 410, equal to 193,82 1 wns, or breweries. In no other city in the Dritisb empire, we believe, can
about 10 per oont. less than that of 1860. '!'his decrease may to there bo found a list of manufactures so multifarious. But the most
Subject V. Mechaniclll Physic.s.- Subdivision II. 4pplied Mechanic.s. some extent be accounted for by the fact that a number of socond- important of all is the ma.nufo.cture of iron. Glasgow produces
class vessels, familiarly known to shipbuyers as ' timber and cotton upwards of 300,000 tons of pig iron per annum, nod support!"'
Examiner, Rev. B. i\1. Cowu~, M.A. ships,' and which periodically traded tA> the Southern ports of between Oartsherrie, Eglintou, Oovan, the Clyde, Dundyvan, and
Al>PLlBD MECIUJ.'ilCS. America, bnve been lost, and that in consequence of the blockado other works, upwards of 150 furnaces.-Buildu.
Section I. interfering with such employment these hnve not been replaced. A fulLwAY TRAVELLL'IG.-Mr. Wil\inm llawes had addressed the
1. Find the wholo prll3Sllre on a conical vessel filled with fluid noticeable feature in a review of the past year is the large nmount following letwr to the Societg of Artl Jourrwl :-Mr. Bnker, in his
with its base downwards. of United Stales' vessels sold to British subjects and to Ioreiguers. paper on this subject, assumed that constant d.a ily railway travelling
2. Describe Hare's hydrometer, a.n d show how to compare the spoci1io 'rhese, which are included in the above estimate, exceed eighty produced i.njurious effects on the health of raihvay travellers. He
gravities of two fluids by means of it. vessels, amounting tA> 78,U00 tons' British measurement. Of the also suggested that the injurious effect was less in second-class
vessels launched in the North American colonies since the 1st of carriages than in the firstrclass, nod less in third than in second. I
a. Describe and explain the action of Appold's centrifugal pump. July last sixty-one, nmounting to 4\!,588 tons, have been cla.ssed at will not now stop to inquire whether his view of the cause of the
Section II. Lloyd's, and the majority of these have been disposed of in Liverpool result ho a.ffirms be correct, but I hope you will allow me to request
1. Show how the principle of the syphon is applied to e:tplain the at prices va17ing from 7 to 8 10s. per ton; but there still remain that our JtnAmaJ may be used as the means through which facts on
action of intermittent springs. on sale in this port thirteen new colonial vessels equal to 1:!,019 toos, this important subject may be collected, and, when collected, com-
2. Show bow the attraction of the Sun and Moon on the ocean causes the class of which will date from the 1st July, 1862. Tbe total pared and nnalysed for the benefit of the .public. The first step
the tides, aud explain why there is a. tide every twelve hours. number of sailing vessels of all descriptions now for sale bere is in such an inquiry is, to collect facts, and this can only bs done
Section II r. seventy-two, nmounting w 371640 tons. Iron ships increase in efficiently if a large number of railway travellers .vill be good
Describe and explain the action of one of these machines. favour; ruore have been built in this than in any previous year, and enough to answer, with care, a series of questions compiled with
1. The moderator lamp. we are glad to notice o. marked improvement both in the models and a view to elicit informa.tion on this very interesting question.
2. A spring roller blind. finish of East Coast built vessels. We quote the prices of tb~e With your rrmission I will submit a series of questions to
a. A drawbridge. vessels, classed twelve years A 1, with a full India out1it, nt from the readers o the Journal, and if those whose experience enables
Section IV. 16 to 17 per ton, according to measurement and finidh, and them to do so will be good enough to forward their replies to the
1. In a musical box describe the mechanical contrivances (1) for we are of CJpinion that they c!lnnot be built for less without office of the society, addressed either to the secretary or to me, I will
making the barrel shift at the end of each tune, and (2) for con- loss to the builder. Steam vessels are in demand, and a lnrge undertake to publish the results in the Journal, as soon as my time
t rolling ( 1) so ns to make it repeat the same tune. bu:.iness has been transacted with foreigners. The enormous will pennit:-1. Do you travel daily, o:- nearly so, by railway?
2. Describe hinges that make a door seU-closing, and explain care- losses of the year, the requirements of Government, nod our 2. How many miles each day? 3. State the hours of travelling and
fully their action. increasing coasting traffic, all tend to enhance the vnlu~ of of your meals? 4. For bow long a period Lave you been travelling
a. Describe a letter weighing machine thnt shall always point exactly w1th th~ description of property. I_n th e fo.o~ ~( our. ~mJ?Iicatious regularly? 5. Which class do you trnvel by? 6. Hnve you found
to the stamp to be used. the United States and thetr uncortalD ISSUe tt IS d1fficult to any incouvenience from this regular railway travelling, nod, if so, of
Seetion V. form an opinion of the prospects of shipping for 1862. Should the what nature? 7. Do you sleep while travelling, and, if so, does
Describe and explain the action of one of the following mnchines : present nusunderstanding result in war, nnd the consequent raising sleep in o. carriage refresh you - as, for instance, in a chair ?
1. A sowing machino. of the blockade of the Southern ports by the British naval forces, the 8. Do you read, or otherwise employ your time during your
2. A weaver's loom. transport of cotton stored up by planters will give employment to o. journey, or did you do so at ono fime, and have to give it up?
large amount of tonnage; but this to a. very considerable extent NoBTitER~ RAILWAY OP SP41N.-'l'be construction of t his line
3. A saw mill.
Section VI. depends upon the ability of ou.r cruisers to keep the sea. clear of progresses rnpidly. The section from Madrid to the Escurial was
1. Describe tho process of manufacturing bar iron. national vessels nod privateers. In nny case, however, should affairs opened on the 9th of August last, walriug the total number of kilo-
2. Describe the construction of a Brnmah's look. become more complicated or hostilities eusue neutral bottoms must metres open for traffic 375 (23<1 miles), o. new section of the line
a. T he gat.es in o. look aro to be opened nnd closed by hydraulic mn- tant have the preference, especially in the case of cargoes in tended for dis- between Miranda on the Ebro and Al~asua, passing by Victoria, w ill
chinery : describe what is required. seas, where our cruisers are comparatively few and scattered. he opened on the 16th of January next, nod .at the end of April the
Already the war premium demanded by uuderwriters is o~rating in- difficulties at the summit of the Brujula which separates tbe fxtsin of
Section VTI. juriously on British shipping engnged in the India and Pac~c trad~s the Douro from that of the Ebro will be overcome, and the section
Describe and explain the action of one of the following machinel!: Should tho diiticulties between the two nations be sabSfo.ctonly from San Chidrinu to Avila will be completed so far thnt the Cutile
1. A jack for rousting meat. arranged, Briti:.h shipping, though still prohibited from trading to branch in the beginning of next year will ma.ke the number of kilo-
2. A windmill for grinding corn. SoutLern American ports, will be able to carry cargoes at the usual metres in working 508 (812 miles). 'l'he section from the Escurial
8. The steam plough. risks only, thereby neutralising the advantages which foreigners to A vila will be completed early in 1868, tbe total length wiU then bo
would otherwise possess. In the event of the .Federal O?ve~ment 623 kilometres, which will bring M11drid into direct colDmuni-
continuing its hitherw unsuccessful efforts for the subJugnuon of cation with thll richest provinces in the north. The operation of
NEW COMPANIES FORMED IN 1861. the South, and the war promising to oo prolonged to an indefiuite the railwnys on Mndrid has already had the etieet of producing con-
TRB Timu gives the following list of the new companies brought period, to thevita!.injury of the trac.le of foreign notions, the Anglo- siderable trade, and at this mowent great progress is mllnit06t in
forward in 1861. A considerable proportion of them failed to mise Frenoh Go,ernments ma.y feel themselves called upon to i.nterfero that capital, which bids fair to become one of the most important in
their capital:- with a strong hand, nud, by an official recognition of the South as a Europe. 'l'be Northern of Spain l<ailway will bring to Ma.drid
power, compel the cessation of hostilities; but with such uncertain- every thin~ necessary for its improvement, together with an immense
Company. Capital. Company. C11pit.al. lies before us at this particular crisis, and in tbe absence of definite traffic, wb1ch, even at pl'E'seut, is considerable on the isolated bec-
Amman Colliery.. .. .. 100,000 Montcs Aurcos Gold .. 200, 00 advices, we regret we cannot but tako a somewhat unfavourable lious. The section from Beasain to San Sebastian and the const of
Atlas Coal . . .. .. 10,000 Mwyndy lron .. .. ..
Aspbaltum .. . . . . . 200,000 MetropoUIAil CoiUumers'
160,000 view of the prospects of shipping for the ensuing year." France will increase tho lenstb of the railway early in 1863 w
Babla St.eam . . . . . . 160,000 Coo.l .. . 60,0CO TaAJtES El!JIANIOCENT.- A Bill for the Thames Embankment hns 664 kilometres. In tho commencement of 18&1 the section from
Corsican and Mediterra- Metropolitan Ri6o Range 60,000 been printed, and pretty generally circulated during this week; and Sa.n Sebastian w !run will be completed. At the same time the
nean Gas . . . . . . . . 25,000 Mcrcan~ilo Joint-stock the plans and t>ections are deposited with the Clerk of the Peace aud Southern of France line will be fiuished from Bayonno to Ir~w,
Commercial Copper Smolt Bank.. .. . .. 1,000,000 other authorities under the standing oruors. From these documents thus completiug direct railway communication between Paris and
log .. .. .. .. .. 1,000,000 Metropollt.nn and Proviu-
Ohlna and Japan Stcllm cilll Bank.. . . . .. 1,000,000 we learn the 9eneral character and extent of what is lJOW pro- Mn.d rid with the exception of o. length of 24: kilometres over the
Navigation.. .. .. .. SOO,OOO Malt.n o.nll Mediterranean posed, and which is as follows:-The emoonk:ment starts from Lhe Pyrenees.
Chl.oa River St.o:un .. 200,000 Ou . . . . . . . . oo.~oo lower side of the New W es:minster Bridge, ranging with tl:e face Wosxs os THE R1vea SRA..'INOY.- On Saturday last tho Lord
Comp~Coal . . . . 100,000 National Horse Exchange 60,000 of the abutment of the new bndge, and continues in a curved line, Lieutenant of Ireland received a deputation on the subject of the
Chest.erfteld ani! M.ldland National Marino J.osur- following what is generally called Page's lino w the book of the Shannon works and the drainage of the adjoining districts. It con-
Sllkst.one Colliery . . 40,000 anoe . . . . 1,000,000 first abutment of Waterloo Bridge. It then starts again from sisted of tho following noblemen and gentlemen : -T he Marquis of
CCUiadian Land and Emi- National Credit .. .. 600,000 the lower side of Waterloo Bridge at the correspondmg _point, Clanricarde, the Earl of Clancarty, Lord Castlema.ine, Lord Crofton,
gration . . . . . . . . 250,000 Natal LBnd . . . . . . !!~5.000
and proceeds in n simil!lr curved line until it termmates
Cannoc:k Chase and Ogloy Natal 0<\tton . . . . . . 60,000 L ord Dunkellin, M.P., Colonel Greville, M.P., Major Ormsby
lAnd . . . . . . . 100,000 National Boat Duildin~r . . 2UU,UOO abruptJy against Blackfriars Bridge, 2! chains nearly, or Gore, the O'Uouuor Don, M.P., Mr. P . O'Bt;en, M.J:'., Mr. E. K.
Economic Omnibus.. .. 60,000 Oriontalnnd General Ma about 100ft. into the river beyond the present wharfs and 'l'euison, J.P., Mr. Deuis Kelly, J.P., accompanied by Mr. JIUDes
Elbe Colliery . . . . . 16,000 rioo I nsurance . . 1,000,000 houses. 'I' he embanl,:ment is solid throughout, and tho projcct.ion Lynam, of Raheen, C.E. Hill Excellency was attended by the
Eut del Rey Mining .. 75,000 Patent Bi~uruenl.<ed Pipe so.ooo into the river, in some cases very considerable, is to be filled in by Chief Secretary, Sir Thomas L11rcom, and :Sir Richard Griffith. The
Gilneral Tr.r.mro3d . . . . 200,000 Patent Waterproof Glue ~o.ooo soil taken from the Thames, or otherwise obtained. 1'he height of Marquis of Clanricnrde presented a memorial adopted at a meeting
Oeoeral Telegraphic Works 50,000 Patent Screwed Boot and
Hmdostao (Smgbboom) Shoe . . . 40,000 this new wnll from Westminster Bridge to the east side of the held lately iu Athlone, from which it appears tbat, in pur-
Cop.,er . 120,000 P.u-U Land . . . .. 100.000 Temple is to be 4+ft.. above 'l'riuity b1gh-water mark. F'rom that suance of Acts of Parliament, the sum of .,)84,0Uu bad been
Bafocl Lead Mining .. 50,000 Queemtland Cotton . . . . 60,000 point the embankment ascends nlpidly by a. steep viaduct to the expended on the Shannon works, of which certain baronies with
Indian Carrying .. .. 100,000 Rodee Iron .. .. .. lOO,uOO level of Blacklriars Bridge. This Vladuct, we presume, would stand which the memorialists wereconueeted bad paid 294,0UU. But they
Liverpool and Now Or- River Salado Steam .. l!40,0o0 ou the level of the embankment, aud would be 40ft. above low-water were prepared tJ prove that the said works were not duly executed,
leans Steam . 20),000 Thnmll!l Valley R.nilway . .
Llanmorlai.s Colliery .. 20,000 Sta1Jordshlre Potteries
250, UUO mark. On the surface of the laud thus gained there is first to be & that the plans were not adhered w, and that in consequence the me-
London M<! ll11rton Street R.nllwny . . .. ~o.ooo
public road 190ft. wide from Westminster Bridge to the 'l'omple, morialists aro prevented from converting many thousands of acres
Brewery .. .. .. .. 120,000 Seem! Iron .. .. .. 10\l,l 00 where it is to becomo 70ft. wide only. In a.ddition to this rolld or of bogs aud mora.sst s inoo sound nod valuable land. 'l'Ley, there-
London Su11nmco Wharf Slat.o Mountain . . 30,000 street, property is al:,o scheduled for tho fo\lo,~ing new streets:-viz., fore, prayed for an immediate and impartial inquiry into tbesubjeet,
Company . . . . . . . . 2~o,oco Tru.t and Agency of fir~t, an entirely new street fro~ tho Hanque'!og House a~ Wh1tehall contidont that the Treasury and Pnrhament would not "condemn o.
London and Provincial Australa.>ta . . . . . . 600,000 down to the river; secoudly, Wbiteha\1-place IS to be contlnueddowo large portion of the centre of Ireland to remain in perpetuity a vast
Di::oeount .. .. .. .. 250,000 Universal Private Telc- to the river, and 1vill form part of an entirely new street between the
London and Provincial ~-'Jih 1........ 100,000 swamg, discreditable and injurious to the people and to the Uovern-
Agricultural . . . , 100,00 \enezucla Cotton .. 200,000 Strand and the rivtlr, te!1lllllating nt 'Vaterloo Bridge, just opposite ment. Lord Carlisle replied as follow&:-" I have desirec.l one or
Lambeth Bridgo . . . . 40,000 Zo.moru 'fin .. . . . , 12,000 the new wing of Somerset House; thirdly, Norfolk.-street, Surrey- two persons to be here who, I thought, would be well qualified by
street, and Arundel-street, are to be mnd~ w join the river by a. com- their acquiremouts and tbeit experience to supply nny explunations
mon communication to the new rond ; and lastly from Blackfdars that might be desired r espectwg either what has been done or
Rr:oENERATlON or BoNE.-The Academy of Sciences has received Bridge a new street is shown from the bridge to the Mansion llouse, has not beou done. I alludo csr.ecially to Sir Richard Griffith
an interesting communication from Dr. Dtlmeaux, on the regene- joining also New Co.nnon-street. 'rbis street proceeds first obliquely, and Sir Thomas La.rcom. It will, however, I presume, be felt
ration of certain bones of tue face by tho mucous periostic mem- aud then noo.rly parallel to tho river, avoiding the Timu office, that our chief concern is, not to go back tA> the past, but w
brane. Our readers know that the larger bones bavo been the Equit.nblo office, and Apothecaries llall, where it goes off see what it would be best to do in the future. Probably one of the
successfully renewed by preserving the periosteum, as has been at an ohtw.o nngle, and is coutinued across New Cannon-street, main difficulties is to be found in reconciling the sowewhat cou-
done by Drs. S~dillot, Maissonneuve, and others; but inst..1nce.s to the front of the E:tcbange and the Mansion House. The Bill fiictiug fntere:.ts of navigation and drainage. It will be scarcely
were wanting of ~r. similar regeneration of the facial bones. Dr. constitutes a. Board for carrying these enormous works iuto cont&ted that we ought t.o annul tho whole of what has been done
Demeaux relates the following caso :-A young man, aged 22, was effect, co~isling of tho chairman and four members of the at so vast a cost for tbe improvement of the navig~Ation. I imagine
in 1855 alll.icted with a. naso-pbaryngian polypus of extra.ordinary Metropolitan Board, and two members of that beard returned that when the Shannon Commission Acts we1'8 passed, though
size, which had seriouq\y injured the face, and destroyed o. portion by the Corporation of London, thus _forming a bo~r~ of seven mem- drainage wns not, perhnps, nbsolutely exch;ded, the Mvigation of
of the palato bone on ono side, ao thnt the tumour protruded into bers in all; it empowers the bono1vtng of one million and a bnlf of the river was the primary object in moo's minds. On the other
the cavity of the mouth, being only se~rated from it by the mucous money, and gives compulsory powol'il of pur~hase, snlo, .~o., hand I apprehend that the creation of railways, though they can
membrane, which had even been COUSidcrably thinned. Tbo tumour in the usual way. It enables the bonrc.l to deal Wlth the Chatbam hardly be baid to follow a. parallel course 'vith the stream of the
was e.xtirpatec.l, and it was then ascertained that a. surface of fifteen nnd Dover Railway and brid~e, but the llungerf~rd, Blackfri~s, Shannon, mny be thought to have modi1ied the urgency of the ques-
~~quare millimetres, at least, was wantiug in the bone. Six years Westminster, or 'Vaterloo bndges aro not to be wterfcred with, tion of navigation. 'l' he problem is, bow to do wbnt is mO<l~ for the
later Dr. Demeaux met Lis patient ngain, and found thnt and the level$ o.ppear very embarra.ssing. Houses ma.y lJe built benefit of drainage with tho least injury w navigation. Another
tho bone had been completely regenerated. The second cnso stated on any of tho vaCllnt lands, subject to the approbation of the great practical difficulty lies in tho almost total want of any fall
by Dr. Demeawc is still more curious. In October, 1&9, a young Board of Works, but nono aro to oo built in front of tLe Temple. in the natural bed of the Shnnnon during very long stretches
soldier of the army of I taly returned to France after a long stay in The solicitors for tho Bill are Baxter, I~ose, aud Co., nnu Lhe of its coun.e. It seems, I think, obvious that some trustworthy
t he military h ospitals. lie hod been bit at Solferino by o. mu-'>ket eugineel'il M'Clean and St.illman. Both these appointments advice should be called in and brought to benr on the wholo subject;
ball, which bad fractured the upper ma.xillary bone on lhe left sido. have been matters of some remark, and swprise has been oxr,ressed and I ueod hnrdly say that tlte lrish Government will put them-
On the followiug day tho SUJQeon had extracted the projectile, o. great why the soliciwrs and engineers of fh6 Oovernmeut, or thoso of the selves into communication with the Treasury with the view of
many splinters of bono of vnnoua sizes, three molars, and the portion Office of Works, should not have been entrusted with theso preli- seeing what practical mea,:,ure can be adopted.1' The subject was
of maxillary bones in which they were inserted. When this young minaries. 'l'he sum provided also o.ppears inndequate for the discus~ed by Lord !I Clancarty nud CasUemaine, Colonel U roville,
man was examined by Dr. Demeaux about on&-half of the roof of completion of such o.n ecormous undertaking, and wo undcr..ta.nd Mr. 'l'cnison, nod Major Orm~by Gore. Sir Richard Griffith ex-
the palate was defrived of its bone, and the mucous periostic mem- the constitution of the Board is as strongly objected to by the Co~ pressed his concurrence in tho expediency of a full inquiry, nod
brane was the oo y separation existing between the nose and the poration of London as it is by the Mt;tropolitan Board, nnd that the stated his conviction that much wigllt easily be done to improve the
faucee, a circumstance which materially impeded the patient'ssptccb public may pos..ibly demand n voice therein. The low-level drainage of tho Sbaunon shores, explaining, at the same tnne, some
and power of deglutition. In thesulDIUerof 18GO, '~h~n Dr. Domuux sower is but 11ligbtly referred to, tho ouly clan~>e relating to its beiug of tho difficulties which embarm:.s th\1 operations, in conbcquence
aaw him again, t.ho palAte, as well 11.:1 thu other mlssiug !xlne, were one empowering and directing the Board to facilitato its construction. of the charac~r of tue river aud the sm:ill fall, which aversgee no
fonnd to have been completely regeuernted.- Ca/ig11a11i - Ob1erver. more than four inches per mile.

22
THE PATENT JOURNAL.
Condtlued from tM Jtw.7'111U of tJw CommUiioltm of Pak!IU.
Onnte of Provilional Protection for Six llont.b.a.
!!043. Jom~ Ll\'KilY, Now Lonton, Nottingham. " A now tox t llo fabrlo for
embroidery trimmlnga and other Onlllmental purpo cs. and machinery
emJIO) ed In making the fabric into trlmmiugs."-Pttition rttordt:d 1611
.A Ul/11'1 1S1.
2706. EnaH NO SocRow and EDw.&Rll RA.o:EL, Manchester, " Improvemenlllln
anLirrlctlon mcehanlsm for receiving the end thrwsLof screw propeller and
other rot atl11lt shaft.e." -Pttitum rtcord.ld 2\lth O<tob r, 11!61.
2930 "''"'"'' \lol EVA!C8. Oom merclnlroad East, London," l mprovement.e In
obtaining motive power by machlnery."-Pttilicl~ rt#lrdtd t.2naN~,
1!:10I.
2961. VAOOIIAN P~'llnlm, jun., Bully Curron , Kilkenny, Irclnnd, "Improve-
ments in the con!itruclion nod materiAls of aurfACe condensers."-Pttition
rt odtd 26th N<l1ltmlitr, 1861.
ll96i. JA11f.S Bnow:s, R lbchestortorrnce, Bridge-road, Strat ford, Essex, " I m
provcwents in 6re-blml and furna.cca. "-Pafhon r<rdtd. 26th N !Yiitmbtr,
1861.
3018. Jom; Wst.t.IAll GrBSON, llnmmersmlt b Ironworkl, Dublin, " I mprove-
ment.'! in ordnnnce, nppllcablc oJso to smalllll'lllB."-Petition rttordtcl80th
/l'o11mwcr 18111.
3026. THOUS \\1&1001' GAJU>JtN'IIR T&UBV, Weatbourne-t errnce-vlllllll,
Wcstboumesquare, Paddington, London, " Impr ovements in machines
for boring holes in rocks and other hard substanoos."
8026. ROBERT AliDKJ\SOS R08T, Great M.erlborougbatreet, Westminster,
M iddlcsex, " l mprovcment.e in t.be construction of t he caeea of piano-
forte."
3029. J ,UIES BURROWS, Wigo.n, and J OSIIPU DOUOAN 1 H o.igh, Ln.ncashlre,
"Certain impro"ement.s in winding or driving drums or pulleys."
8091. Cr.oROB TOMLIS&ON Boost'tllt.D, Loughborough Park, Brixton, Surrey,
"An improved btopper for bottles, dOC4nters.t.Jars, o.nd similar articlea."-
A communication from WilliJJ.m Augll8tus ::~lio.w, Boston, U.S.
3083. W ATSOS Ducn'K:VL" Charlotte Town, Prince F.dward'slsland, " IlD
provements in blocks for hoisting."-Pduiom rtcordtd. 8rd Dw:mbtr, 1861.
3035. WILLIAll EDWARD CEDOII, Wellingtonstreet, SLrnnd, London, '' l m
provcmcnt.e in the manufacture of nose bngs and similar articles, nnd In
apparatus connected with such manufncture. "-A comr:nunlcation from
}o'eJix Loignon and VIctor Cw;se, PtiSSill(e des Petltes Ecunea, Parl.s.
3037. TuOMAS STIUD and WILJ,IA){ H toiLUI, A.Shtonunder -Lyne, Lnoca-
sbire. " Improvements in rnacllinery or apparatll8 for spinning cotton or
other fibrous m~~otcrinla."
3099. J.uti?.S EnwARD BoVD, H ither-green, Lewisham, Kent, "Improve.
ments in scythes, scytbo handles, and apparntll8 for connecting the
sarue."
SOH. WILLIAlol EDWABD NEWTON, Chancery-lane, London , " Improvements
In pumps."-A communication from Calvin Woodwo.rd nnd Ooorge Mills
Woodward, New York, U.S.
8().l3. WILLIAll HE)IRY BALMAIS, St. llolen'8, Lo.ncasblre, "Improvements
In tbo manuJacture or pott~~~h and snl ts of potnsh ."
3045. ADRArlAll Pllt.LAllllnd WtLLIAiol LA.IUl, New Cross, Surrey, " Jm prove-
men t.e in traction aud other engines, and in wheels for t raction engines
and other carri'!es and in giving motion to ploughs and ot her agrlcul
turn! mncblnes.' - Pttiliom ruordtd. 4th De.ctmbtr, 1861.
8049. GiOOY. W ASUIBO'I'OS RcBERTS(IN, Cannon street, London, 11 I mprove-
ment in machinery for cleaning rice and othcl' grain."
3061 Wlt.LlAiol DJCKS, F loore, Northampton," I wprovernen!AJ 1n pumps.''
8053. WJLLIA." BCSB'I', Newtonlc-WU!ows, near Bedale, Yorkshire," I m-
p rovements In ploughs."-Pttitio111 rt#lr<kd 5th Duu:m.btr, 1861.
3057. ADAX WOODWARD, B OSERT WOODWARD, and WILLU..)I WOODWARD,
Mancbcstor, " Improved arrangements or compound steam engines."
3069. Clll\RI.OTT& CRADDOCK, Orchnrd-tel'l'IIOO, Kensington , London, " AD
Improved !'y&tem or metbod of cu tting out ladies' dresses."
3061. E DWIS COLt.l.ER, Aldersbot, llampshlre, ' I mprovementa in coverlnKS
for Lhe feet and legs."
806:1. WJLLIAM S.IIITU, Kettorlnf., N orthamptonshire, " Imy,rovements In
t he constr uction of horse hocs. '
2065. H EISRICIJ 00TTPRlltD SCUR.Ali.V, Rothenbur~rt, H amburgh, " Jm-
provementll i_n rotatory engines and pllDlps. "-Pnrtly a e mmunlcation
from Edollllrd Roseh, Llndenau, Sa.xony.-Pttuiom rttO'rdtd 6th Dtttmbn',
1861.
3069. RICfJARD JOLLEV, St. J ohn-st rcet, Smitbfield, London, "An improved
apparatus for heating, cooling, or dryln~:. infusing, extracting:, or nbsorb-
lng vapou.n! or gliBCS for manufact.llrlng, medical, or domestiC purposes,
and tor prcservin~: liquids and solids, allmenLary or ot berwiBc."
8071 D.o..'1lllL M.\'1', Woodstrcet, London." An Improved method of secu.rlng
~earfs nnd s imilar erllclea to the neck."
307a. H tJi&V WILLLAll BRISTOW, Oeological MusellDl, J ermyn-street, London,
"Improvements In tbe manufncLure or production of candles."-A com-
mmlcntion from Pierre Louis Alexis Bo!Uot, Parl.s, and VIctor Fran~oia
Cocbeu, Vesloy, Frnnce.
3075. T UOMAI! M&t.LODW, Oldham, CDARLI?.S WU.LLUI KESSELME'I'ER, !\i nn
chestor, and JouN M.Al'O WonnALL, Salford, Lancashire, " I mprovements
1n dyelnj: and prlntinz certain descriptions of woven !nbrlcs."-Pttilion
1'ttOTdtd 1lt. Du:trn/)po, 1861.
8081. liARC ASTOISB FRASCOIS !lii!NNONS, R ue de l'E<:blquier, Pnris, " lm
provewcnts in the production of relief designs on mctnllle au rfa.cca for
geneml printing. gauforing, and cmbo<;sing purpose&. "-A communicat ion
trom Fmn~ois Vobons and Thcobald Dcnny, R uoBeaurcgard, Parls.
8088. R ICOAIID AI\OfllllAW> BROOI>IAN, Fleet-sLrOOL, London, " Improve-
men ts In treating ntmospberio air and other clastic fl uids for motlvo
power purposes, and In engines and npparn~ll8C8 to be emploved tberc-
witb ."-A communicat ion from Cbarlos Dlcklon .Arcblbald, New York,
u.s.
3085. StrePJJE.'< WJJ.LIAM SrLVE~t, Bishopsgnte-strect , London, and H ALL
P &L"'OLE, l<lng's-road, Chel~cn, 111iddlcscx, " I mprovemen ts in sb0011 for
horses and otber quadr upeds."
8087. WILLIMI CLAR K, Chancery lo.no, London, Improvemen ts In gloves. "
-A communication (rom Al fred Alexander Abdon Creasent, Boulovart
St. Martin, PariB.-Pttltiolu r<rdtil. 9th Dtttmbtr, 1861.
3089. GoLDSMITU TEAR, Liverpool, " I mprovements for facllitnt ing t be
drying of wet or damaged cot ton or wool, or otbor similar llbroll8 mate-
r ial."
8091. H.ENRY SP&SOP.R. Rocbdalo, Lancashire, "Improvements In m~Whlnery
or apparatus for spinning and doubling cot ton and other ftbroll8 iiub-
stnnccs."
3093. JOSEPil AsTon.~ J U."f REDlY.&, South-street, Flnsbury, London,
" Some improvemtnts iD pocket-watches."
8004. VICTOR LtoN DAOnMI, Southstrect, FiDBbury, London, Improve-
m ents In the method of paving r oads and other place8."
3095. Ownoz CIIAIIL:tS Locll, L iverpool, " Jmprovoments in oinder-
Sent
slft{lrs."
309i. WJLt.lAll EDwu.u N BWTO!r, Chancery-lane, London, "Improvements the am ount of price and postage. Sums exceeding 68. mll8t be remitted by
In breecb-loadlng cannon."-A communication from Jo.bn Bryco and post-office order , made payable to him at the PoSW>ffice, Hlgb H olbom, to
Bcnjamln De Forest, New York , U.S. Mr. Bcnnet Woodcroft, Great Seal Patent Office.
3001}. DAVID VOOL, Sambrookcourt, Baslngball-street, L:mdon. " Improve-
ments in garments !or gentlemen n_nd ladies' wear. "-PttitiQ111 r<rdti:L
1011 Dtttmbtr, 1861.
81 06. RICUARII ARcniD.U.D Bnoo.AN, Fleet-street, London," A new or Im-
proved method of t reating teatlcs or thist les to bo usrd in the teazling of TM f ollo1Ding ducriptio111 art m4<hfrorn .Abtracu prepa.rtd a:prtul/1 for
cloths and stuft's and otberwiBo. "-A communlcntlon from Adolpho Andr6
Oohin, V!re, France. -Pailibn. recorded llthDteemhtr, l 86l.
Inventicns Protected !or SiJ .Montba by the Deposit of Complete
Sp ecifications .
8190. 0RMROD COYfEEN EV.6118, Whltton, Twlckenham, Middlesex, " Im
provcmcnts In SO\\ ing machlncs.''-Dtporittd tmd ruordtd 'JJJtA Dttemhtr,
1861.
8197. Jom; REDP'I!R!C, Hanley, Sta1Ior<Ubire, "Improved apparat us for
raling the temperature of air in order to warm churchcs, conservatories,
how.e11, and otber buildings or plnOOII.''-Deporittd and recorded. 2011
./)cetn~/Kr, I 861.
Pat ents on which t be St s mp Dnty ot 50 ba.a been Paid
!l):)3. MARC ANTOIXV. FRA.'(C018 }l !lNNOI\'8, Rue de I'EchiquJer, P ati8.-A
communicalion.-Datcd 27th December, 1858.
2992. RICHARD ARCIJIBALD BROOMAN, FJcct,.~trcct, London.-A communica-
tion.-Dnted SOth December, 1868.
1!6. ROllllRT Tt:Mrt.'iT nod J.&ll8 TOMLINSON, Roach Ironworks, Rocbdale,
Ln.ncn.sb!re.-Datcd 3rd January, 1859.
Not lcee to Proceed.
2035. JOJJ.N TUOloiAS H 11TCDTN08, Chnrl ton, Kent, '~An improvement In the
011n~truction of tennis n.nd rncliet bats.''-PetUton. rttorded 1~11< .&ugtut,
1 ti I.
2013. ,Jous LlVEtiiW, New L()oton , Nottlnghnmshlre, " Improvement.~ In tex
tile '"'hrics tor embroidery, t rim10lngs, and OLI1er omamental,pu~,
nnd machinery employed in making the fabrics Into trimmings. -Pe.111.0n.
rcum l&t 16th Augu11, l8Ul.
20:.7 r:v.v usu t:lllAL~ CATUELS, Sh rewsbury, Shropshire, " Jmprovementa
In CtJrnpen~W-tlng ga<-melCrs.''
2058. WII,I.IA.II HENRY S~IITII, Philadelphia, U.S., "Improvements In tbo
preparation, nppllcation, and manufacture of p~t."
"Uta. TnOliA.I! PEDRICR. l'arkplacc, Brlxton, Surrey, '' I mprovements In
- obtaining and app lying water motive power.''-PaW~ rccordtll 19th
Aug~t, lb<il.
2()66. llANlU..JJ E!UB, Adclaide-road, H avcrstockb ilJ, Middlesex," I mprove-
ments 1n drest t&atottlngs, wh1cb arc also applicable to ot her pu.rpoeea."
THE ENGINEER.
'on. J olll'f So~tRVILLI, Maidstone, K ent, "Improvom ent.e In apparatua
for drilling and tnppmg gu an d water malna nod pipos, an d In preventing
Joakago tbercrrom. '
20'14. R tCDAR.D SYDl\'n LAMliUT, Wbito H all, Clevedon, Somersetiblre,
" An Im proved skipping dipper' or vessel for r emoving Bllt,'&r and otber
liquids from bollin~ pans."
2079. JAlol8 Et.t." Minorl08. Londnn , " Jmprovements in m eana for S'l:ing
coria!. or sopornt1ng t he larger from the smaller stzed curki."-Pattiolu
rttordtd 20th .Au(TIUt, 18 1.
2096. Jou~ H &NRT J ouNSON, Lincoln's-lnn fields, London," I mprovemen ts
in t be preparation of pulp for po.per.''-A communication from Jean
Fran ~oh!c Marle de CJWan and J ean Bnptisto Mcy.r , Pnrls.
21 08. T uOMAS RtCIIARDSO~ NewcastleUI>On1'-'e, and Rcsr:R't' JRVI!fll:,
H urlet, ~ntrcwablrc, N.B., '
" J mprovemen t.s In:r utbe man~ture
... . .
of paper. "
-Pailiom ru:O'rdtJJ. :121\d.Auqwt, 1861.
210i. A ooo&To8 BRYANT CmL.Ds, New Oxford-st reet, London{ "Jmprovc
ments In means to be omploycd In t he dreas~f~r cracking o mlllstoocs.''
-A com m uolcation from David Monroe C , Rocbeater, N ow York,
U .S.-Pcti tion ,.ttordtd 2Srd A ugmt, 1861.
2114. MICUA.n. H vhliS. Bath-street, City-road, London, '' I mprovements In
t be manufacture of smoking pipes and cigar tubes, and preparing, wash-
Ing, contlng, CO\erlnsr. or otherwise Impregnating them wit b aromatic
s ubstances In a solid, 11quld, or rorifor m aLato.'' . of 6brous material on a roller the nxle of which 18 weighted and t urned
2116. J 1\t:MI ,UJ DRIVER, Kcighley, and J ostrll JESSOI\ Bradford, Yor)'s~tre,
Jmprovement.e 1n means or apparatll8 employed ID was.blng, wr mg'lng,
and mnogling fabricu, and In the manufacturo of part or par te of such
nppnraLus. ''
2117. J Alolf.S CnANS'I'IlN. Dlrmlngho.m, "Jmprovemento In tbe oonstructlon
of conscn atorlcs, ureho.rd how.es. nnd oLitcr horticultural crccLi.. ns, which
improvemen tS are o.Jao applicable to the covering of areas, sucb asnre used
for drill sheds, markets, rallwny sheds, colonists' nod nrmy hutS, nnd many
other similo.r purpo cs."- Petilltml rttordt:d 24th .Auf1mt, 1861.
2198. JJUN BAPTIST FO~>'llll, Lodelinsalt, &>!glum, ''Improvement.~~ in the
construction of fi reg"Mlt.ea for stoam and otber boilers, and suitable to all
k inds of fl res."-Paftion ru:o1ded 21th .A~. 1861.
21 H . JAM&& RcNALD, Liverpool , ImprovomenLSin machinery for dressln g
hemp, flAx. manllta., on<l oLber like long fibroll8 DliiLCrial.''
2146. JA Mf.S D oNCAJI, Greenock, Rcnfrcwijbire, N.B., " Improvement4i In t he
manut.acture of sugar, and in the npporatus employed therein ; also in the
o.pparatll8 employed In reburulng animal charcoal."- Paitiom recorded.
28th .Augult, IStll.
2148. S AMU&L CORBl!'M', Pa.r kitreet Works, Wellington, Shropshire, " I m-
provemcnt.e 1n nliiiS for crushing and {:rlndlng mineral aud vegetable
substnnccs. nod for hulling or shelling beans and oats, and other grain
and seeds.''
2152. Pn!LIP JEW:ELL, Bond-street, Brighton, " I mprovements In concer-
LinllS "-PttilOnl TttOJdtd. 20th .dugut,1861.
2166. RoBtRT SUAW, Portlaw, County Waterford, Ireland, "Improve-
mentS iu wlndla.sses, ropslans, and otber machinery for hoisting nod
lowering weightS."
2166. J AM!S Btsoor, Olouccster strect, Oamden Town, London , "Improve-
ments in tbe manufacture or wellving of velvet, or pile fnbrics made
entirely or partially of silk, and in looms ll8Cd for t bnt purpoac."-Pdi
tiolu ru:ordtd SOt/~ .AU91Ut, 1861.
2171. Pr:ru TAn<lR, Ci~yroad. H ulme, Manchester, "Improvements In
apparnLus for rewovln~ the sediment from. nod preventing incrustation
In, stoam bollcrs.''-Ptttion rtctn'dtd 81ft .<luglllt, 1861.
2185. WJLLIAlol CLARK, Chancery-lane, London, " I mprovements in signal
appnratll8, applicable for the prevention of rnilwny trnin collisions."-
A communication from Antoine Gri vel, jun. , Boulevart St. Martin, Po.rls.
-Petition rttorlltil. ~?Ul &pttmbtt, 18~ 1 .
2197. GUST AV BtscuoY,jnn., Swnnsea, " I mprovements In extracting copper
and silver from Ore'! containing ~boRe metals."-Partly n communication
from Dr. O ll8tsv Bischof, sen ., Boon, Pr ussia.-Pt.tuion rt#lrdtd. Srd
&pttmbn', 186 1.
2hO. T uO)(A.I! O&EENWOOD, Leeds, Yor kshire. " Improvements ln macbl
nery for anwing woud ,"-Pctition <rdtd. ~thSepumbtr, 1861.
2258. RIOUA.RJ> ARCD IBALD BROOMAN, Fleet-street, London, ''AD Improved
DleLbod of producing mlxedcoloured woollen and ot bertbrcads."-A corn
m unlcation from StauislllS Vigoureux, Reims, France.- Pa1tion recorded
9111 /kpttrnbtr, 1861.
2676. .fa.u1 BAPTIST!! SCIIAJ.KJINBACfJ, Treves, Bhenisb P r uasia, " A new
ki nd of k eyed mll81cnl instrument, combin!n~ tb~ eO'cets of percuSSion
Instruments, or t he effect of t rllUlpOts and fllrn1lar tnsLrumenta, wiLh the
e.lfec!AJ of ordinary keyed instrllDlcnts.''- Pttilion. rt#lrdtd 25th Octobtr,
- 1861.
2738. WU.Ll.All. J AliJIS WJ Lt.LUIS, Wamford-court, London, "An lmprovcd
process for correctly t ransmitting the eft'cc~ of tho mnln levers in platform
scales to tbo steelyard or weighing beam of platform acalea.''-P ttition
totcpi<Ucl lit N!Yiitmbtr, 1861.
2gOO. OiOROIII PARRY, Ebbw Vale Ironworks, Monmout.b~hire, " I mprove-
ments in the man ul'acture o! iron nnd steol."-Pttition rtcordtd 1l!th
N IYiltmbl't', 1861.
2968. CtonoE Cull&&, Ore~ham-place, C~~omberweiJ-lane, Surrey, " An lm
proved lireC9C&PO."-Paition rteo~'ded 'l6t/i N IYIJtml>er, 1861.
8081. Gr.oiiO& ToxLtNSO~ Bou81'UILD, LoughboroJgb Park, Brixton, Surrey,
" An Improved stopper for boLt le., d~ntors. Jars, and similar artlclcs.''-
A communicat ion from Will.lam Augll8tus Sbaw, Boston, U.S. -Paition
rttordtd. Sra Dec('l'llbtr, 1861.
3086. JAFJI HII.IIINOWAT, Rcbert Town, Yorkshire, "Improvemont.e in t he
manufactu re and ornamentation of toxtile fabr ics." ...... Pttilion rttorckcl 4th
Dtumbtr, 1861.
8066. J ou'N J AJCr.s R u88l!LL nod BoBDET't' LAliBTO~ BnowN, Crown Tube
Works, Wednesbury, S taffordshire, " Jmp1 o vement.e in apparatus
ul!cd In t be mnnut.acture of taper tubcs.''-Petition rttordtd 6th Du:tmbtr,
1861.
8102. H KNnT T.ANI\"ER and WrLLIAlol Poooroa, Brl.stol, Olouccstersb lro," Im-
provements in the method of applying manure to growing crops, and
also in tbo m~Whi_nery or apparatus to be employed for BllCh purpose."-
Petit ion r ttO'rdtd. l ltl< DtUmbtr, 1861.
8Ul1. O&li i\OD COYP'RN Ev.u~s. Whitton, T wicken.bam, Middlesc, "Im-
provemen ts In sewing maehines."
Sl 97. J OUN R &DYERN, llanley. Stntrordsbire. " Impr oved apparatus for
raising tbo tompcrnture or air In order to warm churches, con.servatorlea,
hoWIC8, nod oLber buildings or plBCCS."-Pctitiom rw:or<hd 20th Dccernbtr,
1861.
ADd n otice la b oreby given, that all persons bavln g an Interest in opposing
a.ay one or such appllcationa are at Uberty to leave perticulan in \\'I'ILing or
Lbelr objectloDB to sucb application, nt the et~id Office of tbe Commissioners,
wlt bln t went y-one days nft.er t be <late of tbo Gautte (and of the Journal) in
whlch thi.e n otice is iasued.
Specifications will be forwnrded by M.r. Bcnnett Woodcroft, Grcnt
Patent Office, Soutbnmpton-bullding<~, London, on receipt by lu m of
ABSTRACTS OF SPEOIFIOATIONS.
TIII Esemua, at tilt oJII of /10 btojuty Commiuionm Q,/ PaU7lu.
CLASS 1.-PRIME MOVERS.
CLASS 2.- TRANSP ORT.
Including Railwops and Plant, Road-makinr!J Steam Vusell, Jfa-
chinery and Fttting, Sailing Vesaela, Boau1 Carria{ju1 Caru1 B ar-
nut, <Jc.
1624. B. BLAC'I!BtmN, YO'rl:buildi11g1, Adtlphi, Lmdmt, ".Applying oil or
lubricating jf:uW. U! tocomotit:e and otlltr am-trtc~.''-Dattd 13th Junt,
1861.
ln thilllnvention the vibration or jolling of a railwny carriage 111 motion
Is made 1180 or to splash the oil contained In a closed vessel Introduced into
or fonnlng a COIJipartmcnt of the axle box up to nn aperture In the urper
par t of t he vessel or compartment, through which the oil flows out o the
vcasel, ond runs down to tbu journal btnentb. A vibrating spring paddle
Is 80met imea applied near to the bottom or deep vessels to ll881Bt in splash-
Ing tho oLI up from tbe bOttom to tho aperture in t.be upper part of the
vessel.
CLASS 3.-FABRI CS.
Including ltfacltintry and Jfeclumical. Operaliooa conntcied wUh. Pre-
paring, 'ftfanufacturing, Printing, Dyeing, and Dru aing Fabrics, ~c.
1605. H. MASON. Alltton-undtr-Lynt, "Preparing and lpi" ning cottcm, d:c."
-Daud 1Uh Jwtt, 1861.
This invention relates, First, to an improved stop motion for the drawing
frame. The trumpet through wblch the slher JX188CS frvm the drawing
rollers to tbc cam or coller is placed upon pivoLS and nicely hnlanced, so
that, wbeo tbe sliver is absent !r Jm roller lap, break~c, or other causes,
or wben a mall or lump is fonned, the trumpet fD.lls back, nod acts upon a
cat.cb or lever in communicntloo with tbe stop motion, and stops tbe frnmo.
Secondly, t o lmprovement.e In rollers with loose bosses \\Orkln~ upon tbed
spindles, llll!Wad or allowing tbem latoral motion, as hll he to ndopted,
wblcb hBil the lnjurlo\18 effect. of cutting or wearing Into tbe sides of Lbe
bearings. The patentee makes a coller or swell on t hat part of tbe spindle
pext to the ca}J. Tbo loose boss is collDtonu.nk at each en d, or hu an
JAN. 3, 1862,
1nternal sh oulder , t bo elfeot being that, If the r oller sh ould be set, out or
l lne, t.be bosses wiU not work outwarda towarda tbo oap.
1616. W. E. GIIOE. WtllingtorHtrttt, &rawl, Londcm, " lm'fii'IYII d heating
appara.t111 for pWcing and dta11ing 1.W.tancu mtd in ma.t ing or I!Vlnu.-
.Jacturing 1DIJ'IIet~ or textiu fo.lnia.''-.<1 commun~ation.-Daua 13th Junt,
18111 .
This apparatus is mounted on a cast iron framing (it may be of wood),
and la composed of two cylinders revolvlog in the same sense. and furnillhed
with tooth ; th011c teeth cl'Ofl8 witb shorter teeth with which t wo ft.xcd
cylinders are fuml~bed. The two movable cylinders, bcaldca t belr clrculo.r
motion , o.ro lmp~;olled to o come-anliJ(O mO\'emen t by means of an cocent ric.
A lfl'lltlng is 80 pla.ccd as to allow Impurities from t he wools (or other m ate-
rill!) to fall through lt Into a rec&iver. An endless cloth motived by a
putloy Introduces the substances to t he cyllndera. This apparatus la used
In double, so that the operation may be repealed to ensure completo p urUl
catioo.-Not procwltcl'l#ill;.
1618. J. K NOWLU, B olm-'U-1Jfoor11 " Preparing coUon, .tc."- Da.ttd. l SIA
Junt, 1b61.
Tbill Invention 18 nppllcnble to t he lap m~Wblncs of blowers, eeutehors,
Derby doublera, nnd other machines In wblcb a lap of !lbrous materials la
formed under pr cssu.ro. It bas heretofore been customary to lAp tbe p iece
round by tbe friction or two rollers be~wecn which the lap IH formed. Now
tbla ln'ention consists In applying one or more additional rollers above tbc
lap, which roller or rollers la or 11ro welghtod. Tbo top roller or rollera
may bo driven by gearing, or not driven, according to tbu peculiar con-
struction ot the machine to which the Invention is applied. Anot her part
of the Invention consist.e in an impr oved mode or npplying the side pllt.tes
or washers to t bc lap rollers ; these wasbeTS bo.ve t runnions revolving in
side bars or levers; the end of each trunnion ac!AJ against a hnodlc or tail
pin screwed In tho IJ1111b of the side lever, and, by turning t heuo hnndlea or
tall pins, the dl.stance between tbc side plaLoa or wBShers IB regul&tod.
1522. 8. Ooog a?UL W. H. HACRINO, Bury, " Plaiting or folding tlliYI/m
ft~bric..''-Daud 13th Junt, 1861.
This invention consiBt.s in npplylng to the nroinary folding macblnes a
relieving motion, in order to ennblo tbe machine to fold llnillbed fabrica
without Injury. Enc.b side of tbe t<~blo ia attached, by a 6t l'lp or chaio to
a quadrnDt er segment, and t hen connected t<1 a lc\'Cr fixed to t he ordinary
rockog .abaft In the centre or tbe m:tcbine, to wbich sha.f~ a r ock ing mo~lon
ls in1parted by a rod connected wit h a revolving crank in t he llSal manner.
Wben ~be aforesaid parts nre put In motion cacb end of the table la
depressed alternately, and nllowa the fabric to pw underneath the card
roll& wlthouL contact or friction, and t hereby preserves the fabric from fray.
log or damajto, thus enabling fD.brics of t bo ftncat m aterlaiB or colours to be
folded.
U35. R. W. PlTFIELD, BoiU!n, "&1/-tin(l mulu.'' -Dattd. 16th Jum, 1861.
Tbill invention relntes, First, to that. part o(!tbe selfacting mule k nown as
tbe fallers, and is designed to prevent the loose wiudlng of t he yam at the
upper end of tbe cop, and t he formation of snares call8ed by too sudden
rising of the fallers. The i.nvcn~ion oonsiBta In the novel application of n
wbeel or dl.sc to tbe copping faller shalL, over wblcb pa.ssea a strap, chalo,
band, or c!lp att4Chcd at one end to n spr ing, the other being connected to
a lever bavlng nn incllned plane at Its opposlto end ; this i.s 80 arranged
tbaL, when the fallcrs nre about to rise, tbe movement of tbccarringe and t he
Inclined plane lever, coming into contact wit b a stud or bOwl, causes the
strap to t~hton and break the rotntion of the disc or pulley, allowing tbe
fallers to nse nt. any certain speed required. Tbc Second part of the lnveo
tlon consists in the novel use and nppllcatlon of Lhe well-k nown di.ft'erentlo.J
motion, ea led the " jack In tbe box, " te t bcl throwing in and out of gear , tbo
scroll governing tbe running in of the spindle carriage. by m eans of a
sliding rod acting upon the broke ot the snid di.ft'ercnt ial motion, instead of
effecting tbc same by means of cnt.ches, as heretofore employed.
1528. J. SCliME&8CALil8, lleig!.U:y, and M. MAliOl'l, Ma'MM6tn', " Oa1 ringtln
apparatu."-DaUd 14th Junt, 1861.
This Invention relates to apparaLil8 for singeing or removing the loose
fibre from the surface of toxtllc or other fnbrics and ynms by means of a
mixture of gas nnd ntmospberic air ignited . which operation la' performed
by pa.ssing or travelling t be materials or fabrics over, or ot herwise In con-
tact with, n 6Criea of gns jet.e, the gas and air being forced through the
burners by a fan, or drawn tbrougb oy exhall8ting means, in order to 1m
pinge more keenly upon tbe fabrics or materials.
1531. P. LANOLADE, .<fubuuon. (CrtiUe), "TaputT'!J and othtr ~lrinqi."
Dattd. 14JJ Junt, 1861.
For tbe purposes or this Invention the patontoe employs a loom composed
of two beams or rollers, between which t he warp is distended. Eo.cb roller
is fuml.shed \\ith a rntehet wbecl, Into tbc teeth of wbicb a click or pawl
entors, by means of whlcb the beams ere p reventod from turning In such
manner as to allow tbc war p to become slack. 'fhc bnrn csu by wbicb tbe
threads of the warp are crossed is distended beLween two rollers; on the
axis of one of these rollers is nn arm, from which n connecting rod PIOMCII
to an arm on tbc nxiB of ~ treadle, 80 that, by depressing the treadle, the
roller way bo rotated, and t he threads of t bo war p thus crossed ; t he r oller
la brought back to Its Hrst posit ion by means of n spring wben t ho treadle
is not held down, and the threads of tbo warp nre tbll8 crOS&Cd in t he
opposito direction. The threads of the warp are divided into a number of
equal setS by coloured threads, so tha~ t be work man may rcadUy cou.nt t h e
threads. In front of tbe loom arc Lwo rollers, betweeu which Is distended
a sheet of paper, or other makrio.J, divided Into a nllDlber or cqual~~quercs,
nnd in ench lino of squares ill worked Lhe nllDlber or points for eacb suCCC3-
sivc ~lour for one lino of the fD.bric. And, in order that a workm an In
weavJDg mny readily follow the pattern, t her e is J:ilnccd horl.ronl&lly ~Wroes
t bo band a strnighL rule, alo~g ":bleb a pointer slides ; to this pointer is
nttachcd a cord, Lbo end of wbc'h ts connceted to a pulley, on tbo axis of
which is a ratchet wheel, and to thill rat.cbet wbecl motion is given by a
click or p awl worked by a treadle ; caeb t ime the treadle 18 tleprcssed the
pulley L6 rotated to sucb an extent na to cause t he pointer to move along
the rule a dlstnnce eqlllll to t he length of one division of ~he pattern. The
workmnn, when commencing the wcaving1 plnoos tbe pointer at tbe left
band end of the rule, so t bat it points to t oe first square a~ t he left-b and
corner of tbe Orst lino of tbe pattom ; h e then crosses t he t hreads of the
warp by deprCS81ng the t readle wh ich actuates them , and JX16SCS a shu ttle
cont41ning tho colour marked on tbe first square of t he pattern t hrough tbo
eroSlfing of as many t hreads o( the warp as are required by the pattern, t he
number being marked on tbe square In adlit ion to tbe colour. Th e work-
man then causes the polntor to m ove for wards along the r ule to the next
square by depressing the treadle wbicb moves it, and p1168CS a sh uttlu of
tbc colour marked on the sceond ~~quare thr ough tbe crossing of the requi-
site nllUlbcr or threads of the warp, and PO on to tbe end of t he first lino of
l'<}uares of the po.ttom, a fresh sbut tlo being used for CIICh Bllooetl61vocolour,
C\'en if Lhe 611IDO colour Is used more tbau onco in the sn.me lino. Tbc
threads or the wnrp ere then eroBSCd in t bo opposito di rection, tb c polntor
I~ moved back to tbo left-hnnd end of the rule, tbe pattom is moved so as t o
brif'g a freab line under the pointer, and the same opemtion 18 repealed. l t
wlU be seen by this means tbaL tbc wor kman has constamly indicated on
tbe pattom the exact work ho has. to do. Tbe pattom Is prepared by first
adapting the design to be executed on a pnper oovored with sq uare
nrrangcd like brickwork, 011eb line of squares corresponding to tbc t hreads
of the warp to be produced, and tbe squar cs are divided by llncs into aet3
to correspond with the sets of warp tbreads ; from this design tbe pat tern
I~ made by marking on tbe successive squares of each lloe of t he pattorn
tbe number of successive squares of the snme colour In 011eb line of t be
paper dosign. l n order to hold t he weft ~hrcad!lsecurcly in the fabric t he
pntontee nlways attnchcs ono thread to nnotber, never introducing a
shuttle into tbo crossing of the warp thr eads wltbout fiTSt passlll)1: it nround
tbe preceding sbutLio Lhroad, by whlcb means tbe threads will be securely
held.
1636. T. l{NOWLES nnd P. ALDR'ED, Jl1anchtlttr, and J . fuwonrn, Sa{f01d
".Apparatm for railin(l 1trraltd IIU/ru:u cm !oUtr."-Dattd l5tli Jv~
1861.
This Invention relnt.cs espccinlly to the rollers or temples used in weaving
fabrics, and consists of a duplex machine with t wo tools, ono at the back
and the other aL the front 1 the faces of the mid tools hnvlng surfaces made
to correspond with tbe oesign or peculiar form of the acrrated surfnce
r equired on the rollers; the roller nnd tools being placed In tbe m achin e a
re,ohing motion la given to both the tools nncl roller, andfas t hey come 'in
contact Lhc rollers recel\o tbc impr6881on from t he too s. thus giving or
raibing tbe peculiar serrnted surface rcqul.rcd.-.Not :proccetUd toitlt.
CLASS 4. -AGRI CULTURE.
l nduding Agricultural Enginu, Windlauu, lmpleTMT~U, Flour
A1ill8, ljc.
1601. J . llorR and W. GREENRAt.Oil, lJtdforcl, " Outt{ng turnip, roou, or
otlttr IUbltanctl. "-Dated 12th J unt, 1861.
The substance to be cut is, according to thl8 invent ion, pressed or forced,
by moo.ns or n piston from o. hopper, ago.ln&t a series of knives or plates,
arranged so as to cut or form the substance into lengths of a foursded or
otbor sbape or form, and which nrc afterwards cu t t ransversely by means of
roLating biiiCC!! or cutters, or descending knives, and the t urnip or other
substance is delivered in pleOOII t!Omewhat cubical In shape, nod of eu cb
dimensions liS tbo knives and rotating blades may be adaptod to for m them.
The apperatu is worked by an ordinary dc.ocrlpLion of mechl\olsm arranged
and dc..lgned for the purpose.-Not protudtd. 1Dith.
1602. W. E. 08DOE, W tllingtonltrttt, .Stra11d, Lo11dqn, "R1pi11q and t!IO-
inq machinu.''-A communication.- Dated. 12th J unt, 1861.
Thia Invent ion Ct\llnot be dC!Cribed wit hout reference to t he drawing e.

JAlf. 3, 1862.
THE IRON, COAL, AND GENERAL TRADES OF
BIRMINGHAM, WOLVERHAMPTON, AND OTHER
DISTRICTS.
(From ow oum Corruponcknt.)
PuaPT CO!llliTION OF TU !Bos Tun&: l'try Languid: Pr01pec11 of
Pw.ce 1tell receit'Ul--Pto laos: PurchtUtl Delayed-Mou \V oaKs
TO n Rr:-OPEXED-THll PRLilllNABY METINO AND Ta.u>& PlTPPI NO
- W oLVBRJU.KPTOl'\ Ca..xau or Coxllncr.: "'", rm: BOARD or
T &A.DI os tu Ta..u>B WJTR Fa.ucs, &c.-Co.u. TILU>z-G&.\'l:&.u.
JL..~aucrolW/o Ta..u>1s: PrOiptt:tl of Improt'tment: Unemployed
lAbour- Bo.uo OF TRJ..DE JhTGB.~S PO& No\BEB. .t.sn rna
E u vL'f M osms: Stati.stic.l of .Mel411: Large Decruueto the Unil.ed
amu: l'IICT'uue to Franc~!lll'OBT.I.NT DC18JOS A.J'liECTJ.NO Cotr
u:zav Paorarrroas-Baasnso or Tos BDUIJNOIU CA1i.u. o-'To A
COALPn-laoNWORKIBB AND Tll.B N ATION.t.L BBli.RAV&)(ENT: Addru
of Workmen to the Quan-SsVER.'i V ALLEY RA.a.WAY: Govtrnmtnt
l rupection of a Portion ofthe Lir~e---R AU. wAY Accms~-r AT Lrcu11 JLD
-FATAL AcCIDB...'iT AT A BLAST FURNACE.
YANT months have elapse<\ sinco tLo iron tro.do of South Stafford-
shire was in so languid a condition as it now ia. Only a very small
pot1.ion of tbo works of any firm i8 in operation, nod the exceptions
<U"8 rare in which any of the worl..'lDeD ho.vo employment more than
11\lfticient to provide the barest ueccssariea of life. Advaotllge is
being taken of this state of things by the masters to make repairs
and alterations, for all have confideuco that there will not be a con-
tinuanco of the deF.ression. Nor is the scarcity of orders so much
felt as it would be if this were not a period when stocks are usually
taken. By the time that this work bos been fairly accompliahed it
a hoped that the present lilUe doubt which bangs O\'er the American
question will be removed.
The pacific tendency of the news last to baod bad a favournble
effect on tbe minds of those m embers of the trade who were present
yesterdt.y (Thursday)' on 'Change in Birmingham, and on the pre-
vious d..ly in W olverhampton, in which latter~'? a. teleg~~ waa
posted during high change by Mr. Samuel Gnffiths, cont:untog a
summary of the news by the Africa, which arrived in Q.ueeostown
that mornin~, and the effects of that nows upon the London Money
Market. :Neither in Birmingham, however, nor in W olver-
h ampton was there any business transacted worthy of mention;
nor " ill there be until it i8 dt:finitely known 'vhat character
our future relationship with the Washington Government wiiJ
assume. The opinion that there will be no war, which was
entertained last week, is now very general. Yet the con-
sumers of pigs and the buyers of finished iron will n ot yet
~t to any very appreciable extent. A few sales of pigs have been
eifecwd, all at last quarter's prices; but the bulk of the sales ho.ve
to be m.o.de. There i8 moro dispobition now on the part of finished
ironmak.ers than there was even a few days ago to enter into nego-
tiations for pigs; but those negotiations will, for the greater part,
remain open till the Quarterly Met:tings. Sales might be effected
pretty freely ii holders would consent to a reduction upon last
q u.&rter'a rate&-but they will not; and whilst they are prepared to
eeU now at those rates they argue that if purchases are delayed
longer rates will go up. Consumers are, however, quite coo tent to
" bide their time." Notwithstanding the exiati.ng depression more
works are being opened in South Staffordshire. 'l'he two DeelJfields
furnaces that have been out about two years are about to be put in blaat
by Mr. W. E. Gibbons, a yollllg member of the trade, and a nephew
of the well-known pig iron maker of that name in this di.btrict.
T hen the mills and forges that were once connected with the
Chillileld furnaces, once worked by Messrs. Riley and Sons, h&.ve
been taken by Mr. Thomas Hose. I nasmuch as there are no
mioerahl con nected with the Deepflelds furnaces Mr. Gibbons's
v enture d.ispl&.ys much coniidence io the prospects of tho future;
and the extent of the works which Mr. T. Rose has just added to
thoso before in his possession may f:l.irly lead to a similar eo-
colrraging influence. We cannot here omit a little bit of "news" as
connected with the Preliminary Meeting last week.
I n drawing attention to tbo pr~ent condition and future prospects
of the trade, the worth{ chairman, Yr. Pbilip Williams, spoke the
manifest sentiments o the numerous body of gentlemen present
w hen, in ~tone akin to disgust, be said that things were come to o.
pretty pass when the iron of a diatingukhed member of tho trade
bad to be puffed side by side with annollllcemeuts which bore the
well-known empirical stamp.
The following correspondeoco has taken place between the W ol-
w rh&.mpton Chamber of Commcrco and the Board of 'l'rade. The
S ecretary of the Chamber fonvarded the following letwr to the
Board :- " 1 am requested, by the Council of this Chamber, to suggest
for the con.sideration of the Board of 'l'rade whether it would not
be desirable, in view of the largely increased export to France,
u nder the new treaty, to give the amounts exported separawly, in
several classes of goods, in which at p re..ent that kingdom is in-
cluded in the general line other countries.' 'l'he articles of par-
t icular interest are cottons and cotton yarns, earthenware, linens,
steam engines (under machinery), cast iron, wrought iron, silk
manulaetures, woollens, and won.wd stuffs. No doubt ill all these
cues the trade with Frnnce has hitherto been small, but, judging by
the large increase under the bead of 'other coWl tries,' it has now,
probably, rapidly increased, and it would be a matter of great
interest to ascertain the rate of increase. With further reference
to my letter of the 19th November I am directed to suggest
that it would be convenient if the class of angle iron were
separated from that of bars in the revised list of exports.''
To this the Secretary of the Board replied-" I am duected
by the L ords of the Committee of Privy Council for Trndo
to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 2tJth instant,
and, in reply, 1 am to request that you will inform the Council
of the Wolverhampton Chamber of Commerco that the specifi-
cation of Wlllltries in the official returns, both of imports and
exports is always carefully considered with a view to r evision at
the com.mencement of the year; and in the returns to be published
n ext year the trade with Franco will receive special attention. I
am also direct.ed to state that provision waJ most probably be made
for the separate enumeration of ' anglo' iron in the now list of
exports.''
At the different collieries moo aro r esuming work after tho
h olidays, but the orders in band are very few.
As with the iron, so also with tbe gcnernl manufacturing trades of
Birmingham and Wolvcr~mpton, tllo order;~ aro worked up, and the
proprietors are stock-takiug. lt lw.s been correctly remarked, tLat
" it will be at least two or threo weeks before the colllllry trado
begins to stir. In many respects, however, the prospects with regard
to the future are much bt:tter than UHy were twelve months ago, the
stocks of maoulactured goods being luw; and we hl\\e bt:lore us the
advantage3 that mll.bt ame from & moderate harvest and good quality
in plu.co of the bad yield an? wor..oquahty or. Hs6~. There Li one
oth~ r circ.mu;taoce, to.>, wb1ch mw.t be borne ID mtod, namely, that
trndcrd ot every class have l.ICCo iuduced to contract all opcmtions;
the cffecL of this mu~t be highly f11vourablo as soun as the spring~ of
trade oogin to re~t..'' Relative tQ corwin of tho hea.vy trades about
Dudley 1 we may report that tbo anvil and vice makers are not doing
mora Lh an ball-work, and that UlC chain makers are said to Le even
w or.;e off. As may be m!erred, thcro i.:; plenty of unemployed labour
iu the district, and, if severe weather should set in, thcro will be
numero\1:! t.pplications made to the well-to-do members of eocicty
for eleemosynary aid. Already there i.:; a very I'Crious increase in
the paupent!m both ol irmin;;bam and South t)rafford.shire. 'J here
is mucb consolation, however, to be dcriv~>d from the fad that the
prospocu are favoo.rnblu to t. mild winter;. aod from the yet mo~e
che-ering circumswu~ that trad Li suro to sttr when coofidenco ID
t he maintenance of peaco with America has l.leeu re torccl. AB an
instaoco of thiB Wl.l ruay mention that there is now in Wolverhllllp-
ton t. firm who arc preparud, so ~on as peaco ha., been placed beyond
doubt, to give out order<~ of tllo combined value or 10,000 for the
Ouada market &lone.
The Bot.rd of Trade accounts for November ahow a f&ll from
THE ENGINEER. 23
.10,757,74.9 to 9,874.,762 in the declared value of the exports of the following add.rew, which ii was reeolved should be ~orwarded
to Sir George Grey, the H om e Secretary, for presentatwo to the
Brililh manufactures and produce during the month of N ovember ,
ll.8 compe.red with the corresponding months of last Je&r1 ILDd from Q ueen :-
1 ~3,i l4,276 to 115,356,014 in the tk en expire~ portio~ of the year.
" May it please your MAjesty,
}iachinery, pig ir on, and coal, are the only articles which have not
figured in the export aceo11ntB for much smaller amouo.ts than th ey " W e, the undersigned officers and members of the Chilling-
did last year; and, if the month of Novomber alone lS taken, the ton Working Men's Association, beg most respectfully nod carnc~;tly
sole exceptions to the genera.! diminution among tbe!.rillcipal com- to tender our heartfelt ~>ymp~<thy ond coudolence "itb our g!'l'-cio~s
modities are cast and wrought iron, aud silk, worste , ILDd woo!Jen Sovereign in the sad and Sl.ddeo bereavement she has 6ustluoed 10
manufactures. Earthenware and porcelain show a decline, as regards t he much lamented death of tho illustrious Prince Consort, wllose
last month, from 1u9,099 to 71,463, not 'vitbst.anding a coru.ider- honoured name will ever be enshrined in our memories as a 'hou,e
ablo increase in the exports to India, Auslra.lia, and Brazil, the ship- hold word,' ill connection with his many virtues and excellen t
ments to the United States having diruinished about eeven-ci~htbs. qualities which, on his demise, have excited the homage of a &orrow
The chief export business done in glaBs was in tlint articles, the ex- mg people, who have mad& your M.al~'s grief their own.
portations of which was nearly equal in value to that of the corre- "We would especially remember distinguished efforts to pro
sponding period of la.&t year; but the exports of plate-gll\88 mol& the welfare of the 'sons and daughters of toil,' by csltl
dimioibhed nearly one-third. The tot.o.l value of the glass exported bUshing ' model cottages,' while recognising, at the same time, his
w88 88,129, against 46,664 last year. Tiardwares aud cutlery unwearicd applications to all objects for the development of the
show a much less falling off, uamoly, from 311,918 to 306,369- liberal arts and sciences; but in nothing w hich biB band ond heart
o. decrcnse confined to the trade with Russia, Australia, South adorned do we COUJ>ider his conduct more conspicuous than the
Africa, t:anada, and Cuba. It is worthy of remark that tbero was a devotedness to your Majesty's person and your royal children.
slight increase in the exportation of bardwares and coUery to the "We humLly pray, then, that an all-wise and benif!D Providence
United States. Plate, pla!A!d wares, jewellery, and watches, totht> value may Joog spare them to tread in the footslcJl6 of th~ir fo~d ao~J noble
of 3t1,91:9, were exported agaiost.46,994; but the formernmount, wo 6ire, IUld that they may be a comfort to your "Maje!>ty lD thU> d.llrk
mayob,erve, was in excess of ti.Jeexportsof the corresponding months hour of a!ftiction aod trial. Tbat the ' G od of patieuce, and con-
of 1859. Machinery which, taking the year through, shows an in- solation, aod of hope' may be your friend and 6upporter under
creased uportation, declined in November from 37:t!541 to your very severe dometiti.c afliiclion, is the devout and fervent
341 ,585, a diminution confined, however, to ~>team cngmes- a aspiration of Your llnjcbty's faithful and loyal r;ubjccls,
branch of manulacture wbich feU of in its exports nearly o ne-half S.uoL UILL, President, aod others.
last month, notwithstanding the execution of large orders from Upon the question of the opening of the Severn Valley Railway
Spain, 11nd an increased shipment to AIJ.tjtralia. Machinery of other a Brosely correspondent w r itee as follows:- " On Friday tbe looked
ktud!i shows an increase, which was limited, however, to the for vibit of the Government Inspector took pltlCC. 'l'wo large and
demnods of France, llolland, ludin, and Austrnlia. In metals there powerful engines and ten~ers pas6ed up the. line. 'fho in~pectiou
was a great decline, cast aud wrought iron nnd unwrougbt tin being wos very minute and parucular. On the trnm slowly pa& log and
tho only exceptions, as will ho seeu from the following table:- repassing the various girder bridges iu. this. loca~ity, while the
inspector and gentlemen wbo accom pamed him dismounted, ond,
Month of November. taking their stand underneath the bridges, accurately ascertained lhe
deflection caused by the pas~age of these heavy engines. On reach-
1860. I 1860. 1801.
ing the Buildmas station, while one of the engines took in a supply
P ig iron .. .. .. .. .. 67,900 101,676 L'7i,006 of water, the other proceeded up the Wenlock Brsnch line. On the
&r. bolt, and rod iron
Railway iron .. .. ..
J ron \\ire. . . . . . . . .
Cut iron . . . . .
. 1GS,969
HlB,G02
17,tAO
46,496
I 182,184
246,926
23,762
37,106
H 0,962
1S.,OG2
13,170
66.7&5
return from this excursion of inspection both engines proceeded
with the inspector to Shrewsbury. I n the evening, or rntber
between seven and eight at night, the return trip was accomplished
at a Speed not attained during the inspection. '!'he day for OJ-eoing
Wrought Iron . . 261,861 1!19,893 240,647
Swel, unwrougbt.. .. .. 70.723 88,139 69,182 the whole of the line from Hattleburg to Salop surely cannot. now
Coppe.r ,, .. .. .. 21,697 be far distant."
88,832 42,802
, Md yellow met.al, } 94,302
On Thu rsday morning week a serious aocident took placo at the
108,828
e~ecl.81 and na.ils .. 186,627 London an d North Western Railway station, L icbfield,to a pnssenger
Wrought copper . . . . . . 26.967 10,841 12,979 train, w h ich had been standing at the station about a quarter of an
Bro.88 18,183 23,804 16,120 hour. Some trucks laden w itli coal ran into the train, completely
J..,ea,(l 84,926 62,773 39, 284
0
Tin, unwrougbt
86,279 21,1:14 24,666 sb&.tteri ng the W.t carriage, in the first compartment of whi ch M r .
98,824 81,676 W . W rig bt., mercer, of St.a1Jord, was travelling. With great preseoco
,. p laLes . . . 81,506
of mind, however, be threw himself down an d escaped more t.erious,
Pig-iron, as already stated, shows an increase upon last year as if not fatal , iujuries. A person in the last part of the carriage wu
regards the exports of the eleven mouths ended Nove~ber 30th; not so fo.tunate, and bad to be left at LicWielcl.
but in the m onth ended on that day thu exports to the Un.1ted States On T uesday morning last & singular accident occurred at the blast
amounted to o nly 785. value, ,af?ain&t 27,7 11 in the corr~J?Ond;ing furnaces belonging to Messrs. Sally and Fletcher, of Willeo hall.
period of last year, wh1ch suflic1cntly accounts for the d1mmution. AB i8 tolerably well known, the ironstone iB conveyed to the mouth
'there was, also, a decline in the e.xports to ~~a.nc~; .but .the. Eh ip- of the furna.co by means of n. slanting platform, upon which a man
ments to other colllltries show an 10crcase. I he d1m1uution lD bar and his barrow of stone or fuel are raised by machinery to the top
and rod iron again was due clliefiy to tl1e falling off in the of tbe furna.ces, in order that he may deposit his load in at the
American trnde, considerable as it was; but there was also a de- mouth. Whilst a filler was thus engaged on the day named a portion
crease in the export.s to Italy, th e ~ose To~ns, ~nd Austrnli~. of ironstone fell from his barrow upon t wo men who were near to
Tbero was a slightly increased exportauon of rnilway 1ron to Ru.ssJa t he bottom of the incline or slanting stage. On the bead of ono of
and llolland, and some large orders were executed io~ France and these a portion of the ore fell whh so much force as to occa.sion
Cub:l, to which countries no shipments were made lD the corre- his death in an h our aftorwnrdn. The other man has suai4Ulcd
sponding period of last year; but t he ox ports to all o~bcr countries serious injuries, but he is expected to recover.
show a declioe, thA Unitcd tJto.ti'S, in Jrticnlu, baVlng pu.rcbD.rod - - ==:-;
the amount of 2,286 only, agai.ru.t 103,223 last year. The increase NOTES FR0~1 THE NORTHERN AND EASTERN
in cast iron extended to all ceuntries except Egypt> ~ustralia> and COUNTIES.
the United States; and that in wrought iron to all eJrcept the
J.Ianse Towns and the two laat--mentiooed countries. 'l'he decrense (From our oum Corr~.)
in st.eel will, of course, continue while hostilities go on in the Uniwd NOIITllEilB l!.t.Trns: Extraordinary Activity at the Ellwick Work$:
States. The decline in unwrou~bt copper was general, and that in Tlte Coal Tt-ade: The New P/48/.:ttll COOJJi,ekl: Bedli11(Jton Irfm_.
copper and yellow metal sheets and nailsextendcd to all countries except work. : Old Ntwca~tle Bridge: Railway C!arriage Ratu-Ml.s 111.
the Hanbe-towns. Tberewasasudden and heavy decline in thoexport.s TfAWU, CuwsruT, .~..~o Co., AND Tlf1& WoBJtP&OPliE: In.terutiny
of lead to France, and the shipments to China fell off about Ulrce- P,.)ctedingt-STATB ov TRADE AT SBBPPTt:Ln - RAtLWA T GossiP-
fourLhs; bat there was an increased exportation to all other roUlltries, '! us CoTTON SuPPLY QtTE&TION : Mort Hopeful Pro~ct&-M RRSSY
and particularly to the Unit.od States, to which very little lead had Docu A.!lll liwnoun lioA n.o : The Coal 1'rade of the llftl"lt!f-
been exported for some months provioualy, and the entire value of BarriSH A sSOCIATION: Jfanchuter M wing-STATE or Elli'LOYX~NT
tho eleven months' uxports being 16,151, against 88,403 in 1860, .t.T lli;scs.srn- CLYDI SJLIPBOU.OIIIo-T u ScoTcn P1o laoN
whilst in N ovember the exports rose suddenly to 14,i0\l, against T R.A.DB: Statiltic.l and RtuitiD for 186 1-MosnA.b~ lBONWORKB
12,243 in the corresponding month of l~t y_ear. 'l' here was an Not to bt Stopped.
increased exportation of tin pllltes to Austra.lia, but to all other W z commenco with the north. Whoever else may have rC3SOn to
markets a decline. C<implain of djminished bll.bincss activity, the greaL Elswick Works
A. case of considernble importance, as affecting colliery proprietors cannot do so, for the horrid rumours and anticipations of war which
Wlder the winding-up actfz, has come before the Master ol the Hol.ls, cast such a deep sbndow o n the departing year have communicattd
on an adjourned bearing from Chambers. "The lllica Coal Com- a great impetus to every department of Messrs. Armstrong's opera-
oany" was formed in 1854 for the purpose of working a coal miooin tions. So pressing indeed have been the demands upon their timo
\Vales. Upon its formation the company entered into an agreement that the personnel of the works have bad to keep labouring on day
with Mr. J ohn Russell, the own er of the mine, for the pwcbase of and night all through tile Christmas h olidays, which usually bring
biB interest therein, for the sum of .11 ,000. 'l'he mine wos worked a brief respite from toil to overy one except rai lway an d gtu> peOJ>lt:,
until about a year ago, wheu the company was ordered to be wound hackney coo.cbmeo, and j ournalists. A hu~;e 300-pollnder atcd
up in the usual manner. 'l'he li11t or contributories was very 11hort, forty 40-poundel'S were last week despatched from Elswick.
col1lprising not more than t.i.x or eight JlC':&Ons '~hose liabili~y was Business affairs are still spoken of as depressed and dull ou
uo.que:.tioned. l<'uur of tho alleged cuotnbutones aro soo1Hn-law Tyneside. Nevertheless, tho keen wintry weather has cnub<'d ~~
of Mr. R ussell, the vendor, to w hom there was still due a balanco of betwr demand for household coals in t1ie London market, and
.35,000 on his purcb:lSC money. Mr. Randal ~oo~ey, one ~( tb~ prices bave advanced 3d. per ton. Steam coals have abo rbt:u
sous-in-law, held a L.trge number of shares m his own nght, lD m consequeoco of a. demand experienced for exports. Mauy
addition to those he held conjointly with his brothell!-in-law. of the coking eo&! comeri83are, however, very badly employed, somo
Under these !circumstances & compromhe bad been IUTII.Dged of them only working bnlf ,time. 'l' he new Plasketts coal field-
between the official liquidator and Mr. Russell, by virtue of which, which will probably augment the traffic on the North Briti:.hsystem
in con.sideration of the reduction by Mr. Russell of his claim to one- of railways-promises well, tho seam having been l'e.lched, aud
ba.li its amollllt., the official liquidator engaged to release all the found to be nearly 6ft. thick, and of excellent quality. Messrs.
sons-in-law from liability as contributories in respect of th e shares Mounsey and Di..xon have entered that portion or the Bedlington
jointly held by them. :Mr. H ookey n ow objecwd to this arrange- Ironworks lately used for the manulo.cture of malleable iron, and in
ment upon the ground that Mr. Russell's claim might be con~tider a circular issued on lbo subject observe that they are dot.enuiocd to
ably ~educed without releasing any coutributories. After bearing avail t hemselves of the acfvanta.gcs offered by tbe position of thu
the learned counsel for I be part1es interc~tcd, the ll1116tcr of the works, and to maintain tho high ch.arncter of ille lloolingtuu
Rolls gave judgment. iu favour of tile propo~ed ~rran~~me~t, r':'" brand. 'I'he old NewCI\Blle Bridge is rer-orted to be io an
marlong that, by putting ao end to a very expens1ve liugauon, 1t unsafe and even danl:)erous condition. The dtedging which has
would necessarily be for tho benefit or all peraons really interested bet:n going on for some time Le low, and the tlood!l from the \\' C~>l,
in rho coocero. ba':e ,l~:.ened lbe piles .on which it is built, and there is a vru-)'l'<:t
During the night of Monday week a most serious accident of 1ts gotog the way of 11.8 prcdocc<tSOr some of the..o day11. E\' t'l")'
occurred on the Park Ilead branch of the Birmingham Canal, about flood in thll river will shake its foundations, for when 1116 sand aut!
a mile from Dudley. At tbu spot where the acciden t happened soil around such a structuro once ~gin to w~h away, they go raJiidly.
several thick coalpits are being worked by Messrs. Brettle aod C:art- Mr. Ure, in his report oo the geuerul improvement of tbu T) ne, dl-
wrtgLt. The minmg uperstiuns have extended entirely Indor thU. clo.red the bridge to bo the grcntc"t ob~taclo which bo IJ.o.d to coo-
brnnch of the canal, but, from the nature of the sup) orts used to tend with in tile whole coun.e of t!Jo navigable chall.IJel, all!! rccolu-
prop up the worked out portion!! of the pit, no danger was antici- mended its removal as one of tllu !irst aud mo;,t importanL work 11
pated. On Monday uig11t, however, a. fearful crash was be11rd by wllich the Tyne Commib:;ion should effect. 'I'he corumibi!ion has
60me workmen at Messrd. Swiodoll's furnaces, and, upon hasten ing declined, however, at present to a<lu11t Mr. U re'a suggestions. \\' o
to ti.Je banks of ilie canal, they r~t once ~o~~.w that the uode11nined por- m11ke tbe allllexed extract from o. circulo.r ibbued by Mr.
tion bad given way. 'l'ho cnlllll was entirely drained of water for a. Allan, goods manager of th e n orthern division or the 'Norti.J
considornlJio distance; a largo cblll>"m, some yards dee1>, bad opened EUB!Alrn Railway:-" l beg to iuform) ou 1bat tho whole of thu m,J-
a passage through which t.lle water had pas:.ed into the pit. Such way compa.nie.., whose lines are uorth of thu '1 hames, huvll dt c'dcd
had been the force of tbe rush of wawr that ooe boat, of about that, from January 1862, the rates charged fort be lower dc.;cri_r.tion
thirty tons burtben! l~den ~ith limestone, was bro.,en_ right in two; of traffic, as foreign timber and deals, grain, t!our, arti1lcinl
IUl iron boat of a s1milar "1ze wu firmly embeddf:d m one of the manures, &c. &c., which have hirhcrto.been appliC-~.blo to quo~tJuucs
opcniDf?S of the cbllbm, and was a good deal twisted. J:'ortuuawly, of one ton and upward, shall be applicable onty to loadtl ul not le t~
at the umc of the dbtl.bter, no work wllS being carried on in tbe pits than two tons; sma!Jer quantities than two tons being ci.Jargel at
adjoining the canal, or ti.Je Io-s of Iilo JJIUbt bavu been fearful. somowhat higher ratt.;, ur B.ll two tous at the lower rntc.. 'l'wo
Of all the addrcs:.<:s of coudolcuce with the Q.uecu on nccount of single tons of tho same de:.cription of goods, lb<!Dt at tile ..amo
the death of the Prince Coni'Qrl none aro of o. more gratifying cba.- time by one cooblgoor to two conbignees, at the liilmo t.tatiou, c..'l.r-
racter 1ban one which has juJ>t been adopted in Wolverhampton. riage paid by sender, will w charged 11.') two ton11 at the lower rat('.
CouSfJicuuns among tile Jcad10g ironwork!! of that diBtrict stand the T he reason for this alteration of tbo minimum weight to be carlied
Chilliogton Comp.ony's Work :~. Jlere the men have bce!l formed at t he lower rates iB the heavy loss incurred by ruouiug a wagon
into t. literary and educational union. A t the first public an nual weighing a bout four tons with a IBingle ton of goods at the lo1v rates
oiree, on Monday n ight, the business commenced with the paaaiug of hitherto charged."
 24 THE ENGINEER. JAN. 3, 1862.
W e announced last w eek that Messrs. H awks, Crawsbay, and Oo. At the fust meeting QC the shareholders in the Trent, An- Our iron shipbuilding yards have been well filled dw;ing the year,
had given a. monster di.D.nar party- or rather a co~geries of dinne- ehome, &nd Grimsby Railway, held on Saturday at Don~ter, the 86 veseels having been built, their gross tonnage amounting to 62, 876
pa.rties for upwards of 1 300 persons were entertained at twentyJ chairman (the Bight. Hon. J. Parker) stated that the erect1on of ~e tons, and there are now upon the stocki! 34 v~IB, wh~ tonnage
four dUrerent places-to' the whole of. th.e men .employed in thrir b ridge across the Trent atKeadby, unde~ the contract of Messra. Fal.l'- will amount to ao,a50 tons; this result 1& gratilymg, shoWing larger
extensive works at Gateshead. It l6 mterestmg to reflect that bairn, of Manchester, was being earned out, and by the end of returns than any year since 1854. .
Mr. Hawks, the founder of these works in 1764, w.as originally a March or in April next great progress would have bee!l made. The Stocks have increased 106,000 tons during the year, &nd now
w orking blacksmith, 118 indeed bas. been tbe case 10 some. way or line will secure a direct route from the South Yorksh1re coalfields &mount to 666,000 tons, a80,000 t ons being in the bands of makers
another with other eminent mecbanJcnl firms. Tbe establishment to Grimsby, and also open up the Lint?lnsbire .ironstone ~trict. and 186,000 in tbe stores of Messrs. Connal.
which the first Mr.lla.wka commenced is now the oldest on 'l'yne- Our readers will have observed that the informatiOn com~urucnted The average!rice of pig iron bM been 49s. ad. per ton, being nn-
side and there are more men emplo~ at the Gateshead Iron- in Ta:.t ENGINEER last week, with regard to the reported w1~hdrawal nsually low an unremunerative to tbe maker. \Ve can o nly ex-
wo rks than at any other sing!~ esta?lis ent i~ the ~eighbourbood. of the great coal line promoted by the Eastern Counties lrom press the hope that an early settlement of t~e pending American
The description of work conmts cb1efiy of rolhng mills ! or bar and March to Askerne, h118 proved correct, the bill standing over for the war may give a stimulus to tbe commercinlmdustry o~ the ":orld,
bolt iron but extensive contracts have been made w1tb tbe Go- present, probably till that ind~llni~ period ~nown 118 "one of these which is at present so much ~peel, and doubt not ~t ll'on will be
v ernment1for the supply of chains for war vessels in the service of days.'' The Eastern Count1es 18 determ~ned. to be the ~astern amongst the first to partake 1n tbe genera.! /rospenty. M essrs.
t he Admiralty; and there are also manufactured bore T rotman's Counties no longer; when the amalgamation 18 eff~cted \VItb ~he Watson add the following statistics with r egar to the furu.aces now
P orter's anchors, Rogers' anchors, and all kinds of anc~ors. There N orfolk, Eastern Union, Newmarket, and East Anglian compe.wes, in aud o ut of blaat : -
are n st fitting and erecting shcps for constructing engmes for water it is coming out as tbe London and E118t Coast. . Out of In Out of Jo
w orks, and the establishment is at present finishing one of the finest Tbe following table shows the receipts of cotton from Jan. 1 to Works. Blast. Blast. Bullt. Works. Blast. Bl.a6t. Built.
engines of this description in England for the Hull Water Company. Dec. 28, 1861. The figures may be taken as substantially the im- Gartsherrie .. . . 8 .. 13 .. 16 Mulrklrk .. .. 0 S . S
Various descriptions of railway engineering are also executed, and, Calder .. .. . . 2 .. 6 .. 8 Lugnr .. .. .. 4 .. 0 4
ports of the year : - Dundyvan .. .. 6 3 8 Dalmelllngton . . 1 . . 4. 6
in short, all ktn~ of heavy iroo-w<?rk are. con due~ by the ~ 1861. 18CO. Langloan . 0 . . 6 .. 6 Cnrroo .. .. .. 0 . . t . . 4.
We h ave no des1re to puff off the In teresting festive proceedings American .. . . . .. .. bags 1,793,396 .. 2,438,2l 6 Cnmbroo .. . 2 .. 4 .. 6 De.,.on .. .. 3 0 .. 8
which the firm last week so l~andsomely inaugurated; but, in these South Amerlcnn .. . . . . .. 98,001 . . 09,067 Swnmcrlee .. .. 0 .. 8 .. 8 Forth .. .. .. 8 .. t .. 1
days of strikes and class against prejudices, it is interesting to come W~~ lndiea, Demarara, & c. 3,826 . . 1,7t8 Monkland . . . . 1 . . 8 9 Klnniel .. .. 0 . . t t
Ea.st l ndles . . . . .. .. . . 981,869 . 550,003 Coltness .. .. . . 0 .. 9 .. 9 LochgeiJy . . . .. o .. 4
upon an illustration of the good feeling which in many cases still Egyp~, &c. .. .. .. . 107,620 .. Jl0,069
exists-would that it were universal !-between employer and em- Omoa . . . . . . 2 .. 2 .. 4 Portland .. . . 1 4 6
Sbo~ta .. .. . 2 . . 3 .. 6 Nhh!dale . . . . 3 0 . s
ployed. Mr. Youll, one of tbe oldest workmen employed by the firm, 2,081,872 8,199,793 C118Ucblll .. . . 8 .. 0 .. 3 Ardeer .. . . 0 . 4 4
proposed Mr. George Crawsbay's h ealth in the following terms : - Clyde .. . . . . 2 . . 7 9 Lumpbannan 1 . . 0 . . 1
"Mr. Crawsbay's position as our employer, over a number of years, The new year commences with a stock on hand of 622,000 bales, Go van . 2 . . 8 fi Almondbank.. .. 1 .. 2 .. s
r equires our r espect, but his ge:1erosity and kindness in his high pi~ the adjustments of the weekly estimates on tb e last day of the year (lladsmwr . . .. 1 .. o .. 1 WJ.ShaW .. , 8 0 .. 8
to those who are bis servants and work-people command our admi-
ration and gratitude. I was born at tbe Gateshead Ironworks. For
having resulted in an addition of some 90,000 bales.. 'l'he .present
actual consumption, both at home and for export, JB not likely to
Glcngarnock.. .. 1 .. 8 .. 9
Blalr .. .. . . 1 .. 4 .. 5 Total.. .. 61 121 172
-
exceed 25 000 bales per week1 so that there is enough on hand to Egllnton.. .. .. 0 .. 8 .. 8
sixty-eigbtlears I have stood at tbe anvils of Hawks,. and earned
the bread o h onesty with cheerfulness, and never worked a day for carry usdo to the cud of June, and as, during the six months, coo~i They also append the following details wi~b respect to
another master. Still hale and vigorou11, I call upon you younger derable quantities may be expected to come to hand tJ:om. lndu., SUlP)Il!:XTS, STOCKS, E.XPORTS, DELt V:EB.U:.S, &:c.
men to respond with heartiness to the health of our good old together with small driblets fro~ otbe~ sources, we are 1f1Chned to Shipped in 1860. . . . . . . . . . . 6118,845 tona
master, Mr. George Crawshay, of L ondon." Mr. George Crawsbay, think that there is now comparatively litUo cause for anx1ety on the 1861.. . . . . . . . . 583,982 "
jun., who presided at this, the central dinner party, responded, subject. . Stock'on 1st January, 186\ .. oo,ooo
At the last meeting of the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board 1t ProducL!on in 1861 .. . . .. .. .. 1,0tiO,OOU
and observed that there was scarcely a workman present - - 1, 610,000
was agreed to fix the rate of charge for the use of coal-tips at Bir-
w bo bad not been thirty years employed at the works. '.' I Shipments, Foreign.. . . .. .. .. .. 24 2,000
th ink" continued Mr. Crawsha.y, " that there are a few cLr- kenhead at 2d. per ton. The use of the lo~v !~vel to ~ free; and Coust.wlso .. . . . . . . .. 841,060
cumslances which you will all be interested to hear. You know a charge of one halfpenny per ton for we1ghmg at e1ther place; Forwnrded
" to Eoglan d, per ra u . . . . Jooo
.,,
it is only twenty years since the name of Crawsbay has been con- and also to lay down an additional line of rails at the coal-yard of Consumed in SooU.and-
n ected with the Gateshead Ironworks, but it is a much longer Messrs. Battersby and Co., on their agreeing to pay 7t per cent. F ouodries .. . .. . .. 173,000
on the outlay. Mr. Ran kin said a preference in loading would. be Malleable Ironworks . . . . . . . 176,000
~riod since that name has _been connected with .the !ron trade. Stock In Sootlund, 1st J anuuy, 1862,
given, first, to those ships Ut>ing the tips; next to . those us1ng
There are, in fact, some Circumstances of an blStoncnl nal?J'e the low level, and r equiring the coals to be we1gbed; and, Connal's stores . . . . . . . . . . 18CI,OOO
connected with our family which the present is a proper occas1on Makers' ynrd.s and other stores, in-
lastly to those which only required to load at the low level cluding CtUTon stock, estimated, aa
for mentioning. Befo!e 've were known in the NorLb of England
the name was lmown m Wales. My great-grandfather, ~owever,
witb~ut the coal being weighed. It was said that tbe scales usual, a~ 80,000 tons. . . . . . . 380,000
was not a Welshman. He was the son of a small farmer ID York- would not be much wanted, but he could not help thinking - - - 1,610,000
shire, and at that period in the history of England when scarcely lhat shipowners would like to know what weight of coal they took It is stated with regard to tho Monklar..d Ironworks that tbe
any development had taken place in her industry he went to London o n board, and that the charge of a baUpenny per ton, or 5os. per creditors who threatened sequestration of tbe ':8tate of the above
I 200 tons would not be obJ'ected to. Mr. Smith urged that the company have withdrawn their threat, and there IS n ow every pro-
w ith n othiug more than the coat upon bis back. He entered the I I f
service of an ironmonger, and, at bis master's death, b e left bim his Lancashire side of the river should ~ upon the same ooung as bability that the calamity of the stoppage of lbe works, and the CO!l-
Birkenbead as regarded the cborge forth~ use of coal-tips, because sequent deprivation of employment to a great many workmen, will
business; and, subsequently, becoming kn own. to cnpi~lista in i! the resolution that day were pnsscd Bll'kenhead would have an
L ondon, be was sent down to W_a.les ns a proper person to cultivate t~e be averted.
advantage over Liverpool of l d. a too. Mr. Boult said the rate
mining resources of that distnct. And what I have now to sa.y 18
that the original Crawsbay-for before that time we are lost in of ad. a. ton had been hardly tried as yet; and it should be remem-
Yorkshire-my great-gratadfatber Wll8 one of the most remarkab.le
bered that that sum wns a considerable saving on any other means PRICES CURRENT OF METALS.
at present in use for loading ships. He could not see why tbe rate J$ri~lbb Metala arc quoted Free on Board; Foreign in bond. -Extrn eizee
men of bis period. After a most arduous struggle he succeeded ID
t he enterpnse on wbjch be went to Wales, and the consequence was at :Sirkenbead should be reduced, and would therefore move that charged for a~ the rotc!8 llf.'l'eed by.tho trade. Drokeraro 1.1 no\
t he development of the entire mining riches of that district. He the question be referred back for re-consideration. Mr. Bold said charred for buying oxccp~ on Fore\&' Tin.
that the chnrge of 2d. a ton was more than the charge at Newport
wns known in the history of his own times 118 the ' I ron King,' and for similar services; and remembering that tbe board got 3id. per .I o. cl. Dl.t. .I ' tl.
was the friend of Pitt. There was no man more respected in the p .D<tl.t
ton on the export of coni, the charge now proposed to be maae wns p . "'
city of L ondon in those days, and it is worth while to go back
n ot unreasonable. The o.mount transf~rred from the various ware-
I &ON, Enclloh DU' ud Doll:-
lo Loo~ou .......... pr111 ~ 13 0 J JllO!!,;.';:,~~: .l.~?~ }prto 11 11 e 'l
for a moment to those times. 'l'here are n ow in England hundreds, ln WaJe. ........ . . , G 0 0 , R u..Ju (,(J t' J) &o -.m re,, l G 0 0 ,.
h ouses to the &'e neral account for the past bali-year is 24,500 as In J.lnrpool .. .. .. .. .. ~ 10 0 .. tiT J;Z.J., o e4JoL Kq, hl>l. " 18 0 U S
a ye, perhaps thousands, of pounds where there was but one pound compar~d wjth 16,400 in the precedin~ haU year. 7 0 0 l6 lJiuo. rc;~llcd.... , 10 o o ,.
0 . : <>l&ll'oNILire llan ..
before. Sij)Ojl that period 6tcam hu been brought into use. and rnilr
H

Thlll!4ncfi03ter meoii~g <A tbe Britlllh Assoointion appears from i . llfht,Oual~_i:'~~, 8JVO , y ....., .. . . . . . l7 0 0
ways hiVent.ed; steam na.,.Jgatlon has been tirougbt into exercise, -: \ ))oL t "C g 9 , lu 0 0 , 8PJ:i:J.T.tU, OD Lbo .,., .. " )7 0 Ooolt
a nd this country has gone through a r evolution such as has never &r eport j ust issued by tbe Local Committee to have passed off ex- .: ; {uoop ...... ,: ~ ~ e ,, a ou , 'lo arrn~ ..... ., 17 10 0 ,,
ceedingly well in a financial poiut of view. 'I' he receipts from -; .:1 l(.od, round g- :.., ,. 7 0 0 " JJ.ard, r ,D)ehed , J G 0 0
before hnppened in the history of man. I n these days a name like ~ z ~ ... Rod. 14 :c..3e~ , 1 o ## Zll\O,tothc:cw . . ........ , ,_. 0 0 I
member.~' subscriptions amounted (with .85 14s. 1d. for books sold) 8UIPPJ tl0 J!Wtl, - o1 4.-0J' l J:i:JI., l lie, H a. 2b lb. lifT 10 o 2
ours is lost in tbe infinity of great manufacturing .8rms which exist Bl&ll'ordob. .uan .: ~ :1 7 0 o I 1 oucb Cue ............ ,. l fll 10 o1
to 3,991 14.s. ld. T here wero 114 new life members, 122 new
in t he land ; but in those days the man who opened out the district a.nnual subscribers, 183 old annual, 1,591 a.ssociatcij, and 79l ladies, 8 bec, 8utlt .... 1-..!: " 8 JG 0 , &bu.<hloa ~oa IJoho .. pr lb. o 1 o ..
of Wales stood upon an eminence seen by all th e world. I recollect Double. ... ... ~ ; , JO G 0 , bhc.c, , t l 0 ,..
making a total of 2,801 members. Out of these receipts certain Doop ..! E:" - , 8 G0 ,, lJou.o m.e.. ,_. I 1 ut ,,
the traditions of the family when the 'Iron King' used to drive Jlod Rowu.l.. .. .. -~ ~~ ~ ~ ,. 7 t1 0 Old . ,, t t l o ,,
from hom e in a c-.oach and four to W ales, all tbe country turned out defined expenses having been defrayed a sum of 3,668 9s. 8d. ~as l<a ll.llod.Sq.._.. ;::i ,, 7 ~ 0
,
,. Y ~llow AI NI .. 0 U l iJ , .
been paid over to the general treasurer for the use of the Associa- 1B0", lla0.., in \\'altt, cub u 4 )(I U O IIU t)ou&.hAUitnC&D,Oom pr ' H 100 0 0 ,.
to see him, and a commotion was made when h e rode down to , 6 motnhl, 6 10 0 _, Ruaao ~ clo. . . , lOO t t ,.
Bristol to proceed to tbe works. My great-grandfather was tion. T he guarantee fund reached 10,503; and the Local Committee Old. u.cuL up, 0 0 0 , L .J:i:A J>, Urltl.th Plc .. .. ,. ~ 0 t ,.

succeeded by his son and by bis grandson. 'l'he Crawsbays called for ao per cent upon the amount, in four instslment.s, thus Jt.tJ.l T Chain, Jn Walca u 0 0 , b~l..b . . . . . . . lg; 10 0 ,,
raising 8,169. Some other small receipts and donations, together .. lu OIJUO , a l$ 0 I# W.JJ ,. !ill u t ,.
followed one another for four generations in the iron trade in Plc No. 1. In C17de .. , J Do , bl.lc~l " 21 0 t ..
Wales, and there they still 6tand at the bead of the trade. My father,
after his lather's death, not being concerned in the W elsh ironworks,
with 195 4s. 8rl. r emaining on band from 184t meeting, made the
total amount at the disposal of the committee .8,594 4:8. 5d. 'l'he ~~a::.:.~~~-~}
No. l,lo \Vala.... .. .,
. 2 p 0
I 8 8

u
11.N, EoaUab Block, uom.. , liO o .,
Dt.r ., 121 t t ,
lkllD.cS H oo ,. 12'2 0 ,.
expenses amounted to a,48l Os. 6d. ~o.l,lu TJuc all4Tu.e ., Portlp D.uc:a . . . . . , l~ t t ,
but having spent his youth in them, and being well a.cquain~ 'J'Le number of peraon.s working short time at Manchester shows vauo. Yur6e . .. . .. ,.
' 12 0
t o
,
, bl,..ha , , 118 10 I ..
with the business, took the opportunity, furnished by a connection
a n increaso of 2,325, while there is a corresponding decrease in tbe Sl&ll'onlahlr o Yore PJ'}
(all .lUu~). ~ tht , I 10 0 ,
T I N l'L.A.1.l.;ll, Char-}
coa l. J t,;..
prbx 1 t O .,
,
by marriage with the late lamented Mr. Stanley, and all'o by the
number on full time. By the last return before us, out of a total of Wortu. L. " ' nom. DIUOJX ............. ,, ll$ t ,
decease of your fo rmer master, ?.fr. Joseph Hawks, to r etire from 46,707 operatives, 27,567 were on full time, 12,871 on short time, W elab t'ot)C Pig ( 11 ~ I I 0 , C:O.ko, JO , . 1 2 U "
th e works to become tbe principal propnetor ; and in that way, in )J lnc), at tbe Pvn. J " lJUAo 1X . , 0 1 8 0 ,,
and 6,269 wholly un employed. .Aeadlau l'J~ Cba.rcoal .. , 7 10 0 " l>o. a' ~ c.w-porl, h .J't ba le.
my own person, in the person of my brother, and I trust it will also ISC<>I<:b PIJio l>o. I, lo } I 00 ., Do. at .L'puul. tkl ,. .,
In connection with Clyde shipbuilding we may state thnt tbe CAI> A IJA, l'lllc ......prtll 12 0
be in the persons of our children, a branch of this family continue I..ouclon 0 t
in the North of England. They pursue the working of iron, by which new steamship P ladda has made a run from Greenock to Cork, ~UICK<>ILV~lt ..... pr bl 7 0 0 J
the family was first known upwards of I 00 year s ago, aud I am sure 400 miles, in thirty-two hours. The Pladda was built and eogiued R.uLS aro t.olerably firm, nt our quot.atioll8.
by Blackwood and Gordon, at their shipbuilding yard, Port- SOOTcu P10 iRON baa advanced a lltUc ll1nco our lnst report, and tbe
it is pardonable in me to say I am proud of my descent. . . . It
is n ot n ecessary for m e to tell you anything a bout the Hawks's. Glagow, and started in October last, during Lbe severe gales which market closed oo tbe 315~ ul~. at 4.9a. CIJ.Sh, and 60s. ~hrce months open.
sin~ that time have prevailed. Sho has proved herself to be a The stock on Wnrrant.sla 18~,000 l.oll8, and there 1.8 abou~ the same quantity
I have been obliged to tell you something a bout the Craw- first-class sea-going: vessel, having large carrying capacitie~, with ln makers' yards. .
shays, but you know more about the Hawks's than I do SrEL.TR..-The neares1. prico on the spot iJ1 .17 to .17 lis., with a dull
myseU. Still a. few words may well be put upon record as to that good speed and very small <;<>nsumplio n of !';tel. Th.e f ladt~a is .the
sixth veasel lo.unched by tb1s firm from thell' new 1ron Shipbuild- market. Tbo stock lncrealiod biJ.t toll8 during tbo pas~ month, being on tbe
name also. The name of llawks is & st:U older nam e in the iron h~. Inn. 6,04u toM.
trade than the name of Crawshay. We are in tbe fourth generation ing yard d uring the last year, in \Vbich time they have been CoPrm.-Vory dull of sale. .
of workers in iron ; the Hawks'a are in the fifth. The date of tbe busily engaged erecting a large iron crane in their yard, along- L.eo -Bu~ little bUiilncss doing ln Enghsb or foreign.
Gateshead Iron works is not exactly known, but there are records
side th eir new wet dock, capable of lifting boilers and heavy Tt.~ . .:... English in falr demand. :&nca is quoted 120, and Stra.lta
goin~ back 120 years. The man who founded th ose works was
machinery to tbe weight of 40 tons. The Livorneo, a screw n. t
steamer, launched by Messrs. Connel and Co., at Overnewton,
.116108.
TIN PLATES in m~cro.t.o demand, at 2.... or I C. coKe.
Tb e b1pmcnt.a
Will~am Hawks, who w orked with his own hands, making claw to Uoil.cd Stntes oonunue large.
for the Mediterranean trade, is being engioccl by Messrs. A.
hammers for joiners, and connected, OB I believe, with a slilf older
name !ban either Hawks or Crawshay, nud which may well be and J. In glis, Whitehall Foundry. Messrs. G. and J . '! 'how- J an. 2nd. 1862. MOATB .o'l> Co., GS, Old Broad-street, London.
son of Govan, bavo launched a fine screw steamer named
mentioned on such an occasion as this-Crowley's Works, at Swal- tb e' Cortes, intended to ply between Cadiz nod Havana (Cuba).
welL Although there is a jroverh that 'two e,f a. trade SCOTCH P I G IRON REPORT.
T he usual annual trad.e cuculars afford valuable information with e. d.
u ever agree,' the Hawks's an Cra.wshays have falsified that r egard to the state of the Scot.eb pig iron trade during the past year.
proverb. We a~e of one trade, and we have agreed." At a sub- No. 1 Ga.rtsbcrrio .. .. 68 8 t.o.b Glu.sgow.
Messrs. James Watson and Co. obser ve: - " The past year has been ., 1 G.M. D. .. .. 48 3 ., do.
sequent period of the evening the chairman proposed the health of characterised by disappointment and great distress to almost all , S Do. .. 4.1 3 ., do.
Mr. H osking, engineer-in-chief at the works, observing that when
classes of the commercial community, ours being no exception; it if. Nos. Do. .. 47 9 ., do.
the firm first made M r. Hoskiog's aquaintance he was employed by opened hopefully in the expect.ation that an early solution of U.1e
Mr. Robert Stephenson as inspector over them in the erection of the . d.
American difficulty would be eliected, and that our f:uccesses 1n
H igh Level Bndg.e. Tbe firm ~ere glad to have .a conscientious and China., combined with the fruits of the Commercial 'l',.caty witb S-6ths No. 1 and { Cash prompt, 49 0 per too.
severe inspector l1Ke Mr. Hosking, because the1r only thought was 1 mo. open, .. .. 49 3 do.
25t bs ).{ 3 . . 2 mos'I 11
to do justice to tbe contract they had undertaken, and the result was,
that instead of Mr. Robert Stepbenson pa.ying Mr. Hosking fw in-
France, would bring ua largely in cr~ed orders. 'l'hese ex-
pectations have, to a. grea.t . e::ttent, ?ecn frustrat ed by the
contin uance of t he Amencnu c1vil war. Pnces have been unusually
G . B. 3
.. ,.
lUll OFACTU IUW IRON.
.. .. 40 9
60 0
do.
do.
specting their operations, it was they who ought to hav? paid him, depressed, fluctuating ootween 4 7s. and 52s. per Ion, accord- L. . d.
becaUEe it was in a. very great degree owing to Mr. H osking's super- .Ban, Oovnn . . . .. . . 1 0 0
ing a11 the chances of peace or war prepoudernted. 'rhe ,. Common . . . . .. 6 17 6
vision that they were enabled to fulfil the contract in .the avert.ge number of furnaces in blast has been 123, producing
manner in which it wa.s carried out. There was someth~ng Drumpellnr, Common . .. Cl 17 6
1,050,000 tons. Miners haw wrought steadily, and their average Do. Best .. .. 7 17 6
m ore to be sajd in coll.Uection with Mr. H osking and the H1gh wage! b&.ve been 3s. per liAr, being 6d. under that of last year. 'l'ho Plates und Sboet.s . . 9 0 0 to 10.
L evel Bridge. At the time of the completion of tbe brid~e Balla . . .. 7 6 0
sbipmenla and railway dehveries during the year have been very
justice required that th,ere should have been some P,ubHc sat1sfactory, being b1J6,0(10 to~, or 2~,000 tons in excess of Plpea .. .. .. . .. 5 0 0
mention of Mr. H osk.ing s name. That th&L was a. m<'ro mad- Obalra .. 4 0 0
those of I 860. There have been llhipped, coastwise, a18,000 tons,
v ertence, as regarded Mr. Rober t Stophenson, be was perfectly con- against 318,000 in 1860, and 316,0(10 i o 18ii!J ; foreign, 2tiG,876 tons, 0LAIIOOW,
December, 11!61. 3 1 &~
fident, for be had himself spoken to him of Mr. Hosking in th e very
against 255,000 iu 1860, and 25-l,OUO in 1859. Of which Operations In our market cont inue very re~>trieted, both for epeculation
bigheat terms. T he words~ Stepbcnson used, in speaJOng_of !fr. and oonauroption. The unccrt4lnty as to what may bo tb? re~~ttl~ or our
Ho3king, were these :- " He JB the very best mecbanJcnl ODf?lneer I Tons. Tons. demands (rom tbe American Government, aa well as the wdi.5pohitlon to
ever kuew.'' L et it not be supposed !or one moment that m what 1 0 I. 11!0. contract. fresh on!(aj!'omcnt1 nt the end of the year, stopplng bll.8ineas.
Franco has taken.. . . .. .. 61,1132 ngniust 60,013 Expon.s la~ week wcro ~,24 6 t.ons, agnlnst 8,317 tous lu tbo corre
J1e was about to sa.y be intended to detract in the smallest degree sponding week or las1. year.
Germnny and llolland .. .. . . 94,!WI .. 60,469
from the eminent meri t of the late Mr. Stepbe~son ; he was o~ly ltu&lla . . . . . . . . .. .. 8i6 ,, 8,925 SUAw. TooMSON. A.ND Moou. Metal Broken.
desirous to give his true position to Mr. lioskmg. Mr. llosking
13,Y.1~ ,

Spain und rortugul .. 9,9!14 BENSON's \V ATCilSS A.ND CLOCKS.-" Perfection of mechan.U;m."-
responded m suitable terms, and-but we really cannot afford more. Unll.cd lnnt~.. . . . . .. .. . . a4,48~ , 77,6a2 G d h .. t . il Ab"
space to the proceedings, interesting and gratifying IlB they were. B r1.18
hA merIea .. . . . . .. . . 17,0"3
" ,. 1'" 161i 'iforning Pot.
.JJ 'ol wn1c es " o 100 gu1neas; s ver f f
wa..., _,
'l'here is little improvement in Sheffield trade, so long depressed; Italy . . . .. .. . !!.),4St , lo,!!~5 2 to 50 gujneas. Benson's new Illustyated pamphlet, ree or two
still the t~tal amount paid for wages on Obristmas eve was not more
The local con~>umption is o~ttimatcd at about 7,000 tons per wee k ,
stamps descriptive of every construction of watcl1, enables persona
than 10 per cent. below the sum distributed on the corresponding in any 'part of the world to select, with the greatest certainty, the
date in 1860. TLe falling off is mainly among tbe American ~s ; our foundries aud mnlleab' e iron works beiuE! well employed during wo.tch best ndnptcd to their u~. Watches sent free t.v pot.t uu t.h
but their inactivity haB been, to some extent, counteracted by the m - the first holf of the year; now, however, 10 common with other r eceipt of a r emittance. J. \V. Ben son, 33 and a4, tudgate-hill.
creased payments of a few firms in the heavy trade. branches of iniustry, they comp lain of orders coming forward too , and 46 and 47, Cornbill, L ondon, E.O. Estaulisbed 1749.-Anv.
slowly.