Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Classification
- JUICE -
Fruit juices are made from pure filtered fruit juice with nothing added. Sodium benzoate can be
added as a preservative to extend the shelf life, but this is not essential. Properly pasteurised
juice has a shelf life of several months. Most fruits can be used to make juice. The most
popular ones are pineapple, orange, mango, grapefruit and passion fruit.
Squashes and cordials are concentrated, sweetened drinks made from a 30% mix of fruit pulp
and sugar syrup. They are diluted before drinking. The sugar concentration must be high
enough (12-14%) to preserve the squash after the bottle has been opened.
-NECTAR-
Some juices, such as guava juice are not filtered after pulping. They are bottled and sold as
fruit nectars.
Fruit should be washed in clean water, peeled and the stones removed. All fruit should be ripe
and free from bruising. Any rotten or bruised fruit should be thrown away as this will spoil the
flavour of the juice. Pineapple contains an enzyme that damages the skin.
Therefore, gloves should be worn when handling pineapple. The juice must be heated to a
higher temperature for a longer time to destroy the enzyme (it must be boiled for 20 minutes).
Soft fruit, such as berries and apricots, are delicate and should be handled carefully to avoid
bruising.
2.2.-Pulp/Juice Extraction
Juice is extracted in a number of different ways - steaming, reaming, pressing and pulping.
Fruit can be pulped in a liquidiser. A range of fruit presses are available to extract the juice.
Some machines combine pressing with filtration to remove the fine particles. To make fruit
squash or cordial, the extracted fruit juice is mixed with sugar syrup to give a final sugar
concentration of 12-14%. See added ingredients.
2.3.-Added Ingredients
Pure fruit juices have no added ingredients, but sometimes preservatives such as sodium
benzoate or citric acid are added. Fruit squashes have sugar added to preserve the squash
after opening.
Sugar
Sugar is added to fruit juice to make a fruit squash or cordial. It is added to give a final
concentration of 12-14% sugar. The amount of sugar present in the fruit has to be taken into
account when calculating the amount of sugar to add. The amount of sugar added to a fruit
squash is also determined by consumer taste and demand for sweetness. The amount of sugar
syrup to be added to the juice to give a final concentration of 12-14% can be calculated by
using the Pearson Square. Sugar syrups should be filtered through a muslin cloth to remove
particles of dirt that are present in the sugar.
2.4.-Filtration
To make clear bright juice, the juice should be filtered to remove the fine suspended particles.
The juice can be strained in a muslin cloth bag, or filtered using a steel filter. Pectic enzymes
are sometimes added to the juice to break down the pectin which is naturally present and
which gives the juice a cloudy appearance.
2.5.-Fill and seal
At the small-scale, containers can be filled simply using a funnel and a jug. For larger scale
operations a range of filling machines are available. The juice containers should be thoroughly
washed and sterilised before filling. Bottles that are recycled should be checked for cracks and
chips. Only new caps should be used for sealing the bottles.
2.6.-Heat Treatment/Pasteurise
At the small-scale, the filled bottles of juice can be pateurised in a stainless steel, enamelled or
aluminium pan over a gas flame.
A range of small-scale pasteurising units are available. To make fruit squash, the sugar syrup
is heated to boiling in a large pan.
A measured amount of syrup is mixed with the fruit juice in a stainless steel pan, which
increases the temperature of the juice to 60-70deg C.
The juice/syrup mixture is quickly heated to pasteurising temperature and hot filled into
sterilised bottles and sealed. Fruit juice is pasteurised after it has been bottled.
The filled bottles are heated in boiling water for 5-10 minutes depending on the size of the
bottle.
Both the time and temperature of pasteurisation are critical to achieve the correct shelf life and
to retain the colour and flavour of the juice.
2.7.-Cooling
After heating, the bottles are cooled to room temperature by immersing them in clean cold
water. If the bottles are cooled too quickly they will crack and break.
General
All equipment must be thoroughly cleaned each day to prevent contamination by insects and
micro-organisms.
3.- Basic fruit recipes
The following basic recipes are only guidelines since they depend on the composition of fruit
(which varies between different types) and the different consumer tastes for sweetness.
A.-Mango juice
Mango pulp Boiling water: 1 litre per kg pulp Sugar: 200g per kg pulp Lemon juice: 2 spoons
per kg pulp
Preparation of pulp
Use fully ripe fruit. Wash and peel the mangoes and cut into slices with a stainless steel knife.
Add boiling water, sugar and lemon juice to the pulp so that the mixture contains 12% total
soluble solids (as measured by a refractometer) and has a pH of 3.5-3.8. Fill the juice into
clean sterilised bottles and seal with caps. Pasteurise the juice by immersing batches of the
bottles in a hot water bath at 75C. Leave in the water until the temperature of the juice
reaches 68C. The time depends on the size of bottles:
0,33 yes 20
0,5 yes 25
0,75 yes 30
Leave the bottles to cool overnight then rinse, label and store them. When properly stored,
mango juice will store for up to 12 months.
B.-Mango squash
Sugar 900g
Water 900g
Quality assurance
It is important to exclude all air bubbles from the sealed bottles as the presence of air will
cause the squash to deteriorate.
C.-Tomato Pulp
Ripe tomatoes
Lemon juice
2. Wash the tomatoes and drain to remove surface water. Sort and remove any over-ripe,
under-ripe or bruised fruits.
4. Extract the juice and pulp using either a manual or electrical pulper/juicer. Separate the
pulp from the seeds and the skin.
5. Transfer the pulp to a large stainless steel pot and heat until a total solids content of 8-
9Brix as measured by a refractometer.
6. Check the acidity using a pH meter. It should be between 3.5-3.8. If it is too high, adjust it
by adding a small amount of lemon juice.
7. While the pulp is still hot, fill it into clean, sterile bottles. Close with a screw top.
8. Pasteurise the pulp. Place the jars into a hot water bath. Bring the water to the boil and
keep the jars in the water for the following time:
0,5 30
0,75 40
1 50
9. Cool the bottles overnight. Label and store. Bottled puree will store for up to 12 months.
1. Wash the mangoes and guavas in clean water. Drain. Sort and remove any unripe or over-
ripe fruit.
2. Peel the mangoes with a stainless steel knife and separate the pulp from the stone. Cut the
guavas into 4 sections and blanch them in boiling water for 3-10 minutes depending on their
maturity.
4. Weigh the pulp and then weigh the water, lemon juice and sugar in the ratios above.
5. Boil the water with the lemon and sugar, then add the pulp so that the mixture has a total
solids content of 19% as measured by a refractometer. The pH of the mixture should be
between 3.5 and 3.8.
6. Remove the foam from the top of the nectar. While it is still hot, fill into clean, sterile
bottles. Cap the bottles.
7. Pasteurise the juice by placing the capped bottles in a boiling water bath for the following
length of time:
0,33 10
0,5 15
0,75 20
8. Leave the bottles to cool. Label them and store in a cool place.
1. Wash the fruit in clean water. Drain. Sort and remove any unripe or over-ripe fruit.
2. Peel the fruit with a stainless steel knife and separate the pulp from the stone.
4. Weigh the pulp and then weigh the water, lemon juice and sugar in the ratios above.
5. Boil the water with the lemon and sugar, then add the pulp so that the mixture has a total
solids content of 12-13% as measured by a refractometer. The pH of the mixture should be
between 3.5 and 3.8.
6. Remove the foam from the top of the nectar. While it is still hot, fill into clean, sterile
bottles. Cap the bottles.
7. Pasteurise the juice by placing the capped bottles in a boiling water bath for the following
length of time:
0,33 10
0,5 15
0,75 20
8. Leave the bottles to cool. Label them and store in a cool place.
F.-Pear nectar
Mature pears
1. Wash the fruit in clean water. Drain. Sort and remove any unripe or over-ripe fruit.
2. Peel the fruit with a stainless steel knife. Cut the pears into quarters and blanch for 2-10
minutes depending on their degree of maturity.
4. Weigh the pulp and then weigh the water, lemon juice and sugar in the ratios above.
Another commonly used formula for pear nectar is as follows:
55% water
8% sugar
The exact formulation depends on the pear variety and consumer taste .
5. Boil the water with the lemon and sugar, then add the pulp so that the mixture has a total
solids content of 12-13% as measured by a refractometer. The pH of the mixture should be
between 3.5 and 3.8.
6. Remove the foam from the top of the nectar. While it is still hot, fill into clean, sterile
bottles. Cap the bottles.
7. Pasteurise the juice by placing the capped bottles in a boiling water bath for the following
length of time:
0,33 10
0,5 15
0,75 20
8. Leave the bottles to cool. Label them and store in a cool place.