(Blogtoan.com) - Tóm Tắt Lý Thuyết Và Giải Nhanh Toán 12 - Nguyễn Chiến, Nguyễn Hồng Quân

TM TT L THUYT V GII NHANH TON 12
Nguyn Chin - Nguyn Hng Qun
PHN 1. HM S
S NG BIN NGHCH BIN CA HM S
1. nh ngha
x1, x 2 K , x 1 x 2 ( K l khong hoc on hoc na khong).

f x1 f x 2 y f x ng bin trn K th i ln t tri sang phi.
f x f x y f x nghch bin trn K th i xung t tri sang phi.

1 2
Ch : + N u f x 0, x a;b hm s f x ng bi n tr n khong a;b .
+ N u f x 0, x a; b hm s f x nghch bi n trn khong a;b .
+ N u f x 0, x a;b hm s f x h ng i trn khong a;b .
+ N u f x ng bi n trn khong a;b f x 0, x a;b .
+ Nu f x nghch bi n trn khong a;b f x 0, x a;b .
2. Quy tc v cng thc tnh o hm

Quy tc tnh o hm: Cho u u x ; v v x ; C : l hng s .
Tng, hiu: u v u v.

Tch: u.v u .v v .u C .u C .u .
u u .v v .u C C .u
Thng:
v2
, v 0

u2

v u

o hm hm hp: Nu y f u , u u x yx yu .ux .
Bng cng thc tnh o hm:
o hm ca hm s cp o hm ca hm hp
C 0 (C l hng s). x .x
1
x .x
1
u . u
1
.u
1 1 1 u
2 (x 0) 2 u 0
x x u u
x
1
2 x
x 0 u
u
2 u
u0
sin x cos x sin u u.cos u
cos x sin x cos u u.sin u
Nguyn Chin - Hng Qun: 0973.514.674

Page | 1

tan x cos1 x 2 tan u cosu 2
u
u
cot x sin1 x 2 cot u sin 2
u
e e
x x
e u.e
u u
a a .ln a
x x
a u.a .ln a
u u
ln x x1 ln u uu
u
log x x ln1 a
a log u u.ln
a
a
Cng thc tnh nhanh o hm hm phn thc:
a b a c b c
x2 2 x
ax b ad bc ax 2 bx c d e d f e f
. ; 2 .
cx d dx ex f
2 2
cx d dx 2 ex f
o hm cp 2 :
+ nh ngha: f x f x

+ ngha c hc: Gia tc tc thi ca chuyn ng s f t ti thi im t 0 l:

a t0 f t0 .
* Mt s ch :

Nu hm s f x v g x cng ng bin (nghch bin) tr n K th hm s

f x g x
cng ng bin (nghch bin) tr n K. Tnh cht ny c th kh ng ng i vi hiu

f x g x .

Nu hm s f x v g x l cc hm s dng v cng ng bin (nghch bin) tr n
K th hm s f x .g x cng ng bin (nghch bin) tr n K. Tnh cht ny c th
kh ng ng khi cc hm s f x , g x kh ng l cc hm s dng trn K.
Cho hm s u u x , xc nh vi x a;b v u x c;d . Hm s f u x
cng xc nh vi x a;b .
Quy tc xt tnh n iu ca hm s.
Gi s hm s f c o hm trn K

Nu f ' x 0 vi mi x K v f ' x 0 ch ti mt s hu hn im x K th
hm s f ng bin trn K .

Nu f ' x 0 vi mi x K v f ' x 0 ch ti mt s hu hn im x K
th hm s f nghch bin trn K .

Page | 2
Ch :
ax b d
* i vi hm phn thc hu t y x th du " " khi xt du o
cx d c
hm y khng xy ra.

Gi s y f x ax 3 bx 2 cx d f x 3ax 2 2bx c.
Hm s ng bin trn Hm s nghch bin trn

a 0 a 0

0 0

f x 0; x a 0 .

f x 0; x a 0 .

b 0 b 0

c 0 c 0
Trng hp 2 th h s c khc 0 v khi a b c 0 th f x d
(ng thng song song hoc trng vi trc Ox th kh ng n iu)
* Vi dng ton tm tham s m hm s c a n iu mt chiu trn khong c
di bng l ta gii nh sau:

Bc 1: Tnh y f x ; m ax 2 bx c.
Bc 2: Hm s n iu trn x ; x y 0 c 2 nghim phn bit

1 2
0
*
a 0
Bc 3: Hm s n iu trn khong c di bng l
* *
2
x1 x 2 l x1 x 2 4x1x 2 l 2 S2 4P l 2

Bc 4: Gii * v giao vi * * suy ra gi tr m cn tm.
CC TR HM S
1. nh ngha
Gi s hm s f xc nh tr n tp K v x 0 K .
+ x0 l im cc tiu ca hm s f nu tn ti mt khong a; b cha x 0 sao cho
a; b K v f x f x , x a;b \ x .
0 0
Khi f x c gi l gi tr cc tiu ca hm s f .
0
+ x 0 l im cc i ca hm s f nu tn ti mt khong a;b cha x 0 sao cho

a; b K v f x f x , x a;b \ x .
0 0

Khi f x 0 c gi l gi tr cc i ca hm s f .
+ im cc i v im cc tiu gi chung l im cc tr.

+ Gi tr cc i v gi tr cc tiu gi chung l cc tr.
+ im cc i v im cc tiu c gi chung l im cc tr ca hm s v im
cc tr phi l mt im trong tp hp K.
Page | 3
+ Gi tr cc i v gi tr cc tiu c gi chung l gi tr cc tr (hay cc tr)
ca hm s.

+ Nu x0 l im cc tr ca hm s th im x 0 ; f (x 0 ) c gi l im cc tr
ca th hm s f .
2. iu kin cn hm s t cc tr

nh l 1: Gi s hm s y f x t cc tr ti im x 0 . Khi , nu y f x c o hm

ti im x 0 th f x 0 0.
Ch :

o hm f x c th bng 0 ti im x0 nhng hm s f kh ng t cc tr ti
im x0 .
Hm s c th t cc tr ti mt im m ti hm s kh ng c o hm.

Hm s ch c th t cc tr ti mt im m ti o hm ca hm s bng 0

hoc ti hm s kh ng c o hm.
3. iu in hm s t cc tr
nh l 2: Gi s hm s f t cc tr ti im x 0 . Khi , nu hm s f c o hm ti

im x 0 th f ' x0 0 . N u f x 0 tr n khong x 0 h; x 0 v f x 0 trn khong
x ; x h th x l m t i m cc ai ca hm s f x .
0 0 0
N u f x 0 trn khong x h; x v f x 0 trn khong x ; x h th

0 0 0 0
x l m t i m cc ti u ca hm s f x .
0
Quy tc tm cc tr
Quy tc 1:
Bc 1: Tm tp xc nh. Tm f x .
Bc 2: Tm cc im x i i 1;2;... m ti o hm ca hm s bng 0 hoc
hm s lin tc nhng khng c o hm.

Bc 3: Lp bng bin thin hoc bng xt du f x . Nu f x i du khi i
qua x i th hm s t cc tr ti x i .

nh l 3: Gi s y f x c o hm c p 2 trong khong x 0 h; x 0 h vi h 0.
Nu f x 0, f x 0 th hm s
0 0
f t cc i ti x 0 .
Nu f x 0, f x 0 th hm s
0 0
f t cc tiu ti x 0 .
T nh l trn, ta c mt quy tc khc tm cc tr ca hm s
Quy tc 2:
Bc 1: Tm tp xc nh. Tm f x .

Bc 2: Tm cc nghim x i i 1;2;... ca phng trnh f x 0.

Bc 3: Tnh f x v tnh f x i .
Nu f x 0 th hm s f
i
t cc i ti im x i .
Nu f x 0 th hm s f
i
t cc tiu ti im xi .
Page | 4
MT S DNG TON LIN QUAN N CC TR HM S
I. CC TR CA HM A THC BC BA:
1. Tm iu kin hm s c cc i, cc tiu tha mn honh cho trc

i to n t ng quat: Cho hm s y f x ; m ax 3 bx 2 cx d. Tm tham s m hm
s c cc i, cc tiu ti x 1, x 2 tha mn iu kin K cho trc.

Phng ph p:
c 1:
Tp xc nh: D .
o hm: y 3ax 2bx c Ax Bx C
2 2
c 2:
Hm s c cc tr (hay c hai cc tr, hai cc tr phn bit hay c cc i v cc tiu)
y 0 c hai nghim phn bit v y i du qua 2 nghim
phng trnh y 0 c hai nghim phn bit

A 3a 0
a 0
2 m D1.
y B 2 4AC 4b 2 12ac 0 b 3ac 0

c 3: Gi x 1, x 2 l hai nghim ca phng trnh y 0.
B 2b
x 1 x 2 A 3a

Khi : .
x .x C c

1 2 A 3a
c 4: Bi n i i u ki n K v da ng t ng S v ti ch P . T gii ra tm c
m D2 .
c 5: K t lun cc gi tr m tha mn: m D1 D2 .
* Ch : Hm s bc ba: y ax 3 bx 2 cx d a 0 .
Ta c: y ' 3ax 2bx c.
2
iu kin Kt lun
b 3ac 0
2
Hm s kh ng c cc tr.
b 2 3ac 0 Hm s c hai im cc tr.
iu kin hm s c cc tr cng du, tri du.
Hm s c 2 cc tr tri du
phng trnh y 0 c hai nghim phn bit tri du ac 0.
Hm s c hai cc tr cng du
y 0

phng trnh y 0 c hai nghim phn bit cng du C
P x 1.x 2 0
A
Hm s c hai cc tr cng du dng

y 0
B
phng trnh y 0 c hai nghim dng phn bit S x 1 x 2 0
A
P x .x C
0
1 2
A
Page | 5
Hm s c hai cc tr cng du m

y ' 0
B
phng trnh y 0 c hai nghim m phn bit S x 1 x 2 0
A
P x .x C
0
1 2
A
Tm iu kin hm s c hai cc tr x 1, x 2 tha mn:
x1 x 2
x1 x 2
x1 x 2
Hai cc tr x 1, x 2 tha mn x1 x 2

x1 x 2 0 x1.x 2 x1 x 2 2 0
1

x x2 0
x .x x1 x 2 0
1 2
2

x x 2 2 x x 2 2
1 1

x x2 0
1

x .x x1 x 2 0
1 2
2

x x 2 2 x x 2 2
1 1
Phng trnh bc 3 c 3 nghim lp thnh cp s cng
b d
khi c 1 nghim l x , c 3 nghim lp thnh cp s nhn khi c 1 nghim l x 3 .
3a a
2. Tm iu kin th hm s c c c im cc i, cc tiu nm cng pha,

khc pha so vi mt ng thng
i tri tng i gia 2 im vi ng th ng:

Cho 2 i m A x A; yA , B x B ; yB v ng thng : ax by c 0.

N u ax A byA c ax by c 0 thi hai im A, B nm v
B B
hai pha so vi ng thng .

N u ax A byA c ax B byB c 0 thi hai im A, B nm cu ng
pha so vi ng thng .
Mt s trng hp c bit:
+ Cc im cc tr ca th nm cng v 1 pha i vi trc Oy
hm s c 2 cc tr cng du
phng trnh y 0 c hai nghim phn bit cng du
+ Cc im cc tr ca th nm cng v 2 pha i vi trc Oy
hm s c 2 cc tr tri du
phng trnh y 0 c hai nghim tri du
+ Cc im cc tr ca th nm cng v 1 pha i vi trc Ox
phng trnh y 0 c hai nghim phn bit v yC .yCT 0
Page | 6
c bit:
+ Cc im cc tr ca th nm cng v pha trn i vi trc Ox
y .y 0
phng trnh y 0 c hai nghim phn bit v C CT
yC yCT 0
Cc im cc tr ca th nm cng v pha di i vi trc Ox
y .y 0
phng trnh y 0 c hai nghim phn bit v C CT .
yC yCT 0
+ Cc im cc tr ca th nm v 2 pha i vi trc Ox
phng trnh y 0 c hai nghim phn bit v yC .yCT 0
(p dung khi khng nh m c nghim v vit c phng trnh ng thng i qua hai
im cc tr ca th hm s)
Hoc: Cc im cc tr ca th nm v 2 pha i vi trc Ox
th ct trc Ox ti 3 im phn bit

phng tri nh honh giao i m f x 0 co 3 nghi m phn bi t (p dung khi
nh m c nghim)
3. Phng trnh ng thng qua c c im cc tr
2c 2b 2 bc y.y y .y

g x
9a
x d
9a
hoc g x 9ay hoc g x y
3y
3 2
Khong cch gia hai im cc tr ca th hm s c 3 l
4e 16e 3 b 2 3ac
AB vi e
a 9a
II. CC TR CA HM BC 4 TRNG PHNG y ax bx c
4 2
a 0
MT S KT QU CN NH
Hm s c mt cc tr ab 0.
Hm s c ba cc tr ab 0.
a 0
Hm s c ng mt cc tr v cc tr l cc tiu .
b 0
a 0
Hm s c ng mt cc tr v cc tr l cc i .
b 0
a 0
Hm s c hai cc tiu v mt cc i .
b 0
a 0
Hm s c mt cc tiu v hai cc i .
b 0
b b
Gi s hm s y ax bx c c 3 cc tr: A(0;c), B ; ,C ;
4 2
2a 4a 2a 4a

to thnh tam gic ABC tha mn d kin: ab 0 .

Page | 7
MT S CNG THC GII NHANH
y

b 3
Tng qut: cot 2 A
2 8a
O x
B C
D kin Cng thc tha mn ab 0

Tam gi{c ABC vung c}n ti A b 3 8a
Tam gi{c ABC u b 3 24a
Tam gi{c ABC c din tch S ABC S 0 32a 3 (S 0 )2 b 5 0
Tam gi{c ABC c din tch max (S 0 ) b5
S0
32a 3
Tam gi{c ABC c b{n knh ng trn ni tip b2
rABC r0 r
b3
4 a 1 1
8a

Tam gi{c ABC c b{n knh ng trn ngoi tip b 3 8a
RABC R R
8ab
Tam gi{c ABC c d|i cnh BC m0 am02 2b 0
Tam gi{c ABC c d|i AB AC n0 16a 2n02 b 4 8ab 0
Tam gi{c ABC c cc tr B,C Ox b 2 4ac
Tam gi{c ABC c 3 gc nhn b(8a b 3 ) 0
Tam gi{c ABC c trng t}m O b 2 6ac
Tam gi{c ABC c trc t}m O b 3 8a 4ac 0
Tam gi{c ABC cng im O to th|nh hnh thoi b 2 2ac
Tam gi{c ABC c O l| t}m ng trn ni tip b 3 8a 4abc 0
Tam gi{c ABC c O l| t}m ng trn ngoi tip b 3 8a 8abc 0
Tam gi{c ABC c cnh BC kAB kAC b 3 .k 2 8a(k 2 4) 0
Trc ho|nh chia tam gi{c ABC th|nh
b 2 4 2 ac
hai phn c din tch bng nhau
Tam gic ABC c im cc tr cch u trc honh b 2 8ac

th hm s C : y ax 4 bx 2 c ct trc Ox ti
b2
100
ac
4 im phn bit lp thnh cp s cng 9
nh tham s hnh phng gii hn bi th
C : y ax 4
bx 2 c v trc honh c din tch b2
36
5
ac
phn tr n v phn di bng nhau.
2 2
Phng trnh ng trn ngoi tip ABC : x y c y c 0
2 2
b 4a b 4a
Page | 8
GI TR LN NHT - GI TR NH NHT
I. nh ngha.

Cho hm s y f x xc nh trn tp D.
f (x ) M , x D
S M gi l gi tr ln nht ca hm s y f x trn D nu:
x 0 D, f (x 0 ) M
K hiu: M max f ( x) .
xD

f (x ) m, x D
S m gi l gi tr nh nht ca hm s y f x trn D nu: x D, f (x 0 ) m

0
K hiu: m min f (x ) .
x D
2. Phng php tm GTLN,GTNN

* Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s bng cch kho st trc tip

Bc 1: Tnh f x v tm cc im x1, x 2,..., x n D m ti f x 0 hoc hm s
kh ng c o hm.
+ Bc 2: Lp bng bin thi n v ri suy ra gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s.
* Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s tr n mt on
Bc 1:

Hm s cho y f x xc nh v lin tc tr n on a;b .

Tm cc im x1, x 2,..., x n trn khong a;b , ti f x 0 hoc f x
kh ng xc nh.

Bc 2: Tnh f a , f x1 , f x 2 ,..., f x n , f b .
Bc 3: Khi :

max f x max f x 1 , f x 2 ,..., f x n , f a , f b .
a ,b
min f x min f x , f x ,..., f x , f a , f b .

1 2 n
a ,b
* Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s tr n mt hong

Bc 1: Tnh o hm f (x ) .
Bc 2: Tm tt c cc nghim x i (a;b) ca phng trnh
f (x ) 0 v tt c cc im i (a;b) lm cho f (x ) kh ng xc nh.
Bc 3. Tnh A lim f (x ) , B lim f (x ) , f (x i ) , f (i ) .
x a x b
Bc 4. So snh cc gi tr tnh c v kt lun M max f (x ) , m min f (x ) .

(a ;b ) (a ;b )
Nu gi tr ln nht (nh nht) l A hoc B th kt lun khng c gi tr ln nht (nh nht).

min f x f a
a ;b

+ N u y f x ng bi n trn a;b th
f x f b
.

max
a ;b
min f (x ) f b
a ;b

+ N u y f x nghich bi n trn a;b th
f (x ) f a
.

max
a ;b

Page | 9
NG TIM CN CA TH HM S
1. ng tim cn ngang
Cho hm s y f (x ) xc nh trn mt khong v hn (l khong dng
a; , ;b
hoc ; ). ng thng y y0 l ng tim cn ngang (hay tim
cn ngang) ca th hm s y f (x ) nu t nht mt trong cc iu kin sau tha mn:

lim f (x ) y0, lim f (x ) y0
x x
2. ng tim cn ng
ng thng x x 0 c gi l ng tim cn ng (hay tim cn ng) ca
th hm s y f ( x) nu t nht mt trong cc iu kin sau c tha mn:
lim f (x ) , lim f (x ) , lim f ( x) , lim f ( x)
x x 0 x x 0 x x0 x x0
ax b
Lu : Vi th hm phn thc dng y
cx d
c 0; ad bc 0 lu n c tim cn
a d
ngang l y v tim cn ng x .
c c
KHO ST S BIN THIN V V TH HM S

1. S ho st hm s
Cho hm s y f x .
Tm tp xc nh ca hm s.
S bin thi n
Chiu bin thi n.
i. Tnh y ' .
ii. Tm cc nghim ca phng trnh y ' 0 v cc im ti y ' khng
xc nh.
iii. Xt du y ' v suy ra cc khong bin thi n ca hm s.
Tm cc tr (nu c).
Tm cc gii v cc; cc gii hn ti , v ti cc im m hm s
kh ng xc nh.
Tm cc ng tim cn ca hm s (nu c).
Lp bng bin thi n.
th.
Lit k cc im c bit ( im cc i, im cc tiu, tm i xng,)
Xc nh giao im ca (C) vi Ox, Oy (nu c).
V th.

Page | 10
2. KHO ST MT S HM A THC V PHN THC:
a) HM S BC BA y ax 3 bx 2 cx d a 0
TRNG HP a 0 a0
Phng trnh y 0 c
/ y y
2 nghim ph n it
1
1
O x
1
1
O x
y
Phng trnh y 0 c
/ y
nghim kp
1
1
1
O x
1
O x
Phng trnh y / 0 v y y
nghim
1
O 1
1 x
1
O x
b) HM S TRNG PHNG y ax 4 bx 2 c a 0
TRNG HP a 0 a0
Phng trnh y 0 c
/
y y
3 nghim ph n it
1
1
1 1
O x
O x

Page | 11
Phng trnh y / 0 c y y
1 nghim.
1
1
1 O x
1
O x
ax b
c) HM S NHT BIN y
cx d
c 0, ad bc 0
D ad bc 0 D ad bc 0
MT S PHP BIN I TH
Dng 1:
T th C : y f x suy ra th C : y f x .
f x
khi x 0
Ta c y f x

f x khi x 0
v y f x l hm chn n n th C nhn Oy lm trc i xng.

* Cch v C t C :

+ Gi nguyn phn th b n phi Oy ca th C : y f x .

+ B phn th bn tri Oy ca C , ly i xng phn th c gi qua Oy.

V d: T th C : y f x x 3 3x y
C : y x
2
3
3x
suy ra th C : y x 3 x .
3
Bin i C :
-1 O x
+ B phn th ca C bn tri
-2
Oy, gi nguyn C bn phi Oy. C : y x

y
3
3x
+ Ly i xng phn th c -1 O 1
gi qua Oy . x
-2

Page | 12
Dng 2:
T th C : y f x suy ra th C : y f x .
Ni dung: Ta c:

f x

y f x
khi f x 0

f x khi f x 0

* Cch v C t C :
+ Gi nguyn phn th pha tr n Ox ca th (C): y f x .
+ B phn th pha di Ox ca (C), ly i xng phn th b b qua Ox.

V d: T th C : y f x x3 3x y
suy ra th y x 3x . 3
2
C : y x 3
3x
1
Bin i C : -1 O x
+ B phn th ca C di -2

Ox , gi nguyn C pha trn Ox.
y
+ Ly i xng phn th b b
qua Ox . 2
C : y x 3
3x
-1 O 1 x
Ch vi dng: y f x ta ln lt bin i 2 th y f x v y f x
V d: T th y
C : y f x x 3
3x suy ra th C : y
3
x 3x
2

3
y x 3 x . Bin i C c

3
th C : y x 3 x . Bin i
C : y x
3
3 x ta c th -1 O 1 x
C : y x
3
3x .
Dng 3:
T th C : y u x .v x suy ra th C : y u x .v x .
u x .v x f x
khi u x 0
Ta c: y u x .v x

u x .v x f x khi u x 0
* Cch v C t C :
+ Gi nguyn phn th tr n min u x 0 ca th C : y f x .
+ B phn th tr n min u x 0 ca C , ly i xng phn th b b qua Ox.

Page | 13
V d

a) T th C : y f x 2x 3 3x 2 1

b) T th C : y f x x
suy
x 1
suy ra th C : y x 1 2x 2
x 1 x

ra th C : y
x 1

f x khi x 1 x

y x 1 2x 2 x 1
f x
khi x 1 y
x

x 1
khi x 1;
.

x 1 x khi x ;1

x 1
th (C): th (C):
+ Gi nguy n (C) vi x 1 .
+ B (C) vi x 1 . Ly i xng phn
+ B phn th ca C vi x 1 ,
th qua Ox. gi nguy n C vi x 1.
(C')
y + Ly i xng phn th b b qua
Ox.
y
1
1
O 1 x
O
1 x
(C)
Nhn xt: Trong qu trnh thc hin php Nhn xt: i vi hm phn thc th n n
suy th n n ly i xng cc im c ly i xng cc ng tim cn thc
it ca (C): giao im vi Ox, Oy, C, CT hin php suy th mt cch tng i
chnh xc.
TIP TUYN
1. Tip tuyn : Cho hm s y f x , c th (C). Tip tuyn ca
x x y .
th (C) ti im M 0 x 0 ; y0 (C ) c dng: y y x 0 0 0
Trong : im M x ; y (C ) c gi l tip im. ( vi y f x ).

0 0 0 0 0
k f ' x l h s gc ca tip tuyn.

0
2. iu in tip xc: Cho hai hm s C : y f x v C ' : y g x
f x g x
th C v C tip xc nhau khi ch khi h phng trnh: c nghim.
f x g x
/ /
y
TNG GIAO TH
y0
Cho hm s y f (x ) c th (C 1 ) v y g(x ) c th (C2 ) .
x
Phng trnh honh giao im ca (C 1 ) v (C2 ) x0 O

l f (x ) g(x ) 1 . Khi :

Page | 14
S giao im ca (C1 ) v (C 2 ) bng vi s nghim
ca phng trnh 1 .

Nghim x 0 ca phng trnh 1 chnh l
honh x 0 ca giao im.

tnh tung y 0 ca giao im, ta thay honh x 0 vo

y f x hoc y g x .
im M x0 ; y0 l giao im ca (C 1 ) v (C 2 ) .
IM C BIT CA H NG CONG
1. Bi ton tm im c nh ca h ng cong
Xt h ng cong (C m ) c phng trnh y f (x, m) , trong f l hm a thc theo
bin x vi m l tham s sao cho bc ca m khng qu 2. Tm nhng im c nh thuc h
ng cong khi m thay i?
Phng php gii:
+ Bc 1: a phng trnh y f ( x, m) v dng phng trnh
theo n m c dng sau: Am B 0 hoc Am2 Bm C 0 .
+ Bc 2: Cho cc h s bng 0 , ta thu c h phng trnh v gii h phng trnh:
A 0
A 0
hoc B 0 .
B 0 C 0

+ Bc 3: Kt lun:
- Nu h v nghim th h ng cong (C m ) kh ng c im c nh.
- Nu h c nghim th nghim l im c nh ca (C m ) .
2. Bi ton tm im c ta nguy n:
Cho ng cong (C ) c phng trnh y f (x ) (hm phn thc). Hy tm nhng im
c ta nguy n ca ng cong?
Nhng im c ta nguyn l nhng im sao cho c honh v tung ca
im u l s nguyn.
Phng php gii:
+ Bc 1: Thc hin php chia a thc chia t s cho mu s.
+ Bc 2: Lp lun gii bi ton.
3. Bi ton tm im c tnh cht i xng:
Cho ng cong (C ) c phng trnh y f (x ) . Tm nhng im i xng nhau qua mt
im, qua ng thng.

Bi ton 1: Cho th C : y Ax 3 Bx 2 Cx D trn th C tm nhng cp im
i xng nhau qua im I (x I , yI ) .

Phng php gii:

+ Gi M a; Aa 3 Ba 2 Ca D , N b; Ab 3 Bb 2 Cb D l hai im tr n C i
xng nhau qua im I .

Page | 15

a b 2x I
+ Ta c .

A(a 3 b 3 ) B a 2 b 2 C a b 2D 2yI
Gii h phng trnh tm c a, b t tm c to M, N.

Trng hp c bit : Cho th C : y Ax 3 Bx 2 Cx D . Trn th C tm
nhng cp im i xng nhau qua gc ta .

Phng php gii:

Gi M a, Aa 3 Ba 2 Ca D , N b, Ab 3 Bb 2 Cb D l hai im tr n C
i xng nhau qua gc ta .

a b 0
Ta c .

A (a 3
b 3
) B a 2
b 2

C a b 2D
0
Gii h phng trnh tm c a, b t tm c to M , N .

Bi ton 3: Cho th C : y Ax 3 Bx 2 Cx D trn th C tm nhng cp im
i xng nhau qua ng thng d : y A1x B1 .

Phng php gii:

Gi M a; Aa3 Ba2 Ca D , N b; Ab3 Bb2 Cb D l hai im tr n C i
xng nhau qua ng thng d .

I d (1)
Ta c: (vi I l trung im ca MN v u d l vect ch phng
MN .u d 0 (2)
ca ng thng d ). Gii h phng trnh tm c M, N.
4. Bi ton tm im c bit, hong cch
L thuyt:
x y
2 2
+ Cho hai im A x1; y1 ; B x 2 ; y2 AB 2
x1 2
y1
Cho im M x 0 ; y0 v ng thng d : Ax By C 0 , th khong cch t M n d l
Ax 0 By0 C

h M ;d .
A B2 2
ax b
+ Cho hm phn thc: y tip tuyn ti M ct TC, TCN A v B th M l trung
cx d
im ca AB.
2
Din tch tam gic IAB kh ng i: SIAB ad bc .
c2
Cc bi ton thng gp:
Bi ton 1: Cho hm s y
ax b
cx d
c 0, ad bc 0 c th C . Hy tm trn (C )
hai im A v B thuc hai nhnh th hm s sao cho khong cch AB ngn nht.
Phng php gii:
+ C c tim cn ng x dc do tnh cht ca hm phn thc, th nm v hai pha
ca tim cn ng. N n gi hai s , l hai s dng.

Page | 16
d d d
Nu A thuc nhnh tri: x A x A ; yA f (x A ) .
c c c
d d d
Nu B thuc nhnh phi: x B x B ; yB f (x B ) .
c c c
y
2 2 2 2
Sau tnh: AB 2 x B x A yA a a yB yA .
B
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy s tm ra kt qu.
Bi ton 2: Cho th hm s C c phng trnh y f (x ) . Tm ta im M
thuc (C ) tng khong cch t M n hai trc ta nh nht.

Phng php gii:

Gi M x ; y v tng khong cch t M n hai trc ta l d th d x y .
Xt cc khong cch t M n hai trc ta khi M nm cc v tr c bit:

Tr n trc honh, tr n trc tung.
Sau xt tng qut, nhng im M c honh , hoc tung ln hn honh
hoc tung ca M khi nm tr n hai trc th loi i kh ng xt n.
Nhng im cn li ta a v tm gi tr nh nht ca thi hm s da vo o
hm ri tm c gi tr nh nht ca d .
Bi ton 3: Cho th (C ) c phng trnh y f ( x) . Tm im M trn (C ) sao cho
khong cch t M n Ox ng k ln khong cch t M n trcOy .
Phng php gii:
Theo u bi ta c y k x
y kx

f x kx
.

y kx f x kx
Bi ton 4: Cho th hm s (C ) c phng trnh
ax b
y f ( x)
cx d
c 0, ad bc 0 . Tm ta im M trn (C ) sao cho di MI ngn
nht (vi I l giao im hai tim cn).
Phng php gii:
d a
Tim cn ng x ; tim cn ngang y .
c c
d a
Ta tm c ta giao im I ; ca hai tim cn.
c c
2 2
d a
Gi M x M ; yM l im cn tm. Khi : IM x M yM g x M
2
c c
S dng phng php tm GTLN - GTNN cho hm s g thu c kt qu.
Bi ton 5: Cho th hm s (C ) c phng trnh y f (x ) v ng thng
d : Ax By C 0 . Tm im I trn (C ) sao cho khong cch t I n d l ngn nht.
Phng php gii:

Gi I thuc (C ) I x 0 ; y0 ; y0 f (x 0 ) .
Ax 0 By 0 C
Khong cch t I n d l g(x 0 ) h I ; d
A2 B 2
Kho st hm s y g(x ) tm ra im I tha mn y u cu.

Page | 17
PHN II. M V LOGARIT
LY THA V HM S LY THA.
1. KHI NIM LY THA.
Ly tha vi s m nguyn.
Cho n l mt s nguy n dng.
Vi a l s thc ty , ly tha bc n ca a l tch ca n tha s a .
a n a.a......a ( n tha s).
n
Vi a 0.
1
a0 1 a n
an
Ta gi a l c s, m l m s. V ch 00 v 0 n kh ng c ngha.
+ Mt s tnh cht ca ly tha
Gi thuyt rng mi biu thc c xt u c ngha:
a
a a a ; a ; (a ) a . ; (ab) a b ;
a

a a a b

;
b
b b
a

Nu a 1 th a a ;

Nu 0 a 1 th a a .
Vi mi 0 a b , ta c: a m bm m 0 ; a m bm m 0
Ch :
+ Cc tnh cht tr n ng trong trng hp s m nguy n hoc kh ng nguy n.
+ Khi xt ly tha vi s m 0 v s m nguy n m th c s a phi khc 0 .
+ Khi xt ly tha vi s m kh ng nguy n th c s a phi dng.
Phng trnh x n b.
Ta c kt qu bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh xn b nh sau:
Trng hp n l:
Vi mi s thc b , phng trnh c nghim duy nht.
Trng hp n chn:
+ Vi b 0 , phng trnh v nghim.
+ Vi b 0 , phng trnh c mt nghim x 0.
+ Vi b 0 , phng trnh c hai nghim tri du, k hiu gi tr dng l b , cn
n
gi tr m l b .
n
Mt s tnh cht ca cn bc n
Vi a,b ;n , ta c:
*
+
2n
a a ;
a 2n +
2n 1
a 2n 1 a a .
+
2n
ab 2n b , ab 0 ;
a 2n +
2n 1
ab 2n 1 a 2 n 1 b a ,b .
2n 1
a 2n

a a a
+ 2n , ab 0,b 0 ; + 2n 1 a, b 0 .
b 2n

b b 2n 1
b
Page | 18
a m n a , a 0 , n nguy n dng, m nguyn.
m
n
+
a nm a , a 0 , n , m nguy n dng.
n m
+
p q
+ Nu th n
a p m a q , a 0, m, n nguy n dng p, q nguyn.
n m
c bit: a mn a m .
n
2. HM S LY THA.
Khi nim.
Xt hm s y x , vi l s thc cho trc.

Hm s y x , vi , c gi l hm s ly tha.

Ch .
Tp xc nh ca hm s ly tha y x ty thuc vo gi tr ca . C th.

Vi nguy n dng, tp xc nh l .
Vi nguyn m hoc bng 0 , tp xc nh l \0 .
Vi khng nguyn, tp xc nh 0; .
Kho st hm s ly tha.
Tp xc nh ca hm s ly tha y x lun cha khong 0;

vi mi . Trong trng hp tng qut, ta kho st hm s y x trn khong ny.
y x , 0. y x , 0.
1. Tp xc nh: 0; .
1. Tp xc nh: 0; .
2. S bin thin 2. S bin thin
y ' .x 1
0 x 0. y ' .x 1 0 x 0.
Gii hn c bit: Gii hn c bit:

lim x 0, lim x . lim x , lim x 0.
x 0 x x 0 x
Tim cn: khng c. Tim cn:

3. Bng bin thin. Ox l tim cn ngang.
x 0 Oy l tim cn ng.
y 3. Bng bin thin.
y x 0
y
y
0
0

Page | 19
th ca hm s.
th ca hm s ly tha y x lu n i qua im I 1;1 .

Kho st hm s m y ax , a 0, a 1 .

y ax , a 1 y ax , a 1
1. Tp xc nh: . 1. Tp xc nh: .
2. S bin thin. 2. S bin thin.
y ' ax ln a 0, x. y ' a x ln a 0, x
Gii hn c bit: Gii hn c bit:
lim a 0,
x
lim a . lim a x , lim a x 0.
x x x x
Tim cn: Tim cn:

Ox l tim cn ngang. Ox l tim cn ngang.
3. Bng bin thin. 3. Bng bin thin.
0 1 0 1
x x

y' y'
a
y 1
y
1 a
0 0
th nh hnh sau. th nh hnh sau.

Page | 20
LOGARIT V HM S LOGARIT
1. KHI NIM TNH CHT V QUY TT TNH LOGARIT.
Khi nim Logarit.
Cho hai s dng a, b vi a 1 . S tha mn ng thc a b c gi l logarit c s
a ca b v c k hiu l loga b .
log a b a b.
Khng c logarit ca s m v s 0.
Bng tm tt cng thc M-loarrit thng gp:
a 0 1, a 0 .
loga 1 0, 0 a 1
a log a 1, 0 a 1
1
a a
1 log a , 0 a 1

a

a
a
, 0 a 1
1
log a a
a

a log a b .log a b, a, b 0, a 1

1
loga b .log b
a .b a

a

a . b

a.b log a b .log a b

a

a
,b 0 loga b loga c loga bc
b

b
b
loga b loga c loga
a a ,

* c
1
.
a a loga b

logb a
a b log b

a
2. BT PHNG TRNH M V LOGARIT.

Bt phng trnh m c bn.
Bt phng trnh m c bn c dng a x b (hoc a b, a b, a b ) vi a 0, a 1.
x x x
Ta xt bt phng trnh c dng a x b.

Nu b 0 , tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l , v a b, x . .
x
Nu b 0 th bt phng trnh tng ng vi a x a

loga b
.
Vi a 1 , nghim ca bt phng trnh l x loga b.

Vi 0 a 1 , nghim ca bt phng trnh l x loga b.

Page | 21
Ta minh ha bng th sau:
Vi a 1 , ta c th
Vi 0 a 1 , ta c th
Bt phng trnh logarit c bn.

Bt phng trnh logarit c bn c dng log a x b (hoc log a x b,log a x b,log a x b )
vi a 0, a 1.
Xt bt phng trnh loga x b.
Trng hp a 1 , ta c: loga x b x a b .
Trng hp 0 a 1 , ta c: log a x b 0 x ab .
Ta minh ha bng th nh sau.
Vi a 1 , ta c th sau.
Vi 0 a 1 , ta c th sau.
Quan st th, ta thy rng:

Trng hp a 1 : log a x b
khi v ch khi x ab .
Trng hp 0 a 1 :
loga x b khi v ch khi 0 x ab .

Page | 22
BI TON LI SUT NGN HNG
1. Li n: l s tin li ch tnh trn s tin gc m khng tnh trn s tin li do s tin
gc sinh ra, tc l tin li ca k hn trc kh ng c tnh vo vn tnh li cho k hn
k tip, cho d n k hn ngi gi kh ng n gi tin ra.
a) C ng thc tnh: Khch hng gi vo ngn hng A ng vi li n r% /k hn th s
tin khch hng nhn c c vn ln li sau n k hn ( n * ) l:
Sn A nAr A 1 nr
2. Li kp: tin li ca k hn trc nu ngi gi kh ng rt ra th c tnh vo vn
tnh li cho k hn sau.
a) C ng thc tnh: Khch hng gi vo ngn hng A ng vi li kp r% /k hn th s
tin khch hng nhn c c vn ln li sau n k hn ( n * ) l:
S
n log1r n
A

Sn A 1 r
n
r% n
Sn
A
Sn
1
A
1 r
n
3. Tin gi hng thng: Mi thng gi ng cng mt s tin vo 1 thi gian c nh.

a) C ng thc tnh: u mi thng khch hng gi vo ngn hng s tin A ng vi li
kp r% /thng th s tin khch hng nhn c c vn ln li sau n thng ( n * ) (
nhn tin cui thng, khi ngn hng tnh li) l S n .
S .r

n log1r n
1
A
A 1r

Sn 1 r
1 1 r
n
r Sn .r
A
1 r 1 r 1
n

4. Gi ngn hng v rt tin gi hng thng:
a) C ng thc tnh: Gi ngn hng s tin l A ng vi li sut r% /thng. Mi thng vo
ngy ngn hng tnh li, rt ra s tin l X ng. Tnh s tin cn li sau n thng l bao
nhiu?
1 r

r
X A 1 r Sn
n n
1

n
Sn A 1 r X
n
r 1r 1
5. Vay vn tr gp: Vay ngn hng s tin l A ng vi li sut r% /thng. Sau ng mt

thng k t ngy vay, bt u hon n; hai ln hon n cch nhau ng mt thng, mi
hon n s tin l X ng v tr ht tin n sau ng n thng.
a) C ng thc tnh: Cch tnh s tin cn li sau n thng ging hon ton c ng thc tnh
gi ngn hng v rt tin hng thng n n ta c
Page | 23
1 r
n
1

n
Sn A 1 r X
r
sau ng n thng tr ht n th Sn 0 nn
1 r
n
1

n
A 1r X 0
r

n
A 1r .r
X
1 r
n
1
6. Bi ton tng lng: Mt ngi c lnh lng khi im l A ng/thng. C sau n

thng th lng ngi c tng th m r% /thng. Hi sau kn thng ngi lnh c
tt c l bao nhiu tin?
1 r
k
1
C ng thc tnh: Tng s tin nhn c sau kn thng l Skn Ak
r
7. Bi ton tng trng dn s:
C ng thc tnh tng trng dn s

m n

Xm Xn 1 r , m, n ,m n
Trong :
r % l t l tng dn s t nm n n nm m
X m dn s nm m
X n dn s nm n
Xm
T ta c c ng thc tnh t l tng dn s l r % m n 1
Xn
8. Li p li n tc:
Gi vo ngn hng A ng vi li kp r% /nm th s tin nhn c c vn ln li sau
n l: S
n
n nm *
n
A 1r . Gi s ta chia mi nm thnh m k hn tnh
r
li v li sut mi k hn l % th s tin thu c sau n nm l:
m
m .n
r
Sn A 1
m
Khi tng s k hn ca mi nm l n v cc, tc l m , gi l hnh thc li kp ti n
tc th ngi ta chng minh c s tin nhn c c gc ln li l:
S Ae n .r ( c ng thc tng trng m)

Page | 24
PHN III.
NGUYN HM - TCH PHN - NG DNG TCH PHN
I. NGUYN HM
1. Nguyn hm
nh ngha: Cho hm s f x xc nh tr n K ( K l khong, on hay na khong).
Hm s F x c gi l nguy n hm ca hm s f x trn K
nu F ' x f x vi mi
x K . K hiu: f x dx F x C .
nh l:
1) Nu F x trn K th vi mi hng s C , hm s
l mt nguy n hm ca f x
G x F x C cng l mt nguy n hm ca f x trn K .

2) Nu F x l mt nguy n hm ca hm s f x trn K th mi nguy n hm ca
f x trn K u c dng F x C , vi C l mt hng s.

Do F x C ,C l h tt c cc nguy n hm ca f x trn K .
2. Tnh cht ca nguy n hm
f x dx f x v f ' x dx f x C ; d f x dx f x dx
Nu F(x) c o hm th: d F(x ) F(x ) C
kf x dx k f x dx vi k l hng s khc 0 .
f x g x dx f x dx g x dx

Cng thc i bin s: Cho y f u v u g x .
Nu f (x )dx F(x ) C th f g(x ) g '(x )dx f (u)du F (u) C
3. S tn ti ca nguy n hm

nh l: Mi hm s f x li n tc tr n K u c nguy n hm trn K .
Bng nguy n hm cc hm s thng gp

1. 0dx C 2. dx x C
1
1
3. x dx
1

x 1 C 1 1 ax b
16. ax b dx c , 1
a 1
1 1
4. x dx C 17.
3x 2 x 3 x
2
x x
dx
1 dx 1
5. x dx ln x C 18. ln ax b c
ax b a
6. e xdx e x C 1
19. eax bdx eax b C
a
ax 1 a kx b
7. a xdx C 20. a kx bdx C
ln a k ln a

Page | 25
8. cos xdx sin x C 1
21. cos ax b dx sin ax b C
a
9. sin xdx co s x C 1
22. sin ax b dx cos ax b C
a
10. tan x.dx ln | cos x | C 1
23. tan ax b dx ln cos ax b c
a
11. cot x.dx ln | sin x | C 1
24. cotg ax b dx ln sin ax b c
a
1 1 1
12. cos dx tan x C 25. 2 dx tan ax b C
2
x cos ax b a
1 1 1
13.
sin2 x
dx cot x C 26. sin ax b dx a cot ax b C
2
14. 1 tan2 x dx tan x C

1 tan ax b dx a tan ax b C
1
27. 2
15. 1 cot x dx co t x C 28. 1 cot2 ax b dx co t ax b C

1
2
a
Bng nguy n hm m rng
dx 1 x x x
a 2
x 2
arctg c
a a arcsin a dx x arcsin a a2 x 2 c
dx 1 a x x x
a 2 x 2 2a ln a x c arccos a dx x arccos a a2 x 2 c
x 2 a 2 ln x x a c
dx x x a
arctan a dx x arctan a 2 ln a x2 c
2 2 2
dx x x x a
a 2 x 2 arcsin a c arc cot a dx x arc cot a 2 ln a x2 c
2
dx 1 x dx 1 ax b
x x a
2 2

a
arccos c
a sin ax b a ln tg 2
c
dx 1 a x 2 a2 dx 1 ax b
x x 2 a 2 a ln x
c sin ax b a ln tan 2
c
b eax a cos bx b sin bx

ln ax b dx x a ln ax b x c e cos bx dx c
ax
a 2 b2
x a2 x 2 a2 x
a 2 x 2 dx arcsin c eax a sin bx b cos bx
e sin bx dx c
ax
2 2 a
a 2 b2

Page | 26
CC PHNG PHP TNH NGUYN HM
1. PHNG PHP I BIN

a. i bin dng 1:
Nu : f (x ) F(x ) C
v vi u t l hm s c o hm th : f (u)du F(u) C
PHNG PHP CHUNG

Bc 1: Chn x t , trong t l hm s m ta chn thch hp .
Bc 2: Ly vi phn hai v : dx ' t dt
Bc 3: Bin i : f (x )dx f t ' t dt g t dt

Bc 4: Khi tnh : f (x )dx g(t )dt G(t ) C .
* Cc du hiu i bin thng gp :
Du hiu Cch chn

t x a sint ; vi t ; . hoc x a cost ; vi
a2 x 2 2 2
t 0; .
a a
t x
. ; vi t ; \ 0 hoc x
sint 2 2 cost
x 2 a2

vi t 0; \ .
2

a2 x 2 t x a tant ; vi t
; . hoc x a cot t vi t 0; .
2 2
a x a x
. hoc . t x acos2t
a x a x
x a b x t x a (b a )sin t
2
1
t x atant ; vi t ; .
a x2 2 2
2
b. i bin dng 2:

Nu hm s f(x) li n tc th t x t . Trong t cng vi o hm ca n

( ' t l nhng hm s li n tc) th ta c :
f (x )dx f t ' t dt g(t )dt G(t ) C .

Page | 27
PHNG PHP CHUNG.

Bc 1: Chn t= x . Trong x l hm s m ta chn thch hp .
Bc 2: Tnh vi phn hai v : dt ' t dt .
Bc 3: Biu th : f (x )dx f t ' t dt g(t )dt .

Bc 4: Khi : I f (x )dx g(t )dt G(t ) C
* Cc du hiu i bin thng gp :
Du hiu Cch chn

Hm s mu s c t l mu s

Hm s : f x ; x t x
a.s inx+b.cosx x
Hm f x c.s inx+d.cosx+e
x
t tan ; cos 0
2 2
1 Vi : x a 0 v x b 0 .
Hm f x
x a x b t : t x a x b
Vi x a 0 v x b 0 .
t : t x a x b
2. NGUYN HM TNG PHN
Nu u(x) , v(x) l hai hm s c o hm li n tc tr n K:
u(x ).v '(x )dx u(x ).v(x ) v(x ).u '(x )dx
Hay udv uv vdu
( vi du u x dx,dv v x dx )
PHNG PHP CHUNG
Bc 1: Ta bin i tch phn ban u v dng :

I f (x )dx f1(x ).f2 (x )dx

u f1(x ) du f '1(x )dx

Bc 2: t :

dv f2 (x ) v f2 (x )dx

Bc 3: Khi : u.dv u.v v.du
sin x

Dng I: I P (x ) cos x .dx
e x

u P (x ) u '.du P '(x )dx
cos x cos x
sin x cos x
t Vy I = P(x) sin x - sin x .P '(x )dx
dv cos x .dx v sin x e x e x
e x e x


Page | 28
Dng II: I P(x ).ln xdx
u ln x 1
du dx 1
t x Vy I = lnx.Q(x) - Q(x ). dx
dv P (x )dx v P (x )dx Q(x ) x

sin x
Dng III I ex dx
cos x
u e x du e xdx
cos x cos x
t sin x
cos x Vy I = e x -
x
e dx
dv v sin x
.dx sin x sin x
cos x

cos x
Bng phng php tng t ta tnh c e dx sau thay vo I
x
sin x
TCH PHN
1. C ng thc tnh tch phn
b
b
f (x )dx F (x )
a
a
F (b) F (a ) .
b b
* Nhn xt: Tch phn ca hm s f t a n b c th k hiu bi f (x )dx hay
a
f (t )dt. Tch
a
phn ch ph thuc vo f v cc cn a, b m khng ph thuc vo cch ghi bin s.

2. Tnh cht ca tch phn
Gi s cho hai hm s f(x) v g(x) li n tc tr n K , a,b,c l ba s bt k thuc K. Khi ta c :
a
1. f (x )dx 0
a
b a
2. f (x )dx f (x )dx .
a b
b c b
3. f (x )dx f (x )dx f (x )dx

a a c
b b b
4. f (x ) g(x ) dx f (x )dx g(x )dx .

a a a
b b

5. kf (x )dx k . f (x )dx .
a

a
b
6. Nu f(x) 0x a;b th : f (x )dx 0x a;b

a
b b
7. Nu x a;b : f (x ) g(x ) f (x )dx g(x )dx . (Bt ng thc trong tch phn )
a a
b
8. Nu x a;b Nu M f (x ) N th M b a f (x )dx N b a .
a

Page | 29
PHNG PHP TNH TCH PHN
I. I BIN
a. Phng php i bin s dng 1.
nh l . Nu 1) Hm x u(t ) c o hm li n tc tr n on ; ,

2) Hm hp f (u(t )) c xc nh tr n ; ,

3) u( ) a, u( ) b ,
b
Khi : I f (x )dx f (u(t ))u (t )dt .
'
PHNG PHP CHUNG

Bc 1: t x u t
x b t
Bc 2: Tnh vi phn hai v : x u(t) dx u '(t)dt i cn:
x a t
Bc 3: Chuyn tch phn cho sang tch phn theo bin t
b

Vy: I f (x )dx f u(t ) u '(t )dt g(t )dt G(t ) G( ) G( )
a
b. Phng ph p i bin dng 2

nh l: Nu hm s u u(x ) n iu v c o hm li n tc tr n on a;b sao cho
b u (b )

f (x )dx g u(x ) u '(x )dx g(u)du th: I f (x )dx g(u )du .
a u (a )
PHNG PHP CHUNG

Bc 1: t u u(x ) du u (x )dx
'

x b u u(b)
Bc 2: i cn :
x a u u(a )
Bc 3: Chuyn tch phn cho sang tch phn theo bin u
b b u (b )
Vy: I f (x )dx g u(x ).u '(x )dx

a a
g(u)du
u (a )
II. TCH PHN TNG PHN

nh l . Nu u(x) v v(x) l cc hm s c o hm li n tc tr n a;b th:
b
b b b
b b

u(x )v (x )dx u(x )v(x )
'
a v(x )u (x )dx '
Hay udv uv a
vdu
a a a a
PHNG PHP CHUNG

Bc 1: Vit f(x)dx di dng udv uv dx bng cch chn mt phn thch hp
'

ca f(x) lm u(x) v phn cn li dv v '(x )dx
Bc 2: Tnh du u ' dx v v dv v '(x )dx
b
b
Bc 3: Tnh vu '(x )dx v uv
a
a
Page | 30
*Cch t u v dv trong phng php tch phn tng phn.
t u theo th t u b b b b
e
x x
tin: P (x )e dx P (x )ln xdx P (x )cos xdx cos xdx
a a a a
Lc-a-m-lng
u P(x) lnx P(x) ex
dv e xdx P(x)dx cosxdx cosxdx
Ch : N n chn u l phn ca f(x) m khi ly o hm th n gin, chn dv v 'dx l phn
ca f(x)dx l vi phn mt hm s bit hoc c nguy n hm d tm.
TCH PHN CC HM S S CP C BN
1. Tch phn hm hu t

dx 1 adx 1
Dng 1: I = ln ax b . (vi a0)
ax b a ax b a

dx 1 1
Ch : Nu I = (ax b)k a (ax b) .adx a(1 k ) .(ax b)
k k 1

dx
Dng 2: I 2
bx c
a 0 ( ax 2 bx c 0 vi mi x ; )

ax
Xt b 2 4ac .
b b
+ Nu > 0: x 1 ; x2
2a 2a
1 1 1 1 1
th :
ax 2 bx c a(x x1 )(x x 2 ) a(x1 x 2 ) x x 1 x x 2
1

1 1 1 1 x x1
ln x x1 ln x x 2

I dx ln
a(x1 x 2 ) x x1 x x 2 a(x1 x 2 ) a(x 1 x 2 ) x x2
1 1 b
+ Nu = 0: x0
ax bx c a(x x 0 )2
2
2a

dx 1 dx 1
th I = 2

ax bx c a (x x 0 )2
a(x x 0 )

dx dx
+ Nu 0 th I 2
ax bx c 2

2
b
a x
2a 4a 2

1
t x
b
2a

4a 2
tan t dx
2 a 2
1 tan2 t dt

mx n
Dng 3: I 2
bx c
dx, a 0 .
ax
mx n
(trong f (x ) li n tc tr n on ; )
ax 2 bx c
+) Bng phng php ng nht h s, ta tm A v B sao cho:

Page | 31
mx n A(ax 2 bx c)' B A(2ax b) B
2 2 2
ax bx c
2
ax bx c
2
ax bx c ax bx c ax bx c

mx n A(2ax b) B
+)Ta c I=
ax bx c
2
dx
ax bx c
2
dx
ax bx c
2
dx

A(2ax b)
. Tch phn
ax 2 bx c
dx = A ln ax 2 bx c

dx
Tch phn
ax
2
bx c
thuc dng 2.
b
P (x )
Tnh tch phn I Q(x ) dx vi P(x) v Q(x) l a thc ca x.
a
Nu bc ca P(x) ln hn hoc bng bc ca Q(x) th dng php chia a thc.

Nu bc ca P(x) nh hn bc ca Q(x) th c th xt cc trng hp:
+ Khi Q(x) ch c nghim n 1, 2,..., n th t
P(x ) A1 A2 An
... .
Q(x ) x 1 x 2 x n
+ Khi Q(x) c nghim n v v nghim

Q(x ) x x 2 px q , p 2 4q 0 th t
P(x ) A Bx C
2 .
Q(x ) x x px q
+ Khi Q(x) c nghim bi
Q(x ) (x )(x )2 vi th t
P(x ) A B C
.
Q(x ) x x

2
x
Q(x ) (x )2 (x )3 vi th t
P(x ) A B C D E

(x )2 (x )3 (x )2 (x ) (x )3 (x )2 x
2. Tch phn hm v t
b
R(x, f (x ))dx
a
Trong R(x, f(x)) c dng:
a x
+) R x , t x acos2t , t [0; ]
a x 2

+) R x, a x t x a sin t hoc x a cos t
2 2
ax b ax b
+) R x , n t t n
cx d cx d

+) R x , f (x ) 1

Vi x 2 x k ax b
(ax b) x 2 x
1
t t x 2 x , hoc t t
ax b
Page | 32

+) R x, a 2 x 2 t x = a tan t , t 2 ; 2
+) R x, x a t x
a
2 2
, t 0; \

cos x 2
+) R x ; x ;...; x Gi k BSCNN n ; n ; ...; n t x t
n1 n2 ni k
1 2 i

1
a. Tch phn dng : I dx a 0
ax bx c
2
b
2
x u
b 2a
2

T : f(x)=ax bx c a x
2 du dx
2a 4a
K
2a
Khi ta c :

- Nu 0, a 0 f (x ) a u 2 k 2 f (x ) a . u 2 k 2 (1)
2 a 0
b
- Nu : 0 f (x ) a x b (2)
2a f (x ) a x 2a a . u

- Nu : 0 .

+ Vi a>0 : f (x ) a x x1x x f (x ) a . x x x x (3)
2 1 2
+ Vi a<0 : f (x ) a x x x x f (x ) a . x x x x (4)
1 2 1 2
Cn c vo phn tch tr n , ta c mt s cch gii sau :

Phng php :
* Trng hp : 0, a 0 f (x ) a u 2 k 2 f (x ) a . u 2 k 2
Khi t : ax 2 bx c t a .x
t2 c 2
x ;dx tdt
bx c t 2 ax
2

b 2 a b 2 a
x t t0 , x t t1 t2 c
t a .x t a
b 2 a
2 a 0
b
* Trng hp : 0 f (x ) a x b
2a f (x ) a x 2a a . u

1 b b
ln x : x 0

1 1

1 a 2a 2a
Khi : I dx dx
b a b
1 ln x b : x b 0
a x
x
2a 2a a 2a 2a

* Trng hp : 0, a 0
- t :
x x t
ax 2 bx c a x x 1 x x 2 1

x x 2
t
Page | 33
* Trng hp : 0, a 0
- t :
x x t
ax 2 bx c a x 1 x x 2 x 1
x 2 x t

mx n
b. Tch phn dng : I dx a 0
ax 2 bx c
Phng php :
+Bc 1: Phn tch f (x )

mx n

Ad
. ax 2
bx c B
1
ax 2 bx c ax 2 bx c ax 2 bx c
+Bc 2: Quy ng mu s , sau ng nht h s hai t s suy ra h hai n s A,B
+Bc 3: Gii h tm A,B thay vo (1)

1
+Bc4 : Tnh I = 2A ax 2 bx c B dx (2)
ax bx c
2

1
Trong dx a 0 bit cch tnh tr n
ax 2 bx c

1
a. Tch phn dng : I dx a 0
mx n ax bx c
2
Phng php :
1 1
+Bc 1: Phn tch : . (1)
mx n ax 2 bx c n
m x ax 2 bx c
m
1 n 1
y t dy dx
1 n x t m x t
+Bc 2: t : x 2
y m x 1 t ax 2 bx c a 1 t b 1 t c

y y y
'
dy
+Bc 3: Thay tt c vo (1) th I c dng : I
' Ly 2 My N
.
x

d. Tch phn dng : I R x ;y dx R x ; m
dx
x

Trong R x ; y : l hm s hu t i vi hai bin s x,y v , , , l cc hng s bit
Phng ph p :
x
+Bc 1: t : t m
x
+Bc 2: Tnh x theo t : Bng cch nng ly tha bc m hai v ta c dng x t
+Bc 3: Tnh vi phn hai v : dx ' t dt v i cn
x
'
+Bc 4: Tnh : R x ;

m dx R t ; t ' t dt
x

'

Page | 34
3. Tch phn hm lng gic
Mt s c ng thc lng gic
a. C ng thc cng:
cos(a b) cos a.cos b sin a.sin b
sin(a b) sin a.cos b sin b. cos a
tan a tan b
tan(a b)
1 tan a. tan b
b. C ng thc nhn:
1 tan2 a
cos 2a cos2 a sin2 a 2 cos2 a 1 1 2 sin2 a
1 tan2 a
2 tan a 2 tan a
sin 2a 2 sin a.cos a ; tan 2a
1 tan2 a 1 tan2 a
cos 3 4 cos 3 3cos ; sin 3 3 sin 4 sin3
c. C ng thc h bc:
1 cos2a 1 cos 2a 1 cos 2a
sin 2 a ; cos2 a ; tan2 a
2 2 1 cos 2a
3 sin sin 3 cos 3 3 cos
sin3 ; cos3
4 4
a
d. C ng thc tnh theo t : t tan
2
2t 1 t2 2t
sin a cos a tan a
1t 2
1t 2
1 t2
e.C ng thc bin i tch thnh tng:
1
cos .cos cos( ) cos( )
2
1
sin .sin cos( ) cos( )
2
1
sin .cos sin( ) sin( )
2
f. C ng thc bin i tng thnh tch:
H qu:
cos cos 2 cos .cos
2 2
cos sin 2 cos 2 sin
cos cos 2 sin .sin 4 4
2 2
cos sin 2 cos 2 sin
sin sin 2 sin .cos 4 4
2 2
Cng thc thng dng:
sin sin 2 cos .sin
2 2 3 cos 4
sin( ) cos4 sin 4
tan tan 4
cos cos 5 3 cos 4
sin( ) cos sin
6 6
tan tan 8
cos cos

Page | 35
Mt s dng tch phn lng gic
b
Nu gp I f sin x .cos xdx ta t t sin x .
a
b
Nu gp dng I f cos x .sin xdx ta t t cos x .
a
b
Nu gp dng I f tan x
dx
ta t t tan x .
a cos2 x
b
Nu gp dng I f cot x
dx
ta t t cot x .
a sin 2 x
I. Dng 1: I1 = sinx dx ; I 2 cosx dx

n n
2. Phng php
2.1. Nu n chn th s dng c ng thc h bc
2.2. Nu n 3 th s dng c ng thc h bc hoc bin i theo 2.3.
2.3. Nu 3 n l (n 2p 1) th thc hin bin i:
sinx sinx dx sin x sin xdx 1 cos2 x d cos x

n 2p+1 2p p
I1 = dx =

C p0 C p1 cos2 x ... 1 C pk cos2 x ... 1 C pp cos2 x d cos x
k k p p
1 1 1 k
k
1 p
p

C p cos x C
2k 1 2 p 1

C p cos x C p cos x ...
0 3
C p cos x ...
3 2k 1 2p 1
cosx cosx dx cos x cos xdx 1 sin x d sin x

n 2p+1 2p p
2
I2 = dx =

C p0 C p1 sin2 x ... 1 C pk sin2 x ... 1 C pp sin2 x d sin x
k k p p
1 1 1 k
k
1 p
p

C p sin x C p sin x C
2k 1 2 p 1
C p sin x C p sin x ...
0 3
...
3 2k 1 2p 1
II. Dng 2: I = sin m x cos n x dx (m, nN)
1. Phng php:
1.1. Trng hp 1: m, n l c c s nguyn
a. Nu m chn, n chn th s dng c ng thc h bc, bin i tch thnh tng.
b. Nu m chn, n l (n 2p 1) th bin i:
1 sin2 x d sin x
m 2p+1 m 2p m p
I= sinx cosx dx sin x cos x cos xdx sin x
m
sin x C p0 C p1 sin2 x ... 1 C pk sin2 x ... 1 C pp sin2 x d sin x
k k p p
sin x m 1
m 3
sin x
2k 1m
sin x
2 p 1m

1 sin x
... 1 C p ... 1 C p
k p
C p
0
Cp k p
C
m 1 m3 2k 1 m 2p 1 m
c. Nu m chn, n l (n 2p 1) th bin i:
sinx cosx dx cos x sin x sin xdx cos x 1 cos x d cos x

2p+1 n n 2p n p
2
I=
n
cos x C p0 C p1 cos2 x ... 1 C pk cos2 x ... 1 C pp cos2 x d cos x
k k p p
cos x n 1
n 3
cos x
2k 1n
cos x
2 p 1n

1 cos x
k p

Cp 0
Cp ... 1 C p k
... 1 C p p
C
n 1 n3 2k 1 n 2p 1 n

Page | 36
d. Nu m l, n l th s dng bin i 1.2. hoc 1.3. cho s m l b hn.
1.2. Nu m, n l c c s hu t th bin i v t u sinx ta c:
n 1 m 1
B sin x cos xdx sin x cos2 x cos xdx u 1 u 2

m
m n 2 m 2
du (*)
m 1 n 1 m k
Tch phn (*) tnh c 1 trong 3 s ; ; l s nguy n
2 2 2
III. Dng 3: I1 = tan x cot x
n n
dx ; I 2 = dx (nN). Cng thc s dng:
dx
1 tan x dx cos x d tan x tan x c
2
2
dx
1 cot x dx sin x d cot x cot x C
2
2
sin xd cos x
tan xdx cos x dx cos x
ln cos x C
cos x d sin x
cot xdx dx ln sin x C
sin x sin x
NG DNG TCH PHN
1. Din tch hnh phng
a) Din tch hnh phng gii hn bi th hm s y f (x ) li n tc tr n on a;b ,
b
trc honh v hai ng thng x a , x b c xc nh: S f (x ) dx
a
y
y f (x)
y f (x) b

y 0
(H )
S f (x ) dx
x a
a
O a c1 c2 c3 b x
x b
b) Din tch hnh phng gii hn bi th hm s y f (x ) , y g(x ) li n tc tr n on
b
a;b v hai ng thng x a , x b c xc nh: S f (x ) g(x ) dx
a
y
(C1 ) : y f1 ( x )
(C1 )
(C ) : y f2 ( x )
(H ) 2
x a
(C2 ) x b

b
O a c1 c2 b x S f (x ) f (x ) dx
a
1 2
b b
- Nu tr n on [a;b] , hm s f (x ) kh ng i du th: f (x ) dx f (x )dx

a a
- Nm vng cch tnh tch phn ca hm s c cha gi tr tuyt i

- Din tch ca hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng x g(y ) , x h(y ) v hai ng
d
thng y c , y d c xc nh: S g(y) h(y) dy

c

Page | 37
2. Th tch vt th v th tch hi trn xoay
a) Th tch vt th:
Gi B l phn vt th gii hn bi hai mt phng vu ng gc vi trc Ox ti cc im
a v b; S (x ) l din tch thit din ca vt th b ct bi mt phng vu ng gc vi trc Ox
ti im x , (a x b) . Gi s S (x ) l hm s li n tc tr n on [a;b] .
( )
b
x V S (x )dx
O a b x a
S(x)
b) Th tch khi trn xoay:

Th tch khi trn xoay c sinh ra khi quay hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng
y f (x ) , trc honh v hai ng thng x a , x b quanh trc Ox:
y
y f (x)
(C ) : y f ( x )

(Ox ) : y 0
b
Vx f ( x ) dx
2
a b
O x x a a

x b
- Th tch khi trn xoay c sinh ra khi quay hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng
x g(y) , trc honhy v hai ng thng y c , y d quanh trc Oy:
d (C ) : x g( y )

(Oy ) : x 0
d
V y g( y ) dy
2

y c c
c y d
O x
- Th tch khi trn xoay c sinh ra khi quay hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng
y f (x ) , y g(x ) v hai ng thng x a , x b quanh trc Ox:
b
V f 2 (x ) g 2 (x ) dx
a

Page | 38
PHN IV. S PHC
I. S PHC
1. Khi nim s phc
+ S phc (dng i s) : z a bi; a,b . Trong : a l phn thc,
b l phn o, i l n v o, i 2 1.
+ Tp hp s phc k hiu: .
+ z l s thc phn o ca z bng 0 b 0 .
+ z l s o (hay cn gi l thun o) phn thc bng 0 a 0 .
S 0 va l s thc va l s o.
2. Hai s phc bng nhau
Hai s phc z1 a bi a , b v z 2
c di c, d bng nhau khi phn thc v
phn o ca chng tng ng bng nhau.

a c
Khi ta vit z1 z 2 a bi c di
b d

3. Biu din hnh hc s phc
S phc z a bi a, b c biu din bi im M a;b y

hay bi u a;b trong mt phng phc vi h ta Oxy .
M (a;b)
4. S phc li n hp
O x
S phc li n hp ca z a bi a, b l z a bi .
Mt s tnh cht:
z z
+ z z; z z' z z'; z .z ' z .z '; 1 1 ; z .z a 2 b 2 .
z z
2 2
+ z l s thc z z ; z l s o z z .
5. M un ca s phc
di ca vect OM c gi l m un ca s phc z v k hiu l z .
Vy z OM hay z a bi OM a 2 b 2 .
Mt s tnh cht:
+ z a b zz OM ; z z
2 2
+ z 0, z ; z 0 z 0 .
z1 z1 z1 z1 z 2
+ z1.z 2 z1 . z 2 ; ; 2
.
z2 z2 z2 z2
+ z1 z 2 z1 z 2 z1 z 2 .

Page | 39
II. PHP CNG TR NHN CHIA S PHC
1. Php cng v php tr s phc
Cho hai s phc z1 a bi a, b v z 2
c di c, d . Khi :

+ z1 z 2 a c b d i
+ S i ca s phc z a bi l z a bi .
+ Tng ca mt s phc vi s phc lin hp ca n bng hai ln phn thc ca s thc
: z a bi, z z 2a .
2. Php nhn s phc
+ Cho hai s phc z1 a bi a, b
v z c di c, d . Khi 2
z z a bi c di ac bd ad bc i .
1 2
+ Vi mi s thc k v mi s phc z a bi a, b , ta c
k.z k. a bi ka kbi.
c it: 0.z 0 vi mi s phc z .
+ Ly tha ca i : i 1, i 1 i, i 2 1, i 3 i 2 .i i
0
i 4n 1 i, i 4n 2 1, i 4n 3 i, .

i 4n 1, n
3. Chia hai s phc
1
S phc nghch o ca z khc 0 l s z 1 2
z.
z
z' z '.z z '.z
Php chia hai s phc z ' v z 0 l z ' z 1 2 .
z z z .z
III. TP HP IM BIU DIN S PHC
Mt s tp hp im biu din s phc z thng gp:
+ ax by c 0 tp hp im l ng thng
+ x 0 tp hp im l trc tung Oy
+ y 0 tp hp im l trc honh Ox
y b R tp hp im l hnh trn tm I a;b , bn knh R

2 2
+ x a 2

x a y b R
2 2
2
+ tp hp im l ng trn c
x 2 y 2 2ax 2by c 0

tm I a;b , bn knh R a b c
2 2
+ x 0 tp hp im l min b n phi trc tung

+ y 0 tp hp im l min pha di trc honh
+ x 0 tp hp im l min b n tri trc tung
+ y 0 tp hp im l pha tr n trc honh
+ y ax bx c tp hp im l ng Parabol
2
x 2 y2
+ 1 tp hp im l ng Elip
a 2 b2
x 2 y2
+ 2 2 1 tp hp im l ng Hyperbol
a b
Page | 40
IV. PHNG TRNH BC HAI VI H S THC
a. Cn bc hai ca s thc m
+ Cho s z , nu c s phc z 1 sao cho z12 z th ta ni z 1 l mt cn bc hai ca z .
+ Mi s phc z 0 u c hai cn bc hai.
+ Cn bc hai ca s thc z m l i z .
Tng qut, cc cn bc hai ca s thc a m l i a .
b. Phng trnh bc hai vi h s thc

Cho phng trnh bc hai ax bx c 0, a,b, c , a 0 . Xt bit s b 2 4ac ca
2
phng trnh. Ta thy:

b
+ Khi 0 , phng trnh c mt nghim thc x .
2a
b
+ Khi 0 , phng trnh c hai nghim thc phn bit x 1,2 .
2a
b i
+ Khi 0 , phng trnh c hai nghim phc x 1,2 .
2a
BI TON LIN QUAN N MAX MIN M UN S PHC

z r
max z 2
z1 z1
+ Cho s phc z tha mn z1 .z z2 r , r 0 .
min z z 2 r
z1 z1

+ Cho s phc z tha mn z1 .z z2 r1 , r1 0 .
z2 r1 z2 r1
max P z3 v min P z3
z1 z1 z1 z1

+ Cho s phc z tha mn z1.z z 2 z1.z z 2 k, k 0 .
2
k k 2 4 z2
max z v min z
2 z1 2 z1

Page | 41
PHN V. KHI A DIN
I- KH[I NIM V HNH A DIN V\ KHI A DIN:
1. Khi nim v hnh a din:
Hnh a din (gi tt l| a din) l| hnh c to bi mt s hu hn c{c a gi{c tha
mn hai tnh cht:
a) Hai a gi{c ph}n bit ch c th hoc khng c im chung, hoc ch c mt nh
chung, hoc ch c mt cnh chung.
b) Mi cnh ca a gi{c n|o cng l| cnh chung ca ng hai a gi{c.
Mi a gi{c gi l| mt mt ca hnh a din. C{c nh, cnh ca c{c a gi{c y theo th
t c gi l| c{c nh, cnh ca hnh a din.
2. Khi nim v khi a din:

Khi a din l| phn khng gian c gii hn bi mt hnh a din, k c hnh a
din .
Nhng im khng thuc khi a din c gi l| im ngo|i ca khi a din.
Nhng im thuc khi a din nhng khng thuc hnh a din c gi l| im trong ca
khi a din. Tp hp c{c im trong c gi l| min trong, tp hp nhng im ngo|i c
gi l| min ngo|i ca khi a din.
Mi hnh a din chia c{c im cn li ca khng gian th|nh hai min khng giao nhau
l| min trong v| min ngo|i ca hnh a din, trong ch c min ngo|i l| cha ho|n to|n mt
ng thng n|o .
Mien ngoai
iem trong
iem ngoai
M
III- HAI A DIN BNG NHAU:

1. Php di hnh trong khng gian:
Trong khng gian, quy tc t tng ng mi im M vi im M ' x{c nh duy nht
c gi l| mt php bin hnh trong khng gian.
Php bin hnh trong khng gian c gi l| php di hnh nu n bo to|n khong c{ch
gia hai im ty .
* Mt s php di hnh trong khng gian:
a) Php tnh tin theo vect v :
L| php bin hnh bin mi im M th|nh M ' sao cho M'
v
MM ' v .

Page | 42
b) Php i xng qua mt phng P :
L| php bin hnh bin mi im thuc P th|nh chnh n,
M

bin mi im M khng thuc P th|nh im M ' sao cho P I
l| mt phng trung trc ca MM ' . P
Nu php i xng qua mt phng P bin hnh H th|nh M'
chnh n th P c gi l| mt phng i xng ca H .
c) Php i xng qua tm O :
L| php bin hnh bin im O th|nh chnh n, bin mi

im M kh{c O th|nh im M ' sao cho O l| trung im M'
MM ' . M
O
Nu php i xng t}m O bin hnh H th|nh chnh n th
O c gi l| t}m i xng ca H
d) Php i xng qua ng thng (php i xng trc ):
L| php bin hnh bin mi im thuc ng thng th|nh

chnh n, bin mi im M khng thuc th|nh im M ' sao
cho l| ng trung trc ca MM ' .
Nu php i xng trc bin hnh H th|nh chnh n th M
I M'
c gi l| trc i xng ca H
* Nhn xt:
Thc hin lin tip cc php di hnh s c mt php di hnh.

Php di hnh bin a din H thnh a din H ' , bin nh, cnh, mt ca H thnh

nh, cnh, mt tng ng ca H ' .
2. Hai hnh bng nhau:
Hai hnh c gi l| bng nhau nu c mt php di hnh bin hnh n|y th|nh hnh kia.

Page | 43
KHI A DIN LI
I. Khi a din li
Khi a din c gi l| khi a din li nu vi bt k hai im A v| B n|o ca n th
mi im ca on AB cng thuc khi .
Khi a din li Khi a din khng li

II. Khi a din u
1. nh ngha: Khi a din u l| mt khi a din li c hai tnh cht sau }y:
C{c mt l| nhng a gi{c u n cnh.
Mi nh l| nh chung ca ng p cnh.

Khi a din u nh vy gi l| khi a din u loi n, p .
2. Bng tm tt ca nm loi khi a din u
Khi a din u S nh S cnh S mt Loi S MPX
T din u 4 6 4
3; 3 6
Khi lp phng 8 12 6
4; 3 9
Bt din u 6 12 8
3; 4 9
Mi hai mt u 20 30 12
5; 3 15
Hai mi mt u 12 30 20
3;5 15

Khi a din u loi n, p c nh, C cnh v| M mt: p 2C nM .

Page | 44
TH TCH KHI A DIN
1
Th t ch khi chp: V S .h
3 y
+ S y : Din tch mt {y.
+ h : d|i chiu cao khi chp.
1
VS.ABCD d .S
3 S,ABCD ABCD
Th t ch khi lng tr: V S y .h
+ S y : Din tch mt {y.

+ h : Chiu cao ca khi chp.
Lu : L ng tr ng c chiu cao chnh l| cnh b n.
Th t ch khi h p ch nh t: V a.b.c
Th t ch khi l p phng: V a3
* Ch :
ng cho ca hnh vung cnh a l a 2
ng cho ca hnh lp phng cnh a l : a 3
ng cho ca hnh hp ch nht c 3 kch thc a,b, c l : a b c
2 2 2
a 3
ng cao ca tam gic u cnh a l:
2

Page | 45
s th t ch: S
VS .AB C SA SB SC
. .
VS .ABC SA SB SC A B
nh ch p c t ABC .ABC
C
V
h
3

B B BB A B
i B, B , h l| din tch hai {y v| chiu cao. C
C[C CNG THC HNH PHNG

1. H thc lng trong tam gic
a) Cho ABC vung ti A, ng cao AH.
A
B H C
AB 2 AC 2 BC 2 AB 2 BH .BC
AC 2 CH .BC AH .BC AB.AC
1 1 1
AH 2 BH .HC 2
2

AH AB AC 2
AB BC.sinC BC.cos B AC . tanC AC .cot B
b) Cho ABC c d|i ba cnh l|: a, b, c di cc trung tuyn l ma , mb , mc bn knh ng trn
ngoi tip R; bn knh ng trn ni tip r na chu vi p.
nh l h|m s cosin:
a 2 b 2 c 2 - 2bc.cos A; b 2 c 2 a 2 2ca.cos B; c 2 a 2 b 2 2ab.cosC
a b c
nh l h|m s sin: 2R
sin A sin B sinC
b2 c2 a 2 c2 a 2 b2 a 2 b2 c2
d|i trung tuyn: ma2 ; mb2 ; mc2
2 4 2 4 2 4
2. Cc cng thc t nh din t ch
a) Tam gic:
1 1 1 1 1 1
S a.ha b.hb c.hc S bc sin A ca.sin B ab sinC
2 2 2 2 2 2
abc
S S pr
4R
CT He-ron: S
p p a p b p c
AB.AC BC .AH
ABC vung ti A: S
2 2
a 3 a2 3
ABC u, cnh a: AH , S
2 4
Page | 46
b) Hnh vung: S a 2 (a: cnh hnh vung)
c) Hnh ch nh t: S ab (a, b: hai kch thc)
d) Hnh bnh hnh: S = y cao AB.AD.sin BAD
1
e) Hnh thoi: S AB.AD.sin BAD AC .BD
2
1
f) Hnh thang:
2
S
a b h (a, b: hai y, h: chiu cao)
1
g) T gic c hai ng cho vung gc: S AC .BD
2
MT S CNG THC TNH NHANH TH TCH KHI CHP THNG GP
TNH CHT HNH V

Cho hnh chp SABC vi c{c mt phng SAB , SBC , SAC A
vung gc vi nhau tng i mt, din tch c{c tam gi{c

SAB, SBC , SAC ln lt l| S1, S2, S3 .
S
2S1.S2 .S3 C
Khi : VS .ABC
3
B
Cho hnh chp S.ABC c SA vung gc vi ABC , hai mt S

phng SAB v| SBC vung gc vi nhau,
BSC , ASB . C
A
SB .sin 2 . tan
3
Khi : VS .ABC
12 B
Cho hnh chp u S.ABC c {y ABC l| tam gi{c u cnh bng a, S
cnh b n bng b .
a 2 3b 2 a 2
Khi : VS .ABC
12 A C
G
M
B
Cho hnh chp tam gi{c u S.ABC c cnh {y bng a v| mt b n S
to vi mt phng {y gc .
a 3 tan
Khi : VS .ABC
24 A C
G
M
B

Page | 47
Cho hnh chp tam gi{c u S.ABC c c{c cnh b n bng b v| cnh S
b n to vi mt phng {y gc .
3b 3 .sin cos2
Khi : VS .ABC
4 A C
G
M
B
Cho hnh chp tam gi{c u S.ABC c c{c cnh {y bng a, cnh S
b n to vi mt phng {y gc .
a 3 . tan
Khi : VS .ABC
12 A C
G
M
B
Cho hnh chp t gi{c u S.ABCD c {y ABCD l| hnh vung S
cnh bng a, v| SA SB SC SD b .
a 2 4b 2 2a 2
Khi : VS .ABC
6 D A
O M
C B
Cho hnh chp t gi{c u S.ABCD c cnh {y bng a, gc to S
bi mt b n v| mt phng {y l| .
a 3 . tan
Khi : VS .ABCD
6 A D
O M
B C
Cho hnh chp t gi{c u S.ABCD c cnh {y bng a, SAB , S

vi ;
4 2
D A
a 3 tan2 1
Khi : VS .ABCD O M
6 C B
S
Cho hnh chp t gi{c u S.ABCD c c{c cnh b n bng a, gc to

bi mt b n v| mt {y l| vi 0; .
2
A
4a 3 . tan D
Khi : VS .ABCD M

3 O
3 2 tan2 B C

Page | 48
Cho hnh chp tam gi{c u S.ABC c cnh {y bng a. Gi P l| S
mt phng i qua A song song vi BC v| vung gc vi SBC , A E

N
C
a 3 cot

x
gc gia P vi mt phng {y l| . Khi : VS .ABCD G
24 M
Khi t{m mt u c nh l| t}m c{c mt ca hnh lp phng A'

O'
B'
cnh a. D'
O1 C'
3
a O2
Khi : V
O4
6 A O3 B
O
D C
Cho khi t{m mt u cnh a. Ni t}m ca c{c mt b n ta c S
khi lp phng.
G2
3
2a 2 A G1
D
Khi : V N
27 B
M
C
S'
C[C CNG THC C BIT TH TCH T DIN (TD):
IU KIN T DIN CNG THC

abc
SA a, SB b, SC c VS .ABC 1 cos2 cos2 cos2 2 cos cos cos
6
ASB , BSC ,CSA
Cng thc tnh khi bit 3 cnh, 3 gc nh 1 t din
1
AB a,CD b VABCD abd sin

d AB,CD d, AB,CD 6
Cng thc tnh khi bit 2 cnh i, khong cch v gc 2 cnh
2S1S2 sin
S SAB S1, S SAC S2 , SA a VSABC

SAB , SAC 3a
Cng thc tnh khi bit mt cnh, din tch v gc gia 2 mt k
SA a, SB b, SC c
abc

SAB , SAC VS .ABC
6
sin sin sin
Cng thc tnh khi bit 3 cnh, 2 gc nh v 1 gc nh din
ASB , ASC
T din u a3 2
tt c c{c cnh bng a VABCD
12
AB CD a

T din gn u AC BD b
AD BC c
VABCD
2
12
a 2

b2 c2 b2 c2 a 2 a 2 c2 b2


Page | 49
MT NN - MT TR - MT CU
I. MT NN TRN XOAY V\ KHI NN
1) Mt n n tr n oa
ng thng d , ct nhau ti O v| to th|nh gc vi

00 900 , mp P cha d , . P quay quanh trc
vi gc khng i
mt nn trn xoay nh O.
+ gi l| trc.
+ d c gi l| ng sinh.
Gc 2 gi l| gc nh.
2) Khi n n
L| phn khng gian c gii hn bi mt hnh nn O
trn xoay k c hnh nn . Nhng im khng thuc

khi nn gi l| nhng im ngo|i ca khi nn.
Nhng im thuc khi nn nhng khng thuc
hnh nn tng ng gi l| nhng im trong ca khi h
l
nn. nh, mt {y, ng sinh ca mt hnh nn cng
l| nh, mt {y, ng sinh ca khi nn tng ng.
I
r
M
Cho hnh nn c chiu cao h, ng sinh l v| b{n knh {y r .

Din t ch ung quanh: ca hnh nn: Sxq rl .
Din t ch (h nh tr n): S y r 2 .
Din t ch ton phn: ca hnh nn: Stp rl r 2 .
1 2
+ Th t ch khi n n: V r h .
3
3) hit din khi ct bi mt phng

Ct mt nn tr n xoa b i mp (Q ) i qua nh ca mt nn.
mp(Q) ct mt nn theo ng sinh. Thit din l| tam gi{c c}n.
mp(Q) tip xc vi mt nn theo mt ng sinh. (Q ) l| mt phng tip din ca hnh nn.
Ct mt nn tr n xoa b i mp (Q ) khng i qua nh ca mt nn.
mp(Q) vung gc vi trc hnh nn. Giao tuyn l| ng parabol.
mp(Q) song song vi ng sinh hnh nn. Giao tuyn l| nh{nh ca hypebol.
mp(Q) song song vi ng sinh hnh nn. Giao tuyn l| mt ng trn.

Page | 50
II. MT TR TRN XOAY
1. Mt tr:

Trong mt phng P cho hai ng thng v| l song song vi nhau,

c{ch nhau mt khong bng r . Khi quay mt phng P xung quanh
r
th ng thng l sinh ra mt mt trn xoay c gi l| mt tr trn
xoay, gi tt l| mt tr.
ng thng gi l| trc. l
ng thng l l| ng sinh.
r
r l| b{n knh ca mt tr .

2. Hnh tr tr n xoa v khi tr tr n xoa :

a) Ta xt hnh ch nht ABCD . Khi quay hnh ch nht ABCD
xung quanh ng thng cha mt cnh n|o , chng hn cnh AB
th ng gp khc ADCB s to th|nh mt hnh gi l| hnh tr trn
A
xoay, hay gi tt l| hnh tr. r
D
+ Khi quay quanh AB, hai cnh AD v| BC s vch ra hai hnh
trn bng nhau gi l| hai {y ca hnh tr, b{n knh ca chng gi l|
h
b{n knh ca hnh tr. l
d|i on CD gi l| d|i ng sinh ca hnh tr.
Phn mt trn xoay c sinh ra bi c{c im tr n cnh CD khi
r B
quay xung quanh AB gi l| mt xung quanh ca hnh tr.
Khong c{ch AB gia hai mt phng song song cha hai {y
C

l| chiu cao ca hnh tr.
b) Khi tr trn xoay hay khi tr l| phn khng gian c gii hn bi mt hn h tr
trn xoay k c hnh tr trn xoay . Nhng im khng thuc khi tr gi l| nhng
im ngo|i ca khi tr. Nhng im thuc khi tr nhng khng thuc hnh tr tng
ng gi l| nhng im trong ca khi tr. Mt {y, chiu cao, ng sinh, b{n knh ca
mt hnh tr cng l| mt {y, chiu cao, ng sinh, b{n knh ca khi tr tng ng.
Hnh tr c chiu cao h, ng sinh l v| b{n knh {y r.

Din t ch ung quanh: Sxq 2 rl .
Din t ch ton phn: Stp 2 rl 2 r 2 .
Th t ch: V r 2h .
III. MT CU KHI CU
1. Mt cu
Cho im I c nh v| mt s thc dng R .
Tp hp tt c nhng im M trong khng gian
c{ch I mt khong R c gi l| mt cu t}m I,
b{n knh R.

K hiu: S I ; R . Khi :
S I ; R M IM R

Page | 51
2. V tr tng i gia mt cu v mt phng

Cho mt cu S I ; R v| mt phng P . Gi H l| hnh chiu vung gc ca I l n
P d IH
l| khong c{ch t I n mt phng P . Khi :
d R d R d R
Mt cu v| mt phng Mt phng tip xc mt cu: Mt phng ct mt cu
khng c im chung.
P l| mt phng tip din theo thit din l| ng
trn c t}m
ca mt cu v| H: tip im.
I v| b{n knh
r R2 IH 2

Lu : Khi mt phng P i qua t}m I ca mt cu th mt phng P c gi
l| mt phng k nh v| thit din lc c gi l| ng tr n ln.
3. V tr tng i gia mt cu v ng thng

Cho mt cu S I ; R v| ng thng . Gi H l| hnh chiu ca I l n . Khi :
IH R IH R IH R
khng ct mt cu. tip xc vi mt cu. : ct mt cu ti hai im

Tip tu n ca S v| H: ph}n bit.
tip im.

d I ; IH

ct S ti

im A, B th b{n knh R ca S : AB .
2
R IH AH IH
2 2 2

2

Page | 52
4. ng kinh tu n v v tu n ca mt cu:
Giao tuyn ca mt cu vi na mt v tuyen
A
phng c b l| trc ca mt cu c gi l|
kinh tuyn.
+ Giao tuyn (nu c) ca mt cu vi
c{c mt phng vung gc vi trc c gi O
l| v tuyn ca mt cu.
Hai giao im ca mt cu vi trc
c gi l| hai cc ca mt cu
kinh tuyen B
* Mt cu ni tip, ngoi tip hnh a din:

Mt cu ni tip hnh a din nu mt cu
tip xc vi tt c c{c mt ca hnh a din.
Cn ni hnh a din ngoi tip mt cu.
Mt cu ngoi tip hnh a din nu tt c c{c S
nh ca hnh a din u nm tr n mt cu.

Cn ni hnh a din ni tip mt cu.
Mt cu tm O bn knh r ngoi tip hnh chp
S .ABCD khi v ch khi: O
OA OB OC OD OS r
A B
D C

Cho mt cu S I ; R
+ Din t ch mt cu: S 4 R2 .
4
+ h t ch khi cu: V R3 .
3

Page | 53
MT S DNG TO[N V\ CNG THC GII B\I TO[N MT NN
Dng 1 hit din ca h nh n n ct bi mt mt phng

S
hit din qua tr c ca hnh nn l tam gic cn.
A I B
hit din qua nh ca hnh nn l nhng tam gic cn c hai S
cnh bn l hai ng sinh ca

hnh nn.
A I B
hit din vung g c vi tr c ca hnh nn l nhng ng S
trn c tm nm trn trc ca

hnh nn.
A I B
Dng 2 Bi ton lin quan n thit din qua nh ca h nh n n

Cho hnh nn c chiu cao l| h , b{n knh {y r v| ng sinh l .
Mt thit din i qua nh ca hnh nn c khong c{ch t t}m ca {y n mt phng cha
thit din l| d.
Gi M l| trung im ca AC. Khi : S

AC SMI

Gc gia SAC v| ABC l| gc SMI.
Gc gia SAC v| SI l| gc MSI.

H
I
d I , SAC IH d.
A
M
B
C
Din t ch thit din:
1 1 h 2d 2 h 2d 2
Std S SAC SM .AC SI 2 IM 2 .2 AI 2 IM 2 r 2 2 . h 2

2 2 h d2 h2 d2
Dng 3 Bi ton h nh n n ngoi tip v ni tip h nh ch p
Hnh nn ni tip hnh chp S .ABCD u l| hnh Hnh chp t gi{c u S .ABCD
nn c nh l| S , {y l| ng trn ni tip hnh S
vung ABCD .
Khi hnh nn c:
AB
B{n knh {y r IM ,
2 A D
ng cao h SI , ng sinh l SM. I
M
B C

Page | 54
Hnh nn ngoi tip hnh chp S .ABCD u l| Hnh chp t gi{c u S .ABCD
hnh nn c nh l| S , {y l| ng trn ngoi tip S
hnh vung ABCD .
Khi hnh nn c:
AC AB 2
B{n knh {y: r IA . A D
2 2
Chiu cao: h SI.
I
ng sinh: l SA. B C
Hnh nn ni tip hnh chp S .ABC u l| hnh Hnh chp tam gi{c u S .ABC
nn c nh l| S , {y l| ng trn ni tip tam S
gi{c ABC.
Khi hnh nn c
AM AB 3
B{n knh {y: r IM .
3 6 A C
Chiu cao: h SI. I
ng sinh: l SM. M
B
Hnh nn ngoi tip hnh chp S .ABC u l| hnh Hnh chp tam gi{c u S .ABC
nn c nh l| S , {y l| ng trn ngoi tip tam S
gi{c ABC.
Khi hnh nn c:
2AM AB 3
B{n knh {y: r IA .
3 3 C
Chiu cao: h SI. A
I M
ng sinh: l SA.
B
Dng 4 Bi ton h nh n n c t
Khi ct hnh nn bi mt mt phng song song vi {y th phn mt phng nm trong hnh nn l|
mt hnh trn. Phn hnh nn nm gia hai mt phng ni tr n c gi l| h nh n n c t.
Khi ct hnh nn ct bi mt mt phng song song vi

{y th c mt ct l| mt hnh trn.
Khi ct hnh nn ct bi mt mt phng song song vi

trc th c mt ct l| mt hnh thang c}n.
Cho hnh nn ct c
R, r, h ln lt l| b{n

Din tch xung quanh ca hnh nn ct: Sxq l R r .
knh {y ln, b{n knh
S y 1 r 2
{y nh v| chiu cao.
Din tch {y (hnh trn):
S y r 2 R2 .
S y 2 R
2

Page | 55
r Din tch ton phn ca hnh nn ct:
h

Stp l R r r 2 R2 .
R Th tch khi nn ct: V

1
3

h R2 r 2 Rr .
Dng 5 Bi ton h nh n n to bi phn c n li ca h nh tr n sau khi ct b i h nh qut
O; R
n O
T hnh trn ct b i
hnh qut AmB . d|i cung
R
R
AnB bng x . Phn cn li ca O
h
B
hnh trn ghp li c mt hnh A r
AB
nn. Tm b{n knh, chiu cao v| m
d|i ng sinh ca hnh nn Hnh nn c to th|nh c
.
l R

2
2 r x r .
x
h l 2 r 2
MT S DNG TO[N V\ CNG THC GII B\I TO[N MT TR

Dng 1 hit din ca h nh tr ct bi mt mt phng
Thit din vung g c tr c l| mt ng trn b{n
knh R .
A O B
Thit din cha tr c l| mt hnh ch nht ABCD M
G
trong AB 2R v| AD h . Nu thit din qua trc
l| mt hnh vung th h 2R .
Thit din song song vi tr c v| khng cha tr c l|
hnh ch nht BGHC c khong c{ch ti trc l|:

d OO '; BGHC OM D C
Dng 2 h t ch khi t din c 2 cnh l ng k nh 2

Nu nh AB v| CD l| hai ng knh bt k tr n hai
{y ca hnh tr th:
A O B
1
VABCD AB.CDOO
6
. '.sin AB,CD
* c bit: Nu AB v| CD vung gc nhau th:
1
VABCD AB.CD.OO ' . C
6
O'
D

Page | 56
Dng 3 Xc nh g c khong cch
Gc gia AB v| trc OO ' : A
AB;OO ' A ' AB . A

O
A
O O
O' O' O'

B D
B M
A' A' C
Khong c{ch gia AB v| trc OO ' : A

d AB;OO ' OM . A
O
A
O O B
O' O' O'

B D
B M
A' A' C
Nu ABCD l| mt hnh vung ni tip trong hnh A

O O O B
tr th ng cho ca hnh vungA cng bng ng
A
cho ca hnh tr.
Ngha l| cnh hnh vung: AB 2 4R2 h 2 . I
O' O' O'

B D
B M
A' A' C
Dng 4 Xc nh mi lin h gia din t ch ung quanh, ton phn v th t ch khi tr trong bi
ton ti u
Mt khi tr c th tch khng i.
Tm b{n knh {y v| chiu cao hnh tr din
tch to|n phn nh nht:
V
R 3
2 r
Stp min
h 3 4V

l
Tm b{n knh {y v| chiu cao hnh tr din
tch xung quanh cng vi din tch {y v| nh nht:
V r
R 3

S min

h 3 V

Dng 5 nh tr ngoi tip, ni tip mt h nh lng tr ng
+ Cho hnh lng tr tam gic u ni tip trong mt hnh tr. Th tch khi lng tr l V th
4V
th tch khi tr l V(T)
9
+ Cho hnh lng tr t gic u ABCD.A ' B 'C ' D ' ngoi tip trong mt hnh tr. Din
2S
tch xung quanh hnh tr l S th din tch xung quanh ca hnh lng tr l S xq

Page | 57
MT S DNG TO[N V\ CNG THC GII
B\I TO[N MT CU
I. Mt cu ngoi tip khi a din
1/ Cc khi nim c bn
Trc ca a gic : l| ng thng i qua t}m ng trn ngoi tip ca a gi{c {y v|
vung gc vi mt phng cha a gi{c {y Bt k mt im n|o nm tr n trc ca a
gi{c th c{ch u c{c nh ca a gi{c .
ng trung trc ca on thng: l| ng thng i qua trung im ca on thng v|
vung gc vi on thng Bt k mt im n|o nm tr n ng trung trc th c{ch
u hai u mt ca on thng.
Mt trung trc ca on thng: l| mt phng i qua trung im ca on thng v| vung
gc vi on thng Bt k mt im n|o nm tr n mt trung trc th c{ch u hai
u mt ca on thng.
2/ Tm v bn k nh mt cu ngoi tip hnh chp
Tm mt cu ngoi tip hnh chp: l| im c{ch u c{c nh ca hnh chp. Hay ni c{ch
kh{c, n chnh l| giao im I ca trc ng trn ngoi tip mt ph ng y v| mt ph ng
trung trc ca mt cnh bn hnh chp.
Bn k nh: l| khong c{ch t I n c{c nh ca hnh chp.
3/ Cch xc nh tm v bn k nh mt cu ca m t s hnh a din
a/ Hnh h p ch nh t hnh l p phng.
- Tm: trng vi t}m i xng ca hnh hp ch nht (hnh lp phng) T}m l| I l|
trung im ca AC ' .
- Bn k nh: bng na d|i ng cho hnh hp ch nht (hnh lp phng).
AC ' A B
B{n knh: R .
2
D C
I
b/ Hnh lng tr ng c n i tip ng tr n. A
B
t hnh l ng tr ng A1A2A3 ...An .A1' A2' A3' ...An' , An
D C
A1
trong c ' ' '
{y A1A2A3 ...An v| AA A ...A'n ni tip ng trn O
1 2 3 A2
O

A3
v| O ' . Lc ,
I
mt cu ni tip hnh l ng tr ng c: An
- Tm: I vi I l| trung im ca OO ' . A1
O
- Bn k nh: R IA1 IA2 ... IA . ' A2
n A3
S S
c/ Hnh chp c cc nh nhn on thng ni 2 nh
c n li di 1 gc vung.
- Hnh chp S .ABC c SAC SBC 90 .

0
I
+ T}m: I l| trung im ca SC . I
SC A D
+ B{n knh: R IA IB IC . A C D
2
B B C
Page | 58
- Hnh chp S .ABCD c
SAC SBC SDC 900 .

+ T}m: I l| trung im ca SC .
SC
+ B{n knh: R IA IB IC ID .
2
d/ Hnh chp u.
Cho hnh chp u S .ABC ...
S
- Gi O l| t}m ca {y SO l| trc ca {y.
- Trong mt phng x{c nh bi SO v| mt cnh b n,

chng hn nh mp SAO , ta v ng trung trc ca cnh SA M
I
l| ct SA ti M v| ct SO ti I I l| t}m ca mt cu.
A
- B{n knh:
O
SM SI D
Ta c: SMI SOA B{n knh l|: B
SO SA
C
SM .SA SA2
R IS IA IB IC ...
SO 2SO
e/ Hnh chp c cnh b n vung gc vi mt phng .

Cho hnh chp S .ABC ... c cnh b n SA {y ABC... v| {y ABC... ni tip c
trong ng trn t}m O . T}m v| b{n knh mt cu ngoi tip hnh chp S .ABC ... c
x{c nh nh sau:
S
- T t}m O ngoi tip ca ng trn

{y, ta v ng thng d vung gc vi mp ABC... ti O . d

- Trong mp d, SA , ta dng ng trung M
I

trc ca cnh SA , ct SA ti M , ct d ti I I l| t}m mt

cu ngoi tip hnh chp
A O
v| b{n knh R IA IB IC IS ... C
- Tm b{n knh:
Ta c: MIOB l| hnh ch nht. B
t MAI vung ti M c:
2
SA
R AI MI MA AO
2 2
.
2
2
f/ Hnh chp khc.
- Dng trc ca {y.

- Dng mt phng trung trc ca mt cnh b n bt k.

- I I l| t}m mt cu ngoi tip hnh chp.
- B{n knh: khong c{ch t I n c{c nh ca hnh chp.

Page | 59
-
g/ ng tr n ngoi tip m t s a gic thng gp.
Khi x{c nh t}m mt cu, ta cn x{c nh trc ca mt phng {y, chnh l| ng
thng vung gc vi mt phng {y ti t}m O ca ng trn ngoi tip {y.
O O O
Hnh vung: O l| giao Hnh ch nht: O l| giao u: O l| giao im ca

im ng cho. im ca hai ng cho. ng trung tuyn (trng t}m).
O
O
vung: O l| trung im thng: O l| giao im ca hai

ca cnh huyn. ng trung trc ca hai cnh .
II. K THUT X[C NH MT CU NGOI TIP CHP
Cho hnh chp S .A1A2 ...An (tho mn iu kin tn ti mt cu ngoi tip). Thng thng, xc
nh mt cu ngoi tip hnh chp ta thc hin theo hai bc:

S
Bc 1: {c nh t}m ca ng trn ngoi tip a
gi{c {y. Dng : trc ng trn ngoi tip a gi{c {y.

Bc 2: Lp mt phng trung trc ( ) ca mt cnh b n.
I
Lc : - T}m O ca mt cu: mp( ) O O
D

- B{n knh: R SA SO . Tu v|o tng
A H C
trng hp. B
Lu : K nng xc nh trc ng trn ngoi tip a gic y.

1. Trc ng tr n ngoi tip a gic : l| ng M
thng i qua t}m ng trn ngoi tip {y v| vung gc
vi mt phng {y.
nh cht: M : MA MB MC A
Suy ra: MA MB MC M C
H
2. Cc bc xc nh trc:
B
- Bc : {c nh t}m H ca ng trn ngoi tip a gi{c {y.
- Bc : Qua H dng vung gc vi mt phng {y.

Page | 60
Mt s trng hp c bit
Tam gi{c vung Tam gi{c u Tam gi{c bt k

B
B
B H C C
H C
H
A A
A
S
3. K nng tam gic ng dng

SO SM
SMO ng dng vi SIA .
M
SA SI O
4. Nh n xt: I A

MA MB MC
M , S : SM l| trc ng trn ngoi tip ABC .
SA SB SC

* K THUT S DNG HAI TRC X[C NH T]M MT CU NGOI TIP A DIN
Cho hnh chp S .A1A2 ...An (tha mn iu kin tn ti mt cu ngoi tip). Thng thng
xc nh mt cu ngoi tip hnh chp ta thc hin theo hai bc:
Bc 1: {c nh t}m ca ng trn ngoi tip a gi{c {y. Dng : trc ng trn
ngoi tip a gi{c {y.
Bc 2: {c nh trc d ca ng trn ngoi tip mt mt b n (d xc nh) ca khi chp.
Lc :
T}m I ca mt cu: d I S

+ B{n knh: R IA IS . Tu vo tng
R
trng hp.
I d
A
B

Page | 61
TNG KT C[C DNG TM T]M V\ B[N KNH MT CU (TD)
SC
Loi 1: Cnh b n SA vung gc vi {y v| ABC 900 khi R v| t}m l| trung
2
im SC .
S S
A D
A C
B C
B
Loi 2: Cnh b n SA vung gc {y v| bt k {y l| hnh g, S
ch cn tm c b{n knh ng trn ngoi tip ca {y l| RD ,
SA2 K
khi : R R
2 2
.
D
I
4 C
A
abc
RD ( p : na chu vi). O

4 p p a p b p c B
Nu ABC vung ti A th: R2

1
4

AB 2 AC 2 AS 2 .
a 2
{y l| hnh vung cnh a th RD , nu {y l| tam gi{c u cnh a th
2
a 3
RD .
3
Loi 3: Chp c c{c cnh b n bng nhau: S
SA2
SA SB SC SD : R .
2SO
ABCD l| hnh vung, hnh ch nht, khi O l|
giao hai ng cho. A D
ABC vung, khi O l| trung im cnh huyn.

ABC u, khi O l| trng t}m, trc t}m. B C
Loi 4: Hai mt phng SAB v| ABC vung gc vi S
nhau v| c giao tuyn AB . Khi ta gi R1, R2 ln lt l|

O
b{n knh ng trn ngoi tip c{c tam gi{c SAB v| ABC . I
A C
B{n knh mt cu ngoi tip:
J
AB 2 K
R2 R12 R22
4 B
Loi 5 : Chp S.ABCD c ng cao SH , t}m ng trn ngoi tip {y l| O . Khi ta gii

2
phng trnh: SH x OH 2 x 2 RD2 . Vi gi{ tr x tm c ta c: R2 x 2 RD2 .
3V
Loi 6: B{n knh mt cu ni tip: r .
Stp

Page | 62
TNG HP C[C CNG THC C BIT V KHI TRN XOAY
S 2 Rh r 2 h 2
xq
h r
2 h h 2

Chm cu:
V h R h 3r 2
3 6 R
Hnh tr ct:
S R h h
xq 1 2
h h h2
(phin tr ) V R 2
1
2
2 h1
R
2 3
Hnh n m loi 1: V R tan
3
2
Hnh n m loi 2: V R 3 tan
2 3
3
S' x
3
S 4 a
Parabol b c hai. parabol 3 Rh; S h R R R

Parabol tr n 1 1 h
V R h Vtru
2
xoay.
2 2

Din t ch Elip v Selip ab b
Th t ch khi 4 a a
Vxoay quanh 2a ab 2
tr n xoa sinh
3
b
b i Elip V 4 2
a b
xoay quanh 2b 3
R
Din tch hnh v|nh

kh n S R2 r 2 r
Hnh xu n Th tch hnh xuyn (phao)

2
R r R r
V 2
2
r
2 2 R

Page | 63
PHN VII. H TRC TA TRONG KHNG GIAN OXYZ
A. H TA KHNG GIAN
1. Trong kh ng gian cho ba trc Ox, Oy, Oz phn bit v vu ng gc tng i mt.
Gc ta O, trc honh Ox, trc tung Oy, trc cao Oz, cc mt ta Oxy, Oyz,Ozx.
i, j, k l cc vecto n v
2 2 2
i j k 1
2 2
Ch : a a
i j ik jk 0
2. Ta vc t: u (x ; y; z ) u(x ; y; z ) u xi y j zk
3. Ta im: M (x ; y; z ) OM xi y j zk
4. Cc c ng thc ta cn nh: Cho u (a;b;c), v (a ;b;c)
a a

a) u v b b
c c

b) u
v a a ;b b;c c
c) ku (ka; kb; kc)
d) u.v u . v .cos(u,v) aa bb cc
u.v aa bb cc
e) cos(u,v )
u .v u .v
2
f) u u a 2 b2 c2
g) u v u.v 0

h) AB x B x A; yB yA; z B z A
x y z
2 2 2
i) AB AB B
xA B
yA B
zA
5. Ch : gc ca 2 vc t u, v l gc hnh hc (nh) gia 2 tia mang vect c gi tr

trong on 0; . sin u, v 1 cos u, v 0 2
6. Chia t l on thng: M chia AB theo t s k ngha l MA kMB

x A kx B
x M
1k
yA kyB
Cng thc ta ca M l : yM
1k
z A kz B
z
M 1k


Page | 64
xA xB
x M
2
yA yB
M l trung im AB: MA MB 0 yM
2
z
z A z B
M 2

7. G l trng tm tam gic ABC:
x A x B xC
xG
3
yA yB yC
GA GB GC 0 yG
3
z Az z B
zC
G
3

8. G l trng tm t din ABCD:
x A x B xC x D
xG
4
yA yB yC yD
GA GB GC GD 0 yG
4
z Az z B
zC z D
G 4

9. Tch c hng 2 vc t: Cho 2 vc t u (a;b;c) v v (a ;b;c) ta nh ngha tch
c hng ca 2 vc t l mt vc t, k hiu u, v hay u v c to :

b c c a a b
u, v ; ;
bc bc;ca ac;ab ba
b c c a a b

10. Tnh cht tch c hng 2 vc t:
a. u, v vung gc vi u v v

b. u, v u . v .sin(u, v)

c. u, v 0 u, v cng phng

11. ng dng tch c hng 2 vc t:

a. Din tch hnh bnh hnh ABCD: S AB, AD

1
b. Din tch tam gic ABC: S . AB, AC
2
c. Ba vc t u, v, w ng phng: u, v .w 0

d. Th tch khi hp c y hnh bnh hnh ABCD v cnh b n AA:
V AB, AD .AA

1
e. Th tch khi t din S.ABC: V . AB, AC .SA
6
Page | 65
MT S DNG TON THNG GP
VN 1: Cc php ton v to ca vect v ca im
S dng cc cng thc v to ca vect v ca im trong khng gian.
S dng cc php ton v vect trong khng gian.
VN 2: Xc nh im trong khng gian. Chng minh t nh cht hnh hc. Din t ch

Th t ch.
S dng cc cng thc v to ca vect v ca im trong
khng gian.
S dng cc php ton v vect trong khng gian.
Cng thc xc nh to ca cc im c bit.
Tnh cht hnh hc ca cc im c bit:
A, B, C th ng hng AB, AC cng phng
AB k AC AB, AC 0
ABCD l hnh bnh hnh AB DC

Cho ABC c cc chn E, F ca cc ng phn gic trong v ngoi ca gc A ca
ABC trn BC .
AB AB
Ta c: EB .EC , FB .FC
AC AC
A, B, C , D khng ng ph ng AB, AC , AD khng ng ph ng
AB, AC .AD 0
VN 3: Phng trnh mt cu

vit phng trnh mt cu S , ta cn xc nh tm I v bn knh R ca mt cu.

Dng 1: S c t}m I a; b; c v| b{n knh R :
(S): (x a) (y b) (z c) R
2 2 2 2

Dng 2: S c t}m I a; b; c v| i qua im A :
Khi bn knh R IA.

Dng 3: S nhn on thng AB cho trc l|m ng knh:
Tm I l trung im ca on th ng AB :
xA xB yA yB zA zB
xI ; yI ; zI .
2 2 2
AB
Bn knh R IA
.
2

Dng 4: S i qua bn im A, B, C , D (mt cu ngoi tip t din ABCD ):

Gi s phng trnh mt cu S c dng:
x 2 y 2 z 2 2ax 2by 2cz d 0 * .

Page | 66

Thay ln lt to ca cc im A, B, C , D vo * , ta c 4 phng trnh.
Gii h phng trnh , ta tm c a, b, c, d Phng trnh mt cu S .

Dng 5: S i qua ba im A, B, C v| c t}m I nm tr n mt phng P cho trc: Gii
tng t nh dng 4.

Dng 6: S c t}m I v| tip xc vi mt cu T cho trc:
Xc nh tm J v bn knh R ' ca mt cu T .
S dng iu kin tip xc ca hai mt cu tnh bn knh R ca mt cu S .

(Xt hai trng hp tip xc trong v tip xc ngoi)
Ch : Vi phng trnh mt cu S :
x 2 y 2 z 2 2ax 2by 2cz d 0 vi a 2 b2 c 2 d 0

th S c t}m I a; b; c v| b{n knh R a b c d .
2 2 2
VN 4: V tr tng i gia hai mt cu mt cu

Cho hai mt cu S1 I 1, R1 v S2 I 2, R2 .
I 1I 2 R1 R2 S ,
1 S trong nhau
2
I 1I 2 R1 R2 S ,
1 S ngoi nhau
2
I 1I 2 R1 R2 S ,
1 S tip xc trong
2
I 1I 2 R1 R2 S ,
1 S tip xc ngoi
2
R1 R2 I 1I 2 R1 R2 S ,
1 S ct nhau theo mt ng trn.
2
VN 5: T p hp im l mt cu T p hp tm mt cu
1. p hp i m l mt cu

Gi s tm tp hp im M tho tnh cht P no .
Tm h thc gia cc to x, y, z ca im M.
(x a)2 (y b)2 (z c)2 R2
hoc: x 2 y 2 z 2 2ax 2by 2cz d 0
Tm gii hn qu tch (nu c).
2. m tp hp tm mt cu
x f (t )

Tm to ca tm I , ch ng hn: y g(t ) *
z h(t )

Kh t trong * ta c phng trnh tp hp im.
Tm gii hn qu tch (nu c).

Page | 67
MT PHNG
1. n kh{c 0 v| c gi{ vung gc mp(P) c gi l| vc t ph{p tuyn ca (P).
2. Nu n l| vc t ph{p tuyn ca (P) th kn (k 0) cng l| vc t ph{p tuyn ca (P).
3. Phng trnh tng qut ca mp(P): qua M (x 0 ; y0 ; z 0 ) c vc t ph{p tuyn n (A; B;C ) l|:
A(x x 0 ) B(y y0 ) C (z z 0 ) 0
4. Khai trin ca phng trnh tng qut:
Ax By Cz D 0
(A,B,C khng ng thi bng 0)
5. Nhng trng hp ri ng ca phng trnh tng qut:
(P) qua gc ta D=0
(P) song song hoc trng (Oxy) A=B=0
(P) song song hoc trng (Oyz) B=C=0
(P) song song hoc trng (Ozx) A=C=0
(P) song song hoc cha Ox A=0
(P) song song hoc cha Oy B=0
(P) song song hoc cha Oz C=0
(P) ct Ox ti A(a;0;0), ct Oy ti B(0;b;0) v| ct Oz ti C(0;0;c)
x y z
(P) c phng trnh 1
a b c
6. Khong cch t 1 im n mt phng:
Ax 0 By0 Cz0 D

Cho M x 0 ; y0 ; z 0 v| (P ) : Ax By Cz D 0 ; d(M ,(P ))
A2 B 2 C 2
8. Chm mt phng
Tp hp tt c cc mt phng qua giao tuyn ca hai

mt phng v| ( ) c gi l| mt chm mt phng
Gi d l| giao tuyn ca hai mt phng d

: A x B y C z D 0 v| : A x B y C z D 0 .
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
Khi nu P l| mt phng cha d th mt phng P c

P
dng
P : m.(A x B y C z D ) n.(A x B y C z D ) 0,
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
m2 n 2 0
C[C DNG TO[N THNG GP

VN 1: Vit phng trnh mt phng

lp phng trnh mt ph ng ta cn xc nh mt im thuc v mt VTPT ca n.

Dng 1: i qua im M x 0 ; y0 ; z 0 c TPT n A; B;C :
: A x x B y y C z z 0
0 0 0

Dng 2: i qua im M x 0 ; y0 ; z 0 c cp TCP a , b :

Khi mt VTPT ca l n a ,b .
Dng 3: i qua im
M x 0 ; y0 ; z 0 v| song song vi mt phng

Page | 68
: Ax By Cz D 0:
: A x x B y y C z z 0
0 0 0

Dng 4: i qua 3 im khng thng h|ng A, B,C

Khi ta c th xc nh mt VTPT ca l: n AB, AC

Dng 5: i qua mt im M v| mt ng thng d khng cha M :

Trn d ly im A v VTCP u .

Mt VTPT ca l: n AM , u

Dng 6: i qua mt im M , vung gc vi ng thng d :

VTCP u ca ng th ng d l mt VTPT ca .

Dng 7: i qua ng thng ct nhau d1, d2 :
Xc nh cc VTCP a , b ca cc ng th ng d1, d2 . .

Mt VTPT ca l: n a ,b .
Ly mt im M thuc d1 hoc d2 M .

Dng 8: cha ng thng d1 v| song song vi ng thng d2 ( d1, d2 cho nhau ) :
Xc nh cc VTCP a , b ca cc ng th ng d1, d2 .

Ly mt im M thuc d1 M .

Dng 9: i qua im M v| song song vi hai ng thng cho nhau d1, d2 :
Xc nh cc VTCP a , b ca cc ng th ng d1, d2 .


Dng 10: i qua mt ng thng d v| vung gc vi mt mt phng :
Xc nh VTCP u ca d v VTPT n ca .
Mt VTPT ca l: n u, n .

Ly mt im M thuc d M .
Dng 11: i qua im M v| vung gc vi hai mt phng ct nhau , :
Xc nh cc VTPT n , n ca v .

Mt VTPT ca l: n u , n .

Dng 12: i qua ng thng d cho trc v| c{ch im M cho trc mt khong k
cho trc:

Gi s () c phng trnh: Ax By Cz+D 0 A2 B 2 C 2 0 .

Ly 2 im A, B d A, B ( ta c hai phng trnh 1 , 2 ).
Page | 69
T iu kin khong cch d(M,( )) k , ta c phng trnh 3 .
2, 3 (bng cch cho gi tr mt n, tm cc n cn li).
Gii h phng trnh 1 ,
Dng 13: l| tip xc vi mt cu S ti im H :
Gi s mt cu S c tm I v bn knh R.
Mt VTPT ca l: n IH
VN 2: V tr tng i ca hai mt phng

Cho hai mt phng P : Ax By Cz D 0 v| P : Ax By Cz D 0.
Khi : P ct P A : B : C A : B : C.
A B C D
P // P .
A B C D
A B C D
P P .
A B C D
P P n P n P n P .n P 0 AA BB CC 0.
VN 3: Khong cch t m t im n m t mt phng.

Khong c{ch gia hai mt phng song song.
Hnh chiu ca mt im tr n mt phng .
im i xng ca mt im qua mt phng.

Khong cch t im M 0 x 0 ; y0 ; z 0 n mt ph ng ( ) : Ax By Cz D 0
Ax 0 By0 Cz 0 D
d M 0,( )
A2 B 2 C 2
Khong cch gia hai mt ph ng song song bng khong cch t mt im bt k trn mt
ph ng ny n mt ph ng kia.
Ch : Nu hai mt ph ng khng song song th khong cch gia chng bng 0.

MH , n cung phuong
im H l hnh chiu ca im M trn P
H (P )

im M ' i xng vi im M qua P MM 2MH
VN 4: Gc gia hai mt phng
c phng trnh:
Cho hai mt ph ng ,
: A x B y C z D 0 : A x B y C z D 0
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
Gc gia , bng hoc b vi gc gia hai VTPT n , n . 1 2
n1.n2 A1A2 B1B2 C 1C 2

cos ( ),( )
n1 . n2 A12 B12 C 12 . A22 B22 C 22

Ch : 00 ( ),( ) 900 ; ( ) ( ) A1A2 B1B2 C1C 2 0

Page | 70
VN 5: V tr tng i gia mt phng v mt cu.
Phng trnh mt phng tip xc vi mt cu

Cho mt ph ng : Ax By Cz D 0 v mt cu S : (x a )2 (y b)2 (z c)2 R2
v S khng c im chung d(I ,( )) R
tip xc vi S d(I ,( )) R l tip din

tm to tip im ta c th thc hin nh sau:

Vit phng trnh ng th ng d i qua tm I ca S v vung gc vi .

Tm to giao im H ca d v . H l tip im ca S vi .

ct S theo mt ng trn d(I ,( )) R
xc nh tm H v bn knh r ca ng trn giao tuyn ta c th thc hin nh sau:

Vit phng trnh ng th ng d i qua tm I ca S v vung gc vi .
Tm to giao im H ca d v .

H l tm ca ng trn giao tuyn ca S vi .
Bn knh r ca ng trn giao tuyn: r R2 IH 2
NG THNG
I. Phng trnh ca ng thng:
1) Vect ch phng ca ng thng:
nh ngha: Cho ng thng d . Nu vect a 0 v| c gi{ song song hoc trng vi
ng phng d th vect a c gi l| vect ch phng ca ng phng d . K hiu:
a (a1;a2 ;a3 )
Ch :
1) a l| TCP ca d th k .a (k 0) cng l| TCP ca d
) Nu d i qua hai im A, B th AB l| mt TCP ca d
3) Trc Ox c vect ch phng a i (1; 0; 0)
4) Trc Oy c vect ch phng a j (0;1; 0)
5) Trc Oz c vect ch phng a k (0; 0;1)
2.Phng trnh tham s ca ng thng:
Phng trnh tham s ca ng thng () i qua im M 0 (x 0 ; y0 ; z 0 ) v| nhn a (a1;a2 ;a3 )
l|m TCP l| : z
a
( )
x x ta
M ( x, y, z ) y () : y y ta
0 1
t
M0
0 2
O z z ta
0 3
x
3. Phng trnh ch nh tc ca ng thng:

Page | 71
Phng trnh chnh tc ca ng thng () i qua im M 0 (x 0 ; y0 ; z 0 ) v| nhn a (a1;a2 ;a3 )
l|m TCP l| :
x x0 y y0 z z0
() :
a1 a2 a3
II. V tr tng i ca ng thng v mt phng :
1.V tr tng i ca ng thng v mt phng :
PP HNH HC

M a ( )
( )
a n
n
n
M M
a a a a ( )
x x a t (1)
0 1

nh l : Trong Kg Oxyz cho: ng thng () : y y 0 a2t (2) c TCP a (a1;a2 ;a3 )
z z a t (3)
0 3
v| qua M 0 (x 0 ; y0 ; z 0 ) v| mt phng ( ) : Ax By Cz D 0 c TPT n (A; B;C )

Khi :
() cat ( ) a.n 0 Aa1 Ba2 Ca 3 0
a.n 0 Aa Ba2 Ca 3 0
() // ( ) 1
M 0 (P ) Ax 0 By 0 Cz 0 D 0
a.n 0 Aa Ba2 Ca 3 0
() ( ) 1
M 0 (P ) Ax 0 By 0 Cz 0 D 0

a
n
c bit: ( ) ( ) a v| n cng phng
a1 : a2 : a3 A : B : C
a
pt()

PP I S: Mun tm giao im M ca v| ta gii h phng trnh: tm x, y, z.
pt( )

Suy ra: M x, y, z
Th 1 , 2 , 3 v|o phng trnh mp P v| rt gn da v dng: at b 0 (*)
d ct mp P ti mt im Pt * c mt nghim t .
d song song vi P Pt * v nghim.
d nm trong P Pt * c v s nghim t .
d vung gc P a v| n cng phng

2. V tr tng i ca hai ng thng:
PP HNH HC
V tr tng i ca hai ng thng trong khng gian
Cho hai ng thng: 1 i qua M v| c mt vect ch phng u1 .

Page | 72
2 i qua N v| c mt vect ch phng u2 .
1 2 u1 , u2 u1 , MN 0.

u , u 0
1 2
1 // 2 .

1
u , MN 0

u , u 0
1 2
1 ct 2 .

1 2
u , u . MN 0
1 v| 2 cho nhau u1 , u2 .MN 0.

pt(1 )
PP I S: Mun tm giao im M ca (1 ) va ( 2 ) ta gii h phng trnh : tm
pt(2 )

x, y, z. Suy ra: M x, y, z
3) V tr tng i gia ng thng v mt cu:
x x a t (1)
0 1
Cho ng thng d: y y 0
a 2
t (2) v| mt cu S : (x a )2 (y b)2 (z c)2 R2 c
z z a t (3)
0 3
t}m I (a;b;c) , b{n knh R.

PP HNH HC
IM .a
0

B . Tnh khong c{ch t t}m I ca mt cu S n ng thng d l| h d (I ,d )
a
B . So s{nh d(I , d ) vi b{n knh R ca mt cu:
Nu d(I , d ) R th d khng ct S
Nu d(I , d ) R th d tip xc S
Nu d(I , d ) R th d ct S ti hai im ph}n bit M , N v| MN vung gc vi

ng knh (b{n knh) mt cu
PP I S: Th 1 , 2, 3 v|o phng trnh S v| rt gn a v phng trnh bc
hai theo t *

Nu phng trnh * v nghim th d khng ct S
Nu phng trnh * c mt nghim th d tip xc S
Nu phng trnh * c hai nghim th d ct S ti hai im ph}n bit M , N

Ch : tm ta M , N ta thay gi{ tr t v|o phng trnh ng thng d

Page | 73
III. Gc trong khng gian:
1. Gc gia hai mt phng:
n1 ( A1 ; B1 ; C1 )

nh l : Trong Kg Oxyz cho hai mt
n2 ( A2 ; B2 ; C 2 )
phng , x{c nh bi phng trnh :
( ) : A1x B1y C 1z D1 0
a
( ) : A2x B2y C 2z D2 0
Gi l| gc gia hai mt phng ( ) & ( ) ta c cng thc: 0 0 90 0
b
A1A2 B1B2 C 1C 2
cos ( )
A B C . A B C
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
a (a; b; c)

2. Gc gia ng thng v mt phng: n ( A; B; C )
x x0 y y0 z z0
Cho ng thng () :
a b c a
v| mt phng ( ) : Ax By Cz D 0
Gi l| gc gia hai mt phng () & ( ) ta c cng thc: 0 0 90 0
Aa Bb Cc
sin
A2 B 2 C 2 . a 2 b 2 c 2
3.Gc gia hai ng thng :

Cho hai ng thng : a1 (a; b; c)
x x0 y y0 z z0
(1 ) :
a b c 1
x x0 y y0 z z0
(2 ) :
a' b' c' 2
a 2 ( a ' ; b' ; c ' )
0 0 90 0
Gi l| gc gia hai mt phng (1 ) & (2 ) ta c cng thc:
aa ' bb ' cc '
cos
a 2 b 2 c 2 . a '2 b '2 c '2
IV. Khong cch:

1. Khong cch t m t im n m t mt phng:
Cho mt phng ( ) : Ax By Cz D 0 v| im M 0 (x 0 ; y0 ; z 0 )
Khong c{ch t im M 0 n mt phng ( ) c tnh bi :
M 0 ( x0 ; y 0 ; z 0 )
Ax 0 By0 Cz 0 D
d(M 0 ; )
H A2 B 2 C 2
a

Page | 74
2. Khong cch t m t im n m t ng thng:
Cho ng thng () i qua im M 0 (x 0 ; y0 ; z 0 ) v| c TCP u (a;b;c) . Khi khong c{ch
t im M1 n () c tnh bi cng thc:
M1 M M ; u
0 1
u ( ) d(M 1, )
u
M 0 ( x0 ; y 0 ; z 0 ) H
3. Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau:

nh l : Trong Kg Oxyz cho hai ng thng cho nhau :
(1 ) co VTCP u (a;b; c) va qua M0 (x 0 ; y 0 ; z 0 )

(2 ) co VTCP u ' (a ' ;b ' ; c ' ) va qua M0' (x 0' ; y 0' ; z 0' )
u, u ' .M M '
0 0
Khi khong c{ch gia (1 ) va ( 2 ) c tnh bi cng thc d (1, 2 )
u; u '
u 1
M0

u'
M '
0 2
C[C DNG THNG GP
VN 1: L p phng trnh ng thng
lp phng trnh ng th ng d ta cn xc nh mt im thuc d v mt VTCP ca n.

Dng 1: d i qua im M 0 (x 0 ; y0 ; z 0 ) v| c TCP a (a1;a2 ;a3 ) :
x x a t
o 1
(d ) : y yo a2t ( t R)
z z a t
o 3
Dng 2: d i qua hai im A, B : Mt VTCP ca d l AB .

Dng 3: d i qua im M 0 (x 0 ; y0 ; z 0 ) v| song song vi ng thng cho trc: V d / /
nn VTCP ca cng l VTCP ca d .
Dng 4: d i qua im M 0 (x 0 ; y0 ; z 0 ) v| vung gc vi mt phng P cho trc: V d P

nn VTPT ca P cng l VTCP ca d .
Dng 5: d l| giao tuyn ca hai mt phng P , Q :

Cch 1: Tm mt im v mt VTCP.
(P )
Tm to mt im A d : bng cch gii h phng trnh (vi vic chn gi
(Q )
tr cho mt n)
Tm mt VTCP ca d : a nP , nQ
Cch 2: Tm hai im A, B thuc d , ri vit phng trnh ng th ng i qua hai im .
Dng 6: d i qua im M 0 (x 0 ; y0 ; z 0 ) v| vung gc vi hai ng thng d1, d2 :

Page | 75
V d d1, d d2 nn mt VTCP ca d l: a ad , ad
1 2
Dng 7: d i qua im M 0 (x 0 ; y0 ; z 0 ) , vung gc v| ct ng thng .
Cch 1: Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca M 0 trn ng th ng .
H

M 0H u
Khi ng th ng d l ng th ng i qua M 0, H .

Cch 2: Gi P l mt ph ng i qua A v vung gc vi d ; Q l mt ph ng i qua A v cha d.
Khi d P Q
Dng 8: d i qua im M 0 (x 0 ; y0 ; z 0 ) v| ct hai ng thng d1, d2 :
Cch 1: Gi M1 d1, M2 d2 . T iu kin M , M1, M 2 th ng hng ta tm c M1, M 2 .
T suy ra phng trnh ng th ng d .

Cch 2: Gi P (M 0, d1 ) , Q (M 0, d2 ) . Khi d P Q . Do , mt VTCP
ca d c th chn l a nP , nQ .

Dng 9: d nm trong mt phng P v| ct c hai ng thng d1, d2 : Tm cc giao im

A d1 P , B d2 P . Khi d chnh l ng th ng AB.
Dng 10: d song song vi v| ct c hai ng thng d1, d2 :
Vit phng trnh mt ph ng P

cha v d1, mt ph ng Q cha v d2 . Khi

d P Q .
Dng 11: d l| ng vung gc chung ca hai ng thng d1, d2 cho nhau:
MN d1
Cch 1: Gi M1 d1, M2 d2 . T iu kin , ta tm c M , N . Khi , d l
MN d2
ng th ng MN.
Cch 2:
V d d1 v d d2 nn mt VTCP ca d c th l: a ad , ad .
1 2

Lp phng trnh mt ph ng P cha d v d1, bng cch:
+ Ly mt im A trn d1.

+ Mt VTPT ca P c th l: nP a , ad .
1

Tng t lp phng trnh mt ph ng Q cha d v d2 .

Khi d P Q .
Dng 12: d l| hnh chiu ca ng thng l n mt phng P :

Lp phng trnh mt ph ng Q cha v vung gc vi mt ph ng P bng cch:
Ly M .

V Q cha v vung gc vi P nn nQ a , nP .

Page | 76

Khi d P Q .
Dng 13: d i qua im M, vung gc vi d1 v| ct d2 :

Cch 1: Gi N l giao im ca d v d2 . T iu kin MN d1, ta tm c N. Khi , d l
ng th ng MN.
Cch 2:

Vit phng trnh mt ph ng P qua M v vung gc vi d1.
Vit phng trnh mt ph ng Q cha M v d2 .
Khi d P Q .
VN 2: V tr tng i gia hai ng thng
xt VTT gia hai ng th ng, ta c th s dng mt trong cc phng php sau:

Phng php hnh hc: Da vo mi quan h gia cc VTCP v cc im thuc cc ng
th ng.
Phng php i s: Da vo s nghim ca h phng trnh cc ng th ng.
VN 3: V tr tng i gia ng thng v mt phng
xt VTT gia ng th ng v mt ph ng, ta c th s dng mt trong cc phng php sau:

Phng php hnh hc: Da vo mi quan h gia VTCP ca ng th ng v VTPT ca mt
ph ng.
Phng php i s: Da vo s nghim ca h phng trnh ng th ng v mt ph ng.
VN 4: V tr tng i gia ng thng v mt cu
xt VTT gia ng th ng v mt cu ta c th s dng cc phng php sau:

Phng php hnh hc: Da vo khong cch t tm mt cu n ng th ng v bn knh.
Phng php i s: Da vo s nghim ca h phng trnh ng th ng v mt cu.
VN 5: Khong cch
1. Khong cch t i m M n ng thng d

Cch 1: Cho ng th ng d i qua M 0 v c VTCP a .
M M , a
0
d(M , d )
a
Cch 2: Tm hnh chiu vung gc H ca M trn ng th ng d.

d M , d MH .
Cch 3:
Gi N x ; y; z d. Tnh MN 2 theo t (t tham s trong phng trnh ng
th ng d).
Tm t MN 2 nh nht.

Khi N H. Do d M , d MH .
2. Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau
Cho hai ng th ng cho nhau d1 v d2 . Bit d1 i qua im M1 v c VTCP a1 , d2 i qua im M 2

Page | 77
a1, a2 .M1M 2
v c VTCP a 2 d(d1, d2 )
a1, a2
Ch : Khong cch gia hai ng th ng cho nhau d1, d2 bng khong cch gia d1 vi mt ph ng
cha d 2
v song song vi d1.
3. Khong cch gia hai ng thng song song
Khong cch gia hai ng th ng song song bng khong cch t mt im thuc ng th ng ny
n ng th ng kia.
4. Khong cch gia mt ng thng v mt mt phng song song
Khong cch gia ng th ng d vi mt ph ng song song vi n bng khong cch t mt
im M bt k trn d n mt ph ng .
VN 6: Gc
1. G c gia hai ng thng

Cho hai ng th ng d1, d2 ln lt c cc VTCP a1, a2 .
Gc gia d1, d2 bng hoc b vi gc gia a1, a2 .
a1.a2
cos a1, a2
a1 . a2
2. G c gia mt ng thng v mt mt phng
Cho ng th ng d c VTCP a (a1;a2 ;a3 ) v mt ph ng c VTPT n (A; B;C ) .Gc gia

ng th ng d v mt ph ng bng gc gia ng th ng d vi hnh chiu d ' ca n trn .
Aa1 Ba2 Ca 3

sin d,( )
A2 B 2 C 2 . a12 a22 a 32
MT CU
I. Phng trnh mt cu:
1. Phng trnh ch nh tc:
Phng trnh ca mt cu S t}m I a;b;c , b{n knh R
l|: (S ) : (x a )2 (y b)2 (z c) R 1
2 2

Phng trnh 1 c gi l| phng trnh chnh tc ca mt cu
c bit: Khi I O th (C ) : x y z R
2 2 2 2
2. Phng trnh tng qut:

Phng trnh : x y z 2ax 2by 2cz d 0 vi a 2 b2 c 2 d 0 l| phng
2 2 2

trnh ca mt cu S c t}m I a;b; c , b{n knh R a b c d .
2 2 2
II. Giao ca mt cu v mt phng:

Cho mt phng ( ) v| mt cu S c phng trnh :
( ) : Ax By Cz D 0
(S ) : (x a )2 (y b )2 (z c )2 R2

Page | 78

Gi d(I ; ) l| khong c{ch t t}m mt cu S n mt phng
Cho mt cu S I ; R v| mt phng P . Gi H l| hnh chiu vung gc ca I l n
P d IH d I , P .
dR dR dR
Mt phng tip xc mt cu.
P l| mt phng tip din Mt phng ct mt cu theo
Mt cu v| mt phng khng thit din l| ng trn c
ca mt cu v|
c im chung. t}m I v| b{n knh
H: tip im.
r R2 IH 2

Dng 1: S c t}m I a;b;c v| b{n knh R : S : (x a )2 (y b)2 (z c)2 R2
Dng 2: S c t}m I a;b;c v| i qua im A :

Phng php: Khi b{n knh R IA .

Dng 3: S nhn on thng AB cho trc l|m ng knh:
Phng php:
T}m I l| trung im ca on thng
xA xB y A yB zA zB
AB : x I ; yI ; zI .
2 2 2
AB
B{n knh R IA .
2

Dng 4: S i qua bn im A, B,C , D ( mt cu ngoi tip t din)
Phng php:

Gi s S c dng: x 2 y 2 z 2 2ax 2by 2cz d 0 * .

Thay ln lt to ca c{c im A, B,C , D v|o * , ta c 4 phng trnh.
Gii h phng trnh , ta tm c a,b, c, d Phng trnh mt cu S .

Dng 5: S i qua ba im A, B,C v| c t}m I nm tr n mt phng P cho trc:
Phng php: Gii tng t nh dng 4.

Dng 6: S c t}m I v| tip xc vi mt cu T cho trc:
Phng php:
{c nh t}m I v| b{n knh R ' ca mt cu T .
S dng iu kin tip xc ca hai mt cu tnh b{n knh R

ca mt cu S . ( t hai trng hp tip xc trong v| ngo|i)

Page | 79

Ch : i phng trnh mt cu S : x 2 y 2 z 2 2ax 2by 2cz d 0

vi a 2 b2 c 2 d 0 th S c t}m I a; b; c v| b{n knh R a b c d .
2 2 2
Cho hai mt cu S I , R v| S I , R .
1 1 1 2 2 2
I I R R
1 2 1 2
S , S trong nhau
1 2
I I R R
1 2 1 2
S , S ngo|i nhau 1 2
I I R R
1 2 1 2
S , S tip xc trong 1 2
I I R R
1 2 1 2
S , S tip xc ngo|i 1 2
R R I I R R
1 2 1 2 1
S , S ct nhau theo mt ng trn
2 1 2
Dng 7: it phng trnh mt cu S c t}m I a;b;c , tip xc vi mt phng P cho trc.
Phng php: B{n knh mt cu R d I ; P
Dng 8: it phng trnh mt cu S c t}m I a;b;c , ct mt phng P cho trc theo

giao tuyn l| mt ng trn tho iu kin .
a. ng trn c din tch cho trc.
b. ng trn c chu vi cho trc.
c. ng trn c b{n knh cho trc.
Phng php:
T cng thc din tch ng trn S r 2 hoc chu vi ng trn P 2 r ta tm
c b{n knh ng trn giao tuyn r .
Tnh d d I , P
Tnh b{n knh mt cu R d r
2 2

Kt lun phng trnh mt cu.
Dng 8: it phng trnh mt cu S c t}m I a;b;c , ct mt phng P cho trc theo
giao tuyn l| mt ng trn tho iu kin.
Phng php:
Ta c b{n knh mt cu R d I ; P
Kt lun phng trnh mt cu.
Dng 10: it phng trnh mt cu S tip xc vi mt ng thng cho trc v| c t}m

I a;b;c cho trc.
Phng php

ng thng tip xc vi mt cu S ta c R d I, .
Dng 11: it phng trnh mt cu S tip xc vi mt ng thng ti tip im

M xo , yo , zo thuc v| c t}m I thuc ng thng d cho trc.
Phng php

it phng trnh mt phng P i qua im M v| vung gc vi ng thng .

To t}m I P l| nghim ca phng trnh.

Page | 80

B{n knh mt cu R IM d I, .
Kt lun v phng trnh mt cu S
Dng 12: it phng trnh mt cu S c t}m I a;b;c v| ct ng thng ti hai im

A, B tho mn iu kin:
a. d|i AB l| mt hng s.
b. Tam gi{c IAB l| tam gi{c vung.
c. Tam gi{c IAB l| tam gi{c u.
Phng php
AB

{c nh d I , IH , v IAB c}n ti I n n HB
2
a. B{n knh mt cu R IH 2 HB 2
IH
b. B{n knh mt cu R
sin 45o
IH
c. B{n knh mt cu R
sin 60o
MT S DNG GII NHANH CC TR KHNG GIAN

Cho P v hai im A, B. + Nu A v B tri pha so vi P

Tm M P MA MB min
? M , A, B thng hng M AB P

+ Nu A v B cng pha so vi P
Tm B ' l i xng ca B qua P
M , A, B ' thng hng M AB ' P

Cho P v hai im A, B. + Nu A v B cng pha so vi P

Tm M P MA MB
max
? M , A, B thng hng M AB P

+ Nu A v B tri pha so vi P
Tm B ' l i xng ca B qua P
MA MB ' AB '

Cho im M x M ; yM ; z M kh ng thuc
cc trc v mt phng ta . Vit P : 3xx
y

z
1

phng trnh P qua M v ct 3 tia M
3yM 3z M
Ox,Oy,Oz ln lt ti A, B,C sao cho

VO .ABC nh nht?
Vit phng trnh mt phng P cha Qua A d

ng thng d , sao cho khong cch t

P :
n P u d , AM , u d

im M d n P l ln nht?
Vit phng trnh mt phng P Qua A

P :
qua A v cch M mt khng ln nht n P AM
Page | 81

Vit phng trnh mt phng P cha Qua A d

P :

ng thng d , sao cho P to vi
n P u d , u u d
( kh ng song song vi d ) mt gc ln
nht l ln nht ?

Cho / / P . Vit phng trnh Ly A gi A l hnh chiu vu ng gc ca
Qua A
ng thng d song song vi v
A trn P d:
cch mt khong nh nht ? u d u
Vit phng trnh ng thng d i Qua A d

qua im A cho trc v nm trong d:
u d n P , AM

mt phng P cho trc sao cho
khong cch t im M cho trc n

d l ln nht ( AM khng vung gc

vi P ) ?

qua im A cho trc v nm trong d:

mt phng P cho trc sao cho u d n P , AM , n P
khong cch t im M cho trc n

d l nh nht ( AM khng vung gc

vi P ) ?

qua im A P cho trc , sao cho d:
u d n P , AM , n P
d nm trong P v to vi ng
thng mt gc nh nht vi ct
nhng kh ng vu ng gc vi P ?

Page | 82

(Blogtoan.com) - Tóm Tắt Lý Thuyết Và Giải Nhanh Toán 12 - Nguyễn Chiến, Nguyễn Hồng Quân

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

(Blogtoan.com) - Tóm Tắt Lý Thuyết Và Giải Nhanh Toán 12 - Nguyễn Chiến, Nguyễn Hồng Quân

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TM TT L THUYT V GII NHANH TON 12

Nguyn Chin - Nguyn Hng Qun

f x f x y f x nghch bin trn K th i xung t tri sang phi.

Ch : + N u f x 0, x a;b hm s f x ng bi n tr n khong a;b .

+ N u f x 0, x a; b hm s f x nghch bi n trn khong a;b .

+ N u f x 0, x a;b hm s f x h ng i trn khong a;b .

+ N u f x ng bi n trn khong a;b f x 0, x a;b .

+ Nu f x nghch bi n trn khong a;b f x 0, x a;b .

2. Quy tc v cng thc tnh o hm

Nguyn Chin - Hng Qun: 0973.514.674

+ ngha c hc: Gia tc tc thi ca chuyn ng s f t ti thi im t 0 l:

K th hm s f x .g x cng ng bin (nghch bin) tr n K. Tnh cht ny c th

kh ng ng khi cc hm s f x , g x kh ng l cc hm s dng trn K.

Cho hm s u u x , xc nh vi x a;b v u x c;d . Hm s f u x

th hm s f nghch bin trn K .

Nguyn Chin - Hng Qun: 0973.514.674

Hm s ng bin trn Hm s nghch bin trn

Bc 2: Hm s n iu trn x ; x y 0 c 2 nghim phn bit

+ x 0 l im cc i ca hm s f nu tn ti mt khong a;b cha x 0 sao cho

+ im cc i v im cc tiu gi chung l im cc tr.

N u f x 0 trn khong x h; x v f x 0 trn khong x ; x h th

hm s lin tc nhng khng c o hm.

s c cc i, cc tiu ti x 1, x 2 tha mn iu kin K cho trc.

2. Tm iu kin th hm s c c c im cc i, cc tiu nm cng pha,

hai pha so vi ng thng .

Nguyn Chin - Hng Qun: 0973.514.674

D kin Cng thc tha mn ab 0

2. Phng php tm GTLN,GTNN

min f x min f x , f x ,..., f x , f a , f b .

* Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s tr n mt hong

Bc 4. So snh cc gi tr tnh c v kt lun M max f (x ) , m min f (x ) .

Nu gi tr ln nht (nh nht) l A hoc B th kt lun khng c gi tr ln nht (nh nht).

Nguyn Chin - Hng Qun: 0973.514.674

cn ngang) ca th hm s y f (x ) nu t nht mt trong cc iu kin sau tha mn:

KHO ST S BIN THIN V V TH HM S

Nguyn Chin - Hng Qun: 0973.514.674

Nguyn Chin - Hng Qun: 0973.514.674

v y f x l hm chn n n th C nhn Oy lm trc i xng.

Oy, gi nguyn C bn phi Oy. C : y x

Nguyn Chin - Hng Qun: 0973.514.674

+ Gi nguyn phn th tr n min u x 0 ca th C : y f x .

+ B phn th tr n min u x 0 ca C , ly i xng phn th b b qua Ox.

Nguyn Chin - Hng Qun: 0973.514.674

Trong : im M x ; y (C ) c gi l tip im. ( vi y f x ).

k f ' x l h s gc ca tip tuyn.

2. iu in tip xc: Cho hai hm s C : y f x v C ' : y g x

Nguyn Chin - Hng Qun: 0973.514.674

honh x 0 ca giao im.

i xng nhau qua im I (x I , yI ) .

Nguyn Chin - Hng Qun: 0973.514.674

nhng cp im i xng nhau qua gc ta .

i xng nhau qua ng thng d : y A1x B1 .

xng nhau qua ng thng d .

Cho im M x 0 ; y0 v ng thng d : Ax By C 0 , th khong cch t M n d l

+ C c tim cn ng x dc do tnh cht ca hm phn thc, th nm v hai pha

ca tim cn ng. N n gi hai s , l hai s dng.

Nguyn Chin - Hng Qun: 0973.514.674

thuc (C ) tng khong cch t M n hai trc ta nh nht.

Xt cc khong cch t M n hai trc ta khi M nm cc v tr c bit:

Nguyn Chin - Hng Qun: 0973.514.674

Tim cn: khng c. Tim cn:

Nguyn Chin - Hng Qun: 0973.514.674

th ca hm s ly tha y x lu n i qua im I 1;1 .