Overview
Arsenic Immobilization by Controlled
Scorodite Precipitation
Dimitrios Filippou and George P. Demopoulos
In the past four years, a new process has
been developed at McGill University for the
immobilization of arsenic from metallurgi-
cal effluents and flue dusts by the controlled
precipitation of scorodite under atmospheric-
pressure conditions. So far, the process has
been successfully tested in the laboratory
with chloride and sulfate solutions contain-
ing arsenic and with As2O3 smelter flue
dusts. It has been also tested with equal
success at a copper smelter with industrial
arsenic-containing sulfate effluents.
INTRODUCTION
In the nonferrous extractive metal-
lurgy industry, arsenic is a major con-
taminant that either reports in aqueous
effluents or is captured from smelter
gases as arsenic trioxide flue dust (As2O3)
and stockpiled. The fixation of arsenic
from aqueous effluents is currently
achieved by the precipitation of amor-
phous arsenic-bearing iron hydroxides
with a high Fe:As molar ratio (higher
than four)1 or if autoclaves are used (as
in the case of refractory gold pressure
oxidation), by the formation of scorodite-
like compounds (FeAsO42H2 O).2 In the
case of As2O 3 flue dusts, stockpiling in
protected areas is practiced.
The problems associated with the
present practice of arsenic disposal are
the generation of large volumes of ferric
hydroxide and gypsum sludges upon
neutralization of arsenic-rich acidic so-
lutions and the long-term stability of
those sludges. Concern has been ex-
pressed that over the long term the fer-
ric-hydroxide phases will eventually
transform to alpha-goethite (-FeOOH),
hence, releasing arsenic to the environ-
ment.3 Long-term stockpiling of As2 O3
Figure 1. The concept of supersaturation con-
trol by stepwise neutralization. C*equilib-
rium concentration; Cccritical supersatura-
tion; and Sccritical supersaturation ratio.
52
flue dusts is of even greater concern due
to the extremely high solubility and tox-
icity of the compound.
Crystalline ferric arsenate , known also
as a natural mineral named scorodite
(FeAsO 42H2O), is the alternative carrier
that has been proposed as a suitable
compound for arsenic disposal due to its
low solubility (typically less than 1 ppm
arsenic at pH 5) and its high arsenic
content (2530 wt.%). 1,3 One way to pro-
duce scorodite is hydrothermally in an
autoclave at temperatures of 150C or
higher. 2 However, the use of autoclaves
is capital intensive, and, therefore, the
process may become economically at-
tractive only if arsenic stabilization can
be operated concurrently with the pro-
cessing of a valuable concentrate (e.g.,
gold-carrying pyrite or copper concen-
trate).
An alternative way for producing
scorodite has been developed at McGill
University in Canada and involves the
ambient-pressure crystallization of
scorodite out of arsenic-rich solutions
by stepwise neutralization. This process,
operated at about 90C, requires a con-
siderably lower capital investment and
offers versatility as it does not require
the simultaneous treatment of concen-
trate and is less dependent on a process
scale (i.e., it can be used for either small
or large amounts of arsenic waste).
ARSENIC IMMOBILIZATION
THROUGH SUPERSATURATION
CONTROL
Four years ago, research was initiated
at McGill University on the ambient-
pressure precipitation and fixation of
arsenic in the form of scorodite by a
novel supersaturation-control approach.
In almost all previous investigations con-
ducted under ambient-pressure condi-
tions, precipitation of arsenate com-
pounds was effected by direct neutral-
ization to a terminal pH above four.46
This relatively fast neutralization, how-
ever, results in a sharp increase in ar-
senic and iron supersaturation in the
solution and a high birth rate of small
solid-phase nuclei. The end result is the
production of amorphous iron-arsenic
compounds that are apparently not stable
enough for safe disposal if the molar
ratio of iron to arsenic in the mother
solution is less than four. 1
In contrast, the approach developed
at McGill University involves supersatu-
ration control by a neutralization tech-
nique so as to avoid the precipitation of
any amorphous arsenic compounds. In
this case, precipitation of crystalline
scorodite is induced by the addition of
scorodite seed material into the arsenic-
rich solution. The concept of the new
process is presented schematically in
Figure 1. The experimental work involves
first the determination of the solubility
line of scorodite (i.e., the determination
of the equilibrium line C* of [As] versus
pH) in solutions of similar composition
to the ones used in precipitation tests at
the temperature of interest. Then, con-
trolled precipitation of scorodite is car-
ried out by neutralization along a
stepwise path in the presence of sus-
pended scorodite seed particles. The size
of each step is chosen so that a critical
supersaturation line Cc (or equivalently,
a critical supersaturation ratio Sc = Cc/
C*) is not exceeded.7 The equilibrium
line C* and the critical supersaturation
line Cc, which is also determined experi-
mentally, delimit a working region of
[As] versus pH.
By controlling the solution pH (and
[As]) within the limits of the working
region, scorodite crystal growth on the
seed particles is ensured. On the other
hand, if the pH is raised too quickly
beyond the critical supersaturation line,
instantaneous homogeneous nucleation
Figure 2. A neutralization test of chloride-
based As(V) solution for three hours at 95C.
Conditions: 3.0 mol/l Cl; 2.0 g/l scorodite
seed; 2:1 Fe:As molar ratio; and NaOH used
as a base (adapted from Reference 8).
JOM December 1997

Figure 3. Neutralization of sulfate-based As(V)
solution to a terminal pH 0.9. Conditions:
95C, 0.4 mol/l SO4 2; 50 g/l scorodite seed;
1:1 Fe:As molar ratio; and Mg(OH)2 used as a
base (adapted from Reference 12).
and precipitation of amorphous com-
pounds occurs. The pH at which homo-
geneous nucleation and precipitation of
amorphous compounds occur is termed
induction pH and depends on the initial
concentration of arsenic in the solution.
The first experiments of scorodite pre-
cipitation under ambient-pressure con-
ditions were carried out with chloride
solutions.8 For such solutions, there were
already some indications that the pro-
cess could be successful; while working
on jarosite precipitation Dutrizac and
Jambor 9 observed that crystalline
scorodite was produced from chloride
mediabut not from sulfate mediaat
97C and pH below 1.5. Indeed, in the
first tests, crystalline scorodite was pro-
duced at 8095C (Figure 2). The pre-
cipitate proved very stable with a solu-
bility less than 0.1 ppm arsenic when
subjected to 24 hour toxicity characteris-
tics leaching procedure (TCLP) leach-
ability tests at ambient temperature and
pH about 5.0.10
In these preliminary experiments,
2 g/l of scorodite seed material was
added to arsenate solutions. In the first
experiments, the seed material was pro-
duced from nitrate solutions in an auto-
clave at about 150C following a method
developed by Van Weert and Droppert;11
later, scorodite produced under ambi-
ent-pressure conditions was also tested
as seed material with equal success. In
all experiments with chloride solutions,
the initial concentration of As(V) before
any precipitation was 2 g/l, but the ini-
tial molar ratio of Fe(III) to As(V) varied
from experiment to experiment from 1:1
to 4:1. Nonetheless, it was found that a
stoichiometric amount of iron was suffi-
cient for precipitating about 90% of ar-
senic at a final pH about 1.1. Above that
pH, precipitation of beta-goethite (-
FeOOH) predominantly took place.
Subsequent to the tests with chloride
1997 December JOM
media, the difficult sulfate system was 20 minutes). Furthermore, it was ob-
tackled. As a result of this work, it was served that the rate of oxidation of As(III)
demonstrated for the first time that was controlled by the rate of the H2O2
scorodite production can be achieved addition, while stoichiometric amounts
from strongly acidic sulfate solutions of H2O2 were sufficient to oxidize all of
under ambient-pressure conditions the As(III). In subsequent precipitation
(95C) as long as proper pH control is experiments, stable scorodite precipi-
exercised and seed is used.12 It was also tates were successfully produced out of
determined that a seed concentration of seeded arsenate solutions containing up
50 g/l or more is necessary for accelerat- to 100 g/l of dissolved As(V) by stepwise
ing the crystallization kinetics, because neutralization with Mg(OH)2. Of course,
the supersaturated sulfate solutions are prior to precipitation the arsenate solu-
much more stable than the chloride ones. tion had to be spiked with Fe2(SO4)3 at an
More than 90% arsenic was removed in Fe:As molar ratio 1.11.2. In this work, it
three hours in the form of crystalline was also demonstrated that -FeOOH
scorodite when magnesium hydroxide can be used as an iron source instead of
[Mg(OH)2] was used as a neutralizing Fe2(SO4 )3.
agent (Figure 3). The use of slaked lime This process was tested in a prelimi-
[Ca(OH)2 ] instead of Mg(OH)2 did not nary fashion at a laboratory scale with
seem to alter the process kinetics, but industrial As2O3 baghouse dust supplied
resulted in the precipitation of gypsum by a gold/copper smelting company.
along with crystalline scorodite The results were very encouraging, with
(CaSO42H2O). However, in terms of about 90% of arsenic removed in the
product stability, the pure scorodite pre- form of crystalline scorodite in four
cipitate produced with Mg(OH)2 proved hours precipitation time.16
slightly more stable than the mixtures of
scorodite and gypsum produced with ON-SITE TESTS WITH
Ca(OH)2 [TCLP solubility of 0.7 ppm INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS
arsenic for scorodite produced with After the successful laboratory tests,
Mg(OH)2 versus 1.5 ppm arsenic for the ambient-pressure arsenic immobili-
scorodite-gypsum mixtures produced zation process was tested at a copper
with Ca(OH)2].13 smelter for the treatment of an acid-
After discovering that it was possible plant effluent that contained about
to produce scorodite from Fe(III)-As(V)- 10 g/l As(III), 25 g/l H2SO4 , and small
H2SO4 solutions, the conversion of ar- amounts of copper (0.3 g/l), iron
senic trioxide smelter flue dusts into (0.1 g/l), and zinc (0.1 g/l). The test
stable scorodite was investigated.14 This method involved oxidation of As(III)
work led to the elaboration of a process with 30% weight per volume H2O2:
scheme involving the dissolution of ar-
senic trioxide (As2 O3) in a weak acid H3 AsO3 (aq) + H2O2(aq)
H3AsO4(aq) + H2O (1)
(H2SO4 ) solution, oxidation of As(III) by
hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2), and precipi- followed by the addition of Fe2 (SO4)3 at
tation of scorodite by
stepwise neutralization
after ferric sulfate
[Fe 2(SO 4 ) 3 xH 2 O] and
scorodite seed have
been added. (Figure 4).
It was found that high
temperatures in the
range of 90100C are
essential for fast dissolu-
tion of As2O3, since the
solubility of As2 O3 in-
creases dramatically
from 12 g/l at 25C to
114.5 g/l at 100C.15 With
regard to the effect of dis-
solution media acidity, a
neutral-to-moderate
acidic solution seemed to
be the optimum medium
for As2 O 3 dissolution.
The arsenious acid
(H3AsO3), which forms
upon dissolution of
As2O 3, was found to be
easily oxidized to arsenic
acid (H3AsO 4 ) by the Figure 4. A conceptual flowsheet for the conversion of arsenic
slow addition of H2O2 (to- trioxide to crystalline scorodite. Conditions: 95C and 1.2:1
tal reaction time of about Fe:As molar ratio (adapted from Reference 14).
53

Figure 5. Neutralization of industrial acid efflu-
ent containing 10 g/l As(III) and 25 g/l H2 SO4
to a terminal pH about 1.5. Conditions: 85C,
1.2:1 Fe:As molar ratio, and Ca(OH)2 used as
base.
an Fe:As molar ratio 1.11.2 and neutral-
ization to precipitate scorodite
2H3AsO4(aq) + Fe2(SO4)3(aq)
2FeAsO4 2H2O(s) + 3H2SO4(aq)
H2 SO4(aq) + Mg(OH)2 (s)
MgSO4 (aq) + 2H2O
As indicated in Reaction 3, one neutral-
izing agent tested was Mg(OH)2 . How-
ever, most of the tests were carried out
with Ca(OH)2, which produces gypsum
H2SO4(aq) + Ca(OH)2(s)
CaSO42H2O(s)
Lime or limestone are preferable to in-
dustry because of their low cost. The
tests were carried out at 8589C. Once
again, the test with Ca(OH)2 was suc-
cessful, and crystalline scorodite was
produced in all tests.
On-site oxidation of As(III) by H2 O2
was somewhat slower than with syn-
thetic solutions in the laboratory (i.e.,
reaction time of about 30 minutes in-
stead of 20 minutes). Also, a peroxide
excess of at least 30% more than the
stoichiometrically required amount was
found to be necessary for effective oxi-
dation of all As(III). Those adverse ef-
fects were attributed to the presence of
SO2 gas dissolved in the effluent, which
reacts with H2O 2 to form H2SO4 , and the
presence of fine solids in the effluent,
which apparently can catalyze the de-
composition of peroxide to water and
oxygen gas.17
Scorodite precipitation also appeared
to be somewhat slower with the indus-
trial effluent than with laboratory solu-
tions. In general, a four hour precipita-
tion time was necessary in order to re-
move more than 90% of the arsenic in the
form of scorodite. The slower kinetics
were attributed to the lower tempera-
ture employed (85C against 95C) and
the lack of reliable pH controla critical
feature for the obtainment of optimum
results with this process. The seed con-
centration required for efficient scorodite
54
precipitation was determined to be about
50 g/l or higher. Nevertheless, recycled
mixtures of scorodite and gypsum were
found to be equally effective as seed
material (Figure 5).
In terms of product stability, precipi-
tates produced either with Mg(OH)2 or
Ca(OH)2 were found to be very stable,
releasing, on average, 1.5 ppm arsenic
when subjected to TCLP leachability tests
(those values actually ranged from 0.5
2.2 ppm arsenic). These concentration
levels are well below the current 5 ppm
toxicity limit.10 In addition to good sta-
bility, the produced solids exhibited very
good settling and filtration properties.
A flowsheet was designed from the
results obtained from the on-site testing
(Figure 6). According to the flowsheet,
the effluent is first subjected to aeration
to remove any dissolved SO2 gas to re-
duce the consumption of H 2O2 in the
next oxidation step. Oxidation is done at
90C with 50% weight by volume H2O2
for a total retention time of 30 minutes.
(2)
The fully oxidized solution is then
pumped to a two-stage scorodite pre-
cipitation circuit. In this circuit, ferric
(3)
sulfate is added at a stoichiometric ratio
to arsenic together with recycled
scorodite/gypsum seed. A retention time
of four to six hours is deemed necessary
for the removal of 95% of arsenic in the
form of crystalline scorodite by stepwise
neutralization with slaked lime at 90C.
(4)
Limestone can also be used as a base in
the scorodite precipitation circuit, thus
reducing the operating cost of the pro-
cess. The resulting slurry may be either
thickened to 50 wt.% solids or preferably
filtered to 80 wt.% solids prior to its
discharge.
Part of the filter cake is recycled to the
first scorodite precipitation tank, where
the scorodite-seed concentration must
be maintained at a minimum of 50 g/l.
The filtrate is pumped to
the polishing stage,
where the rest of the ar-
senic is precipitated at
pH 3 or higher as amor-
phous arsenate-hydrox-
ide compounds that, af-
ter thickening to about
10 wt.% solids, are re-
cycled back to the
scorodite precipitation
circuit. In this manner,
all arsenic entering the
effluent treatment plant
is effectively immobi-
lized and removed as
crystalline scorodite. The
neutralized arsenic-free
liquor can be treated for
the recovery of its metal
content (e.g., copper),
recycled to the plant for
other uses, or even dis- Figure 6. A conceptual flowsheet for the immobilization of
charged to the environ- arsenic from an acid-plant effluent containing 10 g/l As(III) and
ment after further neu- 25 g/l H2SO4 .
tralization occurs to a pH of about 9 with
slaked lime.
ECONOMICS AND OUTLOOK
A preliminary feasibility study that
followed the on-site testing showed that
the process is very competitive in terms
of capital cost. In terms of operating
costs, the major costs are associated with
the use of Fe2 (SO4)3 (60% of the operating
cost) and H2O2 (20% of the operating
cost) (Figure 7). The fact that the cost of
ferric sulfate and hydrogen peroxide
constitute the major part of the operat-
ing cost of the ambient-pressure process
for arsenic immobilization has led to
ideas of replacing these reagents with
other less costly ones.
One particularly attractive alternative
is the use of iron residues from other
metallurgical industries (e.g., goethite
from zinc plants that use the Goethite
process18) as a substitute for Fe 2(SO4)3.
Goethite has already been tested14 and
not only provides an excellent iron
source, but also reduces the base re-
quirements needed for neutralization of
the acid generated upon scorodite pre-
cipitation and, hence, the amounts of
gypsum produced. The cost of iron resi-
dues (mainly due to transportation and
handling) can be one-tenth that of ferric
sulfate or less.
Another cost-reducing alternative is
using gas mixtures of SO2/O2 as an oxi-
dant of As(III). Such gas mixtures have
been widely used for 15 years now for
the oxidative destruction of cyanide ions
in gold mills (Inco process19), but re-
cently Nishimura and coworkers20 also
observed that such mixtures are quite
effective in oxidizing As(III) at a pH
above 1.5. Preliminary work at McGill
University shows that such a gas mix-
ture works in acidic metallurgical efflu-
ents with a pH below 1.5 as well.
JOM December 1997

Ferric
Sulfate 60%
Other
2%
Labor
3%
Transportation
& Maintenance
8%
Hydrogen Peroxide Water, Steam,
Electric 7%
20%
Figure 7. The operating-cost distribution for
the arsenic immobilization process depicted
in Figure 6.
These two processing alternatives con-
stitute part of a current on-going envi-
ronmental research project on arsenic
immobilization. Preliminary operating-
cost estimates of an arsenic immobiliza-
tion process incorporating the SO2/O2
oxidation of As(III) and the precipita-
tion of scorodite with goethite residues
look very favorable.
References
1. G.B. Harris and E. Krausse, The Disposal of Arsenic from
Metallurgical Processes: Its Status Regarding Ferric Arsen-
ate, Extractive Metallurgy of Copper, Nickel and Cobalt, vol. 1,
eds. R.G. Reddy and R.N. Weizenbach (Warrendale, PA:
TMS, 1993), pp. 12211237.
2. P.M. Swash and A.J. Monhemius, Hydrothermal Precipi-
tation from Aqueous Solutions Containing Iron(III), Arsen-
THIRD INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE ON GRAIN GROWTH
1418 June 1998 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, will host the Third Inter-
national Conference on Grain Growth (ICGG-3). The conference is being spon-
sored by The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS), Materials Research
Society (MRS), and ASM International.
Following in the tradition of the two previous International Conferences on Grain
Growth, which were held in Rome, Italy, in 1991 and Kitakyushu, Japan, in 1995,
ICGG-3 will examine the phenomena of grain growth and their impact on the
evolution of microstructure in crystalline materials under a wide variety of pro-
cessing conditions.
Presentation topics include:
Theory, Modeling and Simulation of Normal and Abnormal Grain Growth
Texture, Microtexture and Orientation Correlations
Particle and Other Drag Effects
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Properties of Interfaces
Grain Boundary and Interface Structure
Topological Characteristics of the Interfacial Network
Grain Growth in Thin Films and Fine Grain Materials
New Experimental Techniques
Applications of Grain Growth Phenomena to the Manipulation
and Control of Properties and Performance
Process Modeling/Annealing
The presentations will be published in a
peer-reviewed proceedings volume.
1997 December JOM
ate and Sulphate, Hydrometallurgy 94 (London: Chapman McGill University, Montreal (1996).
and Hall, 1994), pp. 177190. 17. A. Griffins and G. Vickell, Treatment of Gold Mill
3. R.G. Robins, The Stability and Solubility of Ferric Arsen- Effluents with Hydrogen Peroxide: Operating Experience
ates: an Update, EPD Congress 90, ed. D.R. Gaskell and Costs (paper presented at the 21st Canadian Mineral
(Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1990), pp. 93104. Processors Conference, Ottawa, 1719 June 1989).
4. E. Krausse and V.E. Ettel, Solubilities and Stabilities of 18. K.J. Torfs and J. Vliegen, The Union Minire Goethite
Ferric Arsenate Compounds, Hydrometallurgy, 22 (1988), Process: Plant Practice and Future Aspects, Iron Control and
pp. 311337. Disposal, eds. J.E. Dutrizac and G.B. Harris (Montreal, Canada:
5. G.B. Harris and S. Monette, The Disposal of Arsenic CIM, 1996), pp. 135146.
Bearing Residues, Productivity and Technology in the Metal- 19. G.H. Robbins, Historical Development of the INCO
lurgical Industries, eds. M. Kock and J.C. Taylor (Warrendale, SO2 /Air Cyanide Destruction Process, CIM Bulletin, 89
PA: TMS, 1989), pp. 545561. (1003) (1996) pp. 6369.
6. N. Papassiopi, M. Stefanakis, and A. Kontopoulos, Re- 20. T. Nishimura, Q. Wang, and Y. Umetsu, Removal of
moval of Arsenic from Solutions by Precipitation as Ferric Arsenic from Process Liquors by Oxidation of Iron(II),
Arsenate, Arsenic Metallurgy Fundamentals and Applications, Arsenic(III) and Sulfur(IV) by Oxygen, Iron Control and
eds. R.G. Reddy, J.L. Hendrix, and P.B. Queneau (Warrendale, Disposal, eds. J.E. Dutrizac and G.B. Harris (Montreal, Canada:
PA: TMS, 1988), pp. 321336. CIM, 1996), pp. 535548.
7. G.P. Demopoulos, Precipitation in Aqueous Processing
of Inorganic Materials: A Unified Colloid-Crystallization ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Approach to the Production of Powders with Controlled
Properties, Processing Materials for Properties, eds. H. Henein Dimitrios Filippou earned his Ph.D. in met-
and T. Oki (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1993), pp. 537540.
8. G.P. Demopoulos, D.J. Droppert, and G. Van Weert, Pre- allurgical engineering at McGill University in
cipitation of Crystalline Scorodite (FeAsO4 2H2 O) from Chlo- 1994. He is currently a hydrometallurgist at
ride Solutions, Hydrometallurgy, 38 (1995), pp. 245261. Noranda Technology Center.
9. J.E. Dutrizac and J.L. Jambor, The Behaviour of Arsenic
during Jarosite Precipitation: Reactions at 150C and the
George P. Demopoulos earned his Ph.D. in
Mechanism of Arsenic Precipitation, Canadian Metallurgical
Quarterly, 26 (1987), pp. 91101. metallurgical engineering at McGill Univer-
10. Environmental Protection Agency, TCLP-1311: Test sity in 1982. He is currently professor and
Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes, document SW-846
(1990). chair of the Department of Mining and Metal-
11. G. Van Weert and D.J. Droppert, Aqueous Processing of lurgical Engineering at McGill University. Dr.
Arsenic Trioxide to Crystalline Scorodite, JOM, 46 (6) (1994), Demopoulos is also a member of TMS.
pp. 3638.
12. D.J. Droppert, G.P. Demopoulos, and G.B. Harris, Am-
For more information contact G.P. Demopoulos,
bient Pressure Production of Crystalline Scorodite from
Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engi-
Arsenic-rich Metallurgical Effluent Solutions, EPD Con-
gress 1996, ed. G.W. Warren (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1996) pp. neering, McGill University, 3610 University Street,
227239. Motreal, Quebec, H3A 2B2; (514) 398-4755; fax
13. D.J. Droppert, The Ambient Pressure Precipitation of
Crystalline Scorodite (FeAsO4 2H2 O) from Sulphate Solu-
(514) 398-4492.
tions, M.Eng. thesis, McGill University, Montreal (1996).
14. R. Dabekaussen, D. Droppert, and G.P. Demopoulos,
An Ambient Pressure Hydrometallurgical Process for the Visit JOM
Conversion of Arsenic Trioxide to Crystalline Scorodite,
Paper submitted for publication to CIM Bulletin (1997). on the World Wide Web at
15. D.R. Lide, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 72
ed. (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1992), p. 4:41. http://www.tms.org/pubs/
16. R. Dabekaussen, Hydrometallurgical Conversion of
Arsenic Trioxide to Crystalline Scorodite, M.Eng. thesis, journals/JOM/JOM.html
Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands, and
ICGG-3
T S
Minerals Metals Materials
For More Information,
Please Contact:
TMS Customer Service
420 Commonwealth Drive
Warrendale, PA 15086-7514
Telephone: (412) 776-9000, ext. 270
Fax: (412) 776-3770
E-mail: csc@tms.org
Information on ICGG-3
and all TMS-sponsored and
cosponsored conferences is available
via TMS OnLine on the World Wide Web
at http://www.tms.org/Meetings/
Meetings.html.
55