Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 11(9) June 2017, Pages: 22-30

AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC AND

APPLIED SCIENCES
ISSN:1991-8178 EISSN: 2309-8414
Journal home page: www.ajbasweb.com

The Poverty Assessment based on Subjective Criteria: Case Study of Rural

Community near Protected Forest in Central Sulawesi
Golar, Akhbar, Husain Umar, Imran Rachman, AndiSahri Alam, Elhayat Labiro
1
Faculty of Forestry, Tadulako University, Palu Indonesia 94117

Address For Correspondence:

Golar, Faculty of Forestry, Tadulako University, Jl. SoekarnoHatta Km. 9 Palu Central Sulawesi. Telp : 0451 422611 422355. Fax :
0451 422844, Palu 94117, Indonesia

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history: Community who are live around the Protected forest area is experiencing the unsolved
Received 28 March 2017 poverty problem. The most reason is the unmatched government program with the
Accepted 22 May 2017 communitys characteristic and it basic need. The implementation of generic program
Available online 16 June 2017 are sometime been considered success to resolve the poverty problem of local
community. It is expected that the program could addressed the poverty problem in
accordance to local characteristic and communitys basic needs. The objectives of the
study are to assess the important of poverty identification based on the subject
Keywords: perspective. The object of the study are the community near the utilization zone of Lore
Poverty, Protected Area, Subjective Lindu National Park Central Sulawesi, as a protected area. Descriptive method was
criteria applied to provide an explanation or make a statement of the relationships between
indicators of poverty with the results obtained through observations and in-depth
interviews. This study have found 9 criteria and 22 subjective indicators, that consist on
an assessment (1) Subjective wellbeing (SWB), (2) Core wellbeing (basic needs, such
as material wealth, knowledge and health), and (3) Enabling environments (context).
Enabling environments are further divided into two partsenvironments sectors
(natural, economic, political and social spheres) and inter-sector environments
(infrastructure and services). Enabling environmental advocates have a dominant
proportion in relation to poverty alleviation, because it can provide an explanation of
the potential of a society out of poverty.

INTRODUCTION

Forest degradation and deforestation has always tendentiously been associated to poverty in the rural areas,
especially villages located around forest. It is often assume that the numerous poor villages around the forest
will contributed to the higher potentiality of forest degradation (Yin et al., 2016). The contradictive views
stated that poverty has raise due to the limited access of people to utilize the forest resources, the lack of
capacity and capability of the human resource (Golar 2014; Page et al., 2016). The other reason is the less
optimum of government support and ineffective empowerment programs (Winarwan et al., 2011).
Some effort being implemented by local government to overcome the poverty problem of people but it
seems the result has not lived up to expectation yet. The previously study on this matter explained some
challenges faced by government to resolve the poverty problem, especially the rural at the forest boundary
area. (Paudyalet al. 2015; Yadavet al. 2014; and Mingate et al. 2014).First, the government facing a crucial
disperses settlement, poor infrastructures, and trust-weakness of the people to the government. The second
crucial things are shows from the difficulty to set a balance economy development, reducing of poverty and the
access to manage the nature resources. Third, the expansion has brought up a new government which is unable
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To Cite This Article: Golar, Akhbar, Husain Umar, Imran Rachman, AndiSahri Alam, Elhayat Labiro., The Poverty Assessment based on
Subjective Criteria: Case Study of Rural Community near Protected Forest in Central Sulawesi. Aust. J. Basic & Appl. Sci., 11(9): 22-30,
2017
23 Golar et al, 2017
Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 11(9) June 2017, Pages: 22-30

to resolve the poverty issue since the people received less of access to utilize the resources. Fourth, the less of
communication and information related to real data of people, therefore the understanding of the problem and
the various priorities of poverty become unclear. The threat of external factors such interest and pressure on the
business sector, including the elite group are force the people to be marginalized.
Some literature explains that the existence of protected areas could increase the economic cost in local
communities. It is caused the restrictions on their ability to use the forest for gardening, logging, farming and
hunting to be one cause. However, the existence of protected areas can also provideeconomic benefits through
tourism development, non timber forest product, and the optimization of valuable forest ecosystem services
(Miranda et al., 2016; Golar 2007).
The manager of forest protected area or the excellent Lore Lindu National Park Management Centre
(LLNP) has responded through the rearrangement of area (rezoning). Rezoning was made to give some respond
to the provincial legalized spatial planning as well as to set the social dynamic balance. Nevertheless, rezoning
would not give an impact if this initiative has not followed by such programs of conservation and community
empowerment since a high dynamic pressure of the illegal LLNP utilization. The center has equipped by several
program of community empowerment for the encroachment in LLNP, but even though is still ineffective and
more dominant for rehabilitation effort of degraded forest and land, especially the encroached area by the local
people. While, the outside of the forest are not been set as a top priority of the community empowerment
program, whereas most of forest degradation is caused by the outside pressure (Yin et al., 2016; Golar, 2014).
The local government and LLNP management center will be able to overcome the poverty problem and
improving welfare if the program is implemented in accordance to the characteristic of community and its
needed level. The important step to be done is rural distribution mapping, especially for those poor indicated
village based on the subjective criteria, based on the combination among peoples perfective with the settled
criteria of government (multi-stakeholder criteria). This is important, so that the poor category of rural
determination can be done precisely. Based on the explanation, the objectives of this paper is to identify the
peoples subjective criteria assessment to the poverty in utilization zone of LLNP.

Method:
The Study Type:
This is a descriptive study that been used to describe and explain as well as to made a particular statement
regarding the correlation between poverty indicators with observation and interview result (in-depth interview).

Study site and Tools:

The study was implemented in the several villages areas around the national park that indicating as poor
village and contained highly potential tenure conflict. The prior criteria to be addressed for the settled villages as
a target to be developed (Figure 1). Several tools had used to support the study such as interview sheet, map,
global positioning system (GPS) and voice recorder.

The Source of Data and Data Collection Technique:

Primary and secondary data was collected for the study. Primary data is collected through observation and
interviewing the local community, national park manager, local government, forestry agency, district and village
officer. Meanwhile the secondary data was also collected through document tracing, literature study and
reviewing related documents as supporting data. The factual field condition have been recorded through direct
observation based on the desk data crosschecking. Interview have also done in-depth and the informant was
determined base on the certain consideration of the study objective (Table 1).

Site location
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Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 11(9) June 2017, Pages: 22-30

Fig. 1: Study Areas

Map Source: Goegle map 2007
Table 1: Data collection, source of data and data collection method.
No. Type of Data Source of data Data collection method
A. Primary data
1. Communitys needs aspect 1. Community 1. Observation
to improve the welfare 2. Lore LinduNational Park 2. Interview
2. Program and government Management Centre 3. Document tracing
services 3. Related agencies in Sigi Regency 4. Data series of spatial
I
3. The pressure on forest 4. District officer encroachment
resources 5. Village officer
4. The subjective poverty
indicator
II. Social economical condition, 1. Community 1. Observation
infrastructures and politic condition 2. Lore LinduNational Park 2. Interview
and strategic issues. Management Centre 3. Document tracing
3. Related agencies in Sigi Regency
4. District officer
5. Village officer
III. 1. The map of administrative 1. Lore Lindu National Park 1. Interview
area Management Centre 2. Document tracing
2. National parks map
3. The land cover map
4. Satellite images
B. Secondary data /Supporting data.
I. General condition 1. Lore Lindu National Park Document tracing
Management Centre
2. Sigis statistical agency
3. Village and district officer.
II. National park zonation map 1. Lore Lindu National Park Document tracing
Management Centre

Data Analysis:
Poverty mapping was conducted descriptively. The first phase is focusing on the analysis of village
distribution based on the revised zone of LLNP. The second phase is comparing the revised zone data with the
existing condition of forest pressure in some villages along with subjective poverty criteria.
The indicators of the poverty were explore and established base on several sources: (1) The community
perception based on the participative survey (interview and focus group discussion), (2) Personal perception
concerning to welfare and poverty based on the cases study, (3) The welfare model of The National Board of
Family Planning (BKKBN), (4) the poverty model of Central Bureau of Statistic (BPS). While, satellite images
Landsat 7 were used to confirm the forest condition then analyzed through ground cover ratio measurement.

Research Results:
The Existing Condition of The Lore Lindu National Park:
Lore Lindu National Park is designated in 1993, based on Minister of Forestry Decree No. 593 / Kpts-II /
1993 on October 5, 1993 covering of 299.000 hectares. The inauguration of the park was settled by the decree of
Minister of Forestry and Estate No. 464 / Kpts-II / 1999 June 28, 1999 with total area of 217.991,98 hectares.
Geographically the national park is located between 119 58'00 "- 120 22'15" E and 1 3'00 "- 1
55'05"S. While administratively located in Poso regency and Sigi regency. There are five districts in Poso that
included at the park areas, namely Lore Utara, Lore Peore, Lore Tengah, Lore Barat and Lore Selatan. Another
district is belong to Sigi, namely Nokilalaki district, Palolo district, SigiBiromaru district, Tanambulava district,
Gumbasa district, Kulawi district and Kulawi Selatan district. Among these district there are 84 villages is
include to the park area (LLNP Repport 2016).
Zone arrangement had accomplished in 2009 and it endored by the Director General of Forest Protection
and Nature Conservation Decree No. 168/IV-KK/2009 at September 10, 2009. However, the zone area was
reviewed in 2014 to accommodate the LLNP management interest. The rezoning was approved by the Decree
of Director General of forest Protection and Nature Conservation in 2015 in April 9, 2015. The covering area of
each zone is shows in Figure 2.
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Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 11(9) June 2017, Pages: 22-30

Fig. 2: The zonation map of LLNP, decree No.: SK.105/IV-KKBHL/2015 (LLNP 2015)

Forest cover change in the LLNP is a serious concern, that needed rezoning.One of the goals of rezoning of
LLNP is to accommodate the spatial planning review along with to respond the pressure of LLNP tenure,
especially encroachment, illegal settlement area and forest fire in the park boundaries (Table 2 and 3).

Table 2: Disruption actions in National Park such wood theft/illegal logging in 2015.
Volume (m3/pole/ Losses estimation
No Period Sites
trees) value
1 June 1 3.000.000 Wuasa village
2 9.000.000 Wuasa village
2 August 9 27.000.000 Salunamangge, Wuasa village
Source :LLNP Report 2016

Table 3: Disruption actions in National Park due to encroachment and illegal settlement area in 2014.

No Periods Volume (Ha/person) Losses estimation value (Rp)

1 June 0,50 Ha 5.000.000

0,25 Ha 2.500.000
2 July 0,88 Ha 8.000.000
3 August 2,37 Ha 23.000.000
1,65 Ha 17.000.000
0,60 Ha 6.000.000
4 September 1,05 Ha 10.500.000
Source: LLNP Report 2015

The Wide of Forest Fire (Ha/years) 2015

278,50
2014
70,73

2012
4,00 2013
2,00
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Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 11(9) June 2017, Pages: 22-30

0.00
Wide

212.94
42.86
15.75
5.70
1.25

SPTNW I SPTNW II SPTNW III SPTNW IV SPTNW V SPTNW VI

Mataue Gimpu Tongoa Bora Lengkeka Wuasa

Fig. 3: The forest fire distribution area in 2012 2015 (LLNP Report 2015)

The above data shows the pressure to the park is increasing, especially caused by land and forest fires.
Figure 3 shows the fires distribution is mostly occurring in the park boundaries which close to settlement area.
According to the observation, the forest fire was occurred due to land clearing to establish estate areas.
Although, the informant was said that they are not intended to burn the forest, but since their crop area located at
the parks boundary even inside the park then it would be identified as forest fires by national park management
center.

The utilization zone and the forest area pressure:

Utilization zone is an accessible zone of the national park. The typical of this zone is natural features
domination such primary forest along with the biota. The local community around the park have a right to
access this zone and utilize forest resources. In general, the zone is covering 1,97% of national park area
(approximately 4.297,6 hectares) with specific character of lowland forest, located at 300 to 1.300 above sea
level (figure 4).
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Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 11(9) June 2017, Pages: 22-30

Fig. 4: The utilization zone map and its vegetation distribution in LLNP.

The figure 4 shows the land cover changing in utilization zone of the park due to community activities. The
area has been exploited as tourism site by optimizing such potential natural resources; hot spring spot in
Kadidia, Tambinglake view, waterfall in Kolori. In other hand, land encroachment is existing in several spot and
it is developing for cultivation by local community.
Based on the analysis process of the land cover in five villages (Bunga, Sigimpu, Tongoa, Kamarora A
danKamarora B), it shows the various result. The largest encroachment was occurred in Tongoa village (1.414
hectares) and the smallest was occurred in Bunga village (48,71 hectares). Most of the forest area has changed
into cultivation area (figure 5).

1,600.00
1,414
1,400.00

1,200.00

1,000.00

800.00

600.00

400.00
205.81
200.00 119.94 114.6
48.71
0.00
Bunga Sigimpu Tongoa Kamarora A Kamarora B

Fig. 5: The large of the encroached forest area in five villages in 2016

The utilization zone is ideally intended for environmental services, such as eco-tourism, so that the basic
function of forest will be well maintained. However, the situation might differ for those villages with degraded
forest and the high intention of encroachment. The situation has great potential to land conflict, as for instance
happened in Dongi-Dongi (Golar et al., 2014). Uncontrolled encroachment activities have an impact to the
status, to be other land uses (APL).

The Subjective Poverty Criterias at the LLNP Utilization Zones:

Poverty is a situation where individuals or households experiencing difficulties in meeting their basic needs
(Sari et al., 2011 Cahyat et al., 2007). Meanwhile, an enabling environment is less or even not able to provide
opportunities to improve the welfare of sustainably or to leave the vulnerabilities.Poverty is the limited ability
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Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 11(9) June 2017, Pages: 22-30

for various things, including the lack of sufficient income to meet household needs or deficiency of assets to
provide stability needs. It can also mean that the basic needs, such as health, education or housing, inadequate.
However, poverty can also be subjective, and it may be caused by feelings, such as deprivation, vulnerability,
alienation, or experiencing pain. A person may feel poor if its welfare declines, or if he compares himself to
other people better.
To capture all of these aspects of poverty and welfare, required a multidimensional concept. One approach
is Nested Spheres of Poverty (NESP) Model (Gnner et al., 2007). In the NESP model, poverty and welfare is
composed of various fields, or aspects of everyday life. The scope of the center of this model is subjective
wellbeing. Core environment affecting the subjective well-being are the health, wealth and knowledge. It-and
therefore indirectly also to the subjective well-being-affected by environmental context. By this we mean the
natural, economic, social and political life that directly or indirectly affect the core environment. The
environmental context, in turn, influenced by infrastructure and services
Three levels of conditions that need to be monitored: Subjective wellbeing; Welfare core (basic needs),
such as material wealth, knowledge and health; and support environment (context). This article has uses several
criteria: (a) subjective feelings; (b) material; (c) Knowledge; d) the natural environment; (e) the economic
environment; (f) the social environment; and (g) the political environment (Table 4).
Poverty and well-being composed of a variety of diverse environments.The middle part of this concept is
subjective welfare. Subjective environment is affected by the environment core (health, wealth, and knowledge).
Meanwhile, the core environment is influenced by natural aspect, economic aspect, social aspect, and political
aspect, as well as facilities and infrastructure.
The core of the NESP concept included "basic necessities" such as food and clothing, health, education and
housing. In addition, individually capability is also determined to be able to leave of poverty. In the NESP
model's, the basic needs and individual capabilities is reflected in three categories: health, material sufficiency,
and a good knowledge of formal, informal and traditional (Moeliono et al., 2007).

Table 4: The subjective poverty assessment criteria.

No Environment Poverty causes
1 Subjective felling 1. An access limitation
2. Some gap to the national park management center
3. Less concern of village government
2 Health 1. An Access limitation to the Health center
2. Un-conditional home-health
3 Finance 1. Yield decreasing
2. Price raising, less capability
3. Limited access control
4 Knowledge 1. Less of innovation
2. Limited knowledge of environment services
3. Limited access of formal education
5 Nature environment 1. The quality and quantity of natural resources is decreasing.
2. Frequently natural impact
6 Economic situation 1. Insufficient income
2. Limited opportunity of of business
3. Less change to create an income generating
7 Social situation 1. High land tenure conflict.
2. Conflict inside and among villages is risen
8 Politic situation 1. The less formal admission of private land
2. Unclear position of local institution
9 facilities and infrastructure 1. The empowerment program of LLNP hasnt touched to the artificial need
2. A basic need of community is supported by less villages facilities

Several elements are considered to be important factor that influencing poverty. The important dominant
factors consist of environment knowledge, nature and economical situation. The environment knowledge such
as limited access to formal or informal education has positive contribution to the poverty. Meanwhile the
national park management center is not been able to provide contribution to resolve this matter. The park status
and its utilization zone become a barrier on the implementation of various empowerment patterns. At the end,
the national park program hasnt in accordance with the community needs.
The vulnerability of natural environment is increasing significantly to natural disaster and become a barrier
which carrying large impact to the poverty. Plenty lands are being cultivated by the community were affected by
floods and landslides. The land ownership of local community are approximately less than 0,5hectares, therefore
when the land affected by disaster then they wouldnt have reserve alternative. It seems they dont have any
option except entering forest area for cultivation (Jakubcov et al.,2014; Paudyal et al., 2015).It was happen in
Bunga village and Sigimpu, where the environment vulnerability force the community to enter the forest and
started to open the cultivation area (Golar 2007; GolarandMuis 2009; 2010; and Golar et al., 2011). At the
beginning entering forest has just to fill their daily need but they repeating in long term since they received the
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Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 11(9) June 2017, Pages: 22-30

benefit of encroachment. Beside the land they also utilize other forest product (wood and non-wood) to be sale,
mostly rattan.
Economic situation has correlation to environment element, mainly natural resource, are the important
element of poverty assessment. The uncertain income, the limited change of business and the immeasurable
additional value of forest are also contributed to the poverty in the study site, especially in Tongoa village and
Kamaroma B village (Figure 6). The high intensity of forest encroachment in these two villages was triggered
by the economic limitation.

Subjective
felling
5
facilities and
4 Health
infrastructure
3
2
Politic
1 Finance
situation 0 (b)

Social
Knowledge
situation
Economic Nature
situation environment

(a) (c)
Fig. 6: (a) Environment element of poverty in utilization Zona; (b) the forest encroachment by community in
Tongoa village; (c) Collected forest product by local community in LLNP.

Conclusion:
Our results indicated there are nine environment elements that subjectively assessed by local community
and been affect to poverty. However, only three are mostly dominant affect to the poverty, i.e., the knowledge of
community, nature environment and economic situation. These elements are causality linkage. The subjective
poverty criteria that established by this study show that community are realizing their own limitation. However,
they made a respond for those limitations through economic activities which gave a negative impact for the
sustainable forest management (Pokharel et al., 2014).
The diverse perceptions of poverty are gained through the implementation NESP concept. The concept is
relatively complete comparing to the poverty criteria that been use recently by government (Moeliono et
al.,2007; Gonner et al.,2007; Cahyat et al., 2007). Although, our result suggest that, this concept is need to be
supported by Geographical Information System (GIS), as a control of expression and perception that been
delivered by community regarding to the subjective poverty assessment.

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