FACTORS RESPOSIBLE FOR LOCATION OF PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND TERTIARY

INDUSTRIES AND DETAIL ABOUT PRIMARY INDUSTRY

TYPES OF INDUSTRIES:

A nations economy can be divided into various sectors to define the proportion of the population
engaged in the activity sector. This categorization is seen as a continuum of distance from the
natural environment. The continuum starts with the primary sector, which concerns itself with the
utilization of raw materials from the earth such as agriculture and mining. From ther e, the
distance from the raw materials of the earth increases.

Primary Sector :

The primary sector of the economy extracts or harvests products from the earth. The primary sector
includes the production of raw material and basic foods. Activities associate d with the primary
sector include agriculture (both subsistence and commercial), mining, forestry, farming, grazing,
hunting and gathering, fishing, and quarrying. The packaging and processing of the raw material
associated with this sector is also conside red to be part of this sector.

In developed and developing countries, a decreasing proportion of workers are involved in the
primary sector. About 3% of the U.S. labour force is engaged in primary sector activity today, while
more than two-thirds of the labour force was engaged in the primary sector in the mid -nineteenth
century.

Secondary Sector :

The secondary sector of the economy manufactures finished goods. All of manufacturing,
processing, and construction lies within the secondary sector. Activities associated with the
secondary sector include metal working and smelting, automobile production, textile production,
chemical and engineering industries, aerospace manufacturing, energy utilities, engineering,
breweries and bottlers, construction, and shipb uilding.

Tertiary Sector :

The tertiary sector of the economy is the service industry. This sector provides services to the
general population and to businesses. Activities associated with this sector include retail and
wholesale sales, transportation and distribution, entertainment (movies, television, radio, music,
theatre, etc.), restaurants, clerical services, media, tourism, insurance, banking, healthcare, and
law.

In most developed and developing countries, a growing proportion of workers are devoted to the
tertiary sector. In the U.S., more than 80% of the labour force is tertiary workers.

Quaternary Sector :

The quaternary sector of the economy consists of intellectual activities. Activities associated with
this sector include government, culture, li braries, scientific research, and education and
information technology.

Quinary Sector :

Some consider these to be a branch of the quaternary sector called the quinary sector, which
includes the highest levels of decision making in a society of economy. Th is sector would include
the top executives or officials in such fields as government, science, universities, non -profit,
healthcare, culture and the media.

These sectors of industry can be used to determine the level of development of a country. Countries
with a high proportion of primary industries are commonly Less Economically Developed Countrys
 LEDC (e.g. Mali). These countries have most of their population working as farmers. In a More
Economically Developed Country MEDC, a large proportion of terti ary industries are found (e.g.
UK). Newly lndustrializing Country - NIC have a strong proportion of secondary industries as they
are starting to industrialize and begin manufacturing (e.g. India).

FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL LOCATION :

Industrial location, or whe re industry locates, has a few variable factors. In many respects, these
can range from economic to the more natural advantages of the location.

Let us first consider the general points for setting up any industry than we will see the individual
factors for specific economic activity and industry.

1. Transport, and transportation links, on the location is as important factor for industrial
location. For example, good road and rail links can be a real bonus to any location point and will
certainly provide a sound basis for industry.

2. Another factor for industrial location is that of proximity to raw materials. Admittedly, this may
well be more important for primary and secondary industries involved in the extraction and
manufacture of industrial goods. Cer tainly, in the primary sector this is a most important factor
for location

3. For certain industries the climate may be another factor for the location of industry. Farming is
one such case in point. This is more of a natural -orientated industry.

4. The labour, or available workforce, is another such factor.

Other factors may include the land value of the locations. Thus economic factor can also be quite
important. It may be the case that there may be subsidies provided in certain locations, to attract
potential industry to the location. For example, transport subsidies or even potential tax breaks
offered to industry for location at a given location. Such subsides can be a real financial incentive,
that may well overshadow a few disadvantages of the actual location.

All these factors may well be considered by business for industrial location, overall dependant on
the type of industry.

Country factors Region factors Local factors

Government rules, Government
attitudes, political risk
Culture and economy
Market location Labor availability,
attitudes
Productivity, and Cost
Availability of supplies, technology,
Communications, energy
Exchange rates and Currency risks
Attractiveness of region Site size and cost.
(culture, taxes, climate,
etc.)
Labor, availability /costs Air, rail, highway, and waterway systems
Costs and availability of Zoning restrictions
utilities
Environmental regulations Nearness of services/ supplies needed
of state and town
Government incentives Environmental impact and issues
Proximity to raw materials
and customers

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR MAJOR ECONOMIC SECTORS:

Primary economic activities.

Their dominant location factor is related to environmental endowments, such as natural

resources. For instance, agriculture is subject to environmental constraints such as soil fertility,
 precipitation and temperature while, mining takes place where econ omically recoverable mineral
deposits are found.

Primary activities are thus characterized by the most basic location factors but have a strong
reliance on transportation since their locations rarely are close to centres of demand and they
usually concern ponderous goods. The capacity to transport raw materials plays a significant role
in the possible development of ores, transportation of timber in forestry etc.

Secondary economic activities: - Their dominant location factor relate to labour, energy cost s, land,
markets and proximity to suppliers.

Tertiary economic activities: - Involves activities that are most bound to market proximity, since
the capacity to distribute a product or service is their most important location requirement. As
many of these activities are retail oriented, consumer proximity is essential and is directly related
to sale levels. The main focus is to maximize sales revenue with location an important revenue
factor.

PRIMARY ACTIVITIES:

A. AGRICULTURE : Agriculture is practised unde r multiple combinations of physical and socio -

economic conditions, which gives rise to different types of agricultural syste ms. Based on methods
of farming, different types of crops are grown and livestock raised. The following are the main
agricultural sy stems.

1) Subsistence Agriculture Subsistence agriculture is one in which the farming areas consume all,
or nearly so, of the products locally grown. It can be grouped in two categories Primitive
Subsistence Agriculture and Intensive Subsistence Agricult ure.

Primitive Subsistence Agriculture :

Primitive subsistence agriculture or shifting cultivation is widely practised by many tribes in the
tropics, especially in Africa, South and Central America and South East Asia

The vegetation is usually cleared b y fire and the ashes add to the fertility of the soil.

Shifting cultivation is thus, also called slash and burn agriculture.

The cultivated patches are very small and cultivation is done with very primitive tools such as
sticks and hoes.

After sometime (3 to 5 years) the soil looses its fertility and the farmer shifts to another parts and
clears other patch of the forest for cultivation.

The farmer may return to the earlier patch after sometime.

One of the major problems of shifting cultivation is that the cycle of Jhum becomes less and less
due to loss of fertility in different parcels.

It is prevalent in tropical region in different names, e.g. Jhuming in North eastern states of India,
Milpa in Central America and Mexico and Ladang in Indonesia and Malaysi a

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture This type of agriculture is largely found in densely populated
regions of monsoon Asia. Basically, there are two types of intensive subsistence agriculture .

(i) Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by wet paddy cultivation:

 This type of agriculture is characterised by dominance of the rice crop.

Land holdings are very small due to the high density of population.

Farmers work with the help of family labour leading to intensive use of land.

Use of machinery is limited and most of the agricultural operations are done by manual labour.

Farm yard manure is used to maintain the fertility of the soil.

In this type of agriculture, the yield per unit area is high but per labour productivity is low

(ii) Intensive subsidence agriculture dominated by crops other than paddy:

Due to the difference in relief, climate, soil and so me of the other geographical fac tors, it is not
practical to grow paddy in many parts of monsoon Asia.

Wheat, soyabean, barley and sorghum are grown in n orthern China, Manchuria, North Korea and
North Japan.

In India wheat is grown in western parts of the Indo -Gangetic plains and millets are grown in dry
parts of western and southern India.

Most of the characteristics of this type of agriculture are simila r to those dominated by wet paddy
except that irrigation is often used.

The Europeans colonised many parts in the world and they introduced some other forms of
agriculture such as plantations which were mainly profit -oriented large scale production systems .

2) Plantation Agriculture:

Plantation agriculture as mentioned above was introduced by the Europeans in colonies situated in
the tropics.

Some of the important plantation crops are tea, coffee, cocoa, rubber, cotton, oil palm, sugarcane,
bananas and pineapples.

The characteristic features of this type of farming are large estates or plantations, large capital
investment, managerial and technical support, scientific methods of cultivation, single crop
specialisation, cheap labour, and a good system of tran sportation which links the estates to the
factories and markets for the export of the products.

The French established cocoa and coffee plantations in West Africa. The British set up large tea
gardens in India and Sri Lanka, rubber plantations in Malaysia and sugarcane and banana
plantations in West Indies. Spanish and Americans invested heavily in coconut and sugarcane
plantations in the Philippines. The Dutch once had monopoly over sugarcane plantation in
Indonesia. Some coffee fazendas (large plantations ) in Brazil are still managed by Europeans.
Today, ownership of the majority of plantations has passed into the hands of the government or the
nationals of the countries concerned.

3) Extensive Commercial Grain Cultivation :

Commercial grain cultivation is practised in the interior parts of semi -arid lands of the
midlatitudes.

Wheat is the principal crop, though other crops like corn, barley, oats and rye are also grown.
 The size of the farm is very large, therefore entire operations of cultivation from plo ughing to
harvesting are mechanised.

This type of agriculture is best developed in Eurasian steppes, the Canadian and American
Prairies, the Pampas of Argentina, the Velds of South Africa, the Australian Downs and the
Canterbury Plains of New Zealand.

4) Mixed Farming :

This form of agriculture is found in the highly developed parts of the world, e.g. North -western
Europe, Eastern North America, parts of Eurasia and the temperate latitudes of Southern
continents.

Mixed farms are moderate in size and usually the crops associated with it are wheat, barley, oats,
rye, maize, fodder and root crops.

Fodder crops are an important component of mixed farming.

Crop rotation and intercropping play an important role in maintaining soil fertility.

Equal emphasis is laid on crop cultivation and animal husbandry.

Animals like cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry provide the main income along with crops.

Mixed farming is characterised by high capital expenditure on farm machinery and building,
extensive use of chemical fertilise rs and green manures and also by the skill and expertise of the
farmers.

5. Dairy Farming :

Dairy is the most advanced and efficient type of rearing of milch animals. It is highly capital
intensive.

Animal sheds, storage facilities for fodder, feeding and milching machines add to the cost of dairy
farming.

Special emphasis is laid on cattle breeding, health care and veterinary services.

It is highly labour intensive as it involves rigorous care in feeding and milching.

There is no off season during the year as in the case of crop raising.

It is practised mainly near urban and industrial centres which provide neighbourhood market for
fresh milk and dairy products. T

he development of transportation, refrigeration, pasteurisation and other preservation process es

have increased the duration of storage of various dairy products.

There are three main regions of commercial dairy farming. The largest is North Western Europe the
second is Canada and the third belt includes South Eastern Australia, New Zealand and Tas mania.

6. Mediterranean Agriculture :

Mediterranean agriculture is highly specialized commercial agriculture. It is practised in

the countries on either side of the Mediterranean Sea in Europe and in north Africa from Tunisia to
Atlantic coast, southern California, central Chile, south western parts of South Africa and south
and south western parts of Australia.
 This region is an important supplier of citrus fruits.

Viticulture or grape cultivation is a speciality of the Mediterranean region.

Best quality wines in the world with distinctive flavours are produced from high quality
grapes in various countries of this region.

The inferior grapes are dried into raisins and currants. T

This region also produces olives.

The advantage of Mediterranean agriculture is that more valuable crops such as fruits and
vegetables are grown in winters when there is great demand in European and North American
markets.

7. Market Gardening and Horticulture :

Market gardening and horticulture specialize in the cult ivation of high value crops such as
vegetables, fruits and flowers, solely for the urban markets.

Farms are small and are located where there are good transportation links with the urban centre
where high income group of consumers is located.

It is both labour and capital intensive and lays emphasis on the use of irrigation, HYV seeds,
fertilisers, insecticides, greenhouses and artificial heating in colder regions.

This type of agriculture is well developed in densely populated industrial districts of North West
Europe, north eastern United States of America and the Mediterranean regions.

The Netherlands specialises in growing flowers and horticultural crops especially tulips, which are
flown to all major cities of Europe.

The regions where farmers specialis e in vegetables only, the farming is known as truck farming.
The distance of truck far ms from the market is governed by the distance that a truck can cover
overnight, hence the name truck farming.

In addition to market gardening, a modern development in th e industrial regions of Western

Europe and North America is factory farming.

Livestock, particularly poultry and cattle rearing, is done in stalls and pens, fed on manufactured
feedstuff and carefully supervised against diseases.

This requires heavy capital investment in terms of building, machinery for various operations,
veterinary services and heating and lighting.

One of the important features of poultry farming and cattle rearing is breed selection and scientific
breeding.

Types of farming can also be categorized according to the farming organisation. Farming
organisation is affected by the way in which farmers own their farms and various policies of the
government which help to run these farms.

8. Co-operative Farming :
 A group of farmers form a co-operative society by pooling in their resources voluntarily for more
efficient and profitable farming.

Individual farms remain intact and farming is a matter of cooperative initiative.

Co-operative societies help farmers, to procure all important inputs of farming, sell the products at
the most favourable terms and help in processing of quality products at cheaper rates.

Co-operative movement originated over a century ago and has been successful in many western
European countries like Denmark, Netherland s, Belgium, Sweden, Italy etc.

9. Collective Farming :

The basic principal behind this types of farming is based on social ownership of the means of
production and collective labour.

Collective farming or the model of Kolkhoz was introduced in erstwhile So viet Union to improve
upon the inefficiency of the previous methods of agriculture and to boost agricultural production
for self-sufficiency.

The farmers pool in all their resources like land, livestock and labour. However, they are allowed
to retain very small plots to grow crops in order to meet their daily requirements.

Yearly targets are set by the government and the produce is also sold to the state at fixed prices.

Produce in excess of the fixed amount is distributed among the members or sold in the m arket.

The farmers have to pay taxes on the farm produces, hired machinery etc.

Members are paid according to the nature of the work allotted to them by the farm management.
Exceptional work is rewarded in cash or kind.

This type of farming was introduced in former Soviet Union under the socialist regime which was
adopted by the socialist countries. After its collapse, these have already been modified.

A Farmers decision on Agricultural Activity depend upon:

Physical Factors

(i) Climate- Temperature, rainfall and irrigation

(ii) Soil Fertility

(iii) Relief

(iv) Aspect

Human Factors

(i) Size of land

(ii) Demand for Agricultural Produce and price of the produce

(iii) Availability of inputs like seeds, fertilizers, pesticides

(iv) Tradition
 (v) Government policies

Examples of few agricultural crops such as Wheat and Rice and dairy industry

WHEAT

Cultivation of wheat in any part of the world depends upon the following factors:

A moderate rainfall of about 35 -45 cms.

A temperature of at least 10-15 degree C at the time of growing and 19 degree C and a bright
sunshine at the time of ripening and harvest.

A long growing season approx. of 100 days free of frost

A wide variety of soils ranging from heavy clay, alluvial soil etc.

Level and gently rolling topography p rovides adequate drainage and facilitates use of modern farm
technology

Regional Distribution:

Wheat is grown in a large number of countries of the world. It is grown upto 60 degree N and 40
degree S of equator. However major concentration of wheat cultur e is in the latitudes of 30 - 45
degree N and 30- 40 degree S.The most important wheat producing countries are: USA, China,
India, Canada, France, Argentina and Australia

(i) USA: Wheat is cultivated in almost all states of USA. The major wheat producing st ates are
North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma,
northern parts of Texas, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio and Columbia Plateau.

PRAIRIE REGION OF USA

Factor Impact

Soil The prairies are temperate grasslands. Cent uries of grass rotting has produced fertile soil

It has high phosphorus content which is good for wheat

Topography is suitable for wheat cultivation because wheat cannot tolerate stagnant water

Flat terrain therefore machines can be employed at every produ ction stage

Land Holding In the early days of colonization, land was abundant in the Canadian prairies

European settlers seized opportunity; bought large farm holdings at throwaway prices leading to
the farms having area of several thousand acres.

Since farm is large thus mechanization possible and therefore there is less need of many farm -
workers.
 Labour Canada has less population density therefore hard to find cheap labour, but since farm
holdings are large and on flat terrain therefore most of the work i s mechanized.

Transport Railroad connectivity via Canadian Pacific Railway

Many branch lines are constructed to connect even the remotest farm regions with the mainline
thus it is easy to send the produce to market.

Most of the wheat moves by rail through Rocky Mountains to Vancouver /Prince Rupert for export

Storage Grain elevator storage facilities along the railway lines: here wheat is cleaned, graded,
processed and stored.

Storage complexes and milling operation at bulk of the location, where Railways i ntersect major
waterways

Government Policy Canadian wheat board, a statutory body is sole purchaser and seller of food
grains for export.

The board coordinates movement of wheat to major terminals.

Farmers are given schedules to send their wheat to nearby railway station.

This system minimizes price fluctuations/distribution inefficiencies

And provides quality control for exported wheat.

(ii) Canada: Manitoba, Saskatchwan, Alberta, Ontario and Quebec are major wheat growing
provinces.

(iii) India: Although wheat is grown over a large part of the country yet, the Sutlej Ganga Plain is
the major wheat producing area of the country. The important states are Punjab, Haryana, Eastern
Rajasthan, U.P., M.P., Bihar, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Karnataka.

(iv) China: The principal wheat producing regions of the country are Hwang Ho Basin, Yang -ste-
kiang Basin and Manchuria.

(v) Australia: Murray Darling Basin and Mediterranean type of climatic region of South West
Australia are important wheat growing regions

RICE :

Rice is a subtropical plant. A combination of geographical and economic factors is responsible for
the cultivation of rice:

The crop requires high temperature and high humidity with abundance of water. The plants require
a temperature from 10 to 21 degree C during sowing period and over 37 degree C at the time of
harvest.
Rice grows under diverse soil conditions. However, loams with a high silt and clay content are the
best

Regional Distribution:The most important rice producing countries are China, India, Myanmar,
Bangladesh, Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines and Korea

China: China is the leading producer or rice in the world. Rice is produced in the deltas and valleys
of Yangtze-Kiang, Hwang-Ho and Sikiang rivers.Much of the rice is grown in South of Yangtz.

River: The reason for this is as follows:

CLIMATE = Mild temperature, good rainfall therefore can grow two crops on the same farm in a
year

SOIL = Suitable for rice

LABOUR = Abundant availability due to large populationTransp ort = from Yangtze river and
inland waterways. Also good railway network

Water = High Rainfall and good irrigation facilities due to Yangtze river

Technology = tractors,mechanical rice planters, high yielding seed variety

China vs. India

1. China has more area under irrigation

2. China grows food crops grown on its best lands. India grows cash crops (Cotton, sugarcane, Jute)
on its best lands.

India:

Rice is a staple food for the overwhelming majority of population in India. Though, it is considered
to be a crop of tropical humid areas, it has about 3,000 varieties which are grown in different agro -
climatic regions.

These are successfully grown from sea level to about 2,000 m altitude and from humid areas in
eastern India to dry but irrigated areas of Punjab, Haryana, western U.P. and northern Rajasthan.
 In southern states and West Bengal the climatic conditions allow the cultivation of two or three
crops of rice in an agricultural year.

In West Bengal farmers grow three crops of rice called aus, a man and boro.

But in Himalayas and northwestern parts of the country, it is grown as a kharif crop during
southwest Monsoon season.

India contributes 22 per cent of rice production in the world and ranks second after China.

About one-fourth of the to tal cropped area in the country is under rice cultivation.

West Bengal, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu were five leading rice
producing states in the country.

The yield level of rice is high in Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Andhra Pr adesh, West Bengal and
Kerala.

In the first four of these states almost the entire land under rice cultivation is irrigated. Punjab
and Haryana are not traditional rice growing areas.

Rice cultivation in the irrigated areas of Punjab and Haryana was intr oduced in 1970s following
the Green Revolution.

Genetically improved varieties of seed, relatively high usage of fertilizers and pesticides and lower
levels of susceptibility of the crop to pests due to dry climatic conditions are responsible for higher
yield of rice in this region.

The yield of this crop is very low in rainfed areas of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Orissa.

Myanmar and Thailand: In Myanmar rice is intensively frown in the Irrawaddy valley and the
delta. In Thailand rice is the principal crop of the Menam valley and the delta.

DAIRY INDUSTRY: -
Dairy farming has been most developed in the temperate latitudes of the world. It is because the
moderate cool humid climate is highly suitable for domestication of dairy cows.

The temperature should range between 0 degree C to 20 degree C. The temperate climate permits
o p e n g r o w i n g f a c i l i t i e s t o t h e c o w s . T h e y d o n o t r e qu i r e c o v e r e d a c c o m m o d a t i o n .

Milk products and milk can be preserved for a longer period in cool and humid climate condi tions.

This type of climate is ideal for the growth of rich, nutritious, luxuriant grasses.

In the temperate zones of the world on account of excellent soil conditions and well developed
agricultur al system forage crop are grown for the use of the livest ock.

The temperate latitudes are highly industrialized, modernized, commercialized and urbanized
regions having dense population maintaining a high standard of living, thus providing wide
markets to dairy products.

Dairy Farming in New Zealand

Auckland and Taranaki areas famous.

Factor Impact

Climate Cold moist and humid climate, low rolling plain topography leads to luxuriant,
perennial growth of nutritious grass.

Possible to graze the animals throughout the year which leads to low cost of "fodder"

Labour Dairy farming is carried on for generations therefore skilled labour is available.

Tech. Scientific breeding of animals, vaccination, disease control

Infrastructure for refrigeration, transport of milk products

Government Policy Government exercises stri ct quality control over export of milk and meat
products because of this

New Zealands dairy -products commend respect and good prices in international market.

Transport Geographically, New Zealand is located far away from the market of milk products.

Liquid milk is converted into such as butter, cheese and powdered milk meaning

Longer shelf life, can withstand long sea journey.

 Higher value per unit product (compare to liquid milk) can withstand transport cost.

EUROPE :

Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, France, Sweden also famous for dairy pro ducts. By and large the
factors are

1. Ample grassland for grazing

2. Cool humid climate condition permit luxuriant growth of grasses and facilitate grazing on the
pastures

3. Traditional skill

4. High density of superior breeds of cows and Scientific breeding

5. Dense population

6. Efficient transportation system.

7. Again same concentration principle: milk turned into cheese, butter, chocolate etc. for sending
to other countries.

Dairy: USA

The dairy farming in North America spreads from Lawrence Valley, upstate New York, Ontario,
Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Pennsylvania and Ohio. Covers an area of 2000 miles

Factors for its development :

The climatic conditions are same everywhere to aid production of fora ge crops and rearing of
livestock.

The precipitation varies from about 20 inches in the west to 50 inches in the east. This amount
helps growth of grasses in the pastures and forage crops.

Cool summer with 63 to 70 degree F temperature results in more mi lk and facilitates its handling
for a longer period
Many woodland pastures criss crossed by numerous streams and presence of lakes with fresh water
favors dairying because contended cows after having grasses and water in pleasant woodland
surroundings yield higher quantity of milk.

The topography of the dairy belt has spatial differences. Eastern Appalachian parts are
mountainous, rolling hills, ridges, fairly level plateaus into which streams have cut long and
narrow valleys.

A large part of the belt is not suitable for agriculture on account of rough terrain and infertile soil.

Presence of a very wide markets in and around dairy belt and Great Lakes region

Efficient means of transportation.

Refrigeration, pasteurization and an efficient system of col lecting and distribution stations have
further boosted dairy farming activity in the dairy belt of the USA.

B. MINING The discovery of minerals in the history of human development is reflected in

many stages in terms of copper age, bronze age and iron age . The use of minerals in ancient times
was largely confined to the making of tools, utensils and weapons.The actual development of
mining began with the industrial revolution and its importance is continuously increasing.

Factors Affecting Mining Activity

The profitability of mining operations thus, depends on two main factors:

Physical factors include the size, grade and the mode of occurrence of the deposits.

Economic factors such as the demand for the mineral, technology available and used, capital to
develop infrastructure and the labour and transport costs.

Methods of Mining

Depending on the mode of occurrence and the nature of the ore, mining is of two types: surface and
underground mining. The surface mining also known as open -cast mining is the e asiest and the
cheapest way of mining minerals that occur close to the surface. Overhead costs such as safety
precautions and equipment is relatively low in this method. The output is both large and rapid.
 When the ore lies deep below the surface, undergro und mining method (shaft method) has to be
used. In this method, vertical shafts have to be sunk, from where underground galleries radiate to
reach the minerals. Minerals are extracted and transported to the surface through these passages.
It requires specially designed lifts, drills, haulage vehicles, ventilation system for safety and
efficient movement of people and material. This method is risky. Poisonous gases, fires, floods and
caving in lead to fatal accidents. The developed economies are retreating from mining, processing
and refining stages of production due to high labour costs, while the developing countries with
large labour force and striving for higher standard of living are becoming more important. Several
countries of Africa and few of South America and Asia have over fifty per cent of the earnings from
minerals alone.

C. FISHERY RESOURCES AND FISHING INDUSTRY

Seafood plays a vital role in world food security. Roughly 3 billion people get about 20% of their
animal protein from fishery produ cts. It is also used for preparing poultry feed and fertilizers.

1. Factors favouring Fishing can be categorized into Physical and Economic

PHYSICAL FACTORS

Banks: - These are those portions of shallow seas which have a low slope. They are situated 150-
300 km away from the coast. Ex. Dogger Bank in North Sea, Grand and George banks in N.
America.

Calm waters:-The fish lay her eggs in calm waters.

Dissected coast: - If the coast is dissected, the sea near coast is converted into a large number of
short and small channels provide calm waters. For ex. Yokohama (Japan), Bergen and Trondheim
(Norway), Vancouver (Canada) are foremost fishing centres of the world.

The depth of water: - It has been found that fishing is possible upto 200 metre depth due to
adequate sunlight penetration. Ports of this depth are found in temperate countries.

The absence of sediment: - The less the sediment, the greater is the activity of fishing.

The Mouth of rivers: - Rivers bring with them phosphate, nitrate and some othe r salts which prove
to be nourishing to fish.
 Plankton: - Planktons are the main food of the fish. When the warm and cold ocean currents meet
each other, the number of planktons increases increasing fish density Ocean currents: - Ocean
currents wash the coast and bring with them planktons in large numbers. Such coasts are the main
fishing grounds. Warm Kuroshio Current meeting with Cold Current Oyashio makes Japan a major
fishing nation. Similarly Labrador (cold) and Gulf Stream (Hot) makes Western Europe a huge
fishing ground.

Salinity: - The high salinity is harmful as they dissolve the fish eggs.

Climate: -The optimum temperature should be 12 -22*C but the fish is found in almost all climates.

ECONOMIC FACTORS includes consumption Markets, high Capital investment, refrigeration for
storage and convenient transportation facilities at harbor.

2. Fish Production in the World

Japan is the leading producer of fish in the world. CIS ranks second. Other countries noted for the
fishing are China, Chile, Peru, USA, S.Korea, India, and Norway

A. North West Pacific Ocean Fishing Area: -

This zone extends from Bering Sea in the north to Philippine Sea in the south.

The warm current of Kuroshio and the cold current of Oyashio meet in the continental shelf of this
region near the coast of Honshu.

It provides the favourable condition for the growth of plankton, which is the food for fish. The main
fishing countries are Japan, China, Russia, Korea, Philippines, and Vietnam

B. North East Pacific Ocean: -

On the Western coast of North America, the fishing area extends from Alaska to California. Here
the fishing countries are USA and Canada.

This area has the following sub fishing areas: Bering Sea Coast, Aleutian Island, Western Coast of
North America.

C. North West Atlantic Ocean: -

From New Foundland to Long Island to Eastern Coast of Central America

 The most famous bank of this region is the Nova Scotia, New Foundland, Grand Bank and George
Bank.

The warm waters of the Gulf Stream and the cold Labrador Curren t meet in this region. Therefore
planktons are abundant.

Fish caught in this region are cod, perch, herring and haddock. Lobsters and oysters are also
caught. Chesapeake Bay is famous for oyster catches.

Halifax, St. John, Boston and New York are importa nt ports of this region.

D. North East Atlantic Ocean: -

This area extends from the Arctic Circle in the north to the borders of the Mediterranean Sea on
the Western Coast of Europe. Dogger Bank and great fisher bank is the most important fish bank of
this region.

The warm water of the North Atlantic Drift keeps the coast open throughout the year.

Major fishing countries in this region are Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Netherland, France, Iceland
and the UK.

3. Fishing in India

50% of fishermen live in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala. Cochin, Chennai, Mumbai and Kolkata
are major fish market centers.

Fishing is not well organized and developed in India. The reasons for Poor development of fishing
in India are following

Absence of Regular Coastline. There are very few natural sites for fishing

High Capital Investment required for high productivity and efficiency. Fishermen are poor
employing old and traditional methods of fishing.

No refrigeration/Storage facilities: Fish is a perishable commodity and gets spoiled faster in

tropical climates.