Micro Final PDF

1
AZ-EX Technical support Committee

.

.

AZ-EX 2013
2

eldaboly_2010@yahoo.com

y_m729@yahoo.com

anas-ebrahim@hotmail.com

anas_khalil@live.com

belal.eldiwany@hotmail.com

flying_ butterfly91@yahoo.com

soma_mostafa2020@hotmail.com
3
Table of contents:
Chapter (1) Introduction ----------------------------- Page 6

Chapter (2)Mikro C ------------------------------------ Page 25
Chapter (3) Input & output devices --------------- Page 50
Chapter (4) Projects ----------------------------------- Page 58
Chapter (5) 7-Segment ------------------------------- Page 105
Chapter (6) LCD ----------------------------------------- Page 128
Chapter (7)DC motor ---------------------------------- Page 144
Chapter (8) ADC ---------------------------------------- Page 176
Chapter (9) Keypad ------------------------------------ Page 182
Chapter (10) Stepper ---------------------------------- Page 196
Chapter (11) Serial communication ---------------- Page 214
4
Table of components:
1-PIC16F877a
2- RESISTORS WITH DIFFERENT VALUES
3-LM016 (LCD DISPLAY)
4-PUSH PUTTONS
5-TRANSISTORS (BC547 OR 548 & 2N2222 &BC337 & TIP122 & TIP127)
6-DIODES (1N4007 OR 1N4001)
7-LEDS WITH DIFFERENT COLOURS
8-VARIABLE RESISTOR
9-ICS (LM35 & ULN2803 & 4514<DECODER>)
10-LDR
11-BUZZER
12-RELAYS 5V
13-KEYPAD
14-SEVEN SEGMENT
15-PIN HEADER
16-REGULATOR (7805)
17-Capacitor 10F
18-Capacitor 20pF
19-Crystal 4MHz
20-MAX232
5
Chapter (1)
Introduction
6
Microcontroller
Microprocessor
IC
) (CPU
.
3 :
1_ ALU (arithmetic & logic unit):
processing
( / )... ( XOR
. )....
2_REGISTERS:
DATA LINES
ALU
. REGISTER
) 3_CU (control unit
CPU
3 CPU :
: oscillator _1
CPU
oscillator
) (clock
Crystal )system clock).
: Memory _2
CPU :
7
: RAM (read & write memory) _A
MP
.
: ROM (read only memory) _B
ROM MP
firmware ROM
.
: o/p ports _3
processor interface
. outputs
: timers _4
. processor
communication interface _5
: buses _6
buses micro computer
Example:
:
1_ read set point (user desired temperature)
2_ read room temperature with sensor
3_ if room temp. > Set point Turn compressor on
4_ if room temp. < Set point Turn compressor off
8
set point ram X
room temp. ROM T
T>X
T<X
:
_1 ANALOG digital
ADC analog .
_2
ports USB PORT SERIAL PORT serial port
microprocessor
parallel serial interface parallel
serial .
_3
parity check 00000011
zero
000000011 one
interface parity check

ones
parity check
interface . Ethernet
_4 internal memory hard disk

. RAM
Components 10 ICS
Micro Controller:
9
MCU
IC
SINGLE CHIP
. SOFTWARE

Minicomputer CPU RAM
ROM (
)
) (Pins
, .
:
: Microcontroller
_1 .. Microcomputer
_2
_3
10
: microcomputer

microcomputer .
:
microprocessor

.
Microcontroller
8 bit 16 bit 32 bit
11
8 bit
register 8 register
2^8 -1 =255 bit 8

bit 16 3 . Carry
8 byte
3/2 3/1
bits .
Types of microcontroller

.
8 bite semiconductor :
ATMEL
INTEL MICRO CHIP RENESAS
EL
8051 AVR

PIC
PIC AVR
temp. PIC polarity

power . AVR
PIC stability .
12

plc !!!!!!!!!!!!!!
plc hardware
power plc
power plc power
power .
controller
.
PIC microcontroller
Base line Mid range High end
PIC 10 PIC 12 PIC 18
PIC 16
I/O
1K BIT I/O
PIC 16F877A PIC 16
Programming
Low level language High level language
C , C++ , PASCAL ,
Assembly BASIC
.
C MICRO C
C CODE Machine language . C compiler
13
PIC 16 microcontrollers Datasheet
IC data sheet
www.microchip.com PIC16F87XA X . 7 6 4 3
Data sheet .
PIC16F877A 40 pin
program memory
power
nonvolatile
PIC
Rom masked FLASH

PROM EPROM E2PROM
ROM E2PROM
erasable
programmable

Rom
access programmable electrically

Rom erasable 1000
programmable E^2 P

Rom ROM

chip

chip enhanced flash

chip 100

100
100
14
PIC
PIC :
: clock operating speed

. 0 _20 MHZ
: memory
268
.
: 40 pin 44
pic16f877a
. pin 40
interfaces
:
:
1_ 3 timers
2_ serial port for connection with computer
3_ADC with 8 channels
15
:
100
VDD (positive voltage)>>>>>>>>>>>>-0.3_7.5
range .
VSS (negative voltage)>>>>>>>>>>>>>zero
sunk sourced . 25mA
16
PIC
PDIP
20 20
Through hole mount
IC hole

TQFP
Thin quad flat package

Surface mount
PCB
4
package standard NC
17
. pin 44
PIC
Specifications of microcontroller data sheet
1_How to read micro pins.
IC notch IC _ 1
. pin1 hole notch 1 pin
18
2_Oscillator 20MHZ
_2 counters & registers

clock clock digital signal
20MHZ pic16f877a clock pulses
20MHZ . 4MHZ & 8MHZ
3_Currents 25mA
_3 25mA
relay interface .
4_ Pins description.
Pin1 :
MCLR MASTER
CLEAR reset PIC
reset
active low pin
low voltage
(0v ) VCC
5v pin1
reset VCC

push button reset

pin1
button float pin
noise high low VCC
VCC pin
drop zero pin 1
VCC pull up resistance float
. high
19
push button
reset power
. VCC pin 1
33 I/O PINS
1_PORT A 6 PINS from RA0:RA5
2_PORT B 8 PINS from RB0:RB7
3_PORT C 8 PINS from RC0:RC7
4_PORT D 8 PINS from RD0:RD7
5_PORT E 3 PINS from RE0:RE2
Individual PIN
......... A
digital (RAO) Analog (ANO) PIN

.
PINS 7 PORTS
. (1/32/11/12/31/14/13)
. PORTB
analog & digital PORTA & PORTE
. digital (PORTD,PORTC,PORTB)
out in pin programmer

. digital analog
RX RC6/TX PIN25 RC7/RX Pin26

PIN TX
SERIAL PORT SERIAL PORT
PIN PIN 26 TX/RX receive transmit
. digital out digital in 25
PIN32/PIN 11
5V +POWER SUPPLY VDD
PIN12 /PIN31
VSS
20
VDD -0.3:7.5
POWER VDD
SUPPLY 4 5.5 3V
VDD IC .
POWER SUPPLY 12 11
adaptor
12 11 0.1uf noise
supply .. 32 31
adaptor . 9v
power supply of computer component

P=V* I
21
.
Pin 13 /pin14
OSC1&OSC2
PIC pic oscillator built in
.
OSCILLATOR
22

23
:
RC circuit
open door
stop watch crystal crystal
.

POWER adaptor
24
Chapter (2)
Mikro C
25
C Compiler
Software requirements:
1_ PROTEUS
SIMULATION
2_ MICROC
. PIC CODE
3_burner program
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
1_COMPUTER
2_PROGRAMMER
3_COMPONENTS
Such as (pic16f877a/crystal
4MHZ/ LCD 2
16/LEDS/PUSH
BUTTONS/RESISTORS
(330/10K/1K)/DC MOTOR
12V/RELAY 12V/transistor
bc547/ Pin header
/sevensegment)
4_ POWER SUPPLY
26
HOW TO CHOOSE MICROCONTROLLER:

: parameters
1_NUMBER OF I/O PIN
outputs sensors SWITCHES inputs

. seven segment relay LEDS
2_ ANALOG INPUT
. analog channels analog
3_MEMORY SIZE
FLASH memory
micro c compile c compiler
memory size memory
. size
4_ Internal oscillator
5_ Interfaces
such as (ADC / serial port /timer.)
6_ Price
27
................
28
:
NEW PROJECT PROJECT _ 1
29
NEXT _ 2
30
31
compile build
. hex GENERATE

project linked successfully messages
32

build .
compile
project . open project
copy
file . open
33
:
_1 messages decimal decimal

binary hex decimal
_2 MICROC
PROJECT close project
new project .
_3 f1 help
libraries .
_4 VIEW .
34
C language tutorial
_1 include
>#include <.
_2 define
#define PI 3.14
3.14 . pi
_3 main
MAIN FUNCTION
code main
{ )( Void main
..
Data types _4
35
signed system
unsigned system
unsigned 255
Variable names
1_ variable name consists of (letter, number or underscore)
2_ variable name must begin with a letter or underscore
3_ variable name cannot be a reserved word such as (void, main, while... for)
4_ c is sensitive for small or capital- -
5_ semi Column ;
:(int)
int x=10;
: (float )
float y;
: (char)
char eng ='a';
: (string )
char eng []=''engineer'';
: comments _5

.
//one line comment
. comment
/* long comment */
comment
36
function call _6

function
cube
{)Void cube(int x
;Return x*x*x
function input
;) cube (3
function cube x
3 3*3*3 .
function hello main
function bye hello
sequence :
main hello(); hello

;)( bye bye hello . main
function function limit
function function stack

8 level 8 level stack over flow
.
, 8 listed call function

function function function 8
.
Variable scope:
1) Local
function function .
2) Global
outside function . functions
37
global
function local variable

variable
variable global
RAM local
Operators:
1) Arithmetic
Unsigned char x=5, y= 2,q;
q=x/y;
X/Y assignment operator

fraction unsigned q=2 q included
.
q=x % y;
5/2= 2, 1/2
q=1 1
x++;
x=6
y--;
y=1
38

;Unsigned char x
;Unsigned int y
;y=100
;x=y
16 bit 8 bit 8
;If y=256
; x=y
x=0
y =0000000010000000 8bit . x=0
LCD 8
bit .
2) Relational :
w=4 e=2 q=w>e

q=1 .
One mean true zero mean false
q=x==y
assignment operator relational operator

.
. Z=0
39
3) Logic operators
. bit variable bit wise
Ex:
Unsigned char x=7, y=27, q;
1 nonzero value
q=x&&y;
q=1;
X=00000111
Y=00011011
q=x & y;
bit binary
q=00000011=3
q=3
Ex:
X=255;
Y= ~x;
40
X=11111111
Y=00000000
Y=0
Ex:
X=4
Y=x<<2
2 number of shift
x=00000100
y=00010000
y=16
One shift left as u multiply by 2
Y=4*2*2=16
Statements
IF FOR WHILE
If:
If (expression) {
..
zero curl brackets 1 expression

. {}
41
If (expression) {
..
Else {
curl false if curl brackets true

else brackets
If (expression) {
..
Else if {
Else if {
Else {
42
curl brackets if true false else if
expression curl brackets else iftrue
false else if
curl brackets . else
Else is optional .

if }{
}{
.
For:
{)for(Initialization; condition; increment
}..
;Unsigned char I
{ )For (i=0; I<10; I++
}.
sequence I=0
loop condition 0<10 {}
1<10 increment {}
condition loop .
{);;( For
infinite loop
);;( for main restart
43
infinite loop main system
.
infinite loop
While:
{ )while (exp
expression is true false

while for
}For (; exp ;){.
) While (1 );;( for loop .
Do while:
{ Do
}.
)While (condition
true or false
false true do statement

Body of the program

:
: MAIN
: input
. output
: .
infinite loop :

44
. power
I/O ports
Data direction
. output input pin
0 ____________ output
1 _____________ input
: C code
TRISX=Value;
X: - is the port name we want to control its pins [A, B, C, D, and E]
VALUE :- it has one of two values [0 , 1 ] zero for make the pin output and one for
making the pin input .The value may binary or hexadecimal or decimal
TRISX=0b10110101; //Binary so we use 0b
input PORTB pin0
......output PORTB 1Pin
: PORT PORT PIN
TRISX.fN = 0 or 1;
OUT PORTB PIN3 PORT PIN N

:
TRISB.f3 = 0;
.SMALL OR CAPITAL LETTER PORT TRIS
45
input pin input pin default
input high impedance float
random 0 or 1 OUT pin

. system default
PIN OUTPUT
. 5V 0V PIN
PORTX = Value;
46
PIN PINS PORT 5V / 0V :
;PORTX .fN =0 or 1
INPUT :
)If (PORTB = 0b11111111 Receive values from microcontroller pins :

{
; PORTC = 0b00000000 :
}
else INPUT
{
; PORTC = 0b11111111 0b11111111
0b00000000
}
PORTC 0b11111111
.
47
void main( )
{
unsigned char eng ; :
TRISA = 0b00011111 ;
TRISB = 0 ; OUTPUT PORTB
PORTB = 0 ; ENG ZERO
while(1)
{ ENG PORTA INPUT
eng = PORTA ; . PORTB
portb = eng ;
}
}
48
C

Array size too large
Bad file name format in include directive
Case outside of switch switch case
Compound statement missing} {
Conflicting type modifiers
Could not find file 'filename'
Declaration missing;
Declaration syntax error
Suspicious pointer conversion
Declaration terminated incorrectly
Default outside of switch switch Default
Default value missing
Division by zero
do statement must have while while do
do-while statement missing( ( do-while
do-while statement missing) () do-while
do-while statement missing; ; do-while
Duplicate case
expected( (
expected) )
expected,
expected{ }
expected} {
expected< <
Expression syntax
For statement missing( ( for
For statement missing) ) for
For statement missing; ; for
Function call missing) )
function' cannot return a value'
function' must be declared with no parameters'
function' must be declared with one parameter'
function' must be declared with two parameters'
If statement missing( (
If statement missing) ( if
Misplaced else ) if
Undefined symbol
Unable to open include file ' ' ) (
Statement massing ; ;
49
Chapter (3)
Input & output
devices
50
Input & output devices:
1) Digital input devices
A) Push buttons
: push button
: (active high switch)
If pin is high button is pressed else button is released
51
):(active low switch
If pin is low button is pressed else button is released
VCC
low high pin
. reset
2) Limit switch

switch

switch
switch .
Push button
limit switch push button

3) Proximity switch
sensor
.
) First type (inductive
metal
52
) Second type (capacitive
metal& nonmetal
high 24v DC
low 0V
5 24 24 clamping
:
zero sensor D1& D2

Is off O.C zero volt pin
sensor 24v
D1 is on
D2 is off 5 pin
S.C VCC PIN
19=5-24 .
D2
clamping
24 5
1mA switch 20mA
R= (24-5)/1mA=19K
P = I^2R = (1mA)^2*19K=19mW
53
4) Photocell
object sensor
reflector high
object low
SENSOR .
photocell proximity
object sensor
proximity
proximity
dust reflector
sensor high
reflector.
5) PIR sensor
Passive infra red

PIR
sensor 5
.
54
PIR

. sensor
Input devices
Active
Dry contact
_ Push button Max. Output >5v
_ Limit switch _ Proximity switch
_ Switch _ Photocell
Output<=5v
(Low=o, high=5)
_PIR
55
Digital Output devices
delay 5 pin 5v pin

.
1) Led:
led pin 20mA high led

is on/ low led is off led data sheet led
voltage drop 1.2v 5
1.2 25 pin :
R= (5-1.2)/25mA=152
152 pin
pin
220
device interface
device 220v 0v / 5v
interface 5v 220v
device 5v interface
0v 220v 5v . 220 v
56
2) Interface relay:

pin

magnetic
wave
contact

switch

relay switch closed v220 relay 30

12 6 34 22 12
relay 20 pin
NPN bc547 base
collector relay
pin high saturation

emitter collector short circuit
relay contact 12 relay
, low
cutoff emitter collector High impedanceOpen
circuit .
relay 1N4007 energy off

Reverse current
on
0ff .
. 1k
57
Chapter (4)
Projects
58
Small project

led .
hardware
pin1 10k VCC
. 4MHZ
: INPUT OUTPUT
: :
NEW PROJECT
59

60
}
FOR . MAIN
flashing
delay
function delay
.
simulation
.
61
Explain of proteus program
led pin 20mA high led
is on/ low led is off led data sheet led
voltage drop 1.2v 5
1.2 25 pin :
R= (5-1.2)/25mA=152
152 pin
pin
220
hex c

62
RUN .
Explain of winpic program

: PIC
PIC :
63
WINPIC
: SERIAL
PIC
_1 programmer kit . burn mode
_2 socket power .
_3 . winpic800
programmer settings hardware
JDM :
* JDM programmer
* Com1 apply
* pic 16 device hardware test
64
65
* device detect device
unknown unknown

_ burn mode run burn mode
_ serial
_ serial kit
file open pic .hex
setting osc XT LVP WDTEN

UNCHECKED
66
PROGRAM ALL
67
68

:
8 portb B0,B1,B5,B7
B2,B3,B4,B6 .
69
:
enter
.
8 .
70

.
flasher .
71
:
led b0 .
ACTIVE LOW
pin 0v . 5v
72
if == = zero
5 .
push button
push button push button
.
73
:
Push button
push button
74
:
PORTB C
push button

u sec
push button
delay user
loop check user
}{) While (RB0==0 push button
loop .
mechanical button
bounce bounce
press bounce 10m sec
delay button
bounce delay.
delay
. mechanical bouncing simulate
75
noisy environment noise
press noise key press noise
10m sec rb0==0 10m sec
noise press 10
high noise low press

76

:
PIR PIR HIGH

SWITCH
SWITCH

register unsigned char x=0

2 PIR sensor switch .
IF
x=0
else x
if x=1
switch x zero if
x=0

switch x
x=1 x=1
.
77
:
PIR simulate switch

SW-SPDT VCC GROUND .
binary ( 8 )
8 255_0 11111111 255

. decimal
binary :
78
portb=0b00000001; portb=1; portb=0b00000000; portb=0
.
79

:
switch C0 B0
switch led 8

if switch
B0 switch ,
if
switch :
B0
SWITCH
B1
SWITCH ...
loop switch
;}{)While (rc0_bit==1
80
switch loop
81
if
switch
????
82
loop
led.
83
84
:
85
:
x zero switch
x x
switch x=1 if
b0 switch x 2 if
b0, b1 x=8
switch x=9 x=0 if
.
86
:
main
; portb=0b00000001 bo for
8 8 shift
portb=portb<<1; bit
portb port
portb 8 bit
87
bit 1 bit bit
shift:
00000001
00000010
00000100
00001000
00010000
00100000
01000000
10000000
<< >>
.
c0 C1

88
PORTB=0B00000001;
; PORTB=0B00000000
; portb=0b100000000 ;portb=0b00000000
; PORTB=0B00000001 c1
;portb=0b100000000 portb=0b100000000;
C0 ;PORTB=0B00000001
.......
89
portb portb=0b00000001;
if if (portb=0b10000000) if
if

;}{) while (portb.f0==1 :
90
; portb=0b00000001
if co c1
C1 ; portb=0b10000000 c1
c0 co ; portb=0b00000001
c1
91
:
portb=00000001; ; portb=00000001

;}{ ) while (portc.f0==1 && portc.f1==1 c1

; portb=0b10000000 c0 portb=0b00000010;
portb=10000000; ; portb=0b00000001
c0
; portb=0b00000001 c1 portb=0b01000000;
.
92
:
93
Generating sound
PIC buzzer
buzzer
94
buzzer
95
:
operating buzzer
voltage=5v
Load resistance=120
12v 9v buzzer
96
buzzer 25 pin
15 9 buzzer 12
buzzer pin NPN
bc547 base
collector buzzer
pin high saturation

emitter collector short circuit
buzzer , low
cutoff emitter collector open circuit
buzzer .
. 1k
( )speaker/buzzer/piezo
.
97
98
99
100
DC coupling .
101
Tones
If (x=0; x<100; x++) {delay _ ms(x) ;}
102
.
103

104
Chapter (5)
7-Segment
105
Seven segment
106
107
common cathode
7 segment common
7 segment 7
segment a , b,.

:
108
:
109

:
up counter
delay
110
111
x x
:
8 delay
counter
112
)switch (case
function input output count

up zero 1
function count binary
up=0 count
0 b00111111 portb zero
switch ..case up=2 4

.
up=0 function count count

num =up=0 ) switch (0 case 0
; ob00111111 portb zero up
1 up=1 up==10
count case1 1 up=10
up=0 .
113
:
. down counter
up 10 1 up
0 10 up
function call
zero segment 1
up up 9 zero
.
114
.
even counter
115
up counter 2 up++
; up=up+2
seven segment
116
:
call function main up

signed
up up
up 10 10 call
function
up up=10 up=0
call function
up -1 up<0 up=9
117
call function 9
up signed 1-
char 255
. 9
4

.
118
:
119
for 4 up=0
up*2 0 up=1 2
up=3 6 up=4 8
(UP*2)+1 UP=0 1 .

...

( )
)74LS48(
)(BCD to 7 segment Decoder
120
4 8..
BCD binary coded decimal

(.. )0,1
.... b :
;portb =3
;Portb = 0b00000011
....
.. ( )7448 3
(
)a,b,c,d,g
3 ..
()7448
( )A,B,C,D
()a,b,c,d,e,f,g
121

122
7 segment
123

124
125
126
127
Chapter (6)
LCD
128
LCD
LCD
LCD

..

.

LCD ( Liquid Crystal
)Display (
)

.
.

.
..
( )
129
.
.
.
.

.
90
130
LCD
LCD :
CHARACTER LCD
Character
16 16
16 16 ,

SEGMENT TYPE LCD

GRAPHICAL LCD
Color LCD
Color LCD
131
COLOR LCD

character LCD

5*8 5*11
()5*8
132

16*2
16 32
32 .

..
ICs
.. (
) IC

" " A

IC .
. IC

IC

133
:

Lcd_Init
Lcd_Out
Lcd_Out_Cp
Lcd_Chr
Lcd_Chr_Cp
Lcd_Cmd
;)(Lcd_Init

.
Lcd_Out

.
" " ( )double quotations

Hello

;)Lcd_Out(1, 7, Hello
134
1 7
" " H e

Lcd_Out_Cp

Go
G O

Mohamed
;)"Lcd_Out_Cp("Mohamed
.. M

GoMohamed
Mohamed " " Mohamed

Lcd_Chr

'
' ( )single quotation

R
;)Lcd_Chr(1, 5, R
' 1 5 '
135
:
Lcd_Chr_Cp

' '

W

;)'Lcd_Chr_Cp('W
Lcd_Cmd

..
136

;)Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR
;)Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF
:
LCD int string LCD
string

;int temp //1
;]char temp_txt[7 //2
;)inttostring(temp,temp_txt //3
;)lcd_out(1,1,temp_txt //4
integer .temp .1
( C )string 7 .2
(temp_txt int
7 float 16
floattostr .)inttostr
temp .temp_txt .3
temp_txt LCD .4
.
LCD
7( )
:
temp
137
int temp, ons, tens, hun; //1
;ons=temp%10 //2
;temp=temp/10 //3
;tens=temp%10 //4
;hun=temp/10 //5
;)lcd_chr(1,1,hun+48 //6
lcd_chr_cp(tens+48); //7
;)lcd_chr_cp(ons+48 //8
hun tens ons .1

.
temp 10 ons ons .2
int temp
ons
452 temp 10
45 2 .452
temp 10 temp temp .3
int 452 temp.45
.4
temp .tens
temp .hun .5
. .6
48 lcd_chr
48 0 48
.
. .7
. .8

7 .
138
:

16 pin
1 16
61
:
8 3
5 power data control
16
)P( power )D( data )C( control
139

P ( 1
)
P ( 5 2
)
P * 3
( )
C 4
( )high volt (])low volt
B4
C ( )low volt 5
(( )high volt )
C ] 6
B5
D ( 7 7
] )14 [
D ] [ 8
D ] [ 9
D ] [ 10
D ] B0 [ 11
D ] B1 [ 12
D ] B2 [ 13
D ] B3 [ 14
P ( 5) 15
P 16
15
16

* contrast
.
.
:
:

3 5
10 3
pin3float
.
140
:
7,8,9,10 4 bit mode 4 bit 4 bit
char 4 bit
8 bit mode data bus
4 bit mode pin 7,8,9,10 leave open pin 11,12,13,14. in use
( ) 4
8.
sbit ;LCD_RS at RB4_bit

sbit ;LCD_EN at RB5_bit
sbit ;LCD_D7 at RB3_bit
sbit ;LCD_RS_Direction at TRISB4_bit

sbit ;LCD_EN_Direction at TRISB5_bit
sbit ;LCD_D7_Direction at TRISB3_bit
LCD_RS at RB4_bit
LCD_RS RB4 4 B

RB4 RA4
)(void main
.
141
lcd LM016L display
(( )).
i for loop 16

.

computer c i
1 computer computer
i=1 c computer i=2
c computer i=3
ccccccccomputer .
(( )) .
lcd char string char

16 ;] char txt [16 i int
string ;) IntToStr(i, txt string .
142
:
0 8
lcd_out_cp =
inttostr = .
(( ))
(( ))
143
Chapter (7)
DC Motor
144
.....
DC Motors

.
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .H-Bridge
-6 IC.
-7 .PWM
* : :
:
-1 .
-2.
-3 .
* : :

() ( google

145
).
.
:

.
)Speed=Kv*V..(1
Kv:::
V ::::: ( 5 ).
R
) (I*R

)Speed=Kv(V-I*R)..(1

Rated 12 V
Rated 120 Rpm
12 120
.
)( (Torque )

)Torque=Kt*I .(2
Kt:::
I :::

Io
.

)Torque=Kt(I-Io) .(2
.
* : :
" "Data sheet
. .
:
Speed=Kv(V-I*R)..(1
Torque=Kt(I-Io) .(2

146
Kv,Kt,R,Io
:
-1 : R
.
- ( )
.
- rated voltage

() .
.R
-2 Io :
- .
- Rated

.
.
.
-3 Kv :
Rated
.

+

-1 photo interrupter sensor
photo sensor
147

.

148
Vo 5 0
( )

16 16 .
16
.
:
( )Motor speed test
-4 Kt
1352
:
Kt=Kv/1352
* : :
.

.
.

149

( 0 )

.
:
:

Hfe(min)>(5*I)/25
I :::: mA

Ic (max)>I

.

NPN.

).RB=(V*hfe)/(5*I
* I ::: mA
V ::::: ( 5).
RB :::: .
150
:
-1 .
-2 .
PWM
:
-3fast recovery Diode
trr<200nsec
* : :
:One direction

PORTB.B0

:
;PORTB.B0=1

:
;PORTB.B0=0

Relay
151

.
:
.
bi-direction :H-Bridge

.
.

152
3 1

153
4 , 2

1 PORTB.B1 2 PORTB.B2

154
:
;PORTB.B1=1
;PORTB.B2=0

:
;PORTB.B1=0
;PORTB.B2=1

:
;PORTB.B1=0
;PORTB.F2=0
:
.Short
H-Bridge:
( 2 ) -

155
* : IC:
IC
IC . L298D L293D
: L293D :

156
Pin Position
ic l293d
input low0volt hi 5volt
157
: L298D :
l293d
pin position
158

:
Pin RB1&RB0 output 5v 0v forward

reverse
159
Button RB0 RB1
F 1 0
R 0 1
STOP 0 0

: relay device
SPDT relay :
NC switch common single pole dual throw

normal closed/ normal open NO
160
contact NO
NC ON /OFF NC . float
relay
pin NPN 12 RELAY
base
relay contact NO 12
DPDT :
Dual pole dual throw2 common 2 switches
direction forward or reverse relay 8 pin
161
contact
NC
FORWARD forward
pin

contact NO

reverse
direction on /off
relay 5 pin on/off pin RB3 relay

on off
Button RB3 RB4

F 1 0
R 1 1
STOP 0 Dont care
3 Push buttons stop F R
RB2 RB1 RB0

STOP R F
PORTB OUT IN PIN OUT IN 0
1 default input pins
162
:
port b 3pin RB3/RB4

RB3==0
stop
forward reverse

reverse or forward stop
button stop power

off RB4 .
163
:
164
* : :PWM
PWM dc motor
.
:: PWM Pulse Width Modulation .

square wave . low hi
: hi , low

.
pic :
;portb.f0=1
;)delay_ms(500
;portb.f0=0
;)delay_ms(500
hi ,low
B0
.
( 500 )
. duty cycle
duty cycle
PWM .
duty cycle %50
2.5 . duty cycle
%25 1.25 ...

. duty cycle
: pwm

duty cycle . pic
165
ccp1 ccp2 .
.
pwm
pwm
pic16f628a
pic16f877a
PWM
:
;)PWM1_Init(const long freq

.... :-
166
5
( )
.
;)PWM1_Set_Duty(unsigned short duty_ratio
duty cycle
Description
Sets PWM duty ratio. Parameter duty takes values from 0 to 255, where 0 is 0%,
127 is 50%, and 255 is 100% duty ratio. Other specific values for duty ratio can be
calculated as (Percent*255)/100.
;)PWM1_Set_Duty(172
duty cycle % 75

172/255 = 75 %
.75 ... 3.75 = 5.
;)PWM1_Start(void
pwm duty cycle

.
167
:
: ccp1
:
;)(PWM1_Stop
: ( ) PWM
pic16f877a .
ccp1

ccp2
.

CCP1 ccp2
.
168
(
reed relay

BJT MOSFET .

pulses
169
:
not_rbpu_bit=0 portb pull up resistor

,
current_duty current_duty1
current_duty duty cycle
current_duty
duty cycle
170
current_duty1 duty cycle ratio 0_255
current_duty<250
current_duty>250
up
current_duty>30
current_duty<30
.
171
:
172
:
PWM ;)( pwm1_stop

pin=0
pwm_stop pin =0
173

174

main increase duty cycle i

pin pwm I 255 for
loop led 5
. i=255
175
Chapter (8)
ADC
176
.....
Analog Digital

.
:
-1 ADC
-2 .ADC
-3 ADC.Pic16F877A
-4 MicroC .ADC
-5 .ADC
* : ( )Analog ( )Digital

..

()

..
( )

(
) ADC ( )
.

.
* : .ADC
ADC :
-1 ..
-2 ..
-3 .
-4 .ADC
177
ADC (
..)
:
-1 ) : (Sampling
) (Samples ... :
178

)..(Sampling Frequency

.
-2 ( : )Quantization

:
-3 16 ) 15 0 (
.. ) (A
13 ) (B 9 ) ( C 2 ) (D
.6
-4 .
: ADC 16

... ADC
() ADC
. ADC 16
ADC
179
2 ... n ... ADC 16
16
..
ADC
n=4 ADC
ADC (
).
: ( ADC )
.
* : ADC .Pic16F877A
: ADC
180
* : MicroC : ADC
AN 0 Digital
.
;)( adc_read samples

Quantization num

5 1023 :
1023 Quantization
5 AN 0 * 5 \
1023
volt
* : .ADC

181
Chapter (9)
Keypad
182
183
184
A/B/C/D OUTPUTS 1
A D
1 4
1 .
185
:
1 OUTPUTS
OUT IN IN
.
4 4 16 4*4
4*4

Keypad_Init
Keypad_Key_Press
Keypad_Key_Click

Keypad_Init

)(void main

;char keypadPort at PORTD
portd
portd port .
186

void main()

Keypad_Key_Press
. 16

Keypad_Key_Click
187

lcd
188
:
portd
char keypadPort at PORTD
kp
main :
initialization lcd pressed
.
:
{)while(1
;kp=0
};)(while(!kp){kp = Keypad_Key_Click
infinite loop kp 0
kp=0

kp 0 while kp
1 16 .
:
)(kp = Keypad_Key_Click
189
1
kp=49 1 49 case1 kp
49 break loop kp lcd
;) lcd _char (1,7,kp KP
49 1 . 1
ascii code :
kp
.
190
:
191
:
192

:
cnt oldstate
1 kp=49 old state

kp 1
kp 0 cnt=1
cnt
193
kp old state
1 kp=old state
else
cnt 2 ......
2 kp old state if

.
cnt=255
over flow unsigned cnt=0
0 .
.......
: keypad
1 7 7 1 .
194
cases .
line D 4 line (+/_///=/0/on)

(. )
195
Chapter (10)
Stepper
Motor
196
) (Stepper motor
. 0001: 1
1000
8
1.8
:
.)1000 0100 - 0010 - 0001(:

Unipolar
Bipolar
)1001-0011-0110-1100(
: Unipolar stepper motor

(
"" ) .
.
.
197
: Bipolar stepper motor
.
, ,
.
. 2
.
198

-1 Bipolar motors
.

. .
-2 Unipolar motors
. center-tap .
.
. 1
199
.
.2
3 .
.
( ) .

.
200

( )

S , N
201
===================================================

-:
202
===================================================
90

45 90

.
203
( 90 )
( ) 1.8 !

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/StepperMotor.gif
204

6

.
-:
-1 1 .
-2 2 .
-3 4 3
90 .
-----------------------
-1 1 .
205
-2 2
45

.
-3 1

45
.
-4 4

45 4
2
2
45 .
206

void main)(
portb = 0;
trisb = 0;
trisc =11111111;
while(1)
if(portc.f0==1)
207
portb = 0b00000011;
delay_ms(150);
portb = 0b00000001;
delay_ms(150);
portb = 0b00001001;
delay_ms(150);
portb = 0b00001000;
delay_ms(150);
portb = 0b00001100;
delay_ms(150);
portb = 0b00000100;
delay_ms(150);
portb = 0b00000110;
delay_ms(150);
portb = 0b00000010;
delay_ms(150);
if(portc.f1==1)
portb = 0b00000011;
delay_ms(200);
portb = 0b00000110;
delay_ms(200);
portb = 0b00001100;
delay_ms(200);
208
;portb = 0b00001001
;)delay_ms(200
right .
lift

(
)
1
0011 1001

45

!
209
:
1 35

: 35
1 35
35

for loop
:
;portb=0b10001000
1
1
:
;)portb=(portb<<1)|(portb>>7

portb<<1
portb=0b0001000
portb>>7 7
portb=0b00000001
( )OR
portb=0b00010001
1 ( )
(
( >> <<

for loop

210

211
:
)stepper motor (
IC ULN2803
FREEWHEELING DIODES
pin
212
500 50
500
1.5 3
500

:
IC ULN2803 Not gate 1 0

0 1 ( )
.
213
Chapter (11)
Serial
Communication
214
Serial Port

2 devices
......
:
_1 serial .
_2 logic level high level 3-

4- 25-
low level 3 4 . 25
2 devices :
serial bit by bit

line 2 lines
215
directional full-duplex
. half-duplex
male female . COM ports
Pin assignment
3 pins pin3 pin2pin5
male female male

. female
216
Synchronous and asynchronous communication
Synchronous communication:

0 9
clock
Asynchronous communication:

PIN 1
0 0 .
217
Serial data format
asynchronous format
: other bits
1_Start bit
2_data bits
3_parity bit
4_ Stop bits
start bit start

bit zero start bit data
bits ASCII Code 8 . data bits
parity bit
noise stop bit
pin .
lcd

.

1 49
49 48

.
218
logic high pin idle
stop high start bit low
. bit
Bytes versus values

byte stop bit parity bit data bits start bit
byte 8 bits byte 11 bits
. data bits byte
219
USART
)(IC
5V/0V LOGIC LEVEL logic

level hardware logic level
logic level .
: Bit Rate & Baud Rate

: Bit Rate
bps .
: Baud Rate
Baud Rate Bit Rate

220
4 1000

221

max232 pin 15 pin 16 GND pin 14/13/12/11 VCC

pin 10 T2IN
transmit pin RC6 max232 pin 9 T2OUT
receive pin RC7
MAX232 PIN7 T2OUT MAX

PIN 2 PIN8
MAX IN PIN3
.
222
PINS
.
: mikro C

;)UARTX _Init (const unsigned long baud _rate
UART baud rate
9600
8bit start bit stop bit 10 bit
960=10/9600 960 9600 default
.
X UART UART
PIC16F877A UART UART1 1
. COMPILING
;)(UARTx _Data_Ready

wire start bit
.
{)While (1
{))(If (UARTx _ Data_ Ready
}.
223
{)If (UARTx _ Data _Ready()==1
{))(If (UARTx _ Data _Ready
;)(UARTx _ Read

UARTX _ Data_ Ready .
receive char
;)( uartx_read . receive
a b
LCD . bit by bit
;)_UARTx _Write(char data

error :
)"UART1_ Write("aaa
224

;)UARTx _Write_Text(char * UART_text
text engineer
;)"UART1_Write_Text("engineer
;"!char output[]="Hi World
) uart1_read_text(output,"ok",10 output
text ok ok .
;)UART1_Write_Text(output
output
engineer .
write char
read 50 .
225

226
LCD
lcd main lcd initialize
uart initialize eng lcd

eng
engineer 2012 write text
eng lcd engineer 2012
while while
{))( if (UART_DATA_READY
uart_rd char
write
lcd engineer 2012 eng

lcd i
lcd ......
virtual terminal
hardware logic level max232
virtual instruments mode
RXD RC6 TXD
RC7 .
227
:
azex 2013

azex 2013

azex 2013
graphical user interface

notepad
228
tool tool UART terminal
:
com port com 1 band rate

9600 max
max connect
send send
. receive
229
start
;)"UART1_Write_Text("Start
;)UART1_Write(10
;)UART1_Write(13
\n .
RS232
virtual terminal
RS232
230
COMPIM
RS232
:
231
com2 . com1
Tools>>USART Terminal
RS232
COM1 & COM2 RS232

Virtual Serial Ports Driver 6.9
add pair
232
click
my computer properties device
manger :
233
ports :
port com1
run
run connect
234
:
pin RC0 PIN RC7

TRIS 1 .
235
:
user az_ex
user yes welcome azex orgnizer
. wrong enter right name
x 5 az_ex

y 5 y==5
az_ex yes .. yes
user az_ex
236
else wrong.
; y=0 y=5
.
237

,
RX TX .
transmitter 17 receive
2 baud rate
transmit receive . baud rate
serial . 9600
(( serial communication ((
238

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1

AZ-EX Technical support Committee

Chapter (1) Introduction ----------------------------- Page 6

) 3_CU (control unit

: ROM (read only memory) _B

buses micro computer

1_ read set point (user desired temperature)

2_ read room temperature with sensor

3_ if room temp. > Set point Turn compressor on

4_ if room temp. < Set point Turn compressor off

room temp. ROM T

_4 internal memory hard disk

8 bit 16 bit 32 bit

2^8 -1 =255 bit 8

temp. PIC polarity

Base line Mid range High end

PIC 10 PIC 12 PIC 18

PIC 16F877A PIC 16

Rom masked FLASH

: clock operating speed

2_ serial port for connection with computer

3_ADC with 8 channels

VDD (positive voltage)>>>>>>>>>>>>-0.3_7.5

VSS (negative voltage)>>>>>>>>>>>>>zero

sunk sourced . 25mA

Through hole mount

Specifications of microcontroller data sheet

1_How to read micro pins.

_2 counters & registers

push button reset

1_PORT A 6 PINS from RA0:RA5

2_PORT B 8 PINS from RB0:RB7

3_PORT C 8 PINS from RC0:RC7

4_PORT D 8 PINS from RD0:RD7

5_PORT E 3 PINS from RE0:RE2

digital (RAO) Analog (ANO) PIN

analog & digital PORTA & PORTE

out in pin programmer

RX RC6/TX PIN25 RC7/RX Pin26

5V +POWER SUPPLY VDD

power supply of computer component

1_NUMBER OF I/O PIN

outputs sensors SWITCHES inputs

. analog channels analog

NEW PROJECT PROJECT _ 1

_1 messages decimal decimal

1_ variable name consists of (letter, number or underscore)

2_ variable name must begin with a letter or underscore

4_ c is sensitive for small or capital- -

char eng ='a';

char eng []=''engineer'';

function hello main

function bye hello

main hello(); hello

function function limit

function function stack

, 8 listed call function

outside function . functions

function local variable

Unsigned char x=5, y= 2,q;

X/Y assignment operator

y =0000000010000000 8bit . x=0

w=4 e=2 q=w>e