5.

0 Shear Design
The shear design is only done on strength design at service for our bridge.

5.1 Necessary parameter and property calculation

The necessary parameter and property for strength design at transfer or service state are categorized
into 2 section which is section property and pre-stress property.

5.1.1 Calculation for Section Property

For section property, the parameters calculated are gross area of section, second moment of area,
section moduli, neutral axis, kerns and eccentricity. A table of summary for section property is shown
below and the sample calculation for each parameter can be found in appendix A5.1.1

Table xx: Section property of Super T beam

Section Properties Value Unit

Nominal diameter for super strand, db 15.2 mm
Area, A 975204 mm^2
Second moment of area, I 3.60734E+11 mm^4
Neutral axis from bottom, yb 1043.7912 mm
Section moduli, Zb 345599771.3 mm^3
Kerns 354.3871552 mm
First moment of the shaded area about the centroid, Q 201940508.9 mm
eccentricity, e 0 mm

5.1.2 Calculation for Pre-stress Property

For pre-stress property, the parameters calculated are d b, A, I, yb, Zb, Kerns, Q, and e. These terms
above are defined below in the table of summary for material property and the sample calculation
for each parameter can be found in appendix A5.1.2.

Table xx: Pre-stress property of Super T beam

Pre-stress Properties Value Unit Reference

Area (for single strand), Aps 143 mm^2 AS 5100.5, Table 6.3.1
Number of strands 36
Minimum tensile strength, fp 1750 MPa AS 5100.5, Table 6.3.1
Area of prestress, Ap 5148 mm^2
Initial prestress- strands stressed to 0.75 6756.75 kN
breaking strength
0.7
Effective prestress, Pe 4729.725 kN

5.1.3 Calculate V*max

V*max is calculated by using the M* value obtained from service strength of our design calculated
using spacegass. A table of summary for shear force at d o from support is shown below and the
sample calculation can be found in appendix 5.1.3

Table xx: Shear force at do from support for Super T beam

Step 1: V*max
Properties Value Unit Description/Reference
Height, D 1500
Shear Depth, do 1200 AS 5100.5, cl.8.2.4(b)
Vmax 1580.39 kN from spacegass
distance from Vmax in SFD, d 300 mm
Shear force at do from support, V*max 1395.583578 kN
Coincident moment, M* 1867.668 kNm

5.1.4 Calculate Vu.max

Vu.max is calculated to find out the design maximum shear capacity for Super T beam. This is to
check whether our design section dimension is adequate to resist the shear force at d o from support.

A table of summary for design maximum shear capacity is shown below and the sample calculation
can be found in appendix A5.1.4

Table xx: Design maximum shear capacity for Super T beam

Step 2: Vu.max
Properties Value Unit Reference/description
characteristic compressive cylinder 50 MPa AS 5100.5, Table 3.1.1
strength of concrete at 28 days, f'c
bv 200 mm
Pv 0 kN straight horizontal strands mean no
vertical component of prestress
Maximum shear capacity, Vu.max 2400 kN
0.7
Vu.max 1680 kN V*max Vu.max therefore section
dimensions are adequate
The design section dimension is adequate therefore we can proceed with flexural and web shear
cracking calculation.

5.2 Flexural-shear cracking check

The design flexural shear cracking, Vuc(flex) is calculated to check with the web shear cracking to
find out which is critical. A table of summary for design flexural shear cracking is shown below and
the sample calculation can be found in appendix 5.2

Table xx: Design flexural shear cracking for Super T beam

Step 3: Vuc-Flexural Shear Cracking

Properties Value Unit Reference/description
Depth factor, 1 1.1 AS 5100.5, cl.8.2.7.1
Axial force factor, 2 1 AS 5100.5, cl.8.2.7.1
Enchanced shear resistance at av=do from 1 AS 5100.5, cl.8.2.7.1
support, 3
Transmission length, Lpt 912 mm AS 5100.5, cl.13.3.2
Force, P 6389.277632 kN AS 5100.5, cl.13.3.2
Decompression moment, Mo 2264.277924 kNm AS 5100.5, cl.8.2.7.2(2)
Coincident shear, Vo 1691.943689 kN AS 5100.5, cl.8.2.7.2
Flexural Shear Cracking, Vuc(flex) 1800.036386 kN AS 5100.5, cl.8.2.7.1
Vuc 1260.02547 kN AS 5100.5, cl.8.2.7.1

5.3 Web- shear Cracking check

The design web shear cracking, Vuc(web) is calculated to check with the flexural shear cracking to
find out which is critical. A table of summary for design web shear cracking is shown below and the
sample calculation can be found in appendix 5.3

Table xx: Design web shear cracking for Super T beam

Step 3: Vuc-Web Shear Cracking

Properties Value Unit Reference/description
Normal stress at the centroid, sigma 0.00655173 MPa
4
Tensile principal stress, sigma1 2.33345237 MPa AS 5100.5, cl.8.2.7.2(4)
8
Coincident shear stress, v 2.33672594 MPa AS 5100.5, cl.8.2.7.2(4)
9
Allowable principal shear force, Vt 834.836460 kN AS 5100.5, cl.8.2.7.2(4)
7
Web shear cracking, Vuc(web) 834.836460 kN AS 5100.5, cl.8.2.7.2(4)
7
Web shear cracking, Vuc(web) 584.385522 kN Web shear cracking capacity governs
5 since Vuc(web)< Vuc(flex)
After checking, it is found that web shear cracking capacity governs therefore the web shear cracking
will be compared with the minimum shear capacity.

5.4 Minimum shear capacity and criteria for minimum shear

reinforcement
The minimum shear capacity is calculated and and it is check whether it is sufficient to resist the
shear force at do from support. A table of summary for minimum shear capacity and the criteria for
minimum shear reinforcement is shown below and the sample calculation for minimum shear
capacity and the criteria for minimum shear reinforcement can be found in appendix A5.4

Table xx: Minimum shear capacity for Super T beam

Step 4: Vu.min
Properties Value Unit Reference/description
Capacity of section with minimum 978.836460 kN AS 5100.5, cl.8.2.9
reinforcement, Vu.min 7
Design minimum capacity, Vu.min 685.185522 kN
5

Table xx: Criteria for minimum shear reinforcement for Super T beam

Step 5: check if minimum shear

reinforcement is sufficient
Properties Value Unit Reference/description
V*max Vu.min required 1395.6 not okay; at do from the face, min
 >685.1 shear reinfocement is not sufficient
9
After checking, we found that the minimum shear reinforcement is not sufficient hence shear
reinforcement is required.

5.5 Shear Reinforcement calculation

The shear reinforcement is added using two legs of 10mm stirrups. The number and spacing of
stirrups are calculated to ensure that the design criteria is fulfil. A table of summary for shear
reinforcement calculation is shown below and the sample calculation can be found in appendix A5.5

Table xx: Shear reinforcement for Super T beam

Step 6: Shear reinforcement design

Properties Value Unit Reference/description
Amount of shear resistance provided by 1158.854365 kN AS 5100.5, cl.8.2.10
reinforcement, Vus
Shear angle, v 40.71151563 degree AS 5100.5, cl.8.2.10
Asv / s 1.55276665 mm^2/mm
Area for two legs of 10mm stirrups, Asv 157 mm^2
Spacing, s 80 mm
fsy.f 500 MPa
Capacity, Vus 1177.5 kN
Vu= (Vuc + Vus) 1408.635522 kN
Vu.min =(Vuc + 0.6bvdo) 685.1855225 kN
Therefore, N10-80 stirrups is used throughout V*max = 1395.6

Appendix
A5.1 Necessary parameter and property calculation
A5.1.1Section property for shear design (service)
1) The calculation for area, second moment of area, neutral axis, eccentricity and section
moduli can be found in appendix A4.1.1.
2) Kerns is calculated using the equation below:
A
Kerns= =354.39 mm
Zb

A5.1.2 Pre-stress property for shear design (service)

1) The calculation for Aps, fp, Ap, number of strands and can be found in appendix A4.1.2
2) The equation below is used to calculate the initial strands stressed subjected to 0.75%
breaking strength.
fp
Pi=0.75 Pi=6756.75 kN
Ap
3) The effective prestress, Pe is calculated using the equation below:
Pe = Pi Pe =4729.73 kN

A5.1.3 Calculate V*max

1) The shear depth is approximately 0.8D in accordance to AS5100.5, cl.8.2.4(b).
Shear Depth=0.8 1500=1200 mm
 2) The maximum shear capacity of the super T beam is attained from Spacegass.
3) The shear force at do from support is calculated using the equation below:

V 4
V max = V max =1395.6 kN
span length
4) The coincident moment is calculated using the equation below:
2

M =d o V max
40 d o
2 ( ) M =1867.67 kNm

A 5.1.4 Calculate Vu.max

1) Fc, bv, and has been determined in appendix A4.1.2
2) Pv = 0 because the super strand is a straight horizontal strand with no vertical component of
pre-stress.
3) The maximum shear capacity is calculated using the equation below:
'
V u .max =0.2 f c b v d o + P v =2400 kN
4) Design shear capacity includes the loss due to pre-stress.
V u .max =0.7 2400=1680 kN

A5.2 Flexural-shear cracking check

1) The depth factor, axial force factor and enchanced shear resistance at a v=do from support is
determined in accordance to AS5100.5, cl. 8.2.7.1 as shown in the figure below.

Figure xx: Factors involved in shear strength of a beam design

 Based on the figure above, 2 and 3 = 1.0 whereas 1 is calculated using the equation above.
do
(
1=1.1 1.6
1000 ) 1=0.44=1.1(sinceit is less than1.1)
2) The transmission length is calculated using the equation below:
L pt =60 d b L pt =912mm
3) The force, P is calculated using the equation below:
Pe
P= ( d o 0.1 P ) P=6389.3 kN
( 0.9 L pt )
4) The decompression moment is calculated using the equation below:
M o=P (Kerns+e )
5) The coincident shear is calculated using the equation below:
Mo
V o=V max ( )
M
6) The flexural shear cracking is calculated using the equation above (AS5100.5, cl.8.2.7.1(1)):
V uc =1683.11 kN
7) The design flexural shear cracking is calculated using the equation below:
V uc =0.7 1683.11=1178.18 kN

A5.3 Web- shear cracking check

1) The normal stress at the centroid is calculated using the equation below:
P
= =0.00694 MPa
A
2) The tensile principle stress, 1 is calculated using the equation below (AS5100.5, cl.8.2.7.2(4):
1=0.33 f 'c 1=2.333 MPa
3) The coincident shear stress is calculated using the equation below:

1+
2


v =2.336 MPa
2



v =
4) The allowable principal shear force is calculated using the equation below:
v I bv
vt = v t =597.68 kN
Q
5) The web shear cracking is calculated using the equation below:
V uc =v t + P v V uc =597.68 kN
6) The design web shear cracking is calculated using the equation below:
V uc =0.7 597.68=418.38 kN
7) The design web shear cracking is higher than the design flexural shear cracking, therefore the
web shear cracking capacity governs.
A5.4 Minimum shear capacity and criteria for minimum shear
reinforcement
1) The capacity of section with minimum reinforcement is calculated using the equation below:
V u .min =V uc + ( 0.6 d o bv ) V u .min =741.68 kN
2) The design minimum section capacity is calculated using the equation below:
V u . min=0.7 741.68=519.78 kN
3) Checking V* against the design minimum section capacity, the V* value is higher therefore
minimum shear reinforcement is not sufficient. Shear reinforcement is required.

A5.5 Shear Reinforcement calculation

1) The amount of shear resistance to be provided by reinforcement is calculated using the
equation below:
V V uc
V us= V us=1158.85 kN

2) The shear angle is calculated using the equation below:

V V u .min
v =30+15
(
V u . max V u .min ) v =40.7 degree

3) The ratio Asv/s is calculated using the equation below:

A sv V us A sv
= =1.55 mm 2 /mm
s f sy .f d o cot v s
4) Asv is calculated by considering the area of a 2 legs of 10mm stirrups as shown below:
10 2 2
A sv =2 A sv =157 mm
4
5) The required spacing is calculated using the value from step 4 and 5 and this is shown below:
157
s= =80( round down)
1.55
6) The shear capacity of the reinforcement is calculated using the equation below:
A sv
V us= f d V us=1177.5 kN
s sy. f o
7) The design shear capacity of the reinforcement is calculated using the equation below:
V u = ( V u c +V u s ) V u =1408 kN