La temprature de fonctionnement d'un moteur ne doit jamais dpasser la temprature

maximale autorise, car elle entranera une dtrioration et une panne d'isolation et rduira la
dure de vie des moteurs.

V Il est gnralement recommand de baser les valeurs de puissance du moteur sur une valeur
de temprature standard, disons 35 C.

V En consquence, la puissance donne sur la plaque signaltique d'un moteur correspond la

puissance que le moteur est capable de fournir sans surchauffe une temprature ambiante de
35 c. Le cycle de service est troitement li la temprature et est gnralement pris pour
inclure galement les facteurs environnementaux.

V La classification d'une machine peut tre dtermine partir des considrations de

chauffage.

V Cependant, le moteur ainsi slectionn doit tre vrifi pour sa capacit de surcharge et son
couple de dmarrage.

V Ceci est d au fait que le moteur slectionn uniquement en fonction du chauffage peut ne
pas tre en mesure de satisfaire aux exigences mcaniques de la base de chauffage peut ne pas
tre en mesure de satisfaire aux exigences mcaniques de la charge entraner par celui-ci.

V La majorit des machines lectriques utilises dans les variateurs fonctionnent en continu
une charge constante ou lgrement variable.

V La slection de la capacit du moteur pour ces applications est assez simple dans le cas o
l'entre de puissance constante approximative est connue

V Dans de nombreuses applications, l'entre de puissance requise pour un moteur n'est pas
connue avant la main et, par consquent, certaines difficults apparaissent dans de tels cas.

V Pour la dtermination des classifications des machines dont les caractristiques de charge
n'ont pas t tudies de manire approfondie, il faut dterminer le schma de charge, c'est--
dire que le diagramme montre la variation de puissance en fonction du temps.

La temprature du moteur change continuellement lorsque la charge est variable. En raison de

cela, il devient difficile de slectionner la puissance du moteur selon le chauffage.
V L'tude analytique du chauffage devient trs complique si le schma de charge est de
forme irrgulire ou lorsqu'il a un grand nombre d'tapes.

V Il est donc extrmement difficile de slectionner la capacit du moteur grce l'analyse du

diagramme de charge en slectionnant la capacit du moteur grce l'analyse du diagramme
de charge en raison du manque de prcision de cette mthode.

D'autre part, il n'est pas correct de slectionner le moteur selon la charge la plus basse ou la
plus leve car le moteur serait surcharg dans le premier cas et sous charge dans le second
cas. Par consquent, il devient ncessaire d'adopter des mthodes appropries pour la
dtermination des performances du moteur.
Mthodes utilises

Les quatre mthodes couramment utilises sont les suivantes:

1 Mthodes de perte moyenne

2 Mthode de courant quivalent

3 Mthode de couple quivalente

4 Mthode de puissance quivalente

1. Mthodes de pertes moyennes

La mthode consiste trouver des pertes moyennes Q av dans le moteur lorsqu'il

fonctionne selon le diagramme de charge donn.

Ces pertes sont ensuite compares avec le Q, les pertes correspondant au service continu de
la machine lorsqu'il est utilis son niveau normal.

La mthode des pertes moyennes prsuppose que lorsque Q av = Q nomn, le moteur

fonctionnera sans lvation de temprature au-dessus du maximum autoris pour la classe
particulire d'isolation.
V La figure montre un diagramme de charge simple et un diagramme de perte pour des
conditions de charge variables.

V Les pertes du moteur sont calcules pour chaque partie du schma de charge en se rfrant
la courbe d'efficacit du moteur.

Dans le cas o les deux pertes sont gales ou diffrent d'une petite quantit, le moteur est
slectionn. Si les pertes diffrent considrablement, un autre moteur est slectionn et les
calculs rpts jusqu' ce qu'un moteur ait presque les mmes pertes que les pertes moyennes.

V Il convient de vrifier que le moteur slectionn prsente une capacit de surcharge et un

couple de dmarrage suffisants.

V La mthode des pertes moyennes ne tient pas compte de l'augmentation de temprature

maximale dans des conditions de charge variables. Cependant, cette mthode est prcise et
fiable pour dterminer l'lvation de temprature moyenne du moteur pendant un cycle de
travail.

L'inconvnient de cette mthode est qu'il est fastidieux de travailler avec et aussi plusieurs
fois que la courbe d'efficacit n'est pas facilement disponible et que l'efficacit doit tre
calcule au moyen d'une formule empirique qui peut ne pas tre exacte.
Le courant quivalent est compar au courant nominal du moteur slectionn et les conditions
I eq Inom doivent tre respectes. I nom est le courant nominal de la machine. La machine
slectionne doit galement tre vrifie pour sa capacit de surcharge,

2. Mthode actuelle quivalente

La mthode actuelle quivalente repose sur l'hypothse que le courant variable rel peut tre
remplac par un courant quivalent i eq qui produit les mmes pertes dans le moteur que le
courant actuel.
Si la capacit de surcharge du moteur slectionn n'est pas suffisante, il devient ncessaire de
slectionner un moteur de puissance suprieure.

Le courant quivalent peut ne pas tre facile calculer surtout dans les cas o le diagramme
de charge actuel est irrgulier. Le courant quivalent dans ces cas est calcul partir de
l'expression suivante.
La mthode ci-dessus permet de calculer les valeurs courantes quivalentes avec une
prcision suffisante pour des raisons pratiques.

3. Mthode de couple quivalente

En supposant un flux constant et un facteur de puissance, le couple est directement

proportionnel au courant.

4. Mthode de puissance quivalente

L'quation pour une mthode de puissance quivalente, la puissance est directement

proportionnelle au couple.

vitesse constante ou lorsque les changements de vitesse sont faibles, la puissance

quivalente est donne par la relation suivante,

3. Court terme du moteur

Un moteur lectrique de puissance nominale P r soumis sa charge nominale atteint
continuellement son lvation de temprature admissible aprs un certain temps. Si le mme
moteur doit tre utilis pour un service court terme, il peut prendre plus de charge pendant
une courte priode sans augmenter la temprature maximale autorise du moteur pendant
cette priode.

O = temps de fonctionnement sous la charge nominale

Qm = temprature maximale admissible que le moteur fonctionnant sur une courte priode de
temps atteindra si elle est excute en continu cette note.

Qm = augmentation maximale admissible de la temprature du moteur en continu en continu.

Si l'on suppose que l'lvation de la temprature est proportionnelle aux pertes correspondant
la puissance nominale du moteur.

L'valuation du moteur sera proportionnelle aux pertes. Si P x est la charge de temps court P r
est la puissance nominale continue du moteur, les pertes pour la qualit continue sont,
Si l'on suppose que l'lvation de la temprature est proportionnelle aux pertes
correspondant la puissance nominale du moteur.

L'valuation du moteur sera proportionnelle aux pertes. Si P x est la charge de temps

court P r est la puissance nominale continue du moteur, les pertes pour la qualit
continue sont,
Diverses variations de temps de charge rencontres en huit classes

je. Droit continu

Ii. Obligation de courte dure

Iii. Droit priodique intermittent

Iv. Obligation priodique intermittente avec dmarrage

V. Service priodique intermittent avec dmarrage et freinage

Vi. Service continu avec chargement priodique intermittent

Vii. Service continu avec dmarrage et freinage

Viii. Fonctionnement continu avec des changements de vitesse

priodiques.
ntroduction

Define Drive and Electric Drive?

Drive: A combination of prime mover, transmission equipment and mechanical

Working load is called a drive

Electric drive: An Electric Drive can be defined as an electromechanical

device for converting electrical energy to mechanical energy to impart motion
to different machines and mechanisms for various kinds of process control.

List out some examples of prime movers?

Hydraulic Engine,

Steam engine,

Turbine or electric motors.

List out some advantages of electric drives?

Availability of electric drives over a wide range of power a few watts to mega
watts.
Ability to provide a wide range of torques over wide range of speeds.
Electric motors are available in a variety of design in order to make them
compatible to any type of load.

Give some examples of Electric Drives?

Driving fans, ventilators, compressors and pumps.
Lifting goods by hoists and cranes.
Imparting motion to conveyors in factories, mines and warehouses
Running excavators & escalators, electric locomotives trains, cars trolley buses,
lifts & drum winders etc.

What are the types of electric drives?

Group electric drives (Shaft drive),

Individual Drives,

Multi motor electric drives.

What is a Group Electric Drive (Shaft Drive)?

This drive consists of single motor, which drives one or more line Shafts
supported on bearings.

The line shaft may be fitted with either pulleys & belts or gears, by means of
which a group of machines or mechanisms may be operated.

Classify electric drives based on the means of control?

Manual,

Semiautomatic,

Automatic

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Group drive (Shaft drive)?

A single large motor can be used instead of a number of small motors.

The rating of the single motor may be appropriately reduced taking into account
the diversity factor of loads.

Disadvantages:
There is no flexibility; Addition of an extra machine to the main Shaft is
difficult.

The efficiency of the drive is low, because of the losses occurring in several
transmitting mechanisms.

The complete drive system requires shutdown if the motor, requires Servicing
or repair.

The system is not very safe to operate

The noise level at the work spot is very high.

What is an individual electric drive? Give some examples. (UQ)

In this drive, each individual machine is driven by a separate motor. This motor
also imparts motion to various other parts of the machine.

Single spindle drilling machine, Lathe machines etc.

What is a multi motor electric drive? Give some examples.

In this drive, there are several drives, each of which serves to activate on of the
working parts of the driven mechanisms.

Metal cutting machine tools, paper making machines, rolling mills, traction
drive, Traveling cranes etc.,

Write about manual control, semiautomatic control & Automatic control?

Manual control: The electric drives with manual control can be as simple as a
room fan, incorporating on switch and a resistance for setting the required
speed.
Semiautomatic control: This control consists of a manual device for giving a
certain command (Starting, braking, reversing, change of speed etc.,) and an
automatic device that in response to command operates the drive in accordance
with a preset sequence or order.

Automatic control: The electric drives with automatic control have a control
gear, Without manual devices

What are the typical elements of an Electric Drive?

What is a load diagram? What are its types? What are required to draw a
load
A load diagram is the diagram which shows graphically the variation of torque
acting on the electric drive. The motor of the electric drive has to overcome the
load torque expressed as a function of time.
Types:
One for the static or steady state process

Other for the dynamic process, when the dynamic components of torque are
induced by the inertia of the motor & load.

(Instantaneous speed, acceleration, Torque & power) as a function of time are

required to draw..

What are the types drive systems?(UQ)

Electric Drives

Mechanical Drives

Electromechanical Drives

Hydraulic drives.

Give an expression for the losses occurring in a machine?

The losses occurring in a machine is given by
W = Wc + x2 Wv
Where Wc = Constant losses
Wv = Variable losses at full load
X = load on the motor expressed as a function of rated load.

What are the assumptions made while performing heating & cooling
calculation of an electric motor?

The machine is considered to be a homogeneous body having a uniform

temperature gradient. All the points at which heat generated have the same
temperature. All the points at which heat is dissipated are also at same
temperature.

Heat dissipation taking place is proportional to the difference of temperature of

the body and surrounding medium. No heat is radiated.

The rate of dissipation of heat is constant at all temperatures.

What are the factors that influence the choice of Electrical drives?
Shaft power & speed
Power range
Starting torque
Maintenance
Total purchase cost
Influence on power supply
Availability
Nature of electric supply
Types of drive
Service cost
Speed range
Efficiency
Influence on the supply network
Special competence
Cost of energy losses
Environment
Accessibility
Nature of load
Electrical Characteristics
Service capacity & rating

Indicate the importance of power rating & heating of electric drives.

Power rating: Correct selection of power rating of electric motor is of

economic interest as it is associated with capital cost and running cost of drives.

Heating: For proper selection of power rating the most important

considerations the heating effect of load. In this connection various forms of
loading or duty cycles have to be considered.

How heating occurs in motor drives?

The heating of motor due to losses occurring inside the motor while converting
the electrical power into mechanical power and these losses occur in steel core,
motor winding & bearing friction.

What are the classes of duties?

Continuous duty
Short time duty operation of motor Main classes of duties
Intermittent periodic duty
Intermittent periodic duty with starting
Intermittent periodic duty with starting & braking
Continuous duty with intermittent periodic loading
Continuous duty with starting & braking
Continuous duty with periodic load changes

How will you classify electric drives based on the method of speed control?
Reversible &non reversible in controlled constant speed
Reversible and non reversible step speed control
Reversible and non reversible smooth speed control
Constant predetermined position control
Variable position control
Composite control.

List out some applications for which continuous duty is required.

Centrifugal pumps, fans, conveyors & compressors

Why the losses at starting are not a factor of consideration in a continuous

duty motor?

While selecting a motor for this type of duty it is not necessary to give
importance to the heating caused by losses at starting even though they are
more than the losses at rated load. This is because the motor does not require
frequent start nit is started only once in its duty cycle and the losses during
starting do not have much influence on heating.

What is meant by short time rating of motor?

Any electric motor that is rated for a power rating P for continuous operation
can be loaded for a short time duty (P sh) that is much higher than P, if the
temperature rise is the consideration.
What is meant by load equalization?
In the method of load Equalization intentionally the motor inertia is increased
By adding a flywheel on the motor shaft, if the motor is not to be reversed. For
Effectiveness of the flywheel, the motor should have a prominent drooping
characteristic so that on load there is a considerable speed drop.
How a motor rating is determined in a continuous duty and Variable load?
Method of Average losses, equivalent power, equivalent Torque

Define heating time constant & cooling time constant?

Heating time constant is defined as the time taken by the machine to attain
0.623 of its final steady temperature rise.

Cooling time constant is, therefore, defined as the time required cooling the
machine down to 0.368 times the initial temperature rise above ambient
temperature.

What are the various function performed by an electric drive?

Driving fans, ventilators, compressors & pumps etc.,
Lifting goods by hoists & cranes
Imparting motion to conveyors in factories, mines & warehouses and
Running excavators & escalators, electric locomotives, trains, cars, Trolley
buses and lifts etc.

Write down the heat balance equation?

Heat balance equation is given by Ghd0 + S0 .dt = p.dt

What is ingress protection code? (UQ)

The protection code deals with the methods employed for safeguarding the
motor against the entry of external agents like dust, water etc.

For example IP 21 deals with safeguarding motor against foreign bodies like
water. IP stands for ingress protection code.

What are the mechanical considerations to be considered in Selection of

motor (UQ)
Types of enclosures

Types of bearings

Types of mounting

Types of drive

Noise emitted

Mention four types of mechanical load?

Load torque remaining constant irrespective of the speed

Load torque increasing with the square of the speed

Load torque increasing with speed, Load torque decreasing

Define continuous duty of a motor?

Continuous duty: This type drive is operated continuously for a duration

which is long enough to reach its steady state value of temperature. This duty is
characterized by constant motor torque and constant motor loss operation. This
type of duty can be accomplished by single phase/ three phase induction motors
and DC shunt motors.

Examples:

Paper mill drives

Compressors
Conveyors
Centrifugal pumps and
Fans

Draw the block diagram of electric drive?

Draw the heating and cooling curve?