CHAPTER 9

9.1. In Fig. 9.4, let B = 0.2 cos 120t T, and assume that the conductor joining the two ends of the
resistor is perfect. It may be assumed that the magnetic field produced by I(t) is negligible.
Find:
a) Vab (t): Since B is constant over the loop area, the flux is = (0.15)2 B = 1.41
102 cos 120t Wb. Now, emf = Vba (t) = d/dt = (120)(1.41 102 ) sin 120t.
Then Vab (t) = Vba (t) = 5.33 sin 120t V.
b) I(t) = Vba (t)/R = 5.33 sin(120t)/250 = 21.3 sin(120t) mA

9.2. In the example described by Fig. 9.1, replace the constant magnetic flux density by the time-
varying quantity B = B0 sin t az . Assume that v is constant and that the displacement y of
the bar is zero at t = 0. Find the emf at any time, t.
The magnetic flux through the loop area is
Z Z vt Z d
m = B dS = B0 sin t (az az ) dx dy = B0 v t d sin t
s 0 0

Then the emf is

I
dm
emf = E dL = = B0 d v [sin t + t cos t] V
dt

9.3. Given H = 300 az cos(3 108 t y) A/m in free space, find the emf developed in the general
a direction about the closed path having corners at
a) (0,0,0), (1,0,0), (1,1,0), and (0,1,0): The magnetic flux will be:
Z 1 Z 1
= 3000 cos(3 108 t y) dx dy = 3000 sin(3 108 t y)|10
0 0

= 3000 sin(3 108 t 1) sin(3 108 t) Wb

Then
d
emf = = 300(3 108 )(4 107 ) cos(3 108 t 1) cos(3 108 t)
dt
= 1.13 105 cos(3 108 t 1) cos(3 108 t) V

b) corners at (0,0,0), (2,0,0), (2,2,0), (0,2,0): In this case, the flux is

= 2 3000 sin(3 108 t y)|2

0 =0

The emf is therefore 0.

164
9.4. A rectangular loop of wire containing a high-resistance voltmeter has corners initially at
(a/2, b/2, 0), (a/2, b/2, 0), (a/2, b/2, 0), and (a/2, b/2, 0). The loop begins to rotate
about the x axis at constant angular velocity , with the first-named corner moving in the
az direction at t = 0. Assume a uniform magnetic flux density B = B0 az . Determine the
induced emf in the rotating loop and specify the direction of the current.
The magnetic flux though the loop is found (as usual) through
Z
m = B dS, where S = n da
s

Because the loop is rotating, the direction of the normal, n, changing, and is in this case
given by
n = cos t az sin t ay
Therefore,
Z b/2 Z a/2
m = B0 az (cos t az sin t ay ) dx dy = abB0 cos t
b/2 a/2

The integral is taken over the entire loop area (regardless of its immediate orientation).
The important result is that the component of B that is normal to the loop area is varying
sinusoidally, and so it is fine to think of the B field itself rotating about the x axis in the
opposite direction while the loop is stationary. Now the emf is
I
dm
emf = E dL = = ab B0 sin t V
dt

The direction of the current is the same as the direction of E in the emf expression.
It is easiest to picture this by considering the B field rotating and the loop fixed. By
convention, dL will be counter-clockwise when looking down on the loop from the upper
half-space (in the opposite direction of the normal vector to the plane). The current will
be counter-clockwise whenever the emf is positive, and will be clockwise whenever the
emf is negative.

9.5. The location of the sliding bar in Fig. 9.5 is given by x = 5t + 2t3 , and the separation of the
two rails is 20 cm. Let B = 0.8x2 az T. Find the voltmeter reading at:
a) t = 0.4 s: The flux through the loop will be
Z 0.2 Z x
0.16 3 0.16
= 0.8(x0 )2 dx0 dy = x = (5t + 2t3 )3 Wb
0 0 3 3

Then

d 0.16
emf = = (3)(5t + 2t3 )2 (5 + 6t2 ) = (0.16)[5(.4) + 2(.4)3 ]2 [5 + 6(.4)2 ] = 4.32 V
dt 3

b) x = 0.6 m: Have 0.6 = 5t + 2t3 , from which we find t = 0.1193. Thus

emf = (0.16)[5(.1193) + 2(.1193)3 ]2 [5 + 6(.1193)2 ] = .293 V

165
9.6. Let the wire loop of Problem 9.4 be stationary in its t = 0 position and find the induced emf
that results from a magnetic flux density given by B(y, t) = B0 cos(t y) az , where and
are constants.
We begin by finding the net magnetic flux through the loop:
Z Z b/2 Z a/2
m = B dS = B0 cos(t y) az az dx dy
s b/2 a/2
B0 a
= [sin(t + b/2) sin(t b/2)]

Now the emf is
I
dm B0 a
emf = E dL = = [cos(t + b/2) cos(t b/2)]
dt
Using the trig identity, cos(a b) = cos a cos b sin a sin b, we may write the above result
as

emf = +2B0 a sin(t) sin(b/2) V

9.7. The rails in Fig. 9.7 each have a resistance of 2.2 /m. The bar moves to the right at a
constant speed of 9 m/s in a uniform magnetic field of 0.8 T. Find I(t), 0 < t < 1 s, if the bar
is at x = 2 m at t = 0 and
a) a 0.3 resistor is present across the left end with the right end open-circuited: The flux
in the left-hand closed loop is
l = B area = (0.8)(0.2)(2 + 9t)
Then, emf l = dl /dt = (0.16)(9) = 1.44 V. With the bar in motion, the loop
resistance is increasing with time, and is given by Rl (t) = 0.3 + 2[2.2(2 + 9t)]. The current
is now
emf l 1.44
Il (t) = = A
Rl (t) 9.1 + 39.6t
Note that the sign of the current indicates that it is flowing in the direction opposite that
shown in the figure.
b) Repeat part a, but with a resistor of 0.3 across each end: In this case, there will be
a contribution to the current from the right loop, which is now closed. The flux in the
right loop, whose area decreases with time, is
r = (0.8)(0.2)[(16 2) 9t]
and emf r = dr /dt = (0.16)(9) = 1.44 V. The resistance of the right loop is Rr (t) =
0.3 + 2[2.2(14 9t)], and so the contribution to the current from the right loop will be
1.44
Ir (t) = A
61.9 39.6t
The minus sign has been inserted because again the current must flow in the opposite
direction as that indicated in the figure, with the flux decreasing with time. The total
current is found by adding the part a result, or

1 1
IT (t) = 1.44 + A
61.9 39.6t 9.1 + 39.6t

166
9.8. A perfectly-conducting filament is formed into a circular ring of radius a. At one point a
resistance R is inserted into the circuit, and at another a battery of voltage V0 is inserted.
Assume that the loop current itself produces negligible magnetic field.
a) Apply Faradays law, Eq. (4), evaluating each side of the equation carefully and inde-
pendently to show the equality: With no B field present, and no time variation, the
right-hand side of Faradays law is zero, and so therefore
I
E dL = 0

This is just a statement of Kirchos voltage law around the loop, stating that the battery
voltage is equal and opposite to the resistor voltage.
b) Repeat part a, assuming the battery removed, the ring closed again, and a linearly-
increasing B field applied in a direction normal to the loop surface: The situation now
becomes the same as that shown in Fig. 9.4, except the loop radius is now a, and the
resistor value is not specified. Consider the loop as in the x-y plane with the positive
z axis directed out of the page. The a direction is thus counter-clockwise around the
loop. The B field (out of the page as shown) can be written as B(t) = B0 t az . With the
normal to the loop specified as az , the direction of dL is, by the right hand convention,
a . Since the wire is perfectly-conducting, the only voltage appears across the resistor,
and is given as VR . Faradays law becomes
I Z
dm d
E dL = VR = = B0 t az az da = a2 B0
dt dt s

This indicates that the resistor voltage, VR = a2 B0 , has polarity such that the positive
terminal is at point a in the figure, while the negative terminal is at point b. Current
flows in the clockwise direction, and is given in magnitude by I = a2 B0 /R.

9.9. A square filamentary loop of wire is 25 cm on a side and has a resistance of 125 per meter
length. The loop lies in the z = 0 plane with its corners at (0, 0, 0), (0.25, 0, 0), (0.25, 0.25, 0),
and (0, 0.25, 0) at t = 0. The loop is moving with velocity vy = 50 m/s in the field Bz =
8 cos(1.5 108 t 0.5x) T. Develop a function of time which expresses the ohmic power being
delivered to the loop: First, since the field does not vary with y, the loop motion in the y
direction does not produce any time-varying flux, and so this motion is immaterial. We can
evaluate the flux at the original loop position to obtain:
Z .25 Z .25
(t) = 8 106 cos(1.5 108 t 0.5x) dx dy
0 0

= (4 106 ) sin(1.5 108 t 0.13x) sin(1.5 108 t) Wb

Now, emf = V (t) = d/dt = 6.0102 cos(1.5 108 t 0.13x) cos(1.5 108 t) , The total
loop resistance is R = 125(0.25 + 0.25 + 0.25 + 0.25) = 125 . Then the ohmic power is

V 2 (t)
P (t) = = 2.9 103 cos(1.5 108 t 0.13x) cos(1.5 108 t) Watts
R

167
9.10 a) Show that the ratio of the amplitudes of the conduction current density and the displacement
current density is / for the applied field E = Em cos t. Assume = 0 . First, D =
E = Em cos t. Then the displacement current density is D/t = Em sin t. Second,
Jc = E = Em cos t. Using these results we find |Jc |/|Jd | = /.
b) What is the amplitude ratio if the applied field is E = Em et/ , where is real? As before,
find D = E = Em et/ , and so Jd = D/t = (/ )Em et/ . Also, Jc = Em et/ .
Finally, |Jc |/|Jd | = /.

9.11. Let the internal dimension of a coaxial capacitor be a = 1.2 cm, b = 4 cm, and l = 40 cm.
The homogeneous material inside the capacitor has the parameters = 1011 F/m, = 105
H/m, and = 105 S/m. If the electric field intensity is E = (106 /) cos(105 t)a V/m, find:
a) J: Use
10
J = E = cos(105 t)a A/m2

b) the total conduction current, Ic , through the capacitor: Have

Z Z
Ic = J dS = 2lJ = 20l cos(105 t) = 8 cos(105 t) A

c) the total displacement current, Id , through the capacitor: First find

D (105 )(1011 )(106 ) 1

Jd = = (E) = sin(105 t)a = sin(105 t) A/m
t t

Now
Id = 2lJd = 2l sin(105 t) = 0.8 sin(105 t) A

d) the ratio of the amplitude of Id to that of Ic , the quality factor of the capacitor: This will
be
|Id | 0.8
= = 0.1
|Ic | 8

168
9.12. Find the displacement current density associated with the magnetic field (assume zero con-
duction current):

H = A1 sin(4x) cos(t z) ax + A2 cos(4x) sin(t z) az

The displacement current density is given by

D
= H = (4A2 + A1 ) sin(4x) cos(t z) ay A/m2
t

9.13. Consider the region defined by |x|, |y|, and |z| < 1. Let r = 5, r = 4, and = 0. If
Jd = 20 cos(1.5 108 t bx)ay A/m2 ;
a) find D and E: Since Jd = D/t, we write
Z
20 106
D= Jd dt + C = sin(1.5 108 bx)ay
1.5 108
= 1.33 1013 sin(1.5 108 t bx)ay C/m2

where the integration constant is set to zero (assuming no dc fields are present). Then

D 1.33 1013
E= = sin(1.5 108 t bx)ay
(5 8.85 1012 )
= 3.0 103 sin(1.5 108 t bx)ay V/m

b) use the point form of Faradays law and an integration with respect to time to find B and
H: In this case,

Ey B
E= az = b(3.0 103 ) cos(1.5 108 t bx)az =
x t
Solve for B by integrating over time:

b(3.0 103 )
B= sin(1.5 108 t bx)az = (2.0)b 1011 sin(1.5 108 t bx)az T
1.5 108
Now
B (2.0)b 1011
H= = sin(1.5 108 t bx)az
4 4 107
= (4.0 106 )b sin(1.5 108 t bx)az A/m

c) use H = Jd + J to find Jd : Since = 0, there is no conduction current, so in this

case
Hz
H= ay = 4.0 106 b2 cos(1.5 108 t bx)ay A/m2 = Jd
x

d) What is the numerical value of b? We set the given expression for Jd equal to the result
of part c to obtain:

20 106 = 4.0 106 b2 b = 5.0 m1

169
9.14. A voltage source, V0 sin t, is connected between two concentric conducting spheres, r = a
and r = b, b > a, where the region between them is a material for which = r 0 , = 0 , and
= 0. Find the total displacement current through the dielectric and compare it with the
source current as determined from the capacitance (Sec. 6.3) and circuit analysis methods:
First, solving Laplaces equation, we find the voltage between spheres (see Eq. 39, Chapter
6):
(1/r) (1/b)
V (t) = V0 sin t
(1/a) (1/b)
Then
V0 sin t r 0 V0 sin t
E = V = 2
ar D= ar
r (1/a 1/b) r2 (1/a 1/b)
Now
D r 0 V0 cos t
Jd = = 2 ar
t r (1/a 1/b)
The displacement current is then

4r 0 V0 cos t dV
Id = 4r2 Jd = =C
(1/a 1/b) dt

where, from Eq. 6, Chapter 6,

4r 0
C=
(1/a 1/b)

9.15. Let = 3105 H/m, = 1.21010 F/m, and = 0 everywhere. If H = 2 cos(1010 tx)az
A/m, use Maxwells equations to obtain expressions for B, D, E, and : First, B = H =
6 105 cos(1010 t x)az T. Next we use

H D
H= ay = 2 sin(1010 t x)ay =
x t
from which
Z
2
D= 2 sin(1010 t x) dt + C = cos(1010 t x)ay C/m2
1010

where the integration constant is set to zero, since no dc fields are presumed to exist. Next,

D 2
E= = cos(1010 t x)ay = 1.67 cos(1010 t x)ay V/m
(1.2 1010 )(1010 )

Now
Ey B
E= az = 1.67 2 sin(1010 t x)az =
x t
So Z
B= 1.67 2 sin(1010 t x)az dt = (1.67 1010 ) 2 cos(1010 t x)az

We require this result to be consistent with the expression for B originally found. So

(1.67 1010 ) 2 = 6 105 = 600 rad/m

170
9.16. Derive the continuity equation from Maxwells equations: First, take the divergence of both
sides of Amperes circuital law:

v
H=J+ D=J+ =0
| {z } t t
0

where we have used D = v , another Maxwell equation.

9.17. The electric field intensity in the region 0 < x < 5, 0 < y < /12, 0 < z < 0.06 m in free
space is given by E = C sin(12y) sin(az) cos(2 1010 t) ax V/m. Beginning with the E
relationship, use Maxwells equations to find a numerical value for a, if it is known that a is
greater than zero: In this case we find

Ex Ez
E= ay az
z y
B
= C [a sin(12y) cos(az)ay 12 cos(12y) sin(az)az ] cos(2 1010 t) =
t
Then
Z
1
H= E dt + C1
0
C
= [a sin(12y) cos(az)ay 12 cos(12y) sin(az)az ] sin(2 1010 t) A/m
0 (2 1010

where the integration constant, C1 = 0, since there are no initial conditions. Using this result,
we now find

Hz Hy C(144 + a2 ) D
H= ax = 10
sin(12y) sin(az) sin(2 1010 t) ax =
y z 0 (2 10 ) t

Now
Z
D 1 C(144 + a2 )
E= = H dt + C2 = sin(12y) sin(az) cos(2 1010 t) ax
0 0 0 0 (2 1010 )2

where C2 = 0. This field must be the same as the original field as stated, and so we require
that
C(144 + a2 )
=1
0 0 (2 1010 )2
Using 0 0 = (3 108 )2 , we find
1/2
(2 1010 )2
a= 144 = 66 m1
(3 108 )2

171
9.18. The parallel plate transmission line shown in Fig. 9.7 has dimensions b = 4 cm and d = 8 mm,
while the medium between plates is characterized by r = 1, r = 20, and = 0. Neglect fields
outside the dielectric. Given the field H = 5 cos(109 t z)ay A/m, use Maxwells equations
to help find:
a) , if > 0: Take
Hy E
H= ax = 5 sin(109 t z)ax = 200
z t
So Z
5
E= sin(109 t z)ax dt = cos(109 t z)ax
200 (4 109 )0
Then
Ex 2 H
E= ay = 9
sin(109 t z)ay = 0
z (4 10 )0 t
So that
Z
2 9 2
H= sin(10 t z)ax dt = cos(109 t z)
(4 109 )0 0 (4 1018 )0 0
= 5 cos(109 t z)ay
where the last equality is required to maintain consistency. Therefore
2
= 5 = 14.9 m1
(4 1018 )0 0

b) the displacement current density at z = 0: Since = 0, we have

H = Jd = 5 sin(109 t z) = 74.5 sin(109 t 14.9z)ax
= 74.5 sin(109 t)ax A/m at z = 0

c) the total displacement current crossing the surface x = 0.5d, 0 < y < b, and 0 < z < 0.1
m in the ax direction. We evaluate the flux integral of Jd over the given cross section:
Z 0.1

Id = 74.5b sin(109 t 14.9z) ax ax dz = 0.20 cos(109 t 1.49) cos(109 t) A
0

9.19. In the first section of this chapter, Faradays law was used to show that the field E =
12 kB0 ekt a results from the changing magnetic field B = B0 ekt az .
a) Show that these fields do not satisfy Maxwells other curl equation: Note that B as stated
is constant with position, and so will have zero curl. The electric field, however, varies
with time, and so H = D t would have a zero left-hand side and a non-zero right-hand
side. The equation is thus not valid with these fields.
b) If we let B0 = 1 T and k = 106 s1 , we are establishing a fairly large magnetic flux
density in 1 s. Use the H equation to show that the rate at which Bz should (but
does not) change with is only about 5 106 T/m in free space at t = 0: Assuming
that B varies with , we write
Hz 1 dB0 kt E 1
H= a = e = 0 = 0 k2 B0 ekt
0 d t 2
Thus
dB0 1 1012 (1)
= 0 0 k2 B0 = = 5.6 106
d 2 2(3 108 )2
which is near the stated value if is on the order of 1m.

172
9.20. Given Maxwells equations in point form, assume that all fields vary as est and write the
equations without explicitly involving time: Write all fields in the general form A(r, t) =
A0 (r)est , where r is a position vector in any coordinate system. Maxwells equations become:

E0 (r) est = B0 (r) est = sB0 (r) est
t

H0 (r) est = J0 (r)est + D0 (r) est = J0 (r)est + sD0 (r) est
t

D0 (r) est = 0 (r) est

B0 (r) est = 0
In all cases, the est terms divide out, leaving:

E0 (r) = sB0 (r)

H0 (r) = J0 (r) + sD0 (r)

D0 (r) = 0 (r)
B0 (r) = 0

9.21. a) Show that under static field conditions, Eq. (55) reduces to Amperes circuital law. First
use the definition of the vector Laplacian:

2 A = A + ( A) = J

which is Eq. (55) with the time derivative set to zero. We also note that A = 0 in steady
state (from Eq. (54)). Now, since B = A, (55) becomes

B = J H = J

b) Show that Eq. (51) becomes Faradays law when taking the curl: Doing this gives

E = V A
t
The curl of the gradient is identially zero, and A = B. We are left with

E = B/t

173
9.22. In a sourceless medium, in which J = 0 and v = 0, assume a rectangular coordinate system in
which E and H are functions only of z and t. The medium has permittivity and permeability
.
a) If E = Ex ax and H = Hy ay , begin with Maxwells equations and determine the second
order partial dierential equation that Ex must satisfy.
First use
B Ex Hy
E= ay = ay
t z t
in which case, the curl has dictated the direction that H must lie in. Similarly, use the
other Maxwell curl equation to find

D Hy Ex
H= ax = ax
t z t
Now, dierentiate the first equation with respect to z, and the second equation with
respect to t:
2 Ex 2 Hy 2 Hy 2 Ex
= and =
z 2 tz zt t2
Combining these two, we find
2 Ex 2 Ex
=
z 2 t2
b) Show that Ex = E0 cos(t z) is a solution of that equation for a particular value of :
Substituting, we find

2 Ex 2 2 Ex
= E0 cos(t z) and = 2 E0 cos(t z)
z 2 t2

These two will be equal provided the constant multipliers of cos(t z) are equal.
c) Find as a function of given parameters. Equating the two constants in part b, we find

= .

174
9.23. In region 1, z < 0, 1 = 2 1011 F/m, 1 = 2 106 H/m, and 1 = 4 103 S/m; in
region 2, z > 0, 2 = 1 /2, 2 = 21 , and 2 = 1 /4. It is known that E1 = (30ax + 20ay +
10az ) cos(109 t) V/m at P1 (0, 0, 0 ).
a) Find EN 1 , Et1 , DN 1 , and Dt1 : These will be

EN 1 = 10 cos(109 t)az V/m Et1 = (30ax + 20ay ) cos(109 t) V/m

DN 1 = 1 EN 1 = (2 1011 )(10) cos(109 t)az C/m2 = 200 cos(109 t)az pC/m2

Dt1 = 1 Et1 = (2 1011 )(30ax + 20ay ) cos(109 t) = (600ax + 400ay ) cos(109 t) pC/m2

b) Find JN 1 and Jt1 at P1 :

JN 1 = 1 EN 1 = (4 103 )(10 cos(109 t))az = 40 cos(109 t)az mA/m2

Jt1 = 1 Et1 = (4 103 )(30ax + 20ay ) cos(109 t) = (120ax + 80ay ) cos(109 t) mA/m2

c) Find Et2 , Dt2 , and Jt2 at P1 : By continuity of tangential E,

Et2 = Et1 = (30ax + 20ay ) cos(109 t) V/m

Then

Dt2 = 2 Et2 = (1011 )(30ax + 20ay ) cos(109 t) = (300ax + 200ay ) cos(109 t) pC/m2

Jt2 = 2 Et2 = (103 )(30ax + 20ay ) cos(109 t) = (30ax + 20ay ) cos(109 t) mA/m2

d) (Harder) Use the continuity equation to help show that JN 1 JN 2 = DN 2 /tDN 1 /t

and then determine EN 2 , DN 2 , and JN 2 : We assume the existence of a surface charge
layer at the boundary having density s C/m2 . If we draw a cylindrical pillbox whose
top and bottom surfaces (each of area a) are on either side of the interface, we may use
the continuity condition to write

s
(JN 2 JN 1 )a = a
t
where s = DN 2 DN 1 . Therefore,

JN 1 JN 2 = (DN 2 DN 1 )
t
In terms of the normal electric field components, this becomes

1 EN 1 2 EN 2 = (2 EN 2 1 EN 1 )
t

Now let EN 2 = A cos(109 t) + B sin(109 t), while from before, EN 1 = 10 cos(109 t).

175
9.23d (continued)
These, along with the permittivities and conductivities, are substituted to obtain

(4 103 )(10) cos(109 t) 103 [A cos(109 t) + B sin(109 t)]

11
= 10 [A cos(109 t) + B sin(109 t)] (2 1011 )(10) cos(109 t)
t
= (102 A sin(109 t) + 102 B cos(109 t) + (2 101 ) sin(109 t)

We now equate coecients of the sin and cos terms to obtain two equations:

4 102 103 A = 102 B

103 B = 102 A + 2 101

These are solved together to find A = 20.2 and B = 2.0. Thus

EN 2 = 20.2 cos(109 t) + 2.0 sin(109 t) az = 20.3 cos(109 t + 5.6 )az V/m

Then
DN 2 = 2 EN 2 = 203 cos(109 t + 5.6 )az pC/m2
and
JN 2 = 2 EN 2 = 20.3 cos(109 t + 5.6 )az mA/m2

176
9.24. A vector potential is given as A = A0 cos(t kz) ay . a) Assuming as many components as
possible are zero, find H, E, and V ;
With A y-directed only, and varying spatially only with z, we find
1 1 Ay kA0
H= A= ax = sin(t kz) ax A/m
z

Now, in a lossless medium we will have zero conductivity, so that the point form of
Amperes circuital law involves only the displacement current term:
D E
H= =
t t
Using the magnetic field as found above, we find

Hx k2 A0 E k2 A0
H= ay = cos(t kz) ay = E= sin(t kz) ay V/m
z t

Now,
A A
E = V V = +E
t t
or
k2 V
V = A0 1 2 sin(t kz) ay = ay
y
Integrating over y we find

k2
V = A0 y 1 2 sin(t kz) + C

where C, the integration constant, can be taken as zero. In part b, it will be shown that

k = , which means that V = 0.

b) Specify k in terms of A0 , , and the constants of the lossless medium, and . Use the
other Maxwell curl equation:
B H
E= =
t t
so that
H 1 1 Ey k3 A0
= E= ax = 2 cos(t kz) ax
t z
Integrate over t (and set the integration constant to zero) and require the result to be
consistant with part a:

k3 A0 kA0
H= sin(t kz) ax = sin(t kz) ax
2 2
| {z }
from part a

We identify

k =

177
9.25. In a region where r = r = 1 and = 0, the retarded potentials are given by V = x(z ct)

V and A = x[(z/c) t]az Wb/m, where c = 1/ 0 0 .
a) Show that A = (V /t):

First,
Az x
A= = = x 0 0
z c
Second,
V x
= cx =
t 0 0
so we observe that A = 0 0 (V /t) in free space, implying that the given statement
would hold true in general media.
b) Find B, H, E, and D:

Use
Ax z
B=A= ay = t ay T
x c
Then
B 1 z
H= = t ay A/m
0 0 c
Now,
A
E = V = (z ct)ax xaz + xaz = (ct z)ax V/m
t
Then
D = 0 E = 0 (ct z)ax C/m2

c) Show that these results satisfy Maxwells equations if J and v are zero:
i. D = 0 (ct z)ax = 0
ii. B = (t z/c)ay = 0
iii. r
Hy 1 0
H= ax = ax = ax
z 0 c 0
which we require to equal D/t:
r
D 0
= 0 cax = ax
t 0

iv.
Ex
E= ay = ay
z
which we require to equal B/t:

B
= ay
t
So all four Maxwell equations are satisfied.

178
9.26. Write Maxwells equations in point form in terms of E and H as they apply to a sourceless
medium, where J and v are both zero. Replace by , by , E by H, and H by E,
and show that the equations are unchanged. This is a more general expression of the duality
principle in circuit theory.
Maxwells equations in sourceless media can be written as:

H
E = (1)
t
E
H= (2)
t
E = 0 (3)
H = 0 (4)
In making the above substitutions, we find that (1) converts to (2), (2) converts to (1),
and (3) and (4) convert to each other.

179