B5 TRANSPORTATION

5.2 Transport in Humans

1. Describe the circulatory system as a system of tubes with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of
blood.
The main transport system of all mammals is the blood system, also known as the circulatory system;
It is a network of tubes , called blood vessels;
A pump, the heart, keeps blood flowing through the vessels;
Valves in the heart and veins prevent backflow of blood.

2. Describe double circulation in terms of a low pressure circulation to the lungs and a high pressure
circulation to the body tissues and relate these differences to the different functions of the two circuits.

Blood passes through the heart twice for each complete circulation of the body;
The right side of the heart collects deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs;
Thus there is a low pressure circulation in the lungs;
The left side collects oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body;
Thus there is a high pressure circulation to the body tissues.
The double circulatory system helps to maintain blood pressure, making circulation efficient.
3. Describe the structure of the heart, including the muscular wall and septum, atria, ventricles, valves
and associated blood vessels.

The heart is a pump, made of muscle, which moves

blood around the body;
The muscle is constantly active and coronary
arteries to provide it with oxygen and glucose;
The left and right side of the heart is completely
separated from each other by a septum;
RIGHT side receives deoxygenated blood from the
body and pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation;
LEFT side receives oxygenated blood from the
lungs and pumps it to the body;
There are four chambers - two atria and two
ventricles;
The right atrium (RA) receives blood from vena
cava and the left atrium (LA) from pulmonary vein.
Both atria then squeeze the blood into the ventricles;
The tricuspid valve allow blood to flow from RA to right ventricle and the bicuspid valve allow
blood to flow from LA to left ventricle preventing backflow;
The right and left ventricles then squeeze the blood into arteries;
Right ventricle (RV) pumps blood into the pulmonary artery & the left ventricle (LV) into the aorta;
The semilunar valves allow blood to move into the arteries and prevent backflow
The wall of the LV is much thicker than the RV because it needs to build up enough pressure to
send the blood to all the main organs (not just to the lungs).
Thus the blood in the aorta has a much higher pressure than in the pulmonary artery.

4. Describe coronary heart disease in terms of blockage of coronary arteries and state the possible
causes (diet, stress, and smoking) and preventive measures.
Coronary arteries supply blood (nutrients and oxygen) to the heart muscles.
If a coronary artery gets blocked (e.g. by a blood clot), the cardiac muscle runs short of oxygen;
Blockage of the coronary arteries is called coronary artery disease;
The cardiac muscle cannot respire, so it cannot obtain energy to contract;
The heart therefore stops beating; this is called a heart attack or cardiac arrest.

Cause Explanation Preventive measures

Poor diet with too Cholesterol builds up in the arteries this Cholesterol-free diet
much saturated fat can block it eventually
Smoking Nicotine damages the heart and blood Stop smoking
vessels
Stress Increase blood pressure - this can result in Find ways of relaxing, identify
fatty materials collecting in the arteries the causes of stress & avoid them

5. Describe the function of the heart in terms of muscular contraction and the working of the valves.
Heart beats as the cardiac muscles in its walls contract and relax;
When they contract, heart becomes smaller, squeezing blood out. This is called systole;
When they relax, the heart becomes larger, allowing blood to flow into the atria and ventricles. This is
called diastole;
 The rate at which heart beats is controlled by a patch of muscle in the right atrium called pacemaker;
The pacemaker sends electrical signals through the walls of the heart, which make the muscle contract;
Between atria and ventricles are atrio-ventricular valves (bicuspid on left & tricuspid on right);
When the ventricles contract, these valves stop blood flowing back into atria;
As the ventricles contract, the blood pushes the semilunar valves upwards;
The tendons attached to them stop them from going up too far.

6. Investigate the effect of physical activity on pulse rate.

IGCSE Biology (Jones & Jones), p.88, activity 8.1 to find the effect of exercise on the rate of heartbeat.

7. Investigate, state and explain the effect of physical activity on pulse rate.
Heart beats about 70 times a minute, more if you are younger;
The rate becomes lower the fitter you are;
During exercise the heart rate increases to supply the muscles with more oxygen and glucose;
These are needed to allow the muscles to respire aerobically, so they have sufficient energy to contract;
Regular exercise is needed to keep the heart muscle in good tone;
This results in the heart being more efficient in maintaining blood pressure and reduces the risk of
coronary heart disease.

8. Name the main blood vessels to and from the heart, lungs, liver and kidney.
Organ To From
Heart Vena cava and pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery and aorta
Lungs Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein
Liver Hepatic portal vein & hepatic artery Hepatic vein
Kidney Renal artery Renal vein

9. Describe the structure and functions of arteries, veins and capillaries.

10. Explain how structure and function are related in arteries, veins and capillaries.

Blood Structure How structure is related to function

vessel
Artery 1.Thick, tough wall with 1. Thick walls to withstand and maintain blood pressure
muscles and elastic tissue, (prevents bursting).
2. Narrow lumen 2. Narrow lumen maintains high blood pressure.
 3. Valves absent
Vein 1. Thin wall with less muscles
and elastic tissue
2. Large lumen
3. Valves present
Capillary 1. Permeable wall (one cell
thick) with no muscle and
elastic tissue
2. Lumen approximately one
red blood cell wide
3. High pressure prevents backflow of blood.
1. Thin walls allow muscles to exert pressure on the veins.
2. Wide lumen allows great volume of blood to pass or
reduces resistance to blood flow.
3. Valves prevent backflow of blood.
1. One cell thick wall allows diffusion of materials between
capillary and surrounding tissues.
Pores in the wall allow white blood cells to exit.
2. Narrow lumen allows blood cells to pass through slowly
and increases oxygen diffusion from red blood cell.

11. Identify red and white blood cells as seen under the light microscope on prepared slides, and in
diagrams and photomicrographs.

Plasma

Blood platelets

White blood cell

Red blood cell

12. List the components of blood as red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma.
13. State the functions of blood.

Components of blood Function

1. Red blood cells Red due to hemoglobin which carries oxygen and transports it to the tissues.
2. White blood cells Fights infection by phagocytosis and antibody production.
3. Platelets Causes blood clotting.
4. Plasma Transport of blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients, hormones & carbon dioxide.

14. Describe the immune system in terms of antibody production, tissue rejection and phagocytosis.

The immune system is the bodys defence against disease and foreign bodies. There are two main types
of white blood cells lymphocytes & phagocytes:
Antibody production:
All cells have proteins on their surface called antigens;
 Lymphocytes recognize foreign antigens from foreign cells (such as bacteria) and make antibodies to
them;
A different antibody is produced for each antigen;
Antibodies make bacteria clump together in preparation for action by phagocytes or neutralize the
toxins produced by the bacteria;

Tissue rejection:
Transplants involve replacing a damaged organ with a donor organ;
However lymphocytes detect the foreign antigens of the donor organ and make antibodies to it;
The donor organ is rejected as antibodies fight the foreign tissue;
To prevent this happening:
(i) The donor organ needs to be a similar tissue type to the patient e.g. from a close relative;
(ii) Immunosuppressive drugs are used, which switch off the bodys immune response;
However the drawback of this drug is that the patient needs to be kept in isolation as they are at the
risk of dying from any disease they are exposed to.

Phagocytosis:
Phagocytes have the ability to move out of capillaries to the site of infection;
They then engulf (ingest) the infecting pathogen and kill them by digesting them. A process called
phagocytosis.