Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OWNERS MANUAL
MANUEL DU PROPRITAIRE
BEDIENUNGSANLEITUNG
PW50
PW50D
PW50D1
5PG-28199-8B
DIC183
DIC183
OWNERS MANUAL
PW50
PW50D
PW50D1
5PG-28199-8B-E0
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EAU48173
Read this manual carefully before operating this vehicle. This manual should stay with this vehicle if it is sold.
EC Declaration of Conformity
conforming to Directive 2006/42/EC
PW50 (JYA3PT00000428377 )
(Make, model)
(If applicable)
and to the other relevant Directives of EEC
2004/108/EC
(Title and/or number and date of issue of the other Directives of EEC)
(If applicable)
To effect correct application of the essential health and safety requirements
stated in the Directives of EEC, the following-standards and/or technical
specifications were consulted:
EN16029
(Title and/or number and date of issue of standards and/or specifications)
Authorized Representative
YAMAHA MOTOR EUROPE N.V.
Koolhovenlaan 101, 1119 NC Schiphol-Rijk, The Netherlands
Signature
Hiromi Yamamoto
General Manager.
Development Division
3rd Business Unit
Motorcycle Business Operations
YAMAHA MOTOR CO., LTD.
INTRODUCTION
EAU41074
Congratulations on your purchase of the Yamaha PW50/PW50D/PW50D1. This model is the result of Yamahas vast expe-
rience in the production of fine sporting, touring, and pacesetting racing machines. It represents the high degree of crafts-
manship and reliability that have made Yamaha a leader in these fields.
This manual will give you an understanding of the operation, inspection, and basic maintenance of this motorcycle. If you
have any questions concerning the operation or maintenance of your motorcycle, please consult a Yamaha dealer.
The design and manufacture of this Yamaha motorcycle fully comply with the emissions standards for clean air applicable at
the date of manufacture. Yamaha has met these standards without reducing the performance or economy of operation of the
motorcycle. To maintain these high standards, it is important that you and your Yamaha dealer pay close attention to the
recommended maintenance schedules and operating instructions contained within this manual.
Yamaha continually seeks advancements in product design and quality. Therefore, while this manual contains the most cur-
rent product information available at the time of printing, there may be minor discrepancies between your motorcycle and this
manual. If there is any question concerning this manual, please consult a Yamaha dealer.
EWA10031
WARNING
Please read this manual carefully and completely before operating this motorcycle.
EWA14351
WARNING
This motorcycle is designed and manufactured for off-road use only. It is illegal to operate this motorcycle on any
public street, road or highway. Such use is prohibited by law. This motorcycle complies with almost all state off-
highway noise level and spark arrester laws and regulations. Please check your local riding laws and regulations
before operating this motorcycle.
AN IMPORTANT SAFETY MESSAGE:
Read this manual carefully and completely before operating this motorcycle. Make sure you understand all instructions.
Pay close attention to the warning and notice labels on the motorcycle.
Never operate a motorcycle without proper training or instruction.
Weight of the rider should not exceed 25 kg (55 lb).
INTRODUCTION
AN IMPORTANT NOTE TO PARENTS:
This motorcycle is not a toy. Before you let your child ride this motorcycle, you should understand the instructions and warn-
ings in this Owners Manual. Then be sure your child understands and will follow them. Children differ in skills, physical abil-
ities, and judgment. Some children may not be able to operate a motorcycle safely. Parents should supervise their childs
use of the motorcycle at all times. Parents should permit continued use only if they determine that the child has the ability to
operate the motorcycle safely.
Your motorcycle is equipped with an adjustable speed limiter and a power reduction plate. Yamaha recommends that all be-
ginners start off with the speed limiter adjusting screw turned in and the power reduction plate installed in the exhaust man-
ifold to limit the power available while they learn. The limiter screw may be gradually turned out to increase maximum speed
as the beginner becomes more familiar with operating the motorcycle. Parents should decide when to adjust the motorcycle
for more power as their youngsters riding skills improve. Once the rider can operate with skill at the top speed permitted by
adjusting the speed limiter alone, the power reduction plate can be removed. Since removal of this plate will result in a sig-
nificant increase in power, turn the speed limiter back in again; adjust it out in stages as you did before.
Motorcycles are single track vehicles. Their safe use and operation are dependent upon the use of proper riding
techniques as well as the expertise of the operator. Every operator should know the following requirements before
riding this motorcycle.
He or she should:
Obtain thorough instructions from a competent source on all aspects of motorcycle operation.
Observe the warnings and maintenance requirements in this Owners Manual.
Obtain qualified training in safe and proper riding techniques.
Obtain professional technical service as indicated in this Owners Manual and/or when made necessary by mechanical
conditions.
A NOTICE indicates special precautions that must be taken to avoid damage to the
NOTICE vehicle or other property.
EAU10200
PW50/PW50D/PW50D1
OWNERS MANUAL
2012 by Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
1st edition, June 2012
All rights reserved.
Any reprinting or unauthorized use
without the written permission of
Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd.
is expressly prohibited.
Printed in Japan.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LOCATION OF IMPORTANT FOR YOUR SAFETY Checking the throttle grip free
LABELS ............................................1-1 PRE-OPERATION CHECKS ............. 5-1 play ........................................... 7-12
Tires ............................................. 7-12
SAFETY INFORMATION ..................2-1 OPERATION AND IMPORTANT Panel wheels ................................ 7-14
RIDING POINTS ................................ 6-1 Adjusting the front and
DESCRIPTION ..................................3-1 Starting and warming up rear brake lever free play .......... 7-14
Left view ..........................................3-1 a cold engine .............................. 6-1 Checking the front and
Right view ........................................3-2 Starting a warm engine .................. 6-1 rear brake shoes ....................... 7-15
Controls and instruments ................3-3 Starting off ..................................... 6-2 Checking and lubricating
Acceleration and deceleration ....... 6-2 the cables ................................. 7-16
INSTRUMENT AND CONTROL Braking ........................................... 6-2 Checking and lubricating
FUNCTIONS .......................................4-1 Engine break-in .............................. 6-3 the throttle grip and cable ......... 7-16
Handlebar switch ............................4-1 Parking ........................................... 6-4 Adjusting the Autolube pump ....... 7-16
Speed limiter and power reduction Lubricating the front and
plate ............................................4-1 PERIODIC MAINTENANCE AND rear brake levers ....................... 7-17
Front brake lever ............................4-2 ADJUSTMENT................................... 7-1 Checking and lubricating
Rear brake lever .............................4-3 Owners tool kit .............................. 7-2 the centerstand ......................... 7-17
Fuel tank cap ..................................4-3 Periodic maintenance chart for Checking the front fork ................. 7-17
Fuel ................................................4-3 the emission control system ....... 7-3 Checking the steering .................. 7-18
Fuel tank breather hose .................4-5 General maintenance and Checking the wheel bearings ....... 7-18
2-stroke engine oil ..........................4-6 lubrication chart .......................... 7-4 Front wheel .................................. 7-19
Fuel cock ........................................4-6 Checking the spark plug ................ 7-6 Rear wheel ................................... 7-20
Starter (choke) lever .......................4-7 Removing the power reduction Troubleshooting ........................... 7-23
Kickstarter ......................................4-7 plate ............................................ 7-7 Troubleshooting chart .................. 7-24
Seat ................................................4-7 Transmission oil ............................. 7-8
Cable lock (for Europe) ..................4-8 Middle and final gear cases ........... 7-9 MOTORCYCLE CARE AND
Cleaning the air filter element ........ 7-9 STORAGE .......................................... 8-1
Cleaning the spark arrester ......... 7-10 Matte color caution ......................... 8-1
Adjusting the carburetor ............... 7-11 Care ............................................... 8-1
Adjusting the engine idling Storage ........................................... 8-3
speed ........................................ 7-11
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SPECIFICATIONS .............................9-1
CONSUMER INFORMATION...........10-1
Identification numbers ..................10-1
Read and understand all of the labels on your vehicle. They contain important information for safe and proper operation of
your vehicle. Never remove any labels from your vehicle. If a label becomes difficult to read or comes off, a replacement label 1
is available from your Yamaha dealer.
For Canada
1 2 3,4 7
5,6
1-1
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1 2
1
WARNING ANADA
BEFORE YOU OPERATE THIS VEHICLE, READ THE OWNERS C
NS
CMVSS
collide with another vehicle if you operate this vehicle on a public road. RA R
T
3 4
AVERTISSEMENT THIS VEHICLE IS A RESTRICTED USE
LIRE LE MANUEL DU PROPRIETAIRE AINSI QUE TOUTES LES MOTORCYCLE AND IS NOT INTENDED FOR
ETIQUETTES AVANT DUTILISER CE VEHICULE. USE ON PUBLIC HIGHWAYS.
NE JAMAIS TRANSPORTER DE PASSAGER. La conduite avec CE VHICULE EST UNE MOTOCYCLETTE
passager augmente les risques de perte de contrle. USAGE RESTREINT DONT LUSAGE NEST PAS
NE JAMAIS ROULER SUR DES CHEMINS PUBLICS. DESTIN AUX VOIES PUBLIQUES.
Vous pourriez entrer en collision avec un autre vhicule.
3PT-2416E-10
TOUJOURS PORTER UN CASQUE DE MOTOCYCLISTE
APPROUVE, des lunettes et des vtements de protection.
5PG-2118K-10
1-2
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5 6
1
TIRE INFORMATION INFORMATION SUR LES PNEUS
Cold tire nor mal pressure should be set as La pression des pneus froid doit normalement
follows. tre rgle comme suit.
FRO NT : 1 0 0 k Pa , {1.0 0 k gf /c m }, 15 ps i AVANT : 100 kPa, { 1. 00 kg f/cm } , 15 psi
RE AR : 1 0 0 k Pa , {1.0 0 k gf /c m }, 15 ps i ARRIERE : 100 kPa, { 1. 00 kg f/cm } , 15 psi
3RV-21668-A0 3RV-21668-B0
7
This spark ignition system meets all requirements
of the Canadian Interference Causing Equipment
Regulations.
Ce systme dallumage par tincelle de vhicule
respecte toutes les exigences du Rglement sur le
matriel brouilleur du Canada.
3JK-82377-00
1-3
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1 2 3 4
1-4
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1 2
1
PW50
2.1 kW 39 kg
5PG-2156A-10
5B6-2816R-00
3 4
EN16029
2012
YAMAHA MOTOR CO., LTD. 100 kPa 100 kPa
2500 SHINGAI, IWATA, JAPAN 1.00 kgf/cm 1.00 kgf/cm
5B6-2817L-00 15 psi 15 psi
5PG-2816R-00
1-5
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Adult supervision required for Turn off the main switch after
children. riding to avoid draining the
battery.
1-6
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1
1 Model Name
****** 2 Max. Power
*** kW *** kg
3 Mass In Running Order
2 3
1-7
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1-8
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1 2
1
WARNING TIRE INFORMATION
BEFORE YOU OPERATE THIS VEHICLE, READ THE OWNERS
MANUAL AND ALL LABELS. Cold tire normal pressure should be set as
NEVER CARRY A PASSENGER. You increase your risk of losing follows.
control if you carry a passenger. F RONT : 100 kPa, { 1.00 k gf/c m} , 15 ps i
NEVER OPERATE THIS VEHICLE ON PUBLIC ROADS. You can REAR : 100 kPa, { 1.00 k gf/c m} , 15 ps i
collide with another vehicle if you operate this vehicle on a public road.
3RV-21668-A0
ALWAYS WEAR AN APPROVED MOTORCYCLE HELMET,
eye protection, and protective clothing.
3PT-2118K-A1
1-9
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SAFETY INFORMATION
EAU4093B
Never operate a motorcycle with- The failure of motorists to detect
out proper training or instruction. and recognize motorcycles in traf-
Take a training course. Beginners fic is the predominating cause of
Be a Responsible Owner should receive training from a cer- automobile/motorcycle accidents.
As the vehicles owner, you are respon- tified instructor. Contact an autho- Many accidents have been caused
sible for the safe and proper operation rized motorcycle dealer to find out by an automobile driver who did
2 of your motorcycle. about the training courses nearest not see the motorcycle. Making
Motorcycles are single-track vehicles. you. yourself conspicuous appears to
Their safe use and operation are de- be very effective in reducing the
pendent upon the use of proper riding Safe Riding chance of this type of accident.
techniques as well as the expertise of Perform the pre-operation checks each Therefore:
the operator. Every operator should time you use the vehicle to make sure it Wear a brightly colored jacket.
know the following requirements before is in safe operating condition. Failure to Use extra caution when you are
riding this motorcycle. inspect or maintain the vehicle properly approaching and passing
He or she should: increases the possibility of an accident through intersections, since in-
Obtain thorough instructions from
or equipment damage. See page 5-1 tersections are the most likely
a competent source on all aspects for a list of pre-operation checks. places for motorcycle accidents
of motorcycle operation. This motorcycle is designed for off- to occur.
Observe the warnings and mainte-
road use only, therefore, it is illegal Ride where other motorists can
nance requirements in this Own- to operate it on public streets, see you. Avoid riding in another
ers Manual. roads, or highways, even a dirt or motorists blind spot.
Obtain qualified training in safe
gravel one. Off-road use on public Never maintain a motorcycle
and proper riding techniques. lands may be illegal. Please check without proper knowledge. Con-
Obtain professional technical ser-
local regulations before riding. tact an authorized motorcycle
vice as indicated in this Owners This motorcycle is designed to car- dealer to inform you on basic
Manual and/or when made neces- ry the operator only. No passen- motorcycle maintenance. Cer-
sary by mechanical conditions. gers. tain maintenance can only be
carried out by certified staff.
2-1
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SAFETY INFORMATION
Many accidents involve inexperi- the handlebar and both feet on the Always wear protective clothing
enced operators. operator footrests during operation that covers your legs, ankles, and
Make sure that you are qualified to maintain control of the motorcy- feet. The engine or exhaust sys-
and that you only lend your mo- cle. tem become very hot during or af-
torcycle to other qualified opera- Never ride under the influence of ter operation and can cause burns.
tors. alcohol or other drugs. 2
Know your skills and limits. Avoid Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Staying within your limits may Protective Apparel All engine exhaust contains carbon
help you to avoid an accident. The majority of fatalities from motorcy- monoxide, a deadly gas. Breathing car-
We recommend that you prac- cle accidents are the result of head in- bon monoxide can cause headaches,
tice riding your motorcycle until juries. The use of a safety helmet is the dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, confu-
you have become thoroughly fa- single most critical factor in the preven- sion, and eventually death.
miliar with the motorcycle and all tion or reduction of head injuries. Carbon Monoxide is a colorless, odor-
of its controls. Always wear an approved helmet. less, tasteless gas which may be
Many accidents have been caused Wear a face shield or goggles. present even if you do not see or smell
by error of the motorcycle opera- Wind in your unprotected eyes any engine exhaust. Deadly levels of
tor. A typical error made by the op- could contribute to an impairment carbon monoxide can collect rapidly
erator is veering wide on a turn of vision that could delay seeing a and you can quickly be overcome and
due to excessive speed or under- hazard. unable to save yourself. Also, deadly
cornering (insufficient lean angle The use of a jacket, heavy boots, levels of carbon monoxide can linger
for the speed). Never travel faster trousers, gloves, etc., is effective in for hours or days in enclosed or poorly
than warranted by conditions. preventing or reducing abrasions ventilated areas. If you experience any
Ride cautiously in unfamiliar ar- or lacerations. symptoms of carbon monoxide poison-
eas. You may encounter hidden Never wear loose-fitting clothes, ing, leave the area immediately, get
obstacles that could cause an ac- otherwise they could catch on the fresh air, and SEEK MEDICAL TREAT-
cident. control levers, footrests, or wheels MENT.
The posture of the operator is im- and cause injury or an accident.
portant for proper control. The op-
erator should keep both hands on
2-2
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SAFETY INFORMATION
Do not run engine indoors. Even if The weight of the operator must Genuine Yamaha Accessories
you try to ventilate engine exhaust not exceed 25 kg (55 lb). Choosing accessories for your vehicle
with fans or open windows and Accessory weight should be kept is an important decision. Genuine
doors, carbon monoxide can rap- as low and close to the motorcycle Yamaha accessories, which are avail-
idly reach dangerous levels. as possible. Securely pack your able only from a Yamaha dealer, have
2 Do not run engine in poorly venti- heaviest items as close to the cen- been designed, tested, and approved
lated or partially enclosed areas ter of the vehicle as possible and by Yamaha for use on your vehicle.
such as barns, garages, or car- make sure to distribute the weight Many companies with no connection to
ports. as evenly as possible on both Yamaha manufacture parts and acces-
Do not run engine outdoors where sides of the motorcycle to mini- sories or offer other modifications for
engine exhaust can be drawn into mize imbalance or instability. Yamaha vehicles. Yamaha is not in a
a building through openings such Shifting weights can create a sud- position to test the products that these
as windows and doors. den imbalance. Make sure that ac- aftermarket companies produce.
cessories are securely attached to Therefore, Yamaha can neither en-
Loading the motorcycle before riding. dorse nor recommend the use of ac-
Adding accessories to your motorcycle Check accessory mounts fre- cessories not sold by Yamaha or
can adversely affect stability and han- quently. modifications not specifically recom-
dling if the weight distribution of the mo- Properly adjust the suspension mended by Yamaha, even if sold and
torcycle is changed. To avoid the for your load (suspension-ad- installed by a Yamaha dealer.
possibility of an accident, use extreme justable models only), and
caution when adding accessories to check the condition and pres- Aftermarket Parts, Accessories, and
your motorcycle. Use extra care when sure of your tires. Modifications
riding a motorcycle that has added ac- Never attach any large or heavy While you may find aftermarket prod-
cessories. Here are some general items to the handlebar, front ucts similar in design and quality to
guidelines to follow if adding accesso- fork, or front fender. genuine Yamaha accessories, recog-
ries to your motorcycle: nize that some aftermarket accessories
Operation of an overloaded vehicle or modifications are not suitable be-
could cause an accident. cause of potential safety hazards to you
or others. Installing aftermarket prod-
2-3
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SAFETY INFORMATION
ucts or having other modifications per- Bulky or large accessories may appropriate. Refer to page 7-12 for tire
formed to your vehicle that change any seriously affect the stability of specifications and more information on
of the vehicles design or operation the motorcycle. Wind may at- replacing your tires.
characteristics can put you and others tempt to lift the motorcycle, or
at greater risk of serious injury or death. the motorcycle may become un- Transporting the Motorcycle
You are responsible for injuries related stable in cross winds. Be sure to observe following instruc- 2
to changes in the vehicle. Certain accessories can dis- tions before transporting the motorcy-
Keep the following guidelines in mind, place the operator from his or cle in another vehicle.
as well as those provided under Load- her normal riding position. This Remove all loose items from the
ing when mounting accessories. improper position limits the free- motorcycle.
Never install accessories that dom of movement of the opera- Check that the fuel cock is in the
would impair the performance of tor and may limit control ability, S (stop) position and that there
your motorcycle. Carefully inspect therefore, such accessories are are no fuel leaks.
the accessory before using it to not recommended. Point the front wheel straight
make sure that it does not in any Use caution when adding electri- ahead on the trailer or in the truck
way reduce ground clearance or cal accessories. If electrical acces- bed, and choke it in a rail to pre-
cornering clearance, limit suspen- sories exceed the capacity of the vent movement.
sion travel, steering travel or con- motorcycles electrical system, an Shift the transmission in gear (for
trol operation. electric failure could result, which models with a manual transmis-
Accessories fitted to the handle- could cause a dangerous loss of sion).
bar or the front fork area can lights or engine power. Secure the motorcycle with tie-
create instability due to improper downs or suitable straps that are
weight distribution. If accesso- Aftermarket Tires and Rims attached to solid parts of the mo-
ries are added to the handlebar The tires and rims that came with your torcycle, such as the frame or up-
or front fork area, they must be motorcycle were designed to match the per front fork triple clamp (and not,
as lightweight as possible and performance capabilities and to provide for example, to rubber-mounted
should be kept to a minimum. the best combination of handling, brak- handlebars or turn signals, or parts
ing, and comfort. Other tires, rims, siz- that could break). Choose the lo-
es, and combinations may not be
2-4
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SAFETY INFORMATION
cation for the straps carefully so
the straps will not rub against
painted surfaces during transport.
The suspension should be com-
pressed somewhat by the tie-
2 downs, if possible, so that the mo-
torcycle will not bounce excessive-
ly during transport.
2-5
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DESCRIPTION
EAU10410
Left view
1 2 3 4
6 5
1. Spark plug (page 7-6)
2. Fuel cock (page 4-6)
3. Throttle stop screw (page 7-11)
4. Air filter element (page 7-9)
5. Kickstarter (page 4-7)
6. Centerstand (page 7-17)
3-1
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DESCRIPTION
EAU10420
Right view
1 2 3 4
5
1. Spark arrester (page 7-10)
2. Seat (page 4-7)
3. Transmission oil filler cap (page 7-8)
4. 2-stroke engine oil tank (page 4-6)
5. Transmission oil drain bolt (page 7-8)
3-2
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DESCRIPTION
EAU10430
1 2 3 4 5
7 6
1. Rear brake lever (page 4-3)
2. Starter (choke) lever (page 4-7)
3. 2-stroke engine oil tank cap (page 4-6)
4. Engine stop switch (page 4-1)
5. Front brake lever (page 4-2)
6. Throttle grip (page 7-12)
7. Fuel tank cap (page 4-3)
3-3
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Handlebar switch this switch is set to the START Speed limiter and power re-
position, therefore the motorcycle duction plate
1 cannot be ridden in that switch po- Your motorcycle is equipped with an
sition. adjustable speed limiter and a power
reduction plate. The speed limiter
keeps the throttle from fully opening,
even when the throttle grip is turned to
the maximum. The power reduction
plate is installed in the exhaust mani-
4 fold to limit the amount of power avail-
1. Engine stop switch OFF/RUN/START able while learning.
4-1
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(b) WARNING
Improper adjustment of the speed
limiter could cause improper throttle
(a)
operation. You could lose control,
1. Locknut have an accident or be injured. Do
2. Adjusting screw 4
not turn the adjusting screw out
1. Front brake lever
3. Tighten the locknut. more than 7 mm (0.28 in) before con-
sulting a Yamaha dealer. Always The front brake lever is located on the
make sure the throttle grip free play right side of the handlebar. To apply the
is adjusted to 1.53.5 mm (0.060.14 front brake, pull this lever toward the
in). (See page 7-12.) throttle grip.
WARNING
Gasoline and gasoline vapors are
extremely flammable. To avoid fires
and explosions and to reduce the
risk of injury when refueling, follow
4 these instructions.
1. Rear brake lever 1. Fuel tank cap 1. Before refueling, turn off the en-
The rear brake lever is located on the To remove the fuel tank cap, turn it gine and be sure that no one is sit-
left side of the handlebar. To apply the counterclockwise, and then pull it off. ting on the vehicle. Never refuel
rear brake, pull this lever toward the To install the fuel tank cap, insert it into while smoking, or while in the vi-
handlebar grip. the tank opening, and then turn it clock- cinity of sparks, open flames, or
wise. other sources of ignition such as
EWA11091 the pilot lights of water heaters and
WARNING clothes dryers.
Make sure that the fuel tank cap is 2. Do not overfill the fuel tank. Stop
properly closed after filling fuel. filling when the fuel reaches the
Leaking fuel is a fire hazard. bottom of the filler tube. Because
fuel expands when it heats up,
heat from the engine or the sun
can cause fuel to spill out of the
fuel tank.
4-3
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Gasoline is poisonous and can Your Yamaha engine has been de- NOTICE
cause injury or death. Handle gaso- signed to use regular unleaded gaso- Use only unleaded gasoline. The use
line with care. Never siphon gaso- line with a pump octane number of leaded gasoline will cause severe
line by mouth. If you should swallow [(R+M)/2] of 86 or higher, or a research damage to internal engine parts,
some gasoline or inhale a lot of gas- octane number of 91 or higher. If such as the piston rings as well as to
oline vapor, or get some gasoline in knocking (or pinging) occurs, use a the exhaust system.
your eyes, see your doctor immedi- gasoline of a different brand or premi-
4-4
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signed to use regular unleaded gaso- leaded fuel will extend spark plug life Fuel tank breather hose
line with a research octane number of and reduce maintenance costs.
95 or higher. If knocking (or pinging) oc-
curs, use a gasoline of a different brand For Oceania 1
or premium unleaded fuel. Use of un-
leaded fuel will extend spark plug life Recommended fuel:
and reduce maintenance costs. UNLEADED GASOLINE ONLY
Fuel tank capacity:
2.0 L (0.53 US gal, 0.44 Imp.gal)
For South Africa
4 ECA15590
4-5
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1 S (stop)
1 4
1. Arrow mark pointing to O (on)
NOTICE
Make sure that the 2-stroke engine
oil tank cap is properly installed.
4-6
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1 1
4 1
2
1. Starter (choke) lever 1. Kickstarter
Starting a cold engine requires a richer To start the engine, fold out the kick-
air-fuel mixture, which is supplied by starter lever, move it down lightly with
the starter (choke). your foot until the gears engage, and
1. Bolt and washer
Move the lever in direction (a) to turn on then push it down smoothly but force- 2. Mudguard
the starter (choke). fully.
Move the lever in direction (b) to turn off 2. Pull the seat off.
the starter (choke).
To install the seat
1. Insert the projection on the front of
the seat into the seat holder as
shown.
4-7
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WARNING
Properly stow the cable and lock as-
1. Seat holder
sembly inside a bag or other secure 4
2. Projection
location before operating your mo-
2. Place the seat in the original posi- torcycle. Do not hang your cable 1
tion. lock from anywhere on the motorcy-
1. Correct cable and lock assembly use
3. Install the mudguard by installing cle or your person! It may become
the washers and bolts. entangled with the wheels, handle- 5. Perform the above steps in re-
bars, or other parts of the motorcy- verse order before riding your mo-
TIP
cle, causing loss of control and torcycle.
Make sure that the seat is properly se-
possibly an accident.
cured before riding.
To lock your motorcycle
1. Park your motorcycle in the de-
sired location.
2. Make sure that the motorcycle is
securely parked. Use the side-
stand or other support.
3. Disconnect the cable from the lock
assembly.
4-8
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Inspect your vehicle each time you use it to make sure the vehicle is in safe operating condition. Always follow the inspection
and maintenance procedures and schedules described in the Owners Manual.
EWA11151
WARNING
Failure to inspect or maintain the vehicle properly increases the possibility of an accident or equipment damage.
Do not operate the vehicle if you find any problem. If a problem cannot be corrected by the procedures provided in
this manual, have the vehicle inspected by a Yamaha dealer.
Before using this vehicle, check the following points:
ITEM CHECKS PAGE
5-1
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5-2
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NOTICE
For maximum engine life, never ac-
celerate hard when the engine is
cold!
6-1
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6-2
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Parking
When parking, stop the engine, and
then turn the fuel cock lever to S
(stop).
EWA10311
WARNING
Since the engine and exhaust
system can become very hot,
park in a place where pedestri-
ans or children are not likely to
touch them and be burned.
Do not park on a slope or on soft
ground, otherwise the vehicle
may overturn, increasing the
risk of a fuel leak and fire. 6
Do not park near grass or other
flammable materials which
might catch fire.
6-4
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WARNING
Periodic inspection, adjustment, and lu- Turn off the engine when performing Emission controls not only function to
brication will keep your vehicle in the maintenance unless otherwise ensure cleaner air, but are also vital to
safest and most efficient condition pos- specified. proper engine operation and maximum
sible. Safety is an obligation of the vehi- A running engine has moving
performance. In the following periodic
cle owner/operator. The most important parts that can catch on body maintenance charts, the services relat-
points of vehicle inspection, adjust- parts or clothing and electrical ed to emissions control are grouped
ment, and lubrication are explained on parts that can cause shocks or separately. These services require
the following pages. fires. specialized data, knowledge, and
The intervals given in the periodic Running the engine while ser-
equipment. Maintenance, replacement,
maintenance charts should be simply vicing can lead to eye injury, or repair of the emission control devic-
considered as a general guide under burns, fire, or carbon monoxide es and systems may be performed by
normal riding conditions. However, de- poisoning possibly leading to any repair establishment or individual
pending on the weather, terrain, geo- death. See page 2-2 for more in- that is certified (if applicable). Yamaha
graphical location, and individual use, formation about carbon monox- dealers are trained and equipped to
the maintenance intervals may need to ide. perform these particular services.
be shortened.
7 EWA10321 EWA15460
WARNING WARNING
Failure to properly maintain the ve- Brake discs, calipers, drums, and
hicle or performing maintenance ac- linings can become very hot during
tivities incorrectly may increase use. To avoid possible burns, let
your risk of injury or death during brake components cool before
service or while using the vehicle. If touching them.
you are not familiar with vehicle ser-
vice, have a Yamaha dealer perform
service.
7-1
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7-2
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THEREAFTER
INITIAL
EVERY
NO. ITEM CHECK OR MAINTENANCE JOB
1 3 6 6 12
month months months months months
Check fuel hoses for cracks or damage.
1 * Fuel line
Replace if necessary.
Check condition.
2 Spark plug Adjust gap and clean.
Replace if necessary.
Clean with solvent.
3 Air filter element
Replace if necessary.
Check engine idling speed and starter operation.
7 4 * Carburetor Adjust if necessary.
Clean.
Check for leakage.
Cylinder head and
5 * Tighten if necessary.
exhaust system
Decarbonize if necessary.
6 * Spark arrester Clean.
7-3
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THEREAFTER
INITIAL
EVERY
NO. ITEM CHECK OR MAINTENANCE JOB
1 3 6 6 12
month months months months months
Check operation.
1 * Front brake Adjust brake lever free play.
Replace brake shoes. Whenever worn to the limit
Check operation.
2 * Rear brake Adjust brake lever free play.
Replace brake shoes. Whenever worn to the limit
Check runout and for damage.
3 * Wheels
Replace if necessary.
Check tread depth and for damage. 7
Replace if necessary.
4 * Tires
Check air pressure.
Correct if necessary.
Check bearings for smooth operation.
5 * Wheel bearings
Replace if necessary.
Check bearing assemblies for looseness.
6 * Steering bearings Moderately repack with lithium-soap-based
grease every 2 years.
Check for grease leakage.
Middle and final gear
7 * Check gears for damage and wear.
cases Every 2 years
Lubricate gears with lithium-soap-based grease.
7-4
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TIP
The air filter needs more frequent service if you are riding in unusually wet or dusty areas.
7-5
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7-6
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Tightening torque:
Spark plug: TIP
20 Nm (2.0 mkgf, 14 ftlbf) Store the power reduction plate with the
Owners Manual so that it is readily
TIP available whenever you want to reduce
7 the engine power.
If a torque wrench is not available when
installing a spark plug, a good estimate 1 4. Install the exhaust manifold and its
of the correct torque is 1/41/2 turn new gasket by installing the bolts,
1. Exhaust manifold bolt
past finger tight. However, the spark and then tighten the bolts to the
plug should be tightened to the speci- 2. Remove the gasket. specified torque.
fied torque as soon as possible. 3. Remove the power reduction
plate. Tightening torque:
3. Install the spark plug cap. Exhaust manifold bolt:
9 Nm (0.9 mkgf, 6.5 ftlbf)
7-7
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7-8
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Middle and final gear cases Cleaning the air filter element
The middle and final gear cases must The air filter element should be cleaned
be checked for grease leakage before at the intervals specified in the periodic
each ride. If any leakage is found, have maintenance and lubrication chart. 1
a Yamaha dealer check and repair the Clean or, if necessary, replace the air
motorcycle. In addition, have a filter element more frequently if you are
Yamaha dealer check and lubricate the riding in unusually wet or dusty areas.
middle and final gears at the intervals 1. Remove the seat. (See page 4-7.)
specified in the periodic maintenance 2. Remove the air filter case cover by
1. Sponge material
and lubrication chart. removing the screw.
1
2
7-9
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7-10
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The carburetor has been set and ex- 2. Start the engine and warm it up for Engine idling speed:
tensively tested at the Yamaha fac- several minutes at 10002000 16501750 r/min
tory. Changing these settings r/min while occasionally revving it
7 without sufficient technical knowl- to 40005000 r/min.
edge may result in poor perfor- TIP
mance of or damage to the engine. TIP If the specified idling speed cannot be
The engine is warm when it quickly re- obtained as described above, have a
sponds to the throttle. Yamaha dealer make the adjustment.
3. Check the engine idling speed
and, if necessary, adjust it to spec-
ification by turning the throttle stop
screw. To increase the engine
idling speed, turn the screw in di-
7-11
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Checking the throttle grip free Tires Standard tire air pressure:
Front:
play Tires are the only contact between the 100 kPa (1.00 kgf/cm, 15 psi)
vehicle and the road. Safety in all con- Rear:
ditions of riding depends on a relatively 100 kPa (1.00 kgf/cm, 15 psi)
small area of road contact. Therefore, it
is essential to maintain the tires in good Tire inspection
condition at all times and replace them
at the appropriate time with the speci-
fied tires. 2
1
Tire air pressure
The tire air pressure should be checked
1. Throttle grip free play 1
and, if necessary, adjusted before each
The throttle grip free play should mea- ride.
sure 1.53.5 mm (0.060.14 in) at the EWA15370
7-12
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7-13
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Panel wheels Adjusting the front and rear Front brake lever free play:
10.020.0 mm (0.390.79 in)
EWA10610
brake lever free play Rear brake lever free play:
WARNING The front and rear brake lever free play 10.020.0 mm (0.390.79 in)
The wheels on this model are not de- should be measured at the positions as
signed for use with tubeless tires. shown. Periodically check the front and rear
Do not attempt to use tubeless tires brake lever free play and, if necessary,
on this model. Front adjust them as follows.
To increase the brake lever free play,
To maximize the performance, durabil-
turn the adjusting nut at the brake shoe
ity, and safe operation of your motorcy-
1 plate in direction (a). To decrease the
cle, note the following points regarding
brake lever free play, turn the adjusting
the specified wheels.
nut in direction (b).
The wheel rims should be checked
for cracks, bends, warpage or Front
damage before each ride. If any
damage is found, have a Yamaha
dealer replace the wheel. Do not 1. Front brake lever free play
attempt even the smallest repair to 7
the wheel. A deformed or cracked Rear
wheel must be replaced.
The wheel should be balanced (a)
whenever either the tire or wheel 1 (b) 1
has been changed or replaced. An
unbalanced wheel can result in 1. Brake lever free play adjusting nut
poor performance, adverse han-
dling characteristics, and a short-
ened tire life.
1. Rear brake lever free play
7-14
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7-15
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Checking and lubricating the Checking and lubricating the Adjusting the Autolube pump
cables throttle grip and cable The Autolube pump is a vital and so-
The operation of all control cables and The operation of the throttle grip should phisticated component of the engine,
the condition of the cables should be be checked before each ride. In addi- which must be adjusted by a Yamaha
checked before each ride, and the ca- tion, the cable should be lubricated by a dealer at the intervals specified in the
bles and cable ends should be lubricat- Yamaha dealer at the intervals speci- periodic maintenance and lubrication
ed if necessary. If a cable is damaged fied in the periodic maintenance chart. chart.
or does not move smoothly, have a The throttle cable is equipped with a
Yamaha dealer check or replace it. rubber cover. Make sure that the cover
WARNING! Damage to the outer is securely installed. Even though the
housing of cables may result in in- cover is installed correctly, it does not
ternal rusting and cause interfer- completely protect the cable from water
ence with cable movement. Replace entry. Therefore, use care not to pour
damaged cables as soon as possi- water directly onto the cover or cable
ble to prevent unsafe conditions. when washing the vehicle. If the cable
[EWA10711] or cover becomes dirty, wipe clean with
a moist cloth. 7
Recommended lubricant:
Yamaha Chain and Cable Lube or 4-
stroke engine oil
7-16
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Lubricating the front and rear Checking and lubricating the Checking the front fork
brake levers centerstand The condition and operation of the front
fork must be checked as follows at the
intervals specified in the periodic main-
tenance and lubrication chart.
Recommended lubricant:
Lithium-soap-based grease
7-17
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7-18
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1. Wheel axle
7-19
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WARNING
To avoid injury, securely support the
vehicle so there is no danger of it
falling over.
1. Retainer
1. Place the motorcycle on the cen-
3. Insert the wheel axle from the right terstand.
side. 2. Remove the seat. (See page 4-7.)
4. Install the washer and axle nut, 3. Remove the muffler bolt and wash-
and then tighten the axle nut to the ers. WARNING! Always let the
specified torque. exhaust system cool prior to
touching exhaust components.
Tightening torque: [EWA14581]
7
Axle nut: 4. Slide the spring clamp down, and
40 Nm (4.0 mkgf, 29 ftlbf) then remove the muffler.
5. Connect the brake cable at the
wheel hub, and then install the
brake lever free play adjusting nut.
6. Adjust the brake lever free play.
(See page 7-14.)
7. Take the motorcycle off the center-
stand so that the front wheel is on
the ground.
7-20
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1 2 3 1
1. Muffler 1. Rear shock absorber mounting bolt
2. Washer
3. Muffler bolt 8. Remove the axle nut while apply-
1 ing the rear brake.
4. Spring clamp
7-21
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WARNING
When checking the fuel system, do
not smoke, and make sure there are
no open flames or sparks in the ar-
ea, including pilot lights from water
7-23
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Troubleshooting chart
1. Fuel
There is
Check the compression.
enough fuel.
Check the fuel level in
the fuel tank.
There is The engine does not start.
Supply fuel.
no fuel. Check the compression.
2. Compression
There is compression. Check the ignition.
7
3. Ignition Wipe off with a dry cloth and correct the Open the throttle halfway and operate
Wet
spark plug gap, or replace the spark plug. the kickstarter.
Remove the spark plug
and check the electrodes.
The engine does not start.
Dry Have a Yamaha dealer check the vehicle.
Have a Yamaha dealer check the vehicle.
7-24
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sure to consult a Yamaha dealer for even if high-quality components are NOTICE
advice on what products to use be- used. A rusty exhaust pipe may go un- Avoid using strong acidic wheel
fore cleaning the vehicle. Using a noticed on a car, however, it detracts cleaners, especially on spoked
brush, harsh chemical products or from the overall appearance of a motor- wheels. If such products are
cleaning compounds when cleaning cycle. Frequent and proper care does used on hard-to-remove dirt, do
these parts will scratch or damage not only comply with the terms of the not leave the cleaner on the af-
their surface. Wax also should not warranty, but it will also keep your mo- fected area any longer than in-
be applied to any matte colored fin- torcycle looking good, extend its life structed. Also, thoroughly rinse
ished parts. and optimize its performance. the area off with water, immedi-
ately dry it, and then apply a cor-
Before cleaning rosion protection spray.
1. Cover the muffler outlet with a Improper cleaning can damage
plastic bag after the engine has plastic parts (such as cowlings,
cooled down. panels, etc.) and the mufflers.
8 2. Make sure that all caps and covers Use only a soft, clean cloth or
as well as all electrical couplers sponge with water to clean plas-
and connectors, including the tic. However, if the plastic parts
spark plug cap, are tightly in- cannot be thoroughly cleaned
stalled. with water, diluted mild deter-
3. Remove extremely stubborn dirt, gent with water may be used. Be
like oil burnt onto the crankcase, sure to rinse off any detergent
with a degreasing agent and a residue using plenty of water, as
brush, but never apply such prod- it is harmful to plastic parts.
8-1
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thinner, fuel (gasoline), rust re- engine has cooled down. WARNING
movers or inhibitors, brake flu- NOTICE: Do not use warm water Contaminants on the brakes or tires
id, antifreeze or electrolyte. since it increases the corrosive can cause loss of control.
Do not use high-pressure wash- action of the salt. [ECA10791] Make sure that there is no oil or
ers or steam-jet cleaners since 2. Apply a corrosion protection spray wax on the tires.
they cause water seepage and on all metal, including chrome- and If necessary, wash the tires with
deterioration in the following ar- nickel-plated, surfaces to prevent warm water and a mild deter-
eas: seals (of wheel and swing- corrosion. gent. Before riding at higher
arm bearings, fork and brakes), speeds, test the motorcycles
electric components (couplers, After cleaning braking performance and cor-
connectors, and switches), 1. Dry the motorcycle with a chamois nering behavior.
breather hoses and vents. or an absorbing cloth. ECA10800
2. Use a chrome polish to shine NOTICE
After normal use chrome, aluminum and stainless-
Apply spray oil and wax spar- 8
Remove dirt with warm water, a mild steel parts.
ingly and make sure to wipe off
detergent, and a soft, clean sponge, 3. To prevent corrosion, it is recom-
any excess.
and then rinse thoroughly with clean mended to apply a corrosion pro-
Never apply oil or wax to any
water. Use a toothbrush or bottlebrush tection spray on all metal,
rubber and plastic parts, but
for hard-to-reach areas. Stubborn dirt including chrome- and nickel-plat-
treat them with a suitable care
and insects will come off more easily if ed, surfaces.
product.
the area is covered with a wet cloth for 4. Use spray oil as a universal clean-
a few minutes before cleaning. er to remove any remaining dirt.
8-2
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8-4
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SPECIFICATIONS
Dimensions: Vibration on handlebar (EN1032, ISO5008): Air filter:
Overall length: PW50 Will not exceed 2.5 m/s Air filter element:
1245 mm (49.0 in) (AUT)(BEL)(CHE)(DEU)(DNK)(ESP) Wet element
Overall width: (FIN)(FRA)(GBR)(GRC)(IRL)(ITA)(NLD) Fuel:
575 mm (22.6 in) (NOR)(POL)(PRT)(SVN)(SWE) Recommended fuel:
Overall height: Engine: PW50 Regular unleaded gasoline only
715 mm (28.1 in) Engine type: PW50D Unleaded gasoline only
Seat height: Air cooled 2-stroke PW50D1 Regular unleaded gasoline only
485 mm (19.1 in) Cylinder arrangement: Fuel tank capacity:
Wheelbase: Single cylinder 2.0 L (0.53 US gal, 0.44 Imp.gal)
855 mm (33.7 in) Displacement: Carburetor:
Ground clearance: 49 cm Type quantity:
105 mm (4.13 in) Bore stroke: VM12SC x 1
Minimum turning radius: 40.0 39.2 mm (1.57 1.54 in) Spark plug(s):
1300 mm (51.2 in) Compression ratio: Manufacturer/model:
Weight: 6.00 : 1 PW50 NGK/BP4HS (ZAF)
Curb weight: Starting system: PW50 NGK/BPR4HS
39 kg (86 lb) Kickstarter (AUT)(BEL)(CHE)(DEU)(DNK)(ESP)
Technical permissible mass (Maximum load + Lubrication system: (FIN)(FRA)(GBR)(GRC)(IRL)(ITA)(NLD)
curb weight): Separate lubrication (Yamaha autolube) (NOR)(POL)(PRT)(SVN)(SWE)
64 kg (141 lb) Engine oil: PW50D NGK/BPR4HS
Noise and vibration level: Type: PW50D1 NGK/BPR4HS
Noise level (77/311/EEC): YAMALUBE 2S or 2-stroke engine oil Manufacturer/model:
PW50 75.1 dB(A)@2750 r/min (JASO FC grade) or (ISO EG-C or EG-D PW50 DENSO/W14FP-L (ZAF)
(AUT)(BEL)(CHE)(DEU)(DNK)(ESP) grade) Spark plug gap:
(FIN)(FRA)(GBR)(GRC)(IRL)(ITA)(NLD) Engine oil quantity: 0.60.7 mm (0.0240.028 in)
9 (NOR)(POL)(PRT)(SVN)(SWE) Quantity: Clutch:
Vibration on seat (EN1032, ISO5008): 0.30 L (0.32 US qt, 0.26 Imp.qt) Clutch type:
PW50 Will not exceed 0.5 m/s Transmission oil: Wet, centrifugal automatic
(AUT)(BEL)(CHE)(DEU)(DNK)(ESP) Type: Transmission:
(FIN)(FRA)(GBR)(GRC)(IRL)(ITA)(NLD) YAMALUBE 4 (10W-40) or SAE 10W-40 Primary reduction ratio:
(NOR)(POL)(PRT)(SVN)(SWE) Oil change quantity: 1.909 (63/33)
0.30 L (0.32 US qt, 0.26 Imp.qt) Final drive:
Shaft
9-1
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SPECIFICATIONS
Secondary reduction ratio: Speed rating: Spring/shock absorber type:
6.218 (19/15 x 54/11) 100 km/h (62 mph) Coil spring/oil damper
Chassis: Loading: Wheel travel:
Frame type: Maximum rider weight: 60.0 mm (2.36 in)
Backbone 25.0 kg (55 lb) Rear suspension:
Caster angle: Tire air pressure (measured on cold Type:
25.50 tires): Unit swing
Trail: Front: Spring/shock absorber type:
50 mm (2.0 in) 100 kPa (1.00 kgf/cm, 15 psi) Coil spring/oil damper
Front tire: Rear: Wheel travel:
Type: 100 kPa (1.00 kgf/cm, 15 psi) 50.0 mm (1.97 in)
With tube Front wheel: Electrical system:
Size: Wheel type: Ignition system:
2.50-10 4PR Panel wheel CDI
Manufacturer/model: Rim size:
PW50 (EUR) 10x1.50
BRIDGESTONE/KNOBBY Rear wheel:
PW50 (ZAF), PW50D, PW50D1 Wheel type:
BRIDGESTONE/KNOBBY Panel wheel
IRC/KNOBBY Rim size:
Speed rating: 10x1.50
100 km/h (62 mph) Front brake:
Rear tire: Type:
Type: Drum brake
With tube Operation:
Size: Right hand operation
2.50-10 4PR Rear brake: 9
Manufacturer/model: Type:
PW50 (EUR)
Drum brake
BRIDGESTONE/KNOBBY Operation:
PW50 (ZAF), PW50D, PW50D1 Left hand operation
BRIDGESTONE/KNOBBY
Front suspension:
IRC/KNOBBY
Type:
Telescopic fork
9-2
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SPECIFICATIONS
EAU51131
9-3
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CONSUMER INFORMATION
EAU40792 EAU26400 EAU26480
VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION
NUMBER:
1. Vehicle identification number 1. Model label
The vehicle identification number is The model label is affixed to the frame
stamped into the steering head pipe. under the seat. (See page 4-7.) Record
Record this number in the space pro- the information on this label in the
MODEL LABEL INFORMATION: vided. space provided. This information will be
needed when ordering spare parts from
TIP
a Yamaha dealer.
The vehicle identification number is
used to identify your motorcycle and
may be used to register your motorcy-
cle with the licensing authority in your
area.
10
10-1
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CONSUMER INFORMATION
EAU48120
tions related to exhaust emissions as
Vehicle Emission Control Informa-
required by federal law, state law and
tion label (For Canada)
Environment Canada.
10-2
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INDEX
A I Tool kit .................................................... 7-2
Acceleration and deceleration ................ 6-2 Identification numbers ...........................10-1 Transmission oil...................................... 7-8
Air filter element, cleaning ...................... 7-9 K Troubleshooting .................................... 7-23
Autolube pump, adjusting ..................... 7-16 Kickstarter ...............................................4-7 Troubleshooting chart ........................... 7-24
B L V
Brake lever, front .................................... 4-2 Labels, location .......................................1-1 Vehicle Emission Control Information
Brake lever, rear ..................................... 4-3 M label (For Canada).............................. 10-2
Brake levers, lubricating ....................... 7-17 Maintenance and lubrication, periodic.....7-4 Vehicle identification number................ 10-1
Brake shoes, checking ......................... 7-15 Maintenance, emission control system ...7-3 W
Braking ................................................... 6-2 Matte color, caution.................................8-1 Wheel bearings, checking..................... 7-18
C Middle and final gear cases ....................7-9 Wheel (front) ......................................... 7-19
Cable lock (for Europe)........................... 4-8 Model label............................................10-1 Wheel (rear).......................................... 7-20
Cables, checking and lubricating.......... 7-16 P Wheels.................................................. 7-14
Carburetor, adjusting ............................ 7-11 Parking ....................................................6-4
Care........................................................ 8-1 Part locations ..........................................3-1
Centerstand, Power reduction plate, removing.............7-7
checking and lubricating..................... 7-17 S
E Safety information ...................................2-1
Engine break-in ...................................... 6-3 Seat.........................................................4-7
Engine idling speed .............................. 7-11 Spark arrester, cleaning ........................7-10
Engine oil................................................ 4-6 Spark plug, checking...............................7-6
Engine, starting a warm.......................... 6-1 Specifications ..........................................9-1
Engine stop switch.................................. 4-1 Speed limiter and
F power reduction plate............................4-1
Front and rear brake lever free play, Starter (choke) lever................................4-7
adjusting ............................................. 7-14 Starting and warming up a cold engine...6-1
Front fork, checking .............................. 7-17 Starting off...............................................6-2
Fuel......................................................... 4-3 Steering, checking.................................7-18
Fuel cock ................................................ 4-6 Storage....................................................8-3
Fuel tank breather hose.......................... 4-5 T
Fuel tank cap .......................................... 4-3 Throttle grip and cable,
H checking and lubricating .....................7-16
Handlebar switch .................................... 4-1 Throttle grip free play, checking ............7-12
Tires ......................................................7-12
EAU53771
WARNING
Improper motorcycle use can result in SEVERE INJURY or DEATH.
LOCATE AND READ OWNERS MANUAL. FOLLOW ALL INSTRUCTIONS AND WARNINGS.