Chapter 2 Reservoir System

SKPP3513 PRODUCTION
ENGINEERING
Chapter 2: Reservoir System
Chapter2:ReservoirSystem
Mohd Fauzi Hamid
MohdFauziHamid
N01439
075535616
fauzihamid@petroleum.utm.my
SKPP 3513: PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
Learning Outcome
LearningOutcome
Students will able to:

Studentswillableto:
UnderstandtheconceptofIPR
Differentiatethemethodusedforcalculatingsinglephase
Differentiate the method used for calculating single phase
flowandtwophaseflowIPR
ConstructtheIPRcurve
Construct the IPR curve
Identifythefluidphaseforaparticulargivencondition
CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (2) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

Contents
ProductivityIndex(PI)
HydrocarbonPhaseBehavior
InflowPerformanceRelationship(IPR)
p( )

FluidInflow
Fluidinflowistheflowofliquidfromformationtothe
bottomhole.
Theflowofliquidsareaffectedby4mainfactors:
Reservoirfluidproperties(physical&chemicalproperties).
P,T,composition,etc.
Physical&Geometricalpropertiesofreservoirrocks.P,T,
composition,structure,overburden,cementing,
compaction etc
compaction,etc.
Pressuredifferential(P=Pf Pw)
Wellgeometry,spacing,productionarea@P
Well geometry spacing production area @ Pf
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION (4) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

Productivity Index (PI)

ProductivityIndex(PI)
ThePIexpresstheabilityofproductionofthewell.
Provideameasureofthecapabilityofareservoirtodeliver
fluidstothebottomofawellboreforproduction.
Itdefinestherelationshipbetweenthesurfaceproduction
rateandthepressuredropacrossthereservoir,knownas
thedrawdown.
q
PI J (21)
Ps Pwf
where:
PI =productivityindex,STB/(day)(psi)
q =producingflowrate,STB/day
Ps = reservoir static pressure psi
=reservoirstaticpressure,psi
Pwf =flowingbottomholepressure,psi
Productivity Index (ctd)

ProductivityIndex
Forradialflowandstrongwaterdriveorgascapreservoir
where flow tend to reach steady state flow (from Eqn 13):
whereflowtendtoreachsteadystateflow(fromEq 1 3)
q 0 007082kh
0.007082
PI J .. (22)
Ps Pwf re
Bo ln(( )
rw
PIwillbeaconstantif,Bo &kremainconstant.AplotofP
vs qshouldbeastraightlineofslope1/PIwithanintercept
on the ordinate axis of Pe.
ontheordinateaxisofP


ProductivityIndex
Pe
Slope = 1/PI
Slope=
P
q
Productivity Index
ProductivityIndex


ProductivityIndex
Forpseudosteadystateflow(fromEqn 14):
q 0.007082kh
PI J (23)
Ps Pwf B (ln re 1
)
o (l
rw 2
Intermsofaveragereservoirpressure,P
I t f i Pavg orP
Pr:
q 0 007082kh
0.007082
PI J (24)
( )
Pr Pwf B (ln re 3 )
o
rw 4


ProductivityIndex
Again,providedthefluidandrockproperties(,Bandk)
areconstant,thePIshouldbeconstant,irrespectiveofthe
t t th PI h ld b t t i ti f th
degreeofdepletion.Thus,asforthesteadystatecase,a
straight line relationship exists between P and q
straightlinerelationshipexistsbetweenPandq.
Forgaswell:
qg 0.703k g h
PI J (25)
( )
( Ps 2 Pwf 2 ) re
T ( g z ) avg ln( )
rw


ProductivityIndex
Wherethegasflowrate,qg (MSCF/day):
k g h( Pe 2 Pw2 )
qg
re
1422T ( g z ) avg ln( )
rw
PIwillremainconstantifnochangeinthefluidand
reservoirproperties.IfagraphofP2 vs qisdrawn,a
straightlineshouldresultofslope1/PI.


ProductivityIndex
Pe2
Slope= 1/PI
P2
AbsoluteOpenFlow
Potential (AOFP)
Potential(AOFP)
qg qo
Gas well productivity relationship

Gaswellproductivityrelationship


ProductivityIndex
PIspecific,PIs (STB/(day)(psi)(ft):
PI q
PI s J s (26)
( )
h h( Ps Pwf )
Example2.1
Afieldisdrilleduponarectangular80acrespacing.The
reservoirpressure(Ps)is1000psi,k=50md,h=20ft, =3cp,
Bo =1.25bbl/STB.Thewellsarecompletedwith7incasing.If
= 1 25 bbl/STB The wells are completed with 7 in casing If
theproducingpressureatthebottomofthewellis500psi,(a)
whatistheproductionrateofthewell,(b)thePI,and(c)the
p ,( ) , ( )
specificPI.

ProductivityIndex
Ifthereisgasinfluidflow,thefluidisnolonger
iincompressible,PInotconstantandthissituationhappen
ibl PI t t t d thi it ti h
whenPs <Pb.PIbecomes:
ddq (27)
PI
dPwf
Ifthereiswaterinoilflow(oilandwatermix):
(qo qw ) (28) (2 8)
PI
( Ps Pwf )


ProductivityIndex
Foroilwatermix&radialflow(steadystate):
(qo qw ) 0.007082h ko kw (29)
PI ( )
Ps Pwf re
ln( ) o Bo w Bw
rw
FFortwoproductioncondition:
t d ti diti
( PI )1 ( ko / o Bo )1
....(210)
(2 10)
( PI ) 2 ( ko / o Bo ) 2
ToestimatethePI,Lewis&Hornerequationcanbeused:
T ti t th PI L i & H ti b d
4 kh
PI 5
5.9*10
9*10 ( ) ....(211)
(2 11)
o Bo

ProductivityIndex
FactorsinfluencingPI.
ProductionGOR
Pressuredepletion
CumulativeProduction
OilSaturation(So willaffecttheeffectiveandrelativepermeabilityof
th fl id)
thefluid)
Generally,PIwilldecreasewithtime&Pbecause:
Turbulenceduetoincreasingofflowrate.
OilpermeabilitydecreaseduetopresentofgaswhenPdecrease
nearthewellbore.
o increasewithpressuredepletionbelowPb.
Permeabilitydecreaseduetoformationcompression.

ProductivityIndex
FuturePI:
kro
( )f
o Bo (211)
PI f PI p
kro
( )p
o Bo
where:
h
1.8 PI
PI p
Pwf
1 0.8( )
Pavg

Hydrocarbon Phase Behavior
HCreservoirfluid:complexmixtureofHCmolecules.
Compositiondependon:
C iti d d
Sourcerock
Maturationdegree
Maturation degree
P&T
PhasechangefromHPHT
Phase change from HPHT cool&lowpressure
cool & low pressure effectto
effect to
performance
Singlephaseinreservoir(liquidphase)
Single phase in reservoir (liquid phase)
Remainssinglephase(liquid)atwellbore(significantreduction
inP&smallchangeinT@flowinreservoir(singlephase
region)) ))
StartstoevolvegasasT&Preduced@flowupintubing
(bubble point)
(bubblepoint)
Evolvesincreasingamountofgasuntilseparator(twophase
region)
Hydrocarbon Phase Behavior (ctd)

1. Singlephaseinreservoir(a)
g p ( )
2. Remainssinglephaseliquidatwellbore(significantreductionin
P&smallchangeinT@flowinreservoir(a b)
3 StartstoevolvegasasT&Preduced@flowupintubing(c)
3. St t t l T & P d d @ fl i t bi ( )
4. Evolvesincreasingamountofgas(de)untilseparator(f)
Hydrocarbon Phase Behavior (ctd)

PossiblePhaseChangesinProductionFlowSystem

Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)

InflowPerformanceRelationship(IPR)
TheIPRisdefinesasthefunctionalrelationshipbetweenthe
production rate and the flowing bottom hole pressure
productionrateandtheflowingbottomholepressure.
AlwaystermedasIPRCurve;aplotofPwf vs q(Pwf on
verticalaxisandqonhorizontalaxis).
ti l i d h i t l i)
FromthedefinitionofPI
q
Pwf Ps
PI
Ps isconstant,andifPIalsoassumedtobeconstant,the
relationshipbetweenP
relationship between Pwf &qislinearwithanegativeslopeof
& q is linear with a negative slope of
1/PI.

IPR (ctd)
IPR
Slope= 1/PI
TypicalIPRCurveforIncompressibleFluid
IPR (ctd)
IPR
Whenq=0,Pwf =Ps (noflow).
WhenPwf =0,q=Ps*PI=qmax
(absoluteopenflowpotential AOFP)
Ps
AOFPisthemaximumratethatthe
Slope = - 1/PI
formationcandeliverfluidtothe
borehole. Pwf
ThefigureisatypicalIPRcurvefor Absolute Open
flow potential
radialflowequationforsinglephase,
incompressiblefluid.
Fromthefigure: q qmax
qmax
tan PI
Ps
Example 22
Example2 2
Given:
Permeability,k
P bili k = 30mD
30 D
Paythickness,h = 40ft
Average reservoir pressure Pr
Averagereservoirpressure,P = 3000 psi
3000psi
Reservoirtemperature,T = 200oF
Well spacing A
Wellspacing,A = 160 acres
160acres
Drilledholesize,D = 12in(openhole)
Formation volume factor, B
Formationvolumefactor,B = 1.2 bbl/STB
1.2bbl/STB
Oilviscosity, = 0.8cp
Skinfactor,St
, = 0
Calculate:AbsoluteOpenFlowPotentialandPI
PlotIPRcurve.

IPR (ctd)
IPR
Formostwell,IPRcurveisnotalinearrelationship,because
PI decrease when q increase and pressure depleted
PIdecreasewhenqincreaseandpressuredepleted.
PIdecreasewithpressuredepletion.
Thismethod(PImethod)ofpredictingIPRisonlycanbeused
forsinglephaseflow(Ps >Pb).ForsolutiongasreservoiratPs
<Pb,Vogel method isapplicable.

IPR GasFlow
IPR Gas Flow
Compressiblefluid IPRnotstraightline
CanbederivedfromDarcyLawbyusingaverageproperties
betweenreservoir&wellbore(lowq):
( 2 Pwf2)
q=C(Pr
C=constant
ForhigherflowrateduenonDarcy(turbulentflow)effect
For higher flow rate due nonDarcy (turbulent flow) effect
fieldobservation BureauofMineseq:
( 2 Pwf2)n
q=C(Pr
q
n=0.5 1.0
Loglogplotofqvs (Pr2 Pwf2) straightlinewith:
Slope=n
l
Intercept=C
Standardtestforgaswell:measureP
Standard test for gas ell meas re Pwf at4productionrate.
at 4 prod ction rate

IPR 2Phase(Gas
IPR 2 Phase (GasLiquid)
Liquid)Flow
Flow
Saturatedreservoir
Vogelequationforsolutiongasdrivewellscanbeused:
Vogel equation for solution gas drive wells can be used:
q/qmax =1 0.2(Pwf/Pr)0.8(Pwf/Pr)2
qmax =AOF(q@P
AOF (q @ Pwf =0)
0)
Ifmultirate testdataavailable:
q/qmax ={1 (Pwf/Pr)2}n
Plot loglog q vs (Pwf/Pr)2 straightlinewithslope=n

Plotloglogqvs straight line with slope = n
.

VogelssEquation
Vogel Equation
IntroducedbyVogelin1968andrecommendedforsolution
gas drive reservoir where Ps <P
gasdrivereservoirwhereP < Pb .
VogelsEquation;
2
qo Pwf Pwf
1 0.2 0.8
(qo ) max Ps Ps
qo Pwf
Basedontheequation,Vogelplot vs
(qo ) max Ps
forsolutiongasdrivereservoir.
knownasdimensionlessIPRCurveofVogelChart,VogelEquation
known as dimensionless IPR Curve of Vogel Chart Vogel Equation
orVogelChart.
canbeusedtopredicttheIPRofsolutiongasdrivereservoir
can be used to predict the IPR of solution gas drive reservoir

VogelssEquation
Vogel Equation (ctd)
ThisIPRcurvecanbegeneratedifeithertheqmax and
reservoirpressureareknown,orthereservoirpressure&a
reservoir pressure are known or the reservoir pressure & a
flowrateandthecorrespondingbottomholeflowing
pressure are known
pressureareknown.
Foreithercase,abuilduptestforthereservoirpressure,and
a flow test with bottom hole gauge are required
aflowtestwithbottomholegaugearerequired.
Pwf
Fromtheequation;if 0,
qo
1
Ps (qo ) max
qo Pwf
andif 0, 1
(qo ) max Ps
qo Pwf Pwf
0 1 1 0
0.8
8
(qo ) max Ps Ps

Example 23
Example2 3
Given
qo = 300BPD
300 BPD
Pwf = 1500psi
Ps = 1800 psi
1800psi
Determine:
(a) qmaximum
((b)) q@Pwf =1000psi
q p
byPIandVogelmethods.

Example 24
Example2 4
Given
qo = 300BPD
300 BPD
Pwf = 1500psi
Ps = 1800 psi
1800psi
Determine Pwf forq

DetermineP for qo =600BPD
600 BPD byPIandVogelmethods.
by PI and Vogel methods.

Standing Method
StandingMethod
AlsoknownasStandingsExtensionofVogelsIPR
NotethatVogelsIPRisindependentofskinfactor,thus
applicabletoundamagedwellonly.
Standingextendtheeffectofskin onVogelsIPRequationand
comeupwiththeconceptofflowefficiencyfactororFE
(productivityratio).
P 'wf Ps FE ( Ps Pwf )
Ideal bottom hole flowing pressure, Pwf @ S=0
So,VogelsIPRcanbewrittenas
S l b i
2
qo P 'wf P 'wf
1 0.2
0 2 0.8
0 8
(qo ) max Ps s
P
Standing Method (ctd)

StandingMethod
Pideal PI ideal ( Ps P 'wf )

FE id l
id l

Preal PI real ( Ps Pwf ) ...(a)
P 'wf Pwf Pskin .(b)
Combining(a)&(b):
C bi i ( ) & (b)
( Ps Pwf Pskin ) m = slope of straight

FE ..(c) line curve of PBU test
( Ps Pwf ) (Horner)
162.6q B
Pskin 0.87 mSt 0.87 St
kh

StandingMethod
Equation(c)showsthatifFE<1,thewellisdamage.IfFE>1,
thewellisstimulated.WhenFE=1.0,Standing
the well is stimulated When FE 1 0 Standingsscorrelation
correlation
becomesVogelsequation.
StandingproduceIPRcurveforFE=0.5
S di d IPR f FE 0 5 1.5,andcanbe
15 d b
usedtodetermine:
maximumflowratefordamagewell(formation)
maximumflowrateforrepaired/stimulatedwell
FlowrateforanyvalueofflowpressureatdifferentFE
ToconstructIPRcurvefordamageandstimulatedwell.


StandingMethod
(Figure 9.5page285:Chilingarian)

Example 25
Example2 5
Thefollowinginformationisavailablefromawelltest:
Productionrate=500BPD
P d i 500 BPD
Staticreservoirpressure=3000psig
Bottomhole flowingpressure=2500psig
flowing pressure = 2500 psig
Flowefficiency=0.7
Find:qatP
Find: q at Pwf =1700psig,when(a)FE=0.7,(b)FE=1.0,and
= 1700 psig when (a) FE = 0 7 (b) FE = 1 0 and
(c)FE=1.3
Solution:
(Pwf/Ps)=(2500)/(3000)=0.833
FromFig.,atFE=1.0,q/(q)maxFE=1=0.19.
Thus,(q) maxFE=1=(500)/(0.19)=2632BPD.
F
ForaP
Pwf of1700psig:
f 1700 i

Example 25
Example2 5(ctd)
FromFigure:
(a)ForFE=0.7,q/(q)
(a) For FE = 0 7 q/(q)maxFE=1 =0.47,
= 0 47
thusq=(0.47)(2632)=1237BPD
(b) For FE =1.0,q/(q)
(b)ForFE 1.0, q/(q)maxFE=1 =0.65,
0.65,
thusq=(0.65)(2632)=1711BPD
q q maxFE=1 =0.77,
(c)ForFE=1.3,q/(q)
thusq=(0.77)(2632)=2026BPD
Theaboveexampleillustrateshowtopredicttheflowrateat
variousvaluesofPwf.Hence,aslongasFEisknown,anIPR
curvecanbedevelopedforaparticularwell.

Skin Factor
SkinFactor
Factorsthatincreasetherestrictionoffluidflowtothe
wellbore
wellbore.
Itcanbemechanicalorphysicalphenomenon.
St =SSd +SSpc +SSswp +SSp
where
St = ttotaldimensionlessskinfactor
t l di i l ki f t
Sd = formationdamageskinfactor
Spc = skin factor due to partial completion
skinfactorduetopartialcompletion
Sswp = skinfactorduetowelldeviation
Sp = perforation skin factor
perforationskinfactor
Thetotalskincanbeashigheras100andtheminimumskin
in highly stimulated well is about 5.
inhighlystimulatedwellisabout 5.

SkinZone
Skin Factor (ctd)

SkinFactor
Pressuredropduetoskin:
162.6q B 141.2q B
Pskin 0.87mSt 0.87 S t St
kh kh
PartialCompletionSkinEffect,Spc
Reservoirnotperforatedovertheentirethicknessofthepay
f d h h k f h
zone
Deviationfromradialflowduetopartialpenetrationorcompletion

Skin Factor (ctd)

SkinFactor
Incaseswherethewellispartiallycompleted,theflowcan
no longer considered horizontal and well productivity will
nolongerconsideredhorizontalandwellproductivitywill
dependuponboththehorizontalandverticalpermeabilities.
FormationDamageSkinFactor,Sd.
Duringdrillingoperationandinspecificcompletionphases,
wellborefluidwillleakoffintotheformation.
Thisfiltrate,togetherwithfineparticles,willcauseachange
inthepermeabilityofthereservoirrockbyanyoneofa
range of mechanisms shown in next page
rangeofmechanismsshowninnextpage.

Skin Factor (ctd)

SkinFactor
Clay
S lli
Swelling
Particulate
Wettability
Plugging
Formation
Damage
Fines
Emulsion
Migration
g
Scale&
Water
Inorganic Blocking
Precipitate
FormationDamageMechanism
Skin Factor (ctd)

SkinFactor
WellDeviationSkinEffect,Sswp.
Ifawellentersaformationatanangle,thelengthofborehole
If ll f i l h l h fb h l
andhencecrosssectionalareaforflowwillbeincreased.
Theproductivitywillthusbeincreased
The productivity will thus be increased
Deviated Well Geometry

DeviatedWellGeometry

Skin Factor (ctd)

SkinFactor
PerforationSkinEffect,Sp.
Theprocessofperforationcreatesalimitednumberofsmall
holeentrypointsforfluidtoflowintothewellbore.
Thiswillaffecttheproductivityofthewell.

Construction of IPR
ConstructionofIPR
BasedonVogelMethod,thedatarequiredare:
Flowrate,q
l
Bottomholeflowingpressure,Pwf
Reservoirpressure,P
R i Ps.
Allthesedatacanbeobtainedfrom:
Productiontest
d
Flowtest
PBUtest
PBU
Themethodofconstructingthecurvedependuponthe
conditionofwell,i.e.
diti f ll i
Singlephaseflow
Twophaseflow:P
T h fl Ps <P
< Pb andP
d Ps >P
> Pb

Single Phase Flow

SinglePhaseFlow
DeterminePI: PI q
( Ps Pwf )
Determineqmax :qmax =Ps*PI Ps
Slope = - 1/PI
PlotgraphofPwf vs q
Pwf
Pwff =PPs q
q =0
0
Absolute Open
Pwf =0 q=qmax flow potential
Theplotwillproduceastraight
The plot will produce a straight
line q qmax

Two Phase Flow

TwoPhaseFlow
TherearethreemethodsdependuponthePs,Pwf,andPb.
1) Ps <Pb
2) Ps >Pwf >Pb
3) Ps >Pb >Pwf

((1)P
) s <Pb
Determine(qo)max fromVogelEquation
2
qo Pwf Pwf
1 0.2 0.8
(qo ) max s
P Ps
qo
(qo ) max 2
Pwf Pwf
1 0.2 0.8
Ps Ps
Ifproductiontestdataisnotavailable,qo canbeestimated
fromDarcyequation,and(qo)max from:
qo Ps PI * Ps
(qo ) max Derivation1
1.8( Ps Pwf ) 1.8
0.007082kh( Pr Pwf )
q
r 3
Bo (ln e )
rw 4
Derivation 1
2
qo Pwf Pwf
1 0.2
0 2 0.8
0 8
(qo ) max Ps Ps
Pwf Pwf Ps Pwf Pwf
1 1 0.8
08 1 0.8
08
P s Ps Ps P s

qo Ps 1 PI * P 1
(qo ) max
( Ps Pwf )
s
Pwf Pwf
1 0.8 1 0.8
Ps Ps
IfPwf totendtoPs (withsmalldrawdown atinitialstage)
qo Ps PI * Ps
(qo ) max
1 8( Ps Pwf )
1.8( 11.88
Back
((1)P
) s <Pb (ctd)
AssumeanumbersofP
Assume a numbers of Pwf (from0to
(from 0 to
Ps),determineqfromVogelEqn or
VogelssReferenceIPR
Vogel Reference IPR
Ps
PlotgraphofPwf vs qo
Pwf =Ps qo =0 Pwf
Pwf =0 qo =(qo)max
Theplotwillproduceacurve
q qmax
Pwf Pwf
2
qo (qo ) max 1 0.2 0.8

Ps Ps
((2)P
) s >Pb
IPRcurvewillhavetwoparts:
Ps >Pwf >Pb astraightline 4000
Pwf <Pb acurve 3500
3000
ConsideredasgeneralizedIPR
2500
Pwf(psi)
acombinationofthePImethod
abovethebubblepoint 2000
pressureandVogelsIPRbelow 1500
thebubblepointpressure
h b bbl i . 1000
500
Twosituations:
0
GivenPwf >Pb 0 50
q(BPD)
100 150 200
GivenPwf <Pb

((2)P
) s >Pb (ctd)
qb PI ( Ps Pb )
qPb PI * P
qv b
1.8 Ps Pwf 1.8


((21)P
) wf >Pb
MarkthepointPs @q=0,andPwf @givenq.Connectthe
two points with a straight line
twopointswithastraightline.
Determineqb fromaboveplotorfromequation
qb =PI(P
( s Pb)
qPb PI * Pb
Determineqmax from: qmax qb qb
1 8 Ps Pwf
1.8 11.88
AssumeanumbersofPwf ((0toPb))anddetermineqfrom:
q
2
(q qb ) wf
P wf
P
1 0.2 0.8 OtherForm
(qmax qb ) Pb Pb
PlotPwf vs q. 2

PI * Pb Pwf Pwf
q qb 1 0.2 0.8
1.8
Pb b
P

2
(q q b ) Pwf Pwf
1 0.2 0.8
( max q b )
(q Pb Pb
Pwf Pwf
2
q q b (q
( max q b ) 1 00.22 00.8
8
Pb Pb
qPPb PI * Pb
but (q max q b ) q v
1.8 Ps Pwf 1.8
Pwf
2
qPb Pwf

q q b 1 0.2 0.8
1.8 Ps Pwf Pb
b
P

PI * Pb Pwf Pwf
2
q qb 1 00.2
2 00.8
8
1.8
Pb Pb Back
((22)P
) wf <Pb
Determineqb fromequation
Pb

wf
P wf
P
2
qb q 1 1 0.2 0.8
1.8( Ps Pwf ) Pb Pb

qPb
Determineqmax from: qmax qb
1 8 Ps Pwff

1.8
AssumeanumbersofPwf ((0toPb))anddetermineqfrom:
q
2
(q qb ) Pwf Pwf
1 0.2 0.8
(qmax qb ) b
P b
P
PlotPwf vs q+astraightlinefromPb toPs.
PI * Pb Pwf Pwf
2
q qb 1 0.2 0.8
1.8
Pb b
P
4000
Ps
3500
3000
Pwf(psi)
2500
2000
Pb
1500
1000
500
qb
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
q(BPD) qmax
T i lC
TypicalCompositeIPRCurve
it IPR C

Example25
p
ThePulai No1wastestedforeighthoursatarateofabout38
STB/day Wellbore flowing pressure is 585 psi After shutting
STB/day.Wellboreflowingpressureis585psi.Aftershutting
thewellinfor24hours,thebottomhole pressurereacheda
static value of 1125 psi Calculate:
staticvalueof1125psi.Calculate:
1. Productivityindex,PI
2 Absoluteopenhole
2. Ab l h l flowingpotential
fl i i l
3. Oilflowrateforawellboreflowingpressureof350psi
4. Wellboreflowingpressurerequiredtoproduce60STB/day
DrawtheIPRcurve,indicatingthecalculatedquantities.

Example25:Solution
p
1200
Example25
Pwf (psi) q(BPD) 1000
1125 0 Pwf(psi) 800
100 72.2
800 22.9 600
585 38.0
400 51 0
51.0 400
350 54.6
200 65.1 200
0 79 2
79.2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
q (STB/day)

Example26
p
Adiscoverywell,Tanjung No.3,wastestedintheT9Sandat
a rate of 200 STB/day with a bottomhole flowingpressureof
arateof200STB/daywithabottomhole flowing pressure of
3220psi.Theestimatedbubblepointpressureof4020psi
indicates that the well is draining saturated oil since the
indicatesthatthewellisdrainingsaturatedoil,sincethe
staticpressurewas4000psi.
PlottheIPRusingtheVogelequation.

Example26:Solution
p
VogelEquation:
2
qo Pwf Pwf
1 0.2 0.8
(qo ) max Ps s
P
qo
(qo ) max 2
Pwf Pwf
1 0.2 0.8
Ps s
P
200
(qo ) max 2
624 STB / day
3220 3220
1 0.2 0.8
4000 4000
Calculateseveralratesatspecificdrawdowntohaveenough
p g
pointstoplotIPR

Example26:Solution
p ((ctd))
4500
Pwf (psi) (Pwf/Ps) (Pwf/Ps)2 q(BPD) Example 2-6
4000 1 1 0 4000
3750 0.9375 0.8789 68 3500

3500 0 8750
0.8750 0 7656
0.7656 133
3250 0.8125 0.6602 193 3000
Pwf(psi)
3000 0.7500 0.5625 250 2500
2750 0.6875 0.4727 302
2000
2500 0 6250
0.6250 0 3906
0.3906 351
2250 0.5625 0.3164 396 1500
2000 0.5000 0.2500 437
1000
1750 0.4375 0.1914 474
1500 0.3750 0.1406 507 500
1250 0.3125 0.0977 536 0
1000 0.2500 0.0625 562 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
750 0.1875 0.0352 583
500 0.125 0.0156 601
q(BPD)
250 0.0625 0.0039 614
0 0 0.0000 624
Pwf Pwf
2
qo 624 1 0.2 0.8

4000 4000
Example27
p
Given:
Staticreservoirpressure,psi=3620
Bubblepointpressure,psi=1825
Bottomhole flowingpressure,psi=1980
Productionrate,BPD=108
1. DeterminetheProductivityIndexthatisvalidifPwf >Pb.
2. CalculatetheoilrateifPwf =Pb.
3. Calculatethemaximumoilrate.
4. PlotIPR

Example27:Solution
p
Ps >Pwf >Pb:
q 108
1) PI: PI ( ) 0.066 BPD / psi
Ps Pwf 3620 1980
2) qb =PI(Ps Pb)=0.066(3620 1825)=118.5BPD
qPb (108)(1825)
3) qmax: qmax qb 118.5 185.3BPD
1 8( Ps Pwff )
1.8( 1 8(3620 1980)
1.8(3620
Pwf Pwf
2
4) IPR: qo (qmax qb ) 1 0.2 0.8 qb

b
P b
P
Pwf Pwf
2
qo (185.3 118.5) 1 0.2 0.8 118.5

1825 1825

Example27:Solution
p ((ctd))
Pwf (psi) (Pwf/Pb) (Pwf/Pb)2 q(BPD) 4000

Example 2-7
3620 0 3500
1825 1 1.0000
1 0000 119 3000
1650 0.9041 0.8174 130
1500 0.8219 0.6755 138 2500
Pwff(psi)
1250 0.6849 0.4691 151
2000
1000 0.5479 0.3002 162
750 0.411 0.1689 171 1500
500 0.274 0.0751 178

1000
2 0
250 0 3
0.137 0 0 88
0.0188 182
82
0 0 0.0000 185 500
0
P Pwf
2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
qo (qmax qb ) 1 0.2 wf 0.8 qb q(BPD)
Pb b
P
Pwf Pwf
2
qo (185.3
(185 3 118.5)
118 5) 1 0.2
0 2 0.8
0 8 118.5
118 5
1825 1825

Example28
p
Given:
Staticreservoirpressure,psi =1750
Bubblepointpressure,psi =1200
Bottomhole flowingpressure,psi =900
Productionrate,BPD =600
1. PlotIPR
2. Determinewellpotential
3. DeterminePwf requiredifqo is800BPD

Example28:Solution
p
Ps >Pb >Pwf:Determineqb:
Pb Pwf Pwf
2

qb q 1 1 0.2 0.8
1.8( Ps Pwf ) Pb Pb

1200 900 900
2
qb 600 1 1 0.2 0.8 412 BPD

1.8(1750
( 900)) 1200 1200
Determineqmax:
qPb 600*1200
qmax qb 412 883BPD
1.8( Ps Pwf ) 1.8(1750 900)
Calculateseveralratesatspecificdrawdowntohaveenough
pointstoplotIPR

Example28:Solution
p ((ctd))
2000
Example 2-8
28
1800
Pwf (psi) (Pwf/Pb) (Pwf/Pb)2 q(BPD) 1600
1400
1200 1 1 412 1200
Pwf(psi)
1000 0.8333 0.6944 543 1000
800 0.6667 0.4444 653 800
600 0.5 0.2500 742
600
400 0.3333 0.1111 810
400
200 0.1667 0.0278 857
200
0 0 0.0000 883
0
P Pwf
2 0 200 400
q(BPD)
600 800 1000
qo (qmax qb ) 1 0.2 wf 0.8 qb

Pb b
P
Pwf Pwf
2
(ii)WellPotential=qmax =883BPD
qo (883 412) 1 0.2 0.8 412
1200 1200 (iii)Pwf @q=800BPD:
fromIPR,Pwf =

Fetkovich Method
Multipointbackpressuretestofgaswellsisacommon
procedure to establish the performance curve of gas wells or
proceduretoestablishtheperformancecurveofgaswellsor
deliverability.
FFetkovich
k i h appliedthesetestsonoilwellandfoundthatoil
li d h il ll d f d h il
wellproducingbelowthebubblepointpressurebehavejust
like gas well
likegaswell.
Thegeneralconclusionfromthebackpressuretests:
q PI '( Ps2 Pwf2 ) n

where:
PIistheproductivityindex,theexponentnwasfoundtobe
between0.5and1.0.

Fetkovich Method(ctd)
( )
Aplotofqvs
A l f ( s2 Pwf2)onloglogpaperresultsinastraightline
(P ) l l l i i h li
withslope1/n.
Thisequationoftenreferredtoasthebackpressureequation.
Thi ti ft f dt th b k ti
TheequationwasderivedfromEvinger andMuskat fortwo
phaseradialflow:
h di l fl
(7.08kh)
q f ( P)dP
re
ln( )
rw
kro
f ( P)
o B0

Example281
p
Given:
Staticreservoirpressure,psi = 2000
Bottomhole flowingpressure,psi = 1400
Production rate, BPD
Productionrate,BPD = 1020
1. PlotIPRwhenn=1.0
1 Plot IPR when n = 1 0
2. PlotIPRwhenn=0.5

Example281:Solution
p
(a)n=1.0:[(b)n=0.5]:
q PI '( Ps2 Pwf2 ) n

q 1020 BPD
PI ' 2
( Ps Pwf )
2 1.0
(2000
(
2 1.0
ppsi ) 1400 ppsi
2

5 x 104 bbl /(day )( psi ) 2 0.7141
q 5 x 10 bbl /(day )( psi ) 2000 psi Pwf
4 2
2 2

5 x 104 4 x 106 Pwf2 BPD
0.7141 4 x 10 P
05
0.5
6 2
wf BPD
Example281:Solution
p ((ctd))
2500
Pwf(psi) Example 2-8-1
2000
Pwf (psi) q(BPD) Pwf (psi) q(BPD)
2000 0 2000 0
1500 875 1500 944.67 1500
1200 1280 1200 1142.56
1000 1500 1000 1236.86
800 1680 800 1308.97
1000
600 1820 600 1362.42
400 1920 400 1399.34
200 1980 200 1421.04
0 2000 0 1428.20 500
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
q(BPD)

PredictionofFutureIPR
OneofthemethodusedtopredictfutureIPRisStanding
Method Develop by Standing based on Vogel Equation
Method.DevelopbyStandingbasedonVogelEquation.
StandingrewroteVogelEquationas:
q Pwf Pwf
(1 )(1 0.8 )
qmax Ps Ps
q qmax Pwf
( )(1 0.8 )
Ps Pwff Ps Ps
qmax Pwf
PI ( )(1 0.8 )
Ps Ps .(1)
LetPI*betheinitialvalueofPI(thePIforsmalldrawdown.
AllowingP
g wf totendtoPs:

PredictionofFutureIPR(ctd)
( )
1.8qmax ..(2)
PI * ( )
Ps
Equation(1)&(2):
1 8PI
1.8 PI
PI *
Pwf
(1 0.8 )
Ps
Vogelequation&(2):produceanequationforfutureIPR

2
PI *f *( Ps ) f Pwf Pwf
qf
1 0.2 0.8
18
1.8 ( Ps ) f ( Ps ) f


PredictionofFutureIPR(ctd)
( )
where:
(kro / o Bo ) f
PI PI
* *

(kro / o Bo ) p
f p
n
so sor
kro
1 sor swi

Example29
p
Productiontestdataforawellareasfollows:
Parameter 2009 2015
SStaticreservoirpressure,psig
i i i 3000 2000
Bottomholeflowingpressure,psig 2500
Bublepointpressure,psig 3500
P d i
Productionrate,BPD
BPD 5000
Oilsaturation,% 60 45
Residualoilsaturation,% 20 15
I iti l t
Initialwatersaturation,%
t ti % 10 30
Oilformationvolumefactor,bbl/STB 1.3 1.01

Oil viscosity cp
Oilviscosity,cp 08
0.8 08
0.8
Gasliquidratio,MCF/STB 0.8 0.8
Oilspecificgravity,oAPI 30 30
Gas specific gravity
Gasspecificgravity 06
0.6 06
0.6

Example29
p ((ctd))
i. ConstructIPRCurvefortheyearof2009and2015.
ii. Determinewellpotentialfortheyearof2009and2015.
iii. Determinethebottomhole flowingpressureifthewellshould
produced14000BPDin2009.
iv. Determineproductionratein2015ifthebottomhole
p flowing
g
pressureis750psig.

Example29:Solution
p
For2009:Ps<Pb useVogelEquation
qo
(qo ) max 2
P Pwf
1 0.2 wf 0.8
Ps s
P
5000
(qo ) max 2
18, 000 BPD
2500 2500
1 0.2 0.8
3000 3000
Calculateseveralpresentratesatspecificdrawdowntohave
enoughpointstoplot2009IPR.

Example29:Solution
p ((ctd))
Present IPR Curve

PresentIPRCurve
Pwf (psi) (Pwf/Ps) (Pwf/Ps)2 q(BPD)
2009 IPR
3000 1 1 0
3500
2750 0 9167
0.9167 0 8403
0.8403 2600
2500 0.8333 0.6944 5000 3000
2250 0.75 0.5625 7200
2000 0.6667 0.4444 9200 2500
1750 0 5833
0.5833 0 3403
0.3403 11000 2009IPR
Pwf(psi)
1500 0.5 0.2500 12600 2000
1250 0.4167 0.1736 14000

1500
1000 0.3333 0.1111 15200
750 0.25 0.0625 16200 1000
500 0.1667 0.0278 17000
250 0.0833 0.0069 17600 500
100 0 0333
0.0333 0 0011
0.0011 17864
0 0 0 18000 0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000
q(BPD)
P Pwf
2
qo (qo ) max 1 0.2

0 2 wf 0.8
0 8
Ps s
P

Example29:Solution
p ((ctd))
TopredictfutureIPR,useStandingApproach:
(q ) Pwf 18000 2500
PI o max 1 0.8 1 0.8 10
Ps Ps 3000 3000
1.8* PI 1.8*10
PI *p 10.8
Pwf (2500)
1 0.8 1 0.8
P s (3000)
(kro / o Bo ) f
PI PI
* *
11.53
f p
( k /
ro o o p
B )
PI *( Ps ) f
2
*
Pwf Pwf
qf
f
1 0.2 0.8
1.8 (P )
s f ( Ps ) f
11.53* 2000 wf
P wf
P
2
qf 1 0.2
0 2 0.8
0 8
1.8 2000 2000
Example29:Solution
p ((ctd))
Calculate several future rates at specific drawdown to

have enough points to plot 2015 IPR
IPR.
FutureIPRCurve
3500
Example 2
2-9
9
Pwf(psi)
Pwf (psi) (Pwf/Ps) (Pwf/Ps)2 qf(BPD) 3000
2000 1 1 0 2500
1750 0.875 0.7656 2722
1500 0.75 0.5625 5124 2000 2009IPR
1250 0.625 0.3906 7206
2015IPR
1000 05
0.5 0 2500
0.2500 8968 1500
750 0.375 0.1406 10409
500 0.25 0.0625 11530
1000
250 0.125 0.0156 12331
0 0 0.0000 12811
500
PI *( Ps ) f Pwf
2
*
Pwf
qf 1 0.2 0.8
( P ) ( P ) 0
f
1.8 s f s f
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000
23060
qf 1 1*104 ( Pwf ) 2 *107 ( Pwf ) 2
1.8 q(BPD)
PredictingFutureIPRbyFetkovich
g y Method
FromMuskat:PIatanyspecifictimeisrelatedtothePIatother
time:
PI1 (kro / o Bo )1

PI 2 (kro / o Bo ) 2
Fetkovich:kro islineartowardsthepressure:
p
kro @ Ps Ps

kroi Psi
Frombackpressureequation:
q PI '( Ps2 Pwf2 ) n .(1)

PredictingFutureIPRbyFetkovich
g y Method((ctd))
Basedonthesethreeequations:
Ps 2
q PI ' ( Ps Pwf2 ) n
Psi
OR: q PI ' Ps 2 ( P 2 P 2 ) n (2)
1 s2 wf
Ps1
DeterminePIbybackpressureequation.
Findtherelationshipqvs Pwf byEqn.(2)
AssumeanumbersofPwf,anduseEqn (2)tofindqvs Pwf at
specificPs.
PlotPwf vs qq.

PredictingFutureIPRbySimpleMethod
g y p
CollectseveralPIdatafromwellswhichknownPs.
PlotPI/(PI)i vs Ps.(PI)i =PIatearlystageofproductionPI@Pi).
Findthebeststraightline.
ForanyspecificvalueofPs,findPI.
BasedontheobtainedPI,futureIPRcurvecanbeplottedusing
Based on the obtained PI future IPR curve can be plotted using
previousmethods.

DeterminationofPIorIPRatField
Fielddeterminationisdependontheconditionsofthewell.
a) SimpleCase.
DatarequiredareP
q wf,qandP
q s.
Shutinwellfor24 72hours PBU
Withpressuregaugeatbottom,flowthewellatlowestqand
p g g , q
recordPwf (stable maybe24hours)
FlowthewellathighestrateandrecordPwf (asstep2)
Repeatforanotherflowrate minimum3reading
Ps frompressurebuilduptest.
PIcanbedeterminebymethodexplainedearlier.

DeterminationofPIorIPRatField(ctd)
( )
b) SpecialCase
Forwellwithoutpacker.
F ll i h k
Duringproduction,someofthegaswillcomeoutand
accumulated at the top of the annulus

accumulatedatthetopoftheannulus.
Atequilibrium,
Pwf =P
Pc +pressureduetogascolumn
+ d t l
Gilbert:
P
Pressureduetogascolumn=P
d t l PcD1.5
1 5/100psia
/100 i
Pwf =Pc(1+D1.5/100) psia
where Pc = casingheadpressure,psia
D = tubing depth per 1000 ft
tubingdepth,per1000ft

Example210
p
Given:
Tubingdepth
b d h = 3000ftf
q = 42BPD@Pc =550psig
= 66BPD@Pc =320psig
ByassumingconstantPI,determine:
1. PI
2. Ps
3. Wellpotential

Example210:Solution
p
D1.5 31.5
Pwf Pc 1 565 1 595 psia 580 psig
100 100
Pwf =580psig@q=42BPD
580 i @ 42 BPD
D1.5 31.5
Pwf Pc 1 335 1 353 psia 338 psig
100 100
Pwf =338psig@q=66BPD

Example210:Solution
p ((ctd))
g)
Pwf (psig
1000
Fromtheplot:
PI=100/1000=0.1BPD/psi
580 Ps =1000psig
qmax =100BPD
100 BPD
338
0 42 66 100 q (BPD)

IPR MethodSelection
DissolvedGasDriveReservoir
AboveP
Above Pb:
ConstantGOR Nogasbreakingoutofsolutionandno
interferingwithoilflow.
g
PImethodisapplicable
BelowP
B l Pb:
Gasbreakoutofsolution&impedestheoilflow
Vogelmethod
V l h d

IPR MethodSelection(ctd)
( )
WaterDriveReservoir
Has:
H
ConstantproducingGOR
Pr ismaintainedbywaterinflux
is maintained by water influx
Nogasbreakingoutofsolution
PImethodcanbeused.
However,ifwaterinfluxrateisexceeded,thenthereservoir
willperformlikeadissolvedgasdrivereservoir,therefore
Vogel method will be applicable
Vogelmethodwillbeapplicable.

IPR MethodSelection(ctd)
( )
GasCapDriveReservoir
WellsproducingfromtheoilcolumnbelowtheGOC
W ll d i f th il l b l th GOC
ProducewithaconstantGOR
PImethodcanbeused.
PI method can be used.
But,aftergasbreaksthroughtoawell,neitherthePInora
vogel methodisapplicable.Inmostinstances,thewell
shouldbeshutinafterthegascapbreakthroughinorderto
conservegascapenergytoproducedownstructurewell.

IPR MethodSelectionSummaryy
PIMethod
Usetoevaluatedissolvedgasdrivewellsabovethebubble
U t l t di l d di ll b th b bbl
point
Usetoevaluategascapexpansiondrivewellspriortogas
g p p p g
capbreakthrough
Usetoevaluatewaterdrivewellsbeforeexceedingwater
influx rate
influxrate
VogelMethod
Usetoevaluatedissolvedgasdrivewellsbelowthebubble
U t l t di l d di ll b l th b bbl
point
Usetoevaluatewaterdrivewellsafterwaterinfluxrateis
exceeded

GasWellPerformance
Gaswellproductivitydeterminedwithdeliverabilitytesting
Twobasicrelationshipinused:
Two basic relationship in used:
Rawlins&Schellhardt (empiricalbackpressuremethod)
Houpeurt (theoretical)
(theoretical )
Deliverabilitytestmethod:
Flowafterflowtest(fourpointtest)
Isochronaltest
Modifiedisochronaltest

GasWellPerformance(ctd)
( )
Rawlins&Schellhardts deliverabilityeq:
qg =C(Ps2 Pwf2)n
where:
h C=flowcoefficient
C fl ffi i t
n=deliverabilityexponent
nonDarcy:n=0.5 1.0
Darcyflow:n=1.0
Aplotofq
A l t f g vs (Ps2 Pwf2)onloglogpaperresultsinastraight
) l l lt i t i ht
linewithslope1/n.
Thisequationoftenreferredtoasthebackpressureequation
Thi ti ft f dt th b k ti
IPRcanbeplottedby:
qg/qg max =[1 (Pwf/Ps)2]n
( )
Houpeurt relationship:
Deliverabilityeq:
Ps2 Pwf2 =aqg +bqg2
where;
a=laminarflowcoefficient
b=turbulencecoefficient
( s2 Pwf2 ))/q
Fromplotof(P
p / qg vs qg ((straightline)
g )
a=interceptwithyaxis
b=slope

( )
OR:
a 1422zT[ln (re/rw)
a=1422 ) +s]/kh
+ s] / kh
b=(1422zT/kh)D
D=nonDarcyflowcoefficient,D/Mscf
D = non Darcy flow coefficient D/Mscf
D=[2.715x1015 kMPsc]/hgrwTsc
=turbulencefactor,ft1: =1.88x1010k1.470.53
k =md
=cp
cp
Psc =standardpressure,psia
Tsc =standardtemperature,oR
M
M =molecularweight,lbm/lbmmole
l l i ht lb /lb l
=porosity,fraction
s =skinfactor
h =formationthickness,ft

Chapter 2 Reservoir System

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Chapter 2 Reservoir System

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SKPP3513 PRODUCTION

Students will able to:

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (2) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (3) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION (4) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

Productivity Index (PI)

Productivity Index (ctd)

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (6) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

Productivity Index (ctd)

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (7) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

Productivity Index (ctd)

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (8) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

Productivity Index (ctd)

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (9) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

Productivity Index (ctd)

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (10) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

Productivity Index (ctd)

Gas well productivity relationship

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (11) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

Productivity Index (ctd)

Productivity Index (ctd)

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (13) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

Productivity Index (ctd)

Productivity Index (ctd)

Productivity Index (ctd)

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (16) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

Hydrocarbon Phase Behavior (ctd)

Hydrocarbon Phase Behavior (ctd)

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (19) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (20) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (23) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (24) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (25) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

Plot loglog q vs (Pwf/Pr)2 straightlinewithslope=n

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (26) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (27) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (28) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (29) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

Determine Pwf forq

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (30) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

Standing Method (ctd)

Pideal PI ideal ( Ps P 'wf )

( Ps Pwf Pskin ) m = slope of straight

Standing Method (ctd)

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (33) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

Standing Method (ctd)

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (34) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (35) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (36) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (37) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

Skin Factor (ctd)

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (39) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

Skin Factor (ctd)

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (40) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

Skin Factor (ctd)

Skin Factor (ctd)

Deviated Well Geometry

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (42) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

Skin Factor (ctd)

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (43) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (44) MOHD FAUZI HAMID

Single Phase Flow

CHAPTER 2: RESERVOIR SYSTEM (45) MOHD FAUZI HAMID