The smallest particle It is equals the number

of an element that of protons in the Energy bonds formed

What are the different nucleus, which is the
retains the Discrete distances of by group of electron
parts of an atom? same as the number of
characteristics of the electrons in the orbits, represented by
electrons in an
element. electrically balanced
nucleus of an atom. number 1, 2, 3, etc.
(neutral) atom.

Energy of an electron These are the

__________ as the It is the outermost electrons that are in Atoms of the same
_____________ from shell of an atom the valence shell, The process of losing element but have
the nucleus they have the highest valence electron in an different number of
increases. energy and are atom. electrons.
relatively loosely
bounded to the atom.

Ions that have more Ions that have more Valence electrons Vacancies in the The number of
protons than electron. electrons than proton that have acquired valence shell when an electrons in a shell
sufficient energy to electron escaped. can be calculated by
escape the valence the formula
shell.

Electrical Electrical
The _____________ Electrical
classification of classification of
is composed of the classification of How many valence
materials that does materials that is
nucleus and the inner materials that easily electrons do
not conduct electrical between conductor
orbits. conducts electrical conductors have?
current at normal and insulator in terms
current
conditions of electric conductivity

The more distant the

electron from the The difference Energy level of an
How many electrons How many electrons nucleus, the ________, between energy electron when it is in
do insulators have? do semiconductors and any electron that levels the valence shell
have? __________has a
higher energy state than
any electron in the
atomic structure.

Are the most widely Are also called

Energy level required used single element A bonding of atoms, Are those whose conduction electrons,
to remove an electron semiconductor material strengthened by the crystal structure does are valence electrons
out of the valence in the production of sharing of electrons, not have any impurity. that have acquired
semiconductor enough energy to
shell electronic devices.
is called ___ escape from the valence
band

Vacancy in the For every electron in Occurs when a free An _____of a Semiconductor material
valence band when the conduction band electron losses semiconductor can such as ____and _____
ionization happens or there is one hole left energy and falls back result in a substantial that show a reduction in
when a free electron in the valence band, to the hole in the increase in the resistance with increase
in temperature are said
is excited creating an____ conduction band number of to have ______
__________
 These are materials The process of adding
added to a pure small quantities of
How does an electric How does a hole These are materials semiconductor thus particular impurity to an
current produced? current produced? that have been making the intrinsically pure
semiconductor in order
subjected to doping semiconductor not to alter its conducting
pure anymore properties

What are the different What are the What are the What are the What are the
types of impurities? characteristics of examples of characteristics of examples of trivalent
pentavalent impurity? pentavalent impurity? trivalent impurity? impurity?

To increase the number In N-type semiconductor To increase the In P-type semiconductor

of conduction electrons crystal, the majority number of _____ in crystal, the majority In an n-type material
in an intrinsic charge carriers are the an intrinsic charge carriers are the the__ is called the
semiconductor crystal , _____ resulted from semiconductor __resulted from doping majority carrier and
a __ is added. The doping and some and some minority
resulting material is an minority carriers which
crystal , a ____ is carriers which are
the ____ is the
___ are ___thermally added. The resulting __thermally produced. minority carrier.
produced material is an ___

In a p-type material It is a device that The boundary How does the

the ___ is the majority conducts current only How does a diode between the two depletion region
carrier and the ____ in one direction. formed? extrinsic part is called works?
is the minority carrier. the

At the instant the PN

junction is formed, the
The depletion region The forces between It is the amount of _____ has slightly _____ of the n region
contains ions of the layers form a field voltage required to lower energy level diffuses across the junction
opposite charges and of force called an ___ move a free electron than P region. and temporarily become a
there is a force acting towards the electric ____ but quickly losses
energy and fall into the hole
on them stated by field. in the ___

The conduction band The junction will be at The energy gradient It refers to the use of It is the condition that
of the n region equilibrium when the across the depletion DC voltage to allows current to flow
decreases energy ______ and the region acts as an establish the through the PN
level due to the ________ ______ operating condition of junction.
an electronic device.

As more free electrons flow
For the forward bias into the depletion region,
condition, the ___ the number of positive ions
is reduced so as more
must be connected to holes flow to the depletion
the p region and the region, the number of
bias voltage must be negative ions is reduced.
______ This result to the
During forward bias In forward bias During the forward
condition the ___ in condition, after bias condition, the
the n region gains crossing the depletion energy loss results in
enough energy to region the free ____ and is equal to
climb the energy hill electron ___and ___ the _____l depending
and cross the _____ on the semiconductor
used.
During the forward
bias condition, An It is the condition of For the reverse bias The extremely small
____ occurs in the p the diode that condition, The _____ What happens during reverse current in a
and n regions due to prevents current of the dc source must the reverse bias diode called ____and
internal resistance through the diode. be connected to the p condition? is due to the minority
called ____and can region or the bias carriers from ___
be neglected. voltage is___

A small reverse current

An increase in that flows on the surface What is the What is a Zener What is an Avalanche
reverse voltage will of the crystal which is relationship between effect? How does it Effect? How does it
not affect the _____ caused by surface surface leakage work? work?
impurities and current and reverse
imperfection on the
crystal structure.
voltage?

What is the formula In diodes, what is The maximum What are the
for forward bias diode considered as the reverse-bias potential differences between What are the effects
current? anode and cathode? that can be applied the properties of of temperature in the
What does the arrow before entering the Silicon and forward region?
symbol signifies? Zener region is called Germanium?
the ___ or _____

The application of a DC This is provided by the

voltage to a semiconductor It is a combination of
What are the effects This refers to the elements chosen to best manufacturer, tells us
device will result in an the characteristic of a
of temperature in the operating point on the effect of a small input represent the actual
reverse region? voltage to the terminal characteristic of a device, the operating
characteristic curve that will
not change with time. It is device, system, or such in conditions for a device,
instantaneous a particular operating and provides other
called ____
operating point. region. description of a device

The more one is

What are the main
It is considered as the
inclusions of a diode
devices identity
specification sheet?
What are the other exposed to specification
inclusions of a diode sheets, the ______ they
will become, especially
specification sheet,
when the impact of each
which depends upon parameter is clearly
the application? understood for the
application under
investigation.
In the reverse-bias
region we have the
__________capacitan
ce (CT), while in the
forward-bias region
we have the ______
capacitance.

It is the time a diode A bonding of atoms, It is a definite pattern

will change from the What is the formula strengthened by the of some atom bonded It is the periodic
ON state to the OFF for the reverse sharing of electrons, covalently with the arrangement of
state. Usually lasts for recovery time? is called _____ same atoms crystal
a few nanoseconds