]EE (MAIN & ADV.
), MEDICAL + BOARD, NDA, X & IX
R. K. MFILIPCS
N E W T O N CLASSES
e M . . 1 1 I N I N 1 0 1 1
Nomenclature: Nomenclature refers to the
assigning of names toorganisms.
Taxon: Any category or unit of classification
that represents a rank, is called a taxon.
Taxonomy: Taxonomy is the branch of
- --- --- ( iii1 7 0 -R TA N T NOTES) _ _
I. WHAT IS 'LIVING'?
Therearecertaindistinctivecharacteristics
exhibited by living organisms.
Such characteristics distinguish the living from the
non-living; they include Growth, Reproduction,
Metabolism, Response to the stimuli and Self-
organisation,Interactionandemergence.
A. Growth
Growthisdefinedasanirreversibleincrease
in the number of cells and/or mass of the
livingstructure,
If we consider increase in body mass as
growth, nonliving objects like boulders,
sand mounds, etc. grow too.
Hence, growth cannot be taken as a defining
property of living organisms, though it is a
characteristic of only living organisms.
B. Reproduction
Unicellularorganismsreproduceormultiply
by cell division.
In multicellular organisms, reproduction
mostly refers to 'sexual reproduction; some
ofthem reproduceasexuallyalso.
Reproductioncannot considered an all-
inclusive defining c racteristic of living
organisms, for the following reasons:
In single-celled organisms, growth and
reproductionaresynonymous,asincrease
in number of cells is considered as growth
as well as reproduction.
Enjoys unparalleled reputation for best results
in terms of percentage selection
www.newtonclasses.net
THE LIVING WORLD [BOARD LEVEL, XI]
1 (
IMPORTANT TERMS) _______________________
biology that deals with identification, naming
(nomenclature)and classification.
Systematics: Systematics is the study of diversity
of organisms and all their comparative and
evolutionary relationships.
Organismslikemule,thesterileworker
bees, etc. do not reproduce at all.
C. Metabolism
The sum total of all the chemical reactions
occurring in a living cell/organism, is called
metabolism.
All living organisms, be they unicellular or
multicellular, exhibit metabolism, without
exception; but no non-living things show
metabolism.
Hence, metabolismand cellular organisation
of living organisms, are considered as
defining characteristics of living beings.
D. Response to Stimuli or Consciousness
It refers to the ability of all living organisms,
prokaryotesoreukaryotes,simpleorcomplex
in organisation, have the ability to sense
the conditions in their surroundings or
environment and respond to these stimuli,
which may be physical, chemical or
biological; consciousness is a defining
property of living organisms.
Human being is the only organism to have
self-consciousness, i.e., to be aware of
himself/herself;
2. BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversityreferstothenumberandtypesof
organismspresentontheEarth.
Eachdifferentkindoforganismrepresentsa
species.
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3. IDENTIFICATION 6.TAXONOMYANDSYSTEMATICS
Identification is to determine the correct place Taxonomy of organisms is based on the
of an organism in a previously established plan knowledge of the following:
of classification. (i) Externalformandstructure(morphology)
The characteristic features of various parts (ii) Internalstructure(anatomy)
of an organism are compared with those of (iii) Cell structure (cytology)
the already known species to determine their (iv) Developmental processes (embryology)
similarities and differences and to assign it to (v) Remnants of the past organisms (fossils)
a particular group. and
4. NOMENCLATURE (vi) Ecological relationship
It is not possible to identify the enormous Thus characterisation, identification, nomencla-
number of organisms, based on their common/ ture and classification are the processes that are
vernacular names; hence scientific names are basictotaxonomy.
given to them. The word systematics is derived from the Latin
The scientific names ensure that: word 'systema' which means the systematic
each organism has only one name; description arrangement oforganisms.
of an organism should enable the people of 7. TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY Kingdom
any part of the world to arrive at the same It is the framework in which
name. Phylum/
the taxonomic groups (taxa) are Division
such anamehasnotbeenused forany other arranged in a definite order, from
known organism. higher to lower categories.
Class
A. Binomial Nomenclature Species is the basic unit; Kingdom
This method was introduced by Carolus is the highest category/unit in clas- Order
Linnaeus. sification.
Family
It is a method in which every organism is In plant Kingdom, division is the
given a scientific name, which has two parts, category equivalent to phylum. Genus
the first is the name of the genus (generic All the members of a taxon have
Species
name) and the second is the name of the similar characteristics, which are
species (specific epithet) different from that of other taxa. Fig. 1.1
e.g., Mangifera indica for mango. Homo Higher the category, lesser will be Taxonomic
sapiens for human beings. the number of similar characteristicsHierarchy
of organisms belonging to that category. Table
B. Guidelines/Principles for Nomenclature
The rules of nomenclature are provided in the 1.1 Taxonomic Hierarchy of a Few
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature Organisms
(ICBN) for plants and in the International Taxa Mango Man
Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)
Kingdom Plantae Animalia
for animals.
Phylum/ Division Angiospermae Chordate
5. CLASSIFICATION
It is nearly impossible to study all the living Class Dicotyledonae Mamma a
organisms, but classification makes possible Orde'r, Sapindales Primata
the scientific study of such a wide variety of Family Anacardiaceae Hominidae
organisms.
Organisms are grouped into categories, called Genus Mangifera Homo
taxa and representatives from each taxon is Species indica sapiens
studied.

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 ( B O A R D L E V E L , X I ) BY R. K. MALIK'S
8. TAXONOMIC AIDS
All those collections of actual live specimens
or preserved specimens, which help in the
identification or verification of a species, are
called taxonomic aids.
Some of them are described below:
A. Herbarium
A herbarium is defined as a collection of
plants, that have been dried, pressed and
preserved on sheets.
These sheets are arranged in accordance
with any accepted system of classification.
They form a repository for future use.
They also serve as quick referral systems
for taxonomic studies.
B. Botanical Gardens
These are the specialised gardens that have
collections of living plants maintained for
reference, i.e. they are meant for identification
and classification of new plants.
These are considered natural and economical
reference systems.
C. Museums
Museums are those places which have
.
collections of preserved animals and plants
for taxonomic studies.
The organisms are exhibited in the following
manners:
The plant and animal specimens are kept
in chemical solutions and are preserved
for longer duration.
No Plant and animal specimens may also be
preserved as dry specimens.
goo Insects are preserved in insect boxesr; the
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1.1. Define growth.
1.2. Name two animals, which do not reproduce
at all.
1.3. What is metabolism?
1.4. Define biodiversity.
1.5. What is meant by nomenclature in biology?
1.6. Expand ICBN. [NCT 2007]
1.7. Name the person who proposed the system of
binomial nomenclature. [NCT 2010, 2009]
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N E W T O N C L A S S E S 3
collected insects are dried and pinned in
these boxes.
No Larger animals like birds and mammals are
usually preserved as stuffed specimens.
.0 Skeletons of animals are also collected
in the museums.
D. Zoological Parks
These are the places where wild animals are
protected under human care and are provided
with conditions very similar to their natural
habitats.
E. Keys
A key is an analytical scheme for identification
of plants and animals based on the similarities
and differences.
The keys are based on the contrasting
characters, generally given in a pair, called
couplet.
Each statement in the key, is called a
lead.
Separate keys are needed for each taxonomic
category (or a taxon).
F. Monographs
Monographs give a comprehensive account of
complete compilation of available information
of any one family or genus at a time.
G. Manuals
- Manuals contain compiled information
about the particular area, key, descriptions
of families, genus and species.
H. F l o r a
- A flora contains the actual description of the
habitat and distribution of plant species in
a given area.
1 MARK
1.8. Given below is the scientific name of Mango.
Identify the correctly written name.
Mangifera Indica
(it) Mangifera indica [NCERT]
1.9. What is classification?
1.10. Why are living organisms classified?
[NCERT]
1.11. What is meant by taxonomic hierarchy?
1.12. Define the term 'species'.
4 Detailed Sol. of H.0 Verma, R.C. Mukharjee, M.S. Chouhan, D.0 Pandey www.newtonclasses.net ( Free )

1.13. Brinjal and potato belong to the same genus, (1) Phylum(ii) Class Class, Genus,
Solanum, but to two different species. What Phylum, Order, Species,
defines them as separate species? Kingdom, Family.[NCT 2008]
[NCERT Exemplar] [HOTS] 1.18. Name the highest category in the hierarchial
1.14. What is the scientific name of human beings? system of classification. [NCT 2012)
1.15. Name the order which includes Solanaceae
and Convolvulaceae. 1.19. Can you identify the correct sequence of
taxonomical categories? [NCER11
1.16. Fill in the blanks (A) and (B):
Species -4 (A) .4 Family -4 Order (B) (i) Order -4 Species Phylum -4 Kingdom
-4 Phylum. [NCT 2009] (ii) Genus -+ Species -4 Order Kingdom
1.17. Rearrange the following taxonomic categories (iii) Species -4 Genus --> Order -4 Phylum
in a proper sequence from smaller taxon to 1.20. How does a manual differ from a flora?
higher one: 1.21. What is a monograph?
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS-1
2 MARKS
2.1. When we try to define 'living', we look for
certain distinctive characteristics of living 2.6. Name the four processes that are basic to
organisms. Mention four such features. taxonomy.
2.2. Plants and animals grow by mitotic cell 2.7. What do we learn from identification of
divisions. What differences do they exhibit individuals and populations? [NCERTir
in their growth? [HOTS] 2.8. Match the items of column A with those of
column B.
2.3. Amoeba multiplies by mitotic cell division.
Is this phenomenon growth or reproduction? Column A Column B
Explain. [NCERT Exemplar] [HOTS] A. Family (i) tuberosum
2.4. How do the following reproduce asexually? B. Order (ii) Polemoniales
C. Species (iii) Solanum
(a) Hydra (b) Protonema of moss
D. Genus (iv) Solanaceae
(c) Planaria (d) Fungi
[NCERT Exemplar]
2.5. A plant may have different names in different
2.9. Museums and Zoological parks (Zoos) are
regions of the country or world. How do
both taxonomical aids; yet, how do they
botanists solve this problem?
differ from each other?
[NCERT Exemplar] 2.10. How is a key helpful in identification and
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS-II classification of an organism? [NCERT]

3.1. Describe binomial nomenclature with an 3 MARKS

example. classify people that you meet often?
3.2. Define a taxon. Give some examples [NCERT]
of taxi at different hierarchial levels. 3.4. Write a short account on herbarium as a
[NCERT] taxonomic aid.
3.3. What different criteria would you choose to 3.5. List the information that should be shown
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS on the label of a herbarium sheet.
5.1. Explain the guidelines/principles for 5 MARKS
nomenclature.
(iii) Family (iv) Order
5.2. Define and understand the following terms: (v) Genus [NCERT]
t:3. Illustrate the taxonomical hierarchy with suitable
examples of a plant and an animal. [NCER71
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 ( B O A R D L E V E L , X I ) BY R. K. mALIK's N E W T O N
VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
I. There are millions of plants and animals in
the world and they have local names which
vary from place to place and country to
country, in different languages. In a need to
standardise the naming of living organisms
such that a particular organism is known
by the same name all over the world, the
scientists have established procedures and
principles to assign scientific names.
(a) What is nomenclature?
(b) Expand ICBN and ICZN.
(c) Indicate the value learnt from this
concept.
2. If you look around, you will see a large
variety of living organismsplants and animals
with your naked eyes and the microbes with
the help of microscopes. Classification of
all these, is not a single step process, but
involves a hierarchy of steps where each
step represents a rank/category.
(a) What is a taxonomic hierarchy?
(b) Name the lowest category and the highest
category in the hierarchy.
(c) What is the value shown 'by arranging
the organisms into these categories?
3. Taxonomists have developed a variety of
taxonomic aids to facilitate identification,
naming and classification of organisms.
These studies are carried out from the actual
specimens collected from the field or those
preserved as referrals.
(ANSWERS
VERYSHORT ANSWERTYPE QUESTIONS
1.1. Growth is defined as an irreversible increase in
the number of cells and/or mass of the living
structure.
1.2. Mule and worker honey bees.
1.3. Metabolism refers to the sum total of all the
chemical reactions occurring in a living body.
1.4. Biodiversity refers to the number and types of
organisms present on the earth.
1.5. Nomenclature refers to the assigning of names to
organisms.
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C L A S S E S 5
(a) Name any four forms of taxonomic
aids. Of these, where can you find live
specimens?
(b) What are taxonomic keys?
(c) Indicate the value learnt from such
aids.
4. When we try to define 'living' we look
for certain distinctive characters exhibited
by living organisms; they include growth,
reproduction, ability to sense the environment
and respond, interact, metabolism, etc.
(a) Certain properties like growth and
reproduction can not be taken as overall
defining characters of living organisms.
Give reasons.
(b) Mention two characters that can be the
defining properties of life forms.
(c) What value do you attach to 'living'?
5. Taxonomy is not something new, human
beings are interested in knowing more and
more about the various kinds of organisms,
especially with reference to their own use;
hence\the earliest classifications were based
on the uses of various organisms.
(a) What is systematics?
(b) What is the scope of systematics as of
today?
(c) What forms the basis of modern
taxonomy?
(d) Indicate the value shown by this branch
of biology.
_ _ _ _ _
1 MARK
1.6. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
1.7. Carolus Linnaeus
1.8. (ii) Mangifera indica,
1.9. Classification is the art of identifying distinctions
among organisms and placing them into groups
that reflect their most significant features and
relationships.
1.10. Since the known organisms are classified into
groups, the study of one/two organisms in a group
gives us the idea about the rest of the members of
-
6 Detailed Sol. of H.0 Verma, R.C. Mukharjee, M.S. Chouhan, D.0 Pandey www.newtonclasses.net ( Free )
that group; thus the study of the enormous number
of organisms (biodiversity) is made easy.
1.11. Toxonomic hierarchy is the framework in 1.16. Phylum ) Kingdom.
which the taxonomic groups (taxa) are arranged
in a definite order, from higher to lower
categories.
1.12. A species is a group of individual organisms which
have fundamental similarities and can interbreed
among themselves in nature.
1.13. They are reproductively isolated and do not
interbreed in nature.
1.14. Homo sapiens.
1.15. Polemoniales
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS-I
2.1. (1) Growth, (ii) Reproduction, (iii) Metabolism and
(iv) Sensitivity to their environment and responding
to the stimulus.
Growth In Plants Growth in Animals
2.2.
Growth occurs in Growth occurs all
certain regions, called
over the body.
mcristems.
Growthoccursthrou- Growthstopsaftera
certain period.
ghout their life.
23. Increase in number of cells is considered as
growth.
Being unicellular, increase in number of cells
represents reproduction too.
In unicellular organisms, we are not clear about
these two words.
2.4. (a) Hydra Budding
(b) ProtonemaofmossVegetativereproduction 2.10. A key is an analytical scheme for identification of
by fragmentation and by budding.
(c) Planaria Regeneration from any fragment.
(d) Fungi Vegetatively by fragmentation and
Asexually by spore formation.
2.5. Botanists assign a scientific name to the plant,
based on certain principles and criteria.
The Scientific name ensures that the plant has
only one name, in any part of the world; it also
ensures that such a name has not been used for
any other known plant.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS-II
3.1. It is a method of naming the organisms, in which
every organism is given a scientific name, which
(A) Genus; (B) Class
Species)Genus+Family)Order)Class-+
Kingdom
1.17.
(iii) Species ) Genus ).Order ) Phylum.
A manual is a taxonomic aid, that contains the
compiled information about plants and animals
of the area covered, while floras give information
about plants only.
A monograph is a taxonomic aid which gives a
comprehensive account of the complete compilation
of available information of any one taxon (a family/
1.21. genus/species) at a given time.
has two parts (words); the first is the name of
the genus (generic name) and the second part is
the name of the species (specific epithet). e.g.,
Mangifera indica.
2.6. 2 MARKS
(i) Characterisation (ii) Identification
2.7. (iii) Classification (iv) Nomenclature
Identification of an organism referstotheassigning
of the organisms to a particular group.
Astudyiscarriedouttorecognisethecharacteristic
features of various parts of the organism.
These features are compared with those of
the already known species to determine their
similarities and differences.
All individuals belonging to one species and
2.8. occupying a given area, constitute a population.
A(iv); B(ii), C-(i); D(iii)
2.9.
Museums Zoological Parks
These are the places, These are the places
which have collec- where wild animals
tions of preserved are protected under
animalsandplantsfor human care and are
taxonomic studies. provided with condi-
tions very similar to
their natural habitats.
organisms based on similarities and differences.
Since each couplet represents a pair of contrasting
characters, there is option to select/classify the
organism into a group.
Eachlead describesthe characteristic of the organ-
ism, and the group into which it is classified.
3 MARKS
In this, Mangifera is the name of the genus
while indica is the name of the species (specific
epithet) belonging to the genus Mangifera.
3.2. A taxon represents any category or unit of
classification.
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 (BOARD LEVEL, X I ) B y R. K. MALIK's N E W T O N c L p s s e s 7

e.g., Kingdom : Plantae, Animalia These sheets are arranged according to an

Phylum : Annelida, Chordata accepted system of classification.
Class : Insecta They form a repository for future use and serve as
Order : Diptera, Poales quick referral systems for taxonomic studies.
Family : Solanaceae, Felidae 3.5. A label on the herbarium sheet must have the
Genus : Solanum, Felix. following information:
(1) Locality/Place (Habitat)
3.3. (i) The states of India to which they belong.
(ii) Name of the collector
(ii) The Professions like Lawyer, Engineers, (iii) Date and time of collection
teachers, etc. (iv) Common English name
3.4. A herbarium is defined as collection of plants (v) Vernacular name
which have been dried, pressed and preserved (vi) Scientific name with the author's name
on sheets. (vii) Name of the family.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 5 MARKS
5.1. (i) Scientific or biological names are generally e.g., Family Solanaceae includes genera
in Latin; they are derived from Latin or are Solanum, Petunia, etc.
Latinised irrespective of their origin. (iv) An order is an assemblage of families related
(ii) Both the words in a biological name are written to one another in a few characters.
in Italics or, are separately underlined. e.g., Order Polemoniales includes families
(iii) The first word in a biological name denotes Solanaceae and Convolvulaceo.
the name of the genus and the second word (v) A genus is a group of related species, which
denotes the specific epithet. have many characters in common.
(iv) The first word or the generic name starts with e.g., Genus Solanum includes species,
a capital letter, while the specific epithet starts tuberosum (potato) and melongena
with a small letter.
(brinjal).
(v) The name of the author is written in an
abbreviated form after the specific epithet. e.g., 5.3. Taxa Wheat Housefly
Mangifera indica Linn. it indicates that this
species was first described by Linnaeus. Kingdom Plantae Animalia
5.2. (i) A phylum is a taxon that includes all organisms Phylum/ Angiospermae Arthropoda
belonging to different classes having a few Division
characters in common.
e.g., Phylum Chordata includes classes like Class Monocotyledonae Insecta
Osteichthyes, Amphibia, etc. Order Poales Diptera
(ii) A class includes organisms of the related orders.
e.g., Class Mammalia includes orders Family Poaceae Muscidae
Carnivora and Primata. Genus Triticum Musca
(iii) A family is a group of related genera which
are more similar in characters. Species aestivum domestica

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS

1. (a) Nomenclature refers to the assigning of names
to organisms.
(b) 1CBN International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature.
ICZN International Code of Zoological
Nomenclature.
(c) If everyone works in the same direction in
an organisation, it is easy to succeed.
2. (a) Taxonomic hierarchy is the framework in
which the taxonomic groups (taxa) are.
arranged in a definite order, from higher to
lower categories.
(b) Species is the lowest category.
Kingdom is the highest category.
(c) Step by step improvement/progress will help
to achieve the goal.
3. (a) (i) Herbarium (ii) Botanical gardens
(iii) Zoological parks (iv) Museums.
Live specimens can be found in Botanical
gardens and Zoological parks.

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(b) A taxonomic key is an aid used for identification
of plants and animals, based on similarities
and dissimilarities.
(c) Help comes in many forms; use them wisely.
4. (a) Growth cannot be taken as a defining
property of living because non-living
objects also grow and increase their mass by
accumulation of materials on the surface.
Reproduction cannot be taken as a defining
property of living because there are many
living organisms, which do not reproduce
at all, e.g., mule, the sterile worker bees,
etc.
(b) Cellular organisation and consciousness (about
environment).
(c) Don't harm any other living being as life is
precious.
5. (a) Systematics is the study of diversity of
organisms and all their comparative and
evolutionary relationships.
(b) The scope of systematics is to identify, name
and classify organisms.
(c) Modern taxonomy is based on
(1) the external structure
(ii) the internal structure
(iii) structure of cell
(iv) developmental process
(v) ecological information of the organisms.
(d) It indicates organised/systematic approach and
integration.
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* C o n d i t i o n s Applied

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