Method of Least Work: University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

Method of Least Work
Theory of StructuresII
EEngr. Shahzad
Sh h d Saleem
S l
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila
Method of Least Work / Castiglianos Second Theorem
Statically Indeterminate Trusses
Strain energy stored or work done in a member of a truss

is P2L
U=
2 AE
In the entire truss, the strain energy is
P2L
U =
2 AE
where P is the axial force in the member.

2
Differential coefficient of U with respect to a force S in

the member is
U PL P
=
S AE S
According to the Theorem of Least Work
U
=0
S
U PL P
= =0
S AE S
3
S
10 1 + 0.5 S 1
S
P = 10 + 0.5S
U PL P
= =0
S AE S 4
Example 1
Determine the force in members of the truss shown. AE
is same for all members.
B
9T C
6 ft
A D
6 ft
5
Solution
The truss is indeterminate to the first degree.
B
9T C
A D
=
B B
9T C C
S
+
S
A A
9T D D
9T 9T 6
Solution
B B
9T C C
S
S
A A
9T D D
9T 9T
Member Force due to Force due to Redundant P

Applied Load Member Force
AB 9 S/ 2 9 S/ 2
BC 0 S/
S/ 2 0 S/ 2
CD 0 S/ 2 0 S/ 2
AD 9 S/ 2 9 S/ 2
BD 9 2 +S 9 2 +S
AC 0 +S S 7
Solution
S
0
B 2
9T C
0+S
S 9 2 + S S
9 0
2 2
A D
S
9
2
Member Force due to Force due to Redundant P

Applied Load Member Force
AB 9 S/ 2 9 S/ 2
BC 0 S/
S/ 2 0 S/ 2
CD 0 S/ 2 0 S/ 2
AD 9 S/ 2 9 S/ 2
BD 9 2 +S 9 2 + S
AC 0 +S S 8
Solution
S
0
B 2
9T C
0+S
S 9 2 + S S
9 0
2 2
A D
S
9
2
Member P P/S L (in.)

(in ) PL PLP/S
1 72 648
AB 9 S/ 2 2 72 648
2
S
2
+ 36S
1 72
BC 0 S/ 2 2 72
2
S + 36 S
1 72
CD 0 S/ 2 2 72 S + 36 S
2
1 648
72 + 36S
AD 9 S/ 2 2 72 648 S 2
2
BD 9 2 + S +1 72 2 1296 + 72 2 S 1296 + 101.8S
AC S +1 72 2 72 2 S 101.8S
P
PL S = 2214.4 + 347.6S 9
Solution
1 P
AE
PL
S
=0
P
PL S = 0
2214.4 + 347.6S = 0
S = 6.38 T
Substituting value of S in 2nd Column
PAB = 4.49 T
B
PBC = 4.51 T 9T C
PCD = 4.51 T
PAD = 4.49 T
PBD = 6.35 T A D
PAC = 6.38 T 10
Example 2
Analyze the truss shown. AE is same for all members.
A
D
3m
B 100 kN
4m
11
Solution
The truss is externally indeterminate to the first degree.
Let VB be the redundant.
Find the other reactions in terms of redundant VB.
A
HA D
VA
HB C
B
100 kN
VB
12
Solution
A
HA D
VA
3m
HB C
B
100 kN
VB
4m
M A =0 F x =0 F y =0
100 4 + H B 3 = 0 HA + HB = 0 VA + VB = 100
400 + 3H B = 0 H A = H B = 133.33 VA = 100 VB
400 H A = 133.33 kN
HB = = 133.33 kN
3
13
Solution
A
133 33 kN
133.33 D
100 VB
3m
133 33 kN
133.33 C
B
100 kN
VB
4m
M A =0 F x =0 F y =0
100 4 + H B 3 = 0 HA + HB = 0 VA + VB = 100
400 + 3H B = 0 H A = H B = 133.33 VA = 100 VB
400 H A = 133.33 kN
HB = = 133.33 kN
3
14
A 1
Solution 133.33 kN D
Joint B
100 VB
F y =0 2
4 5
3
VB + F4 = 0
5 133.33 kN C
B 3
5
F4 = VB VB
100 kN
3
Fx = 0
F4
3
B
4 133.33 kN
4
F3
133.33 + F3 + F4 = 0
5
5 4
F3 = 133.33 + VB
3 5 VB
F3 = 133.33 + 1.33VB 15
A 1
Joint A
100 VB
F y =0 2
3 4 5
100 VB F5 = 0
5
3 133.33 kN C
F5 = 100 VB B 3
5 100 kN
5 5 VB
F5 = 100 VB
3 3
F x =0
4 A
F1 133.33 + F5 = 0 133.33 kN F1
5
3
4 45 5
F1 = 133.33 F5 = 133.33 100 VB 4
5 53 3 F5
100 VB
F1 = 133.33 133.33 + 1.333VB
F1 = +1.333VB 16
A 1
Joint D
100 VB
2
4 5
F y =0 133.33 kN
B 3
C
3
F 2+ F4 =0 VB
100 kN
5
3
F2 = F4
5
5 3 D
F2 = +VB F1 = 1.333VB
3 5
F2 = +VB 4
3
F4 = VB.5/3 F2
17
Solution
The strain energy of a truss is
F 2L
U =
2 AE
U F FL
=
VB VB AE
See Table on next slide
18
Solution
Member F F/VB L (m) FL. F/VB Final Forces
1 +1.33VB +1.333 4 7.1075VB +62.223 kN
2 +VB +1 3 3VB +46.679 kN
3 133.33 +1.333 4 709.315+7.075VB 71.246 kN
+1.33VB
4 V
VB x 5/3 1.667
1.667 5 +13.894V
13.894VB 77.798
77.798 kN
5 5/3(100VB) 1.667 5 1389.44+13.894VB +88.868 kN
F
V FL = 0
B
(7.1075 + 3 + 7.075 + 13.894 + 13.894)VB (709.315 + 1389.44) = 0

VB = 46.679 kN
19
Solution
A
133.33 kN D
53.321 kN
3m
133.33 kN C
B
100 kN
46.679 kN
4m
20
Method of Least Work
Statically Indeterminate Arches
Fixed Arches Two Hinged Arches
6 Reactions 4 Reactions
i = 3rd degree i = 1st degree
21
Two Hinged Arch
A B
HA 4 Reactions HB
VA i = 1st degree VB
We have 4 unknowns, VA, HA, VB, and HB but only three equations
of equilibrium.
H = 0, HA = HB = H, when no external horizontal force is acting on
the arch.
arch
If the supports are unyielding U/ H = 0, which gives the fourth
equation for solving it.
22
Two Hinged Arch
A B
HA HB
VA VB
An arch is subjected to BM, SF and Axial Thrust N.
Total strain energy for the arch is given by
L M2 L V
2
L F2
U = ds + ds + ds
0 2 EI 0 2GAs 0 2GAE
23
Two Hinged Arch
A B
HA HB
VA VB
If we consider only bending deformation for simplified analysis,

then
2
L M
U = ds
0 2 EI
According to Theorem of Least Work

U L M M
= ds (1)
H 0 H EI
24
Two Hinged Parabolic Arch
y
HA A x B HB
VA VB
For an Arch the bending moment is
M = V A .x H A . y
if VA .x =
M = H A.y 25
y
HA A x B HB
VA VB
For an Arch the shear force, S is
S = VA cos H A sin
For an Arch the Axial thrust, N is

N = VA sin + H A cos
26
y
HA A x B HB
VA VB
Equation (1) becomes,
U L M ( H . y )
= A
ds = 0
H 0 H EI
If HA = HB = H then
U L M ( H . y )
= ds = 0
H 0 H EI 27
y
HA A x B HB
VA VB
Partial derivative of M with respect to H is
M
= y
H
Equation (1) becomes
U
U 1
( H . y )( y )ds = 0
L
=
H EI 0
28
U 1 L H L
H
=
EI
0
yds +
EI
0
y 2 ds = 0
1 L H L
EI 0
yds =
EI 0
y 2 ds
L y

0 EI
ds
H= 2
L y
0 EI ds
L
H=
0
yds
L
0
y 2 ds
29

For a parabolic arch the value of I at the bottom is greater than
that at the crown, and it is assumed that the crosssection varies in
such a wayy that
I = I c Sec
where Ic = moment of inertia at the crown
ds
Sec =
dx
or ds = dx sec
then
1 L
I c sec 0
ydx
d sec

L
ydx
H= = 0
1 L

L
y dx sec y 2 dx
2
I c sec 0 0
30

For such an arch integration may be taken along the horizontal
span instead along the curve of the arch.
31
Parabolic Arch Subjected to a Single Concentrated Load

L C

w
ydx
H= 0
L
0
y 2 dx
H
A x y
y yc
B
H
Equation of Parabola VA VB
kL LkL
4 yc
y = 2 x (L x ) L
L
w(L kL )
VA = w
B
L A C
wkL
VB = kL LkL
L VA VB
L
32

For 0 kL C
w
w(L kL )
= x y yc
L A x y B
H H
w(L kL ) 4 yc x
x 2 (L x )dx
kL kL

0
d =
ydx
0 L L
d
VA VB
kL LkL
For kL L L
w(L kL )
= x w( x kL ) w
L A C B
kL LkL
w(L kL ) 4 yc
( ) L2 x(L x )dx
L L
kL ydx = kL L x w x kL
VA VB
L
33

For 0 kL
w(L kL )
= x
L
w(L kL ) 4 yc x
x 2 (L x )dx
kL kL
0
ydx =
0 L L
For kL L
w(L kL )
= x w( x kL )
L
w(L kL ) 4 yc
( ) ( )
L L
kL ydx = kL L x w x kL L2

x L x dx

34

2
4 yc
2 .x(L x ) dx
L L
y dx =
2
0 0
L
L
H=
0
ydx
L
0
y 2 dx
w(L kL ) 4 yc L w(L kL ) 4 y
x 2 x(L x )dx + x w( x kL ) 2c x(L x ) dx
kL

0 L L kL
L L
H= 2
4 yc
( )
L

0 L2 x L x dx
H=
5 wL
8 yc
k 2k 3 + k 4 ( )
35
Example 3
Find the horizontal thrust in the arch shown.
8T 8T
6 ft
f
A B
20 ft 10 ft
10 ft 20 ft
36
Solution 8T 8T
1
6 ft
A B
H H
20 ft 10 ft
VA 10 ft 20 ft VB
Considering Load 1
20 1
k= =
60 3
H=
5 wL
8 yc
(
k 2k 3 + k 4 )
5 8 60 1 1 1
3 4
= 2 +
8 6 3 3 3 37

Solution 8T 8T
1
6 ft
A B
H = 27.16 T H = 27.16 T
20 ft 10 ft
VA 10 ft 20 ft VB
1 2 1
= 50 +
3 27
2 81
H = 13.58 T
As the load is symmetric, so total reaction will be
H = 2 13.58 = 27.16 T
38
Solution 8T 8T
1
6 ft
A B
H = 27.16 T H = 27.16 T
20 ft 10 ft
VA = 8 T 10 ft 20 ft VB = 8 T
To find VA and VB, apply equations of equilibrium
F =0
M B =0
y
VA + VB 8 8 = 0
VA 60 8 40 8 20 = 0
8 + VB 8 8 = 0
VA = 8 T
VB = 8 T
39
Example 3
Find the horizontal thrust in the arch shown.
8T 8T
6 ft
f
A D
20 ft 10 ft
10 ft 20 ft
40
Solution 8T 8T
B C
6 ft
A D
H H
20 ft 10 ft
VA 10 ft 20 ft VD
8T 8T
A B C D
L
H=
0
ydx
L
0
y 2 dx
4 yc 4 6 x
y = 2 x (L x ) = 2
.x.(60 x ) = (60 x )
L 60 150
41
Solution 8T 8T
B C
6 ft
A D
H H
20 ft 10 ft
VA 10 ft 20 ft VD
8T 8T
A B C D
Portion Origin Limits

AB A 0 20 8
8x
BC A 20 40 8x 8(x20)
CD D 0 20 8x
42
Solution 8T 8T
H=
0
ydx B
6 ft
C
L A D

2
y dx H H
0
20 ft 10 ft
VA 10 ft 20 ft VD
8T 8T
A B C D
x x
(60 x )dx + 0 (8 x 8(x 20)). (60 x )dx
L 20 20
0
. ydx = 2 8 x.
0 150 150
= 31288.7 T-ft 3
2
x
(60 x ) dx
L 60
0
d =
y 2 dx
0

150
d = 1152 ft
f3
43
Solution 8T 8T
B C
6 ft
A D
H = 27.16 T H = 27.16 T
20 ft 10 ft
VA = 8 T 10 ft 20 ft VB = 8 T
8T 8T
A B C D
H=
0
ydx
=
31288.7
= 27.16 T
L
1152

2
y dx
0
44
Solution
+14.9 +14.9
10.67 10.67
Bending Moment Diagram
45
Example 4
Analyze the arch shown.
4 T/ft
15 ft
f
A D
20 ft
10 ft 20 ft
46
Solution 4 T/ft
H=
0
ydx
L 15 ft

2
y dx A D
0 H H
20 ft
4 yc
y = 2 x (L x ) VA
10 ft 20 ft
VD
L
4 15 A D
x(50 x )
B C
y= 2 VA = 48 T VD = 32 T
50
20 ft
43
y= x(50 x ) 10 ft 20 ft
500
12
y= x(50 x ) = bending moment while considering
500 simply supported beam
y = equation
ti off parabola
b l
47
Solution 4 T/ft
H=
0
ydx
L 15 ft

2
y dx A D
0 H H
20 ft
= bending moment while considering
10 ft 20 ft
simply
l supporteddbbeam VA VD
y = equation of parabola
A B C D
VA = 48 T VD = 32 T
20 ft
Portion Origin Limits 10 ft 20 ft
AB A 0 10 48x
BC A 10 30 48x 4(x10)2/2
DC D 0 20 32x
48
4 T/ft
Solution
L
H=
0
ydx
y=
12
x(50 x )
L 15 ft
500

2
y dx A D
0 H H
20 ft
VA VD
AB A 0 10 48x
BC A 10 30 48x 4(x10)2/2
DC D 0 20 32x
L 10 12
. ydx = (48 x )

(
x(50 x )dx + 48 x 2(x 10 )
30 2 12
x(50 x )dx )
0 0
500 10 500
12
+ (32 x ) x(50 x )dx
20
0
500
= 16320 + 190720 + 71680
= 278720 T-ft 3 49
4 T/ft
Solution
L
H=
0
ydx
y=
12
x(50 x )
L 15 ft
500

2
y dx A D
0 H H
20 ft
VA VD
AB A 0 10 48x
BC A 10 30 48x 4(x10)2/2
DC D 0 20 32x
2
12
x(50 x ) dx
L 50
d =
2
y dx d
0 0
500
= 6000 fft 3
50
Solution
put these values into the
following equation 4 T/ft
L
H=
0
ydx
L
0
y 2 dx
46.45 T
A D
46.45 T
278720
H= = 46.45 T 48 T 32 T
6000
51
Method of Summation
The arch rib is divided into a number of equal parts of
length s.
The values of M and y are found at mid points of each of
these lengths and the evaluation of numerator and
denominator of expression for H is carried out by
addition
H=
y s
y
2
s
52
Example 4
Analyze the arch shown by the method of summation.
4 T/ft
15 ft
f
A D
20 ft
10 ft 20 ft
53
Solution
H=
y x 4 T/ft
y 2
x
Divide the arch into equal segments.

A D
L 50 y1
s = = = 5 ft
f
10 10 x1
50 ft
x1 = 2.5 ft
A D
x1 B C
VA = 48 T VD = 32 T
4 yc 4 15
y1 = 2 x(L x ) = x (L x )
L 2500
50 ft
60
= 2.5 (50 2.5) = 2.85 ft
2500
1 = VA x1 = 48 2.5 = 120 T ft 54
Solution
Portion x (ft) y (ft) (Tft) y2 y
4 T/ft
1 2.5 2.85 120 8.1 344
A D
y1
x1
50 ft
A D
x1 B C
VA = 48 T VD = 32 T
50 ft
55
Solution
4 T/ft
1 2.5 2.85 120 8.1 344
2 75
7.5 7 65
7.65 360 58 5
58.5 2750
A y2 D
x2
50 ft
x2
A D
B C
VA = 48 T VD = 32 T
50 ft
56
Solution
4 T/ft
1 2.5 2.85 120 8.1 344
2 75
7.5 7 65
7.65 360 58 5
58.5 2750
3 12.5 11.25 587 126.7 6600
A y3 D
x3
50 ft
x3
A D
B C
VA = 48 T VD = 32 T
50 ft
57
Solution
4 T/ft
1 2.5 2.85 120 8.1 344
2 75
7.5 7 65
7.65 360 58 5
58.5 2750
3 12.5 11.25 587 126.7 6600
4 17.5 13.65 727 186.3 9930 A y4 D
x4
50 ft
A D
B C
VA = 48 T VD = 32 T
50 ft
58
Solution
4 T/ft
1 2.5 2.85 120 8.1 344
2 75
7.5 7 65
7.65 360 58 5
58.5 2750
3 12.5 11.25 587 126.7 6600 y5
4 17.5 13.65 727 186.3 9930 A D
5 22.5 14.85 767 220.6 11400 x5
50 ft
A D
B C
VA = 48 T VD = 32 T
50 ft
59
Solution
4 T/ft
1 2.5 2.85 120 8.1 344
2 75
7.5 7 65
7.65 360 58 5
58.5 2750
3 12.5 11.25 587 126.7 6600 y6
4 17.5 13.65 727 186.3 9930 A D
5 22.5 14.85 767 220.6 11400 x6
6 27.5 14.85 707 220.6 10500 50 ft
A D
B C
VA = 48 T VD = 32 T
50 ft
60
Solution
4 T/ft
1 2.5 2.85 120 8.1 344
2 75
7.5 7 65
7.65 360 58 5
58.5 2750
3 12.5 11.25 587 126.7 6600 y7
4 17.5 13.65 727 186.3 9930 A D
5 22.5 14.85 767 220.6 11400 x7
6 27.5 14.85 707 220.6 10500 50 ft

7 17.5 13.65 560 186.3 7650
A D
B C
VA = 48 T VD = 32 T
50 ft
61
Solution
4 T/ft
1 2.5 2.85 120 8.1 344
2 75
7.5 7 65
7.65 360 58 5
58.5 2750
3 12.5 11.25 587 126.7 6600 y8
4 17.5 13.65 727 186.3 9930 A D
5 22.5 14.85 767 220.6 11400 x8
6 27.5 14.85 707 220.6 10500 50 ft

7 17.5 13.65 560 186.3 7650
8 12.5 11.25 400 126.7 4500 A D
B C
VA = 48 T VD = 32 T
50 ft
62
Solution
4 T/ft
1 2.5 2.85 120 8.1 344
2 75
7.5 7 65
7.65 360 58 5
58.5 2750
3 12.5 11.25 587 126.7 6600
A y9 D
4 17.5 13.65 727 186.3 9930
5 22.5 14.85 767 220.6 11400 x9
6 27.5 14.85 707 220.6 10500 50 ft

7 17.5 13.65 560 186.3 7650
8 12.5 11.25 400 126.7 4500 A D
B C
9 7.5 7.65 240 58.5 1835 VA = 48 T VD = 32 T
50 ft
63
Solution
4 T/ft
1 2.5 2.85 120 8.1 344
2 75
7.5 7 65
7.65 360 58 5
58.5 2750
3 12.5 11.25 587 126.7 6600
4 17.5 13.65 727 186.3 9930 A D
y10
5 22.5 14.85 767 220.6 11400 x10
6 27.5 14.85 707 220.6 10500 50 ft
7 17.5 13.65 560 186.3 7650
8 12.5 11.25 400 126.7 4500 A D
B C
9 7.5 7.65 240 58.5 1835 VA = 48 T VD = 32 T
10 25
2.5 2 85
2.85 80 81
8.1 228
1200.4 55737 50 ft
H=
y x
=
55,737
= 46.3 T
y 2
x 1200.4 64
Circular Arch
The circular arches are a portion of circle.
Usually span & central rise are given.
Consider the arch shown in Figure below
x
yc
R R y
y = R 2 x 2 (R yc )

R R
65
SemiCircular Arch
w
n.2R ds
R y

H H
VA VB
2R
2
M 4 wn
(1 n )
L
U = dx y = R sin H=
0 2 EI
H=
yds
ds = Rd For UDL H=
4wR
3
y ds
2
66
Example 5
Two hinged circular arch carries a concentrated load of
50 kN at the crown. The span and rise are 60m and 10m
respecti el Find the horizontal
respectively. hori ontal thrust
thr st at the abutment.
ab tment
50 kN
yc = 10 m
R y
A 30 m D 30 m B

R R
O
67
Solution 50 kN
Consider triangle OBD

yc = 10 m
R 2 = (R yc ) + (30 )
2 2
R y
A 30 m D 30 m B
R = 50 m

30 R R
sin =
50 O
= 36.87 o = 0.6435 rad

S = Length h = R 2 = 64.35 m
L th off arch
H=
yds
y ds
2
68
Solution 50 kN
H=
yds
E
y ds
2 x
y yc = 10 m
R R y
= 25(30 x ) A D 30 m B
30 m
OE = R cos R

R
x = R sin O
y = OE OD x
A D
OD = 40 m 25 kN 25 kN
y = R cos 40
ds = Rd
69
Solution 50 kN
H=
yds
E
y ds
2 x
y yc = 10 m
R R y
A D 30 m B
30 m

R R
O
25(30 x )(R cos 40)Rd

L 0.6437
0
yds = 2
0
25(30 R sin )(R cos 40 )Rd = 194.5 103 kN m 3

0.6437
= 2
0
70
Solution 50 kN
H=
yds
E
y ds
2 x
y yc = 10 m
R R y
A D 30 m B
30 m

R R
2
(R cos 40) Rd
L 0.6437
0
y 2 ds = 2
0
O
= 3397.5 m 3
194.5 103
H= = 57.2 kN
3397.5
71
Thank You
72

Method of Least Work: University of Engineering & Technology, Taxila

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Method of Least Work

Method of Least Work / Castiglianos Second Theorem

Statically Indeterminate Trusses

Strain energy stored or work done in a member of a truss

where P is the axial force in the member.

Statically Indeterminate Trusses

Differential coefficient of U with respect to a force S in

Statically Indeterminate Trusses

Member Force due to Force due to Redundant P

Member Force due to Force due to Redundant P

Member P P/S L (in.)

See Table on next slide

(7.1075 + 3 + 7.075 + 13.894 + 13.894)VB (709.315 + 1389.44) = 0

Method of Least Work

Statically Indeterminate Arches

Fixed Arches Two Hinged Arches

i = 3rd degree i = 1st degree

Two Hinged Arch

Two Hinged Arch

An arch is subjected to BM, SF and Axial Thrust N.

Total strain energy for the arch is given by

Two Hinged Arch

If we consider only bending deformation for simplified analysis,

According to Theorem of Least Work

Two Hinged Parabolic Arch

For an Arch the bending moment is

Two Hinged Parabolic Arch

For an Arch the Axial thrust, N is

Two Hinged Parabolic Arch

Two Hinged Parabolic Arch

Two Hinged Parabolic Arch

Two Hinged Parabolic Arch

Two Hinged Parabolic Arch

Parabolic Arch Subjected to a Single Concentrated Load

Parabolic Arch Subjected to a Single Concentrated Load

Parabolic Arch Subjected to a Single Concentrated Load

Parabolic Arch Subjected to a Single Concentrated Load

As the load is symmetric, so total reaction will be

To find VA and VB, apply equations of equilibrium

Portion Origin Limits

Bending Moment Diagram

Divide the arch into equal segments.

5 22.5 14.85 767 220.6 11400 x5

5 22.5 14.85 767 220.6 11400 x6

6 27.5 14.85 707 220.6 10500 50 ft

5 22.5 14.85 767 220.6 11400 x7

6 27.5 14.85 707 220.6 10500 50 ft

5 22.5 14.85 767 220.6 11400 x8

6 27.5 14.85 707 220.6 10500 50 ft

6 27.5 14.85 707 220.6 10500 50 ft

Consider triangle OBD

= 36.87 o = 0.6435 rad

25(30 x )(R cos 40)Rd

25(30 R sin )(R cos 40 )Rd = 194.5 103 kN m 3

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