1

IF CLAUSE
Conditional Clause and Main Clause

First, Second, and Third Conditional

1. First conditional: If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.

2. Second conditional: If I had enough money, I would go to Japan.
3. Third conditional: If I had had enough money, I would have gone to Japan.

Conditional clause Main clause

1. If + Present Tense will + inf / present tense / imperative
a. If you help me with the dishes (if + pres),
I will help you with your homework. (will + inf)
b. If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by three,
the number is divisible by three (Pres. tense)
c. If you see Mr Fox tonight, tell him I am ill. (imperative).

2. If + Past Tense would + inf

3. If + Past Perfect Tense would have + past participle
We do not normally use will or would in the conditional clause,
only in the main clause.

Uses of the Conditional

1. First conditional
a. Nature: Open condition, what is said in the condition is possible.
b. Time: This condition refers either to present or to future time.
e.g. If he is late, we will have to go without him.
If my mother knows about this, we are in serious trouble.

2. Second conditional
a. Nature: unreal (impossible) or improbable situations.
b. Time: present; the TENSE is past, but we are talking about the present, now.
e.g. If I knew her name, I would tell you.
If I were you, I would tell my father.
Compare: If I become president, I will change the social security system. (Said by a
presidential candidate)
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If I became president, I would change the social security system. (Said by a schoolboy:
improbable)
If we win this match, we are qualified for the semifinals.
If I won a million pounds, I would stop teaching. (improbable)

3. Third conditional
a. Nature: unreal
b. Time: Past (so we are talking about a situation that was not so in the past.)
e.g. If you had warned me, I would not have told your father about that party.(But you
didn't, and I have).

Remember!

1. The conditional construction does not normally use will or would in if-clauses. EXCEPTION: If will
or would express willingness, as in requests, they can be used in if-clauses.
e.g. If you will come this way, the manager will see you now.
I would be grateful if you would give me a little help.
(= please, come this way; please, give me...)
2. For the second conditional, were replaces was:
If I were a rich man...
3. After if, we can either use "some(-one, -where...)" or "any(-one, -where...).
If I have some spare time next weekend....or :
If I have any spare time...
4. Instead of if not, we can use unless.
e.g. I'll be back tomorrow unless there is a plane strike
He'll accept the job unless the salary is too low.
5. There is a "mixed type" as well, for the present results of an unreal condition in the past:
If + Past Perfect - would + inf.
If you had warned me [then], I would not be in prison [now].
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Present Perfect
FORM

[has/have + past participle]

Complete List of Present Perfect Forms

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The
exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time
expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in
Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific
expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Examples:

I have seen that movie twenty times.

I think I have met him once before.
There have been many earthquakes in California.
People have traveled to the Moon.
People have not traveled to Mars.

How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to
associate Present Perfect with the following topics:

TOPIC 1 Experience

You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the
experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience.
The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

Examples:

I have been to France.

This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been
there once, or several times.
I have been to France three times.
You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
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I have never been to France.

This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
I think I have seen that movie before.
He has never traveled by train.
Joan has studied two foreign languages.
A: Have you ever met him?
B: No, I have not met him.

TOPIC 2 Change Over Time

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

Examples:

You have grown since the last time I saw you.

The government has become more interested in arts education.
Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies
program was established.
My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

TOPIC 3 Accomplishments

We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You
cannot mention a specific time.

Examples:

Man has walked on the Moon.

Our son has learned how to read.

TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened.
Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.

Examples:

James has not finished his homework yet.

Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.

TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the
past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are
possible.
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Examples:

We have had many major problems while working on this project.

She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.

Time Expressions with Present Perfect

When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives
before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.

Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with
expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now,
etc.

Examples:

Have you been to Mexico in the last year?

I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
They have had three tests in the last week.
She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different
companies so far.
My car has broken down three times this week.

NOTICE

"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year
before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year"
means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present
Perfect.

Examples:

I went to Mexico last year.

I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
I have been to Mexico in the last year.
I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.
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USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present
Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five
minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the
Present Perfect.

Examples:

I have had a cold for two weeks.

She has been in England for six months.
Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and
non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are
sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never,
ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

You have only seen that movie one time.

Have you only seen that movie one time?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

Many tourists have visited that castle. Active

That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive
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Past Perfect

Structure Examples We use the Past Perfect Tense:

1. When Linda arrived her husband had
To form the Past Perfect to say that something had already
left.
Tense we use had with the past happened before another action or
2. I read in the newspaper that he had
participle form of the verb. Most specific time in the past (often with
made a great discovery.
past participles end in -ed adverbs like already, until, already... by,
3. They were sure they had met the girl
(painted, arrived, visited, etc.). before, after, just; if either before or after
before.
Irregular verbs have special past is used Past Simple may be used instead
4. John had repaired the car by 6 oclock.
participles that must be Past Perfect)
5. Lilly had already finished her
memorized. (told, said, spoken,
homework when Victoria came.
eaten, etc.) the action which occurs previously in
6. Dan had painted (painted) the fence
before his friends arrived. time is expressed in the past perfect
Affirmative form 7. After I had cooked (cooked) the dinner tense, and the action which occurs later is
I watched TV. expressed in the past tense
I
you 1. He told me that he had never been in
he/she/it had painted London.
we 2. I asked him how many books he had
you sold.
they 3. Your parents wanted to know what in reported speech after verbs like
you had done yesterday. told, asked, said, wanted, wondered,
ask - asked /-ed/ 4. We wondered if Daniel had passed his explained
finish - finished /-ed/ final exam.
want - wanted /-ed/ 5. She said she hadn't left her job yet.
6. They told me they had been on
! Remember: vacation for a month.
1. I wish I had brought my camera. (but I
to be - been didn't) to show regret about the past
to do - did 2. I wish we had stayed at another hotel.
to have - had
1. If I had written the report last week I
Negative form would have given it to you. in third conditional, also called
2. If the children had been good their conditional type 3 (if + past perfect in the
I mother would have taken them to the 'if' clause, perfect conditional in the main
you zoo. clause). This is a structure we use to talk
he/she/it HAD NOT /hadn't/ 3. He would have solved the problem if about unreal conditions in the past.
we PAINTED he had known how.
you 1. No sooner had I returned home than
they it began to snow. with conjunctions like no sooner ...
2. Hardly had he finished working, when than or hardly/barely ... when
1. I wish I hadn't painted the his girlfriend arrived.
door red.
2. I knew that he hadn't told you 1. I had lived in Spain for 3 years before I
the truth. got used to the country.
3. The doctor realised that the 2. He had worked there for two years a state that started in the past, and
patient hadn't taken the before he got fired. continued up to some time in the past
medicine. 3. They had lived in New York for 5 years
before they moved to Los Angeles.
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Question Tag
Exception #1

"I am" ~> "aren't I"

* I am your mother, aren't I?

but ~> I am not noisy, am I?

Exception #2

After these words, we use positive tag questions.

- nobody / no one / none

- nothing
- nowhere
- never
- neither
- few
- little
- seldom / barely / rarely / hardly / scarcely

* He seldom comes late, does he?

* We went nowhere last night, did we?
* Few people have come, have they?

but ~> A few people have come, haven't they?

Exception #3

When the subject of the statement is: (we use "they" for the subject of the tag)

- every body / every one

- some body / some one
- anybody / anyone
- nobody / no one
- none
- neither

Example:
* Nobody was ready for the test, were they?
* Everybody who is in the room has got a paper, haven't they?
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Exception #4

* None of the workers (them) are absent, are they?

* None of us are sleepy, are we?
* None of the money is left, is it?

Exception #5

Nothing, everything, something, anything ~> it

* Nothing will annoy her, will it?

Exception #6

That / This ~> it ; Those / These ~> they

* That / This is your hat, isn't it?

* Those / These have been legalized, haven't they?

Exception #7

There ~> there

* There were nine men in the hall, weren't there?

Exception #8

Request ~> will you?

* Pass me the newspaper, will you?

* Don't be childish, will you

Exception #9

Imperative ~> can't you? / can you?

* Shut up, can't you? / can you?

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Exception #10

Let's ~> shall we

* Let's go home, shall we<>/b?

Let me / Let him / Let her ~> will you? / won't you?
* Let me / Let him see your album, will you? / won't you?

Exception #11

have / has / had = possess ~> don't / doesn't / didn't / haven't / hasn't / hadn't
* Mary has another sandwich, (doesn't she / hasn't she)?

have / has / had (other than possess) ~> don't / doesn't / didn't
* Your brothers have (= enjoy) coffee every morning, don't they?

have / has / had + V3 (in Perfect Tenses) ~> haven't / hasn't / hadn't
* Mary has eaten the sandwich, hasn't she?

have / has / had + to (= must) ~> don't / doesn't / didn't

* All of us have to (must) depart early, don't (mustn't) we?

Exception #12

In a Complex sentence, we make the tag question from the independent / main clause.

* Independent clause: The lady will enroll herself in this university.

* Complex sentence: The lady who won the beauty contest last month will enroll herself in this
university, won't she?

* Independent clause: He didn't want to take a rest.

* Complex sentence: Although he was sick, he didn't want to take a rest, did he?

Exception #13

In a Compound sentence, we make the tag question from the last independent / main clause.

* Independent clause: He won't stop is work.

* Compound sentence: Rudy looks pale and tired but he won't stop his work, will he?
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Causative
IF SHE/HE
Let / Make / Have / Get
WITHOUT S or
ES
Let & Make
FORM : [let/make + person + verb]

LET >> USE : This construction means "to allow someone to do something."

MAKE >> USE : This construction means "to force someone to do something."

HAVE >> USE : This construction means "to give someone the responsibility to do
something."

Examples:

John let me drive his new car.

I don't know if my boss will let me take the day off.
My teacher made me apologize for what I had said.
She made her children do their homework.
Dr. Smith had his nurse take the patient's temperature.
Please have your secretary fax me the information.
I had the mechanic check the brakes.

Get
FORM : [get + person + to + verb]

USE : This construction usually means "to convince to do something" or "to trick someone
into doing something."

Examples:

Susie got her son to take the medicine even though it tasted terrible.
How can parents get their children to read more?
The government TV commercials are trying to get people to stop smoking.

Get vs. Have

Sometimes "get someone to do something" is interchangeable with "have someone do

something," but these expressions do not mean exactly the same thing.

Examples:
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I got the mechanic to check my brakes.

At first the mechanic didn't think it was necessary, but I convinced him to check the brakes.
I had the mechanic check my brakes.
I asked the mechanic to check the brakes.

To Infinitive
A. Verbs yang diikuti infinitives (to verb)

Desire Try Offer

Intend Claim Seem
Prepare Forget Wish
Tend Need Demand
Attempt Refuse Hope
Fail Want Plan
Learn Decide Agree
Pretend Hesitate
Anxious : khawatir Prepared : siap Hard : keras
Eager : ingin tahu Common : umum Strange : aneh
Pleased : senang Dangerous : berbahaya Able : dapat
Usual : biasa Good : bagus
Boring : membosankan Ready : siap
Easy : mudah Difficult : sulit

Contoh

Marry learned to swim when she was very young.

The soldiers are preparing to attack the village.
The budget committee decided to postpone this meeting.

Gerund
B. Verbs diikuti oleh gerund (verb ing)

Admit : mengakui Mind : keberatan

Appreciate : menghargai Recall : mengingat
Delay : menunda Resume : melanjutkan,
Miss : ketinggalan / rindu Object : keberatan
Regret : menyesal Look forward : mengharap
Risk : mengambil resiko/beresiko Confess : mengakui
Deny : menyangkal Approve of
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Postpone : menunda Give up : menyerah

Report : melaporkan Worry about
Suggest : menyarankan Be better off : lebih baik
Avoid : menolak Insist on : bersikeras
Enjoy : menikmati Succeed in
Practice : berlatih Count on
Resent : marah Keep on
Cant help : tidak betah Think about
Finish : menyelesaikan Put off
Quit : berhenti
Resist : menahan Choice of : pilihan terhadap/atas
Consider Possibility of : kemungkinan terhadap
Think of Excuse for : alasan untuk
Intention of : keinginan untuk
Accustomed to : terbiasa dengan Reason for : alasan untuk
Intent on : bermaksud sungguh-sungguh untuk
Afraid of : takut pada Capable of : mampu untuk
Interested in : tertarik pada Successful in : sukses dalam
Fond of : senang pada
Tired of : lelah dengan
For example

Setelah need, want (yang berarti need) dan wont/ wouldnt bear, gerund memiliki arti pasif.

Subjek + NEED/ WANT/ BEAR gerund

Hell need looking after (dirawat)

My clothe wants mending (bajuku perlu dijahit)

Contoh :

John admitted stealing the money.

We enjoyed seeing them again.
Michael was considering buying a new car.
John gave up smoking
Marry insisted on taking the bus instead of the plane.
Fred confessed stealing the jewels.
We are not looking forward going back to school.

Verbs yang dapat diikuiti oleh gerund = verb-ing atau infinitives = to verb
tanpa perubahan makna.
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Begin : mulai
Like : suka
Cant stand : tidak betah
Love : cinta
Continue : melanjutkan
Prefer : lebih suka
Dread : takut kepada
Start : mulai
Hate : benci

Contoh :
He started to study TOEFL. OR He started studying TOEFL.
Joan hates to ride her bicycle. OR Joan hates riding her bicycle to school.
He dreads meeting the headmaster. OR He dreads to meet the headmaster.

Beberapa verbs yang dapat diikuti baik oleh infinitive = to verb atau
gerund = verb-ing, tapi maknanya berubah.

stop
remember
forget

For examples :
John stopped studying. (John sedang belajar kemudian berhenti, dan tidak melanjutkan lagi)
John stopped to study. (John sedang melakukan suatu pekerjaan, kemudian berhenti unuk
belajar)
I remember meeting him in a seminar last year. (Aku ingat peristiwa ketika bertemu dia di
sebuah seminar tahun lalu.)
I remember to meet him today. (Aku ingat bahwa aku harus / berencana untuk menemui dia
hari ini.)
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THE VERB NEED

The boy needs cutting his hair or The boy needs to cut his hair?
Kata kerja need diikuti infinitive / to verb hanya jika subjeknya benda hidup.

Tapi jika subjeknya benda mati maka kata kerja need diikuti oleh gerund (verb ing) atau diikuti oleh to
be + past participle (Verb 3)

A. Subjek benda hidup + infinitive

John and his brother need to paint the house.
My friend needs to learn Spanish
He will need to drive
B. Subjek benda mati + verb ing (to be+ past participle)
The grass needs cutting. OR The grass needs to be painted.
The television needs repairing. OR The television needs to be repaired.
The composition needs rewriting. OR The composition needs to be written.
Perhatikan, kita menggunakan in need of dengan aturan berikut.
subject + be + in need of + noun

For examples
Jill is in need of money. (Jill needs money)
The roof is in need of repairing. (The roof needs to be repaired.)
The organization is in need of volunteers. (The organization needs volunteers.)

PREPOSITION
A preposition describes a relationship between other words in a sentence. In itself, a word like "in" or
"after" is rather meaningless and hard to define in mere words. For instance, when you do try to define
a preposition like "in" or "between" or "on," you invariably use your hands to show how something is
situated in relationship to something else.

Prepositions of Time: at, on, and in

We use at to designate specific times.

The train is due at 12:15 p.m.

We use on to designate days and dates.

My brother is coming on Monday.
We're having a party on the Fourth of July.

We use in for nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or a year.

She likes to jog in the morning.
It's too cold in winter to run outside.
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He started the job in 1971.

He's going to quit in August.

Prepositions of Place: at, on, and in

We use at for specific addresses.

Grammar English lives at 55 Boretz Road in Durham.

We use on to designate names of streets, avenues, etc.

Her house is on Boretz Road.

And we use in for the names of land-areas (towns, counties, states, countries, and continents).
She lives in Durham.
Durham is in Windham County.
Windham County is in Connecticut.

Prepositions of Location: in, at, and on

and No Preposition

IN AT ON NO
(the) bed* class* the bed* PREPOSITION
the bedroom home the ceiling downstairs
the car the library* the floor downtown
(the) class* the office the horse inside
the library* school* the plane outside
school* work the train upstairs
uptown

* You may sometimes use different prepositions for these locations.

Prepositions of Movement: to and No Preposition

We use to in order to express movement toward a place.

They were driving to work together.
She's going to the dentist's office this morning.

Toward and towards are also helpful prepositions to express movement. These are simply variant
spellings of the same word; use whichever sounds better to you.
We're moving toward the light.
This is a big step towards the project's completion.
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With the words home, downtown, uptown, inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs, we use no preposition.
Grandma went upstairs
Grandpa went home.
They both went outside.

Prepositions of Time: for and since

We use for when we measure time (seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, years).
He held his breath for seven minutes.
She's lived there for seven years.
The British and Irish have been quarreling for seven centuries.

We use since with a specific date or time.

He's worked here since 1970.
She's been sitting in the waiting room since two-thirty.

\Unnecessary Prepositions

In everyday speech, we fall into some bad habits, using prepositions where they are not necessary. It
would be a good idea to eliminate these words altogether, but we must be especially careful not to use
them in formal, academic prose.

She met up with the new coach in the hallway.

The book fell off of the desk.
He threw the book out of the window.
She wouldn't let the cat inside of the house. [or use "in"]
Where did they go to?
Put the lamp in back of the couch. [use "behind" instead]
Where is your college at?

Prepositions in Parallel Form

When two words or phrases are used in parallel and require the same preposition to be idiomatically
correct, the preposition does not have to be used twice.
You can wear that outfit in summer and in winter.
The female was both attracted by and distracted by the male's dance.

However, when the idiomatic use of phrases calls for different prepositions, we must be careful not to
omit one of them.
The children were interested in and disgusted by the movie.
It was clear that this player could both contribute to and learn from every game he played.
He was fascinated by and enamored of this beguiling woman.
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When, While
Same-time Events
WHEN

When is complemented by a clause with an activity that

1) is a short interruption,

2) occurs at nearly the same time or shortly after another activity. A nonprogressive verb form is
commonly used (short duration).

When you called, he was watching his baby.

(short interruption; "at the moment")

When you called, he picked up his cell phone.

(series of events; "immediately after")

WHILE

While is complemented by a clause with a same-time activity and includes a verb expressing
duration. The while-clause often expresses a background activity to a main activity which is the
focus.

While he was talking, he was holding his baby.

(ongoing; "during the time")

While he was talking, his baby slept.

(ongoing; "during the time")
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Punctuation

Clause Order
COMMA

A comma is placed after the when-clause if it is placed before the main clause. The
comma marks the separation of the two clauses.
DEPENDENT CLAUSE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

When you called, he was watching his baby.

While he was talking, he was holding his newborn.

NO COMMA

No comma is used if the when-clause is placed after the

main clause.
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE DEPENDENT CLAUSE

He was watching his baby when you called.

while he was
He was holding his newborn
talking.

Conjunctive Adverbs & Complex Sentences

Beberapa conjunctive adverbs mempunyai persamaan arti dengan konjungsi and, but atau so.
1. Conjunctive adverbs and = also, besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover.
2. Conjunctive adverbs but = however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still.
3. Conjunctive adverbs so = accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore, thus.

Kalimat Kompleks
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Sebuah kalimat kompleks paling tidak terdiri dari dua klausa: main clause (induk kalimat) dan
subordinate clause (anak kalimat). Subordinate clause, yang tergantung pada main clause dalam hal arti,
dalam kalimat dapat berfungsi sebagai adjective, adverb, atau noun.

a. Adjective clause (relative clause) biasanya diawali dengan pronoun, semisal who, whom, whose,
that, which, where, atau when, dan muncul setelah noun atau pronoun yang dijelaskannya.
e.g : No one knew the men who were standing out there.
Anna Kournikova, who is a tenis player, has become a model.
b. Adverb clause diawali oleh adverbial conjunction (kata penghubung keterangan), semisal
because, although, if, atau while, dan sering dijumpai baik pada awal maupun akhir kalimat.
e.g. : Farmers use irrigation so that their crops will not

ADVERB CLAUSES
Adverb clauses dapat dikelompokkan berdasarkan hal yang diungkapkannya.

Time
after After it had stopped snowing, I went outside.
As As I was walking to the store, it began to snow again.
As long as I will never like snow as long as I live.
before My roommate had decided to go skiing before I returned.
since She has been a good skier since she was child.
until I had never seen snow until my family moved from Florida to Boston.
When When I was a young child, I thought snow was only in Alaska.
whenever In Boston, my father tried to get me outside whenever it snowed.
while While he was putting on his boots, I was hiding in my room.

Place
where I prefer to live where the sun shines all years.
wherever Wherever its sunny and warm, I am happy.
Reason
because My brothers are studying in California because they dont like snow
either.
since Since it is so beautiful there, my parents are going to move.

Purpose
so that Im planning to live with my brothers so that I can be near the beach.
in order that I want to be near the beach in order that I might learn to water ski.

Manner
As In California, we can enjoy the beach as we used to in Florida.
as if My brothers swim as if they were fish.
as though In California, I feel as though I were alive again.
Condition
as long as I will enjoy living with my brothers as long as they keep the apartment clean.
if If they keep it clean, I will stay with them.
in case
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unless Unless the lessons are very cheap, I wont be able to take any.
whether or not Im definitely planning to take surfing lessons, whether they are cheap or
not/ whether or not they are cheap.
Result
sothat California is so beautiful that I cant imagine staying in Boston.
suchthat It is such a beautiful state that I cant imagine staying in Boston.

Contrast
although Although Boston is a beautiful city, I just dont like cold weather.
though Though my father likes mountains and snow, Im sure he will learn to like
beaches and sand.
even though Hell probably enjoy water skiing, even though he prefers to ski in snow.
while While I will never miss the cold weather, I will miss my friends in
Boston.
in spite of the fact that Ill probably visit Boston from time to time, in spite of the fact that I will never
live there again

CATATAN TAMBAHAN

1. Adjective clause dapat ditandai dengan introductory words semisal which, whom, that dan
kata-kata tersebut dapat dihilangkan.
The girls that we met were not singers.
The girls we met were not singers.

2. Kalimat kompleks minimal terdiri dari sebuah induk kalimat dan sebuah anak kalimat.

3. Noun clause dapat berfungsi sebagai subyek tetapi noun clause umumnya dijadikan obyek dari kata
kerja yang mengekspresikan telling, feeling, dan thinking.

4. Ketika noun clause berfungsi sebagai obyek, kata that seringkali dihilangkan.
My mom said (that) she felt sick.

5. Noun clause dan infinitive phrases seringkali ditemukan dalam kalimat yang bersubyek it.
Struktur ini menjelaskan arti subyek it.
Noun clause: It is nice (that) she loves you. artinya bahwa That she loves you is nice.
Infinitive phrase: It is nice to meet you. artinya bahwa To meet you is nice.

6. Baik noun clauses maupun adjective clauses yang mengikuti kata khusus semisal fact dan hope
dapat diawali dengan kata that namun hanya adjective clauses yang dapat juga diawali dengan kata
which. Terdapat sebuah cara cepat untuk mengetes sebuah klausa untuk menentukan apakah
klausa tersebut sebuah noun clause, yaitu jika Anda dapat menyisipkan kata is diantara noun dan
klausanya, klausa tersebut adalah noun clause; jika Anda tidak dapat menyisipkannya, klausa
tersebut adalah adjective clause.
Contoh:
Noun clause:
the fact ( is) that He loves you
the proof ( is) that the drug abuse is very dangerous.
The truth ( is) that everybody loves music
 23

Adjective clause:
the fact that he complains
her hope that she never revealed
The help that the officer offered

Noun Clauses

Noun clause adalah clause (i.e. subject dan verb) yang difungsikan sebagai noun. Noun clause dalam
kalimat pada umumnya digunakan sebagai subject dan object kalimat.

Noun clause dapat diawali oleh:

Question word atau relative pronoun baik berupa single question word maupun phrase:
o Single question word (i.e. when, how, what, ect.).
o Question word + determiner/ noun/ adjective / adverb.
o Question word + infinitive.
Conjunction (i.e. whether dan if).
That atau the fact that.

Sehingga pola dari noun clause adalah:

Question word/conjunction/that + subject + verb +

A. Noun Clauses diawali dengan Question words

Dalam How to Address Questions sudah dibahas tentang penggunaan kata tanya baik dalam membuat
information questions maupun dalam membuat embedded questions. Embedded questions tersebut
adalah noun clause. Dalam section ini diberikan contoh tambahan untuk merefresh memori anda.

1. Single question words.

Contoh:

2. Where she is now is still unknown.

3. When they arrive is still uncertain.
4. I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer are two Hollywood
movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt. Perhatikan: dalam kalimat ini, noun clause what you did
last summer menjadi object dari I know dan I still know, dan setelah digabung dengan: are two
Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt, menjadi subject majemuk dari kalimat.

Noun clause dapat ditempatkan diawal kalimat (sebagai subject) atau sebagai object. Jika anda ingin
merubah posisi noun clause dari subject kalimat menjadi object kalimat, biasanya dibutuhkan pronoun it
atau sedikit modifikasi kata. Contoh di atas menjadi:

1. It is still unknown where she is now.

2. Do you know when they arrive?
 24

3. Two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt are I know what you did last
summer and I still know what you did last summer. Karena merupakan judul movies, noun
clause what you did last summer tidak perlu diputar posisinya.

Note:

a) Clause yang diawali oleh question words tertentu (i.e. when, whenever, where) juga dapat berfungsi
sebagai adverbial clause.

Contoh:

1. I was reading a book when the phone rang.

2. I went to where I and my friend had been last weekend.
3. I suddenly get nausea whenever I see his face. (nausea = mual/mau muntah).

b). Clause yang diawali oleh question words tertentu (i.e. who, whom, whose + noun) juga dapat
berfungsi sebagai adjective clause. Dalam hal ini, kata tanya tersebut sebenarnya adalah relative
pronoun. Well, jangan terlalu dipusingkan dengan istilah. Yang penting anda mengerti pola/struktur
kalimatnya. Tapi, jika anda penasaran, silakan baca topic adjective clauses.

Contoh:

1. I think you whom Mr. Dodi was looking for.

2. Mr. Dodi, who is a teacher, was looking for you at school.
3. Rommy, whose book was stolen last week, just bought another new book yesterday.

Lantas, bagaimana cara membedakan apakah itu noun clause, adverbial clause, atau adjective clause?
Jawabannya sederhana. Noun clause dapat digantikan dengan pronoun it, sedangkan adverbial clause
dan adjective clause tidak. Noun clause menjawab pertanyaan what dan who/whom; Adverbial clause
menjawab pertanyaan when, where, how (termasuk how much, how often, ect), dan why. Adjective
clause (i.e. kata sifat yang berbentuk clause) menerangkan noun, dan relative pronounnya (i.e. who,
that, ect.) dalam bahasa Indonesia berarti yang.

2. Question words + ever/soever

Kecuali how, diakhir question words dapat ditambahkan ever atau soever menjadi whenever =
whensoever, whatever= whatsoever, dan seterusnya. Arti ever atau soever di sini sama, yaitu saja/pun,
tinggal dikombinasikan dengan kata tanya di depannya. Sedangkan, how+ever menjadi however (i.e.
adverb atau juga disebut kata transisi yang berarti namun/walapun demikian) tidak termasuk dalam
katagori ini.

Contoh:

1. We will accept whatever you want us to do. (Kami akan menerima/melakukan apa saja yang
kamu ingin kami lakukan).
2. Whoever can melt her feeling is a very lucky guy. (melt = meluluhkan). Be careful: guy (dibaca
gae)= laki-laki, sedangkan gay (dibaca gei) = fag = homo.
 25

3. She has agreed to wherever the man would bring her. (Dia telah setuju kemanapun pria itu
membawanya pergi). Note: in speaking (informal), preposition (dalam hal ini to, etc.) biasanya
diletakkan di ujung kalimat. She has agreed wherever the man would bring her to.

3. Question words + nouns

Question words + nouns yang sering digunakan antara lain: what time (jam berapa), what day (hari apa),
what time (jam berapa), what kind (jenis apa), what type (tipe apa), whose + nouns (i.e. whose car,
whose book, ect.), dan seterusnya.

Contoh:

1. I cant remember what day we will take the exam.

2. As long as I am faithful, she doesnt care what type of family I come from. (faithful = setia).
3. Do you know what time it is?
4. I dont know whose car is parked in front of my house.

4. Question words + adjectives

Question words + adjectives yang sering digunakan antara lain: how long (berapa panjang/lama), how
far (berapa jauh), how old (berapa tua/umur), ect.

Contoh:

1. Man! She still looks young. Do you know how old she actually is?
2. I am lost. Could you tell me how far it is from here to the post office?
3. What a jerk. He didnt even ask how long I had been waiting for him.

5. Question words + determiners.

Question words + determiners yang sering digunakan adalah: how many (berapa banyak) dan how
much (berapa banyak). Remember: how many diikuti oleh plural nouns, sedangkan how much diikuti
oleh uncountable nouns.

Contoh:

1. Is there any correlation between how good he or she is in English and how many books he or
she has?
2. How much your English skill will improve is determined by how hard you practice.

6. Question words + adverbs.

Question words + adverbs yang sering digunakan adalah: how often (berapa sering), how many times
(berapa kali) ect.

Contoh:
 26

1. No matter how often I practice, my English still bad.

2. I dont want my parents to know how many times I have left school early.

7. Question words + infinitives.

Jika question words langsung diikuti oleh infinitives, invinitives tersebut mengandung
makna shouldatau can/could. Perhatikan bahwa subject setelah question words dihilangkan.

Contoh:

1. She didnt know what to do = She didnt know what she should do. (Dia tidak tahu apa yang
seharusnya dia lakukan).
2. Please tell me how to get the train station from here = Please tell me how I can get the train
station from here.
3. We havent decided when to go to the beach = We havent decided when we should go to the
beach.
4. Marry told us where to find her = Marry told us where we could find her.

B. Noun clauses diawali dengan whether/if

Whether bisa diikuti oleh OR/NOT bisa juga tidak; makna kalimat biasanya sama walaupun OR/NOT
tidak disebutkan (ini tergantung konteks kalimat).

Contoh:

1. I am not sure whether she is coming or not = I am not sure whether or not she is coming = I am
not sure whether she is coming. (Saya tidak yakin apakah dia akan datang atau tidak).
2. We cant decide whether we should go out or stay home. = We cant decide whether to go or
(to) stay home. Perhatikan, infinitives juga dapat digunakan setelah whether.
3. I am not sure whether I should take economics or law after I graduate from high school. (Saya
tidak yakin apakah saya harus ngambil Ekonomi atau Hukum setelah lulus SMA nanti).
4. If you take economics, I will take economics. On the other hand, if you take law, I will take law
too.

C. Noun clauses diawali dengan that/the fact that

Di sini that berarti bahwa, sedangkan the fact that berarti fakta bahwa. Sedangkan, that dalam
adjective clauses berarti yang.

Contoh:

1. That she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20 surprises a lot of people = It surprises a lot of
people that she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20.

Contoh Soal :

1. The teacher heard who answered the question. ()

 27

Analisa:

Kalimat pertama The teacher heard benar karena The teacher subject and heard verbnya.
Kalimat kedua Who answered the phoned juga benar karena who berfungsi sebagai subject
and answered sebagai verbnya. Pada saat yang bersamaan Who juga berfungsi sebagai
connetor.
Jadi kalimat di atas sudah benar.

2. I do not understand it went wrong. (x)

Analysis:

Kalimat pertama I do not understand sudah benar karena I subject dan do not understand
verb. Kalimat kedua it went wrong salah karena tidak ada connector sekaligus subject.
Kalimat yang benar seharusnya: I do not understand what went wrong.What berfungsi sebagai
subject dan juga connector, sementara went nya sebagai verb,

3. Of the three movies, I cant decide which is the best. ()

Analisa:

Di kalimat pertama, I sebagai Subject dan cant decide sebagai verb. Di kalimat kedua, which
sebagai connector sekaligus subject dan is sebagai verb,

4. She did not remember who in her class. (x)

Analisa

Di kalimat pertama, She sebagai subject dan did not remember sebagai verb. Dikalimat kedua,
who sebagai connector dan juga subject tapi tidak ada verbnya,
Kalimat ayng benar seharusnya ..who was in her class.

5. No one is sure what did it happen in front of the building. (x)

Analisa:

Kalimat pertama sudah benar karena No one adalah subject dan is adalah verb, tapi kalimat
kedua salah karena ada did dan it. Did dan it seharusnay di hapus dan verb happen menjadi
bentuk lampau happened.
Jadi kalimat yang benar seharusnya: .what happened in front of the building.
 28

NOUN

Words C UC (+) (-)

Many
Much
A lot of
Plenty of
A bulk of
Lots of
Few
Little
A few
A little
Water, air, Dalam kalimat, ga
sugar,etc. perlu pake article
singular (a/an)

C UC
Acids Information
Techniques Furniture
Arrivals Companionship
Decisions Exhaustion
Withdrawals Evaporation
Challenges Oxygen
Electrons Aluminum
Substances Electricity
Ages Moisture
Waves Lumber
Enthusiasts Architecture
Accounting

SUBJECT
Hitungan waktu, uang, berat, volume, dsb. selalu berbentuk jamak (ditandai dengan penambahan -
s-) tapi tetap mensyaratkan kata kerja bentuk tunggal.
 29

Two years is not a long time to wait.

Ten million rupiahs is worth for me.
Eighty kilos makes her worry.
Five glasses of water is plenty enough for me to drink.
Two thousand acres is so wide.

Sebagian kata selalu berbentuk jamak tetapi memiliki arti tunggal. Kata-kata tersebut mensyaratkan
kata kerja tunggal.
Mata pelajaran: mathematics, economics, statistics, physics, civics... Penyakit: measles, mumps,
herpes... Kata benda abstrak: news, politics, ethics...

Physics is easy for me.

Measles is spreading recently.
Politics makes everyone crazy.

Judul buku dan film, mensyaratkan kata kerja tunggal.

The Spiderman 2 is a box-office movie in 2004.

The Relics is a novel based on a movie story.

Bahasa Inggris meminjam kosakata dari bahasa lain. Sebagian kata tersebut memiliki bentuk tunggal
dan jamak yang tidak umum. Biasanya terdapat penambahan is, -es, -a, untuk menunjukkan
jamak/tunggal.

Tunggal Jamak Contoh [tunggal(jamak)]

-is -es basis (bases), crisis (crises), radius (radii), alumnus
-on -a (alumni), alga (algae), vita (vitae), (indices),
-us -i appendix (appendices)
-a -ae
-ix / -ex -ices

Ekspresi a number of selalu menyatakan bentuk jamak sedangkan ekspresi the number of adalah
tunggal.

A number of teachers have meeting on Mondays. (berarti sejumlah) >> plural

The number of pop singers is unpredicted. (berarti jumlah) >> singular

Tunggal, meskipun sebagian dari kata tersebut memiliki arti jamak.

Everyone someone anyone no one each

everybody somebody anybody nobody either
everything something anything nothing neither

- Everybody swims on weekdays. (singular)

- Either of the students disobeys the school regulations. (singular)
 30

Jika each atau every muncul sebelum subyek tunggal yang dihubungkan dengan katasambung and,
kalimat ini tetap mensyaratkan adanya kata kerja tunggal.
- Every student and teacher is respectful.
- Each child and mother makes a team.

Subyek pembantu it selalu dianggap tunggal dan harus diikuti dengan kata kerja tunggal.
- It is they that won the game.
- It is her carelessness that put her in trouble.

Kata yang muncul di antara sebuah subyek dan kata kerjanya tidak mengubah jumlah subyek. Frasa
preposisi seringkali berpola sebagai berikut ini:

together with
The child in addition to his friend is playing games.
(singular) along with (tetap singular)
as well as

- Everyone except her goes to school.

- The coach along with his team is practicing for next weeks competition.
- One of the most ridiculous facts is that the reason is not valid.

Notes : !!!! Kalau and >> jamak.

Sebagian noun berbentuk jamak dan selalu mensyaratkan kata kerja jamak.
clothes : trousers, pants, jeans, sunglasses
tools : scissors, pliers, tweezers
abstract : riches, thanks, means
Namun, kata-kata tersebut tetap diikuti oleh kata kerja tunggal jika digunakan dalam ekspresi
semisal a pair of . . ., a word of . . .
- That pair of sunglasses is broken. Meskipun jamak tetap diikuti tunggal !!!
- A word of thanks is worth for me.
 31

Reading Section

Dalam mengerjakan soal-soal Reading, terdapat beberapa strategi yang patut Anda ketahui untuk
diterapkan dalam pengerjaan soal TOEFL. Strategi-strategi tersebut antara lain:

1. Skill 1 : Main Idea Questions

2. Skill 2 : Stated Detail Questions
3. Skill 3 : Unstated Detail Questions
4. Skill 4 : Implied Detail Questions
5. Skill 5 : Vocabulary in Context Questions
6. Skill 6 : "WHERE" Questions

Keenam skill diatas adalah kunci sukses menjawab soal-soal Reading Section pada TEOFL Test. Untuk
mengerjakan sesi ini, Anda tidak perlu mengerti keseluruhan dari isi bacaan, meskipun Anda dituntut
untuk setidak-tidaknya mengetahui dan memahami arti dari beberapa kosakata yang menjadi key word
atau kata kunci dalam bacaan.

Untuk menentukan jawaban yang tepat, dibutuhkan latihan yang intens untuk mengerjakan soal-soal
tersebut. Pada web ini, akan dijelaskan masing-masing skill yang menjadi kunci pengerjaan soal-soal
Reading Section pada TOEFL Test. Anda juga akan diberikan beberapa contoh soal Reading Section untuk
membantu Anda memahami soal dengan baik.

Strategi 1 Reading Section TOEFL Test: Main Idea Questions

Hampir semua jenis bacaan pada Reading Section pada TOEFL Test mengandung pertanyaan tentang
Main Idea atau ide pokok dari bacaan. Pertanyaan biasanya dituliskan dengan menggunakan redaksi
yang berbeda, namun pokok dari pertanyaannya sama, yaitu mencari ide pokok. Beberapa redaksi
kalimat yang biasanya muncul seperti: "identify the topic", "subject", "title", "primary idea", atau "main
idea". Pertanyaan-pertanyaan jenis ini (mencari ide pokok) menuntut Anda untuk mencari poin utama
yang ingin disampaikan oleh penulis pada bacaan. Biasanya, ide pokok dapat ditemukan pada paragraf
pertama.

Apabila bacaan hanya terdiri dari 1 paragraf, coba identifikasi kalimat pertama pada bacaan dan
tentukan ide pokoknya. Berikut ini salah satu contoh soal Reading Section yang mengharuskan Anda
mencari atau menemukan ide pokok bacaan.
 32

Contoh Soal I

Basketball was invited in 1891 by a physical education instructor in Springfield, Massachusetts, by the
name of James Naismith. Because of the terrible weather in winter, his physical education students were
indoors rather than outdoors. They really did not like like the idea of boring, repetitive exercises and
preferred the excitement and challenge of a game. Naismith figured out a team sport that could be
played indoors on a gymnasium floor, that involved a lot of running, that kept all team members
involved, and that did not allow the tackling and physical contact of American-style football.

Pertanyaan:
What is the main idea of this passage?
A. The life of James Naismith
B. The history of sports
C. Physical education and exercise
D. The origin of basketball

Jawaban yang benar dari contoh soal diatas adalah pilihan jawaban D. The origin of basketball.

Pembahasan

Kalimat pertama dalam bacaan diatas membahas tentang "the invention of basketball". Jadi, kalimat
tersebut kemungkinan merupakan topik utama dari bacaan. Pada kalimat-kalimat setelahnya,
pembahasan masih ditekankan pada sejarah atau awal mula olahraga basket. Kalimat kedua hingga
seterusnya masih membahas seputar sejarah atau awal mula olahraga basket. Selanjutnya, Anda harus
mengecek setiap pilihan jawaban yang mendekati kata kunci "the invention of basketball". Pilihan
jawaban A salah karena bacaan tidak ditekankan seputar kehidupan James Naismith meskipun nama
James Naismith disebutkan pada awal kalimat, namun redaksi kalimat tidak menekankan kehidupan
James Naismith. Pilihan jawaban B juga salah karena terlalu general atau terlalu umum. Pembahasan
dikhususkan pada olahraga basket, bukan olahraga secara umum. Pilihan jawaban C juga terlalu umum
karena hanya menyinggung tentang physical education dan exercise saja, sedangkan bacaan sudah jelas-
jelas menyinggung masalah olahraga basket. Pilihan jawaban D benar karena passage atau bacaan diatas
lebih menekankan atau menonjolkan sejarah dari olahraga basket.

Sampai disini, admin MuhaiminAbd berharap sudah ada bayangan yang Anda dapatkan mengenai cara
menjawab soal Reading khususnya dalam mencari atau menentukan ide pokok dari bacaan.

Apabila bacaan terdiri dari lebih dari 1 paragraf (2 paragraf atau lebih), perhaikan kalimat pertama dari
setiap paragraf untuk menentukan ide pokoknya.
 33

Contoh Soal II
Early maps of the North American continent showed a massive river that began in the Rocky
Mountains, flowed into the Green Salt Lake, and from there continued westward into the Pacific Ocean.
This river, named Buenaventura River, on some maps rivaled the Great Mississippi river.

This mythical river of course does not exist. Perhaps an early mapmaker hypothesized that such a river
probably existed; perhaps a smaller river was seen and its path from the Rockies to the Pacific was
assumed. As late as the middle of the nineteenth century, this river was still on maps and explorers were
still searching for it.

Pertanyaan
Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
A. Early Maps of North America
B. A Non-Existent River on Maps
A Comparison of the Buenaventura and the Mississippi Rivers
D. Rivers in Mythology

Jawaban yang benar dari contoh soal II diatas adalah pilihan jawaban B.

Pembahasan

Pada soal-soal yang mengandung lebih dari 1 paragraf dalam 1 bacaan, pastikan bahwa Anda benar-
benar membaca dan mengerti arti dan maksud dari setiap kalimat pertama untuk setiap paragraf
untuk menentukan subject, title, atau main idea. Pada contoh soal ini, kalimat pertama dari paragraf
pertama membahas tentang a river on early maps of North America. Jika Anda hanya membaca
paragraf pertama saja, maka dapat dipastikan bahwa Anda akan memilih pilihan jawaban A.
Sedangkan pilihan jawaban A pada soal diatas merupakan pilihan yang salah atau hanya sebagai
pengecoh saja. Faktanya, massive river on maps of the North America yang dimaksud itu hanyalah
peta fiktif atau dengan kata lain, daerah itu tidak ada di dunia ini. Hal tersebut diperjelas pada
kalimat pertama di paragraf kedua, This mythical river of course does not exist. Jadi, inti dari
paragraf diatas adalah maps of North America yang ternyata hanyalah fiktif belaka. Pilihan jawaban B
benar karena hal tersebut sesuai dengan fakta yang tertulis pada bacaan. Pada awalnya, penulis
membahas mengenai daerah (massive river) yang terletak di North America, namun yang lebih
ditekankan disini adalah keberadaan dari massive river itu ternyata tidak ada atau hanya fiktif belaka.

Untuk lebih memahami strategi untuk menentukan ide pokok dari bacaan, silahkan perhatikan
penjelasan dibawah:
 34

Berikut ini adalah cara untuk mengidentifikasi pertanyaan:

What is the topic of the passage?

What is the subject of the passage?
What is the main idea of the passage?
What is the author's main point in the passage?
With what is the author primarily concerned?
Which is the following would be the best title?

Berikut ini merupakan cara untuk menemukan atau menentukan jawaban yang benar:

Jawaban dari tipe pertanyaan ini pada umumnya dapat ditentukan dengan melihat
(memahami/mengerti) maksud dari kalimat pertama dari setiap paragraf. Perhatikan kalimat
pertamanya.

Berikut cara menjawab pertanyaan jenis ini:

Baca dengan seksama setiap kalimat pertama dari setiap paragraf.

Temukan (tentukan) tema atau ide dari setiap kalimat pertama pada setiap paragraf.
Pastikan bahwa Anda telah benar-benar menemukan ide pokok kalimat dengan membaca sisa
paragraf. Perhatikan perubahan-perubahan pembahasan (jika ada).
Eliminasi atau singkirkan pilihan jawaban yang salah (keluar dari pembahasan, bertolak belakang
dari pembahasan, dan/atau tidak sama sekali disebutkan dalam bacaan), dan tentukan pilihan
jawaban pengecoh. Ingat, setiap soal TOEFL pasti mengandung pilihan jawaban pengecoh yang
hampir benar, namun jika diperhatikan, ternyata pilihan jawaban tersebut ternyata bukanlah
jawaban yang dicari.

Listening Comprehension: Strategi Part A

Pada sesi mendengar atau Listening Comprehension TOEFL Test Part A, Anda akan dijejali 30
pertanyaan singkat.. Pada sesi ini, Anda akan mendengar percakapan pendek antara 2 (dua) pembicara
(speakers) yang diikuti dengan pertanyaan. Percakapan dan pertanyaan tidak akan Anda jumpai pada
soal. Setelah Anda mendengarkan percakapan dan pertanyaan, Anda harus memilih jawaban yang
menurut Anda paling benar. Pada kesempatan ini, akan dibahas mengenai Lulus TOEFL Sesi Listening
Comprehension: Strategi Part A.

Berikut ini adalah contoh percakapan singkat yang disertai dengan pengertian dan penjelasannya.
Contoh berikut memiliki tingkat kesulitan yang serupa dengan TOEFL Test yang biasanya digunakan pada
tes-tes di sekolah, kampus, atau lembaga yang menyediakan jasa tes TOEFL. Yang perlu Anda perhatikan
 35

adalah strategi mengerjakannya. Soal bisa saja berbeda, namun, strategi yang tepat akan menuntun
Anda kepada pemilihan jawaban yang benar.

Contoh

Speaker 1 (man) : I need a motorcycle to ride to Makassar, and I don't have one.

Speaker 2 (woman) : Why not rent one?

Narrator : What does the woman suggest?

Pilihan jawaban

(A) Getting a red motorcycle

(B) Renting an apartment in Makassar

(C) Not riding to Makassar

(D) Renting a motorcycle for the trip

Pengertian dan Penjelasan Soal

Pada contoh soal diatas, Speaker 1 berujar: "Saya membutuhkan sebuah sepeda motor, saya tidak
memiliki satupun sepeda motor."

Speaker 2 kemudian merespon dengan mengatakan: "Mengapa Anda tidak menyewa saja?"

Narrator kemudian menyebutkan pertanyaan terkait percakapan antara Speaker 1 dan Speaker 2.
Pertanyaannya adalah: "Apa yang disugestikan atau yang disarankan oleh si wanita (dalam hal ini, si
wanita merujuk kepada Speaker 2).

Jawaban

Jawaban yang paling masuk akal dari keempat pilihan jawaban diatas adalah opsi D. Renting a
motorcycle for the trip.
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Alasan

Berdasarkan soal di atas, Speaker 2 menyarankan untuk menyewa (rent). Pilihan D merupakan pilihan
yang paling tepat karena percakapan di atas berbicara tentang kendala yang dihadapi oleh Speaker
1 yang ingin melakukan perjalanan ke Makassar namun ia tidak memiliki kendaraan. Hal tersebut
berdasarkan pada informasi yang disebutkan oleh Speaker 1.

Strategi

Fokuskan perhatian pada pembicara kedua atau Speaker 2. Pada umumnya, informasi mengenai
jawaban dari soal tersirat pada apa yang disebutkan oleh pembicara kedua (Speaker 2). Seperti
pada contoh di atas: Narrator: What does the woman mean?
Selalu ingat bahwa (sangat besar kemungkinan) jawaban benar merupakan re-statement dari
kata kunci. Seperti pada contoh di atas, kata kuncinya adalah Rent (seperti yang disebutkan oleh
Speaker 2). Jawaban benar juga mengandung kata kunci Renting a motorcycle for the trip.
Penting untuk diingat bahwa pada Listening Comprehension Part A, selalu berputar-putar pada
topik:
o restatements
o negatives
o suggestions
o passives
o conclusions about who and where
o expressions of agreement
Seluruh pertanyaan disusun berdasarkan tingkatan soal. Biasanya, soal-soal pada tahap awal
memiliki tingkat kesulitan yang mudah. Semakin lama semakin sulit (tinggi tingkatan soalnya).
Soal nomor 1 -5 merupakan soal termudah, dan soal 26 - 30 merupakan soal yang memerlukan
analisa yang akurat (sulit).
Ingat, perhatikan baik-baik soal yang dibacakan, cari kata kunci atau pokok
pembicaraan/masalah, lalu pilih jawaban yang paling benar. Jika Anda ragu, pilihlah jawaban
yang menurut Anda paling masuk akal. Jangan sampai tidak menjawab karena ragu-ragu.
Meskipun Anda tidak mengerti dengan apa yang dibicarakan secara keseluruhan, Anda tetap
bisa menemukan jawaban benar.
o Jika Anda hanya mengetahui beberapa kata atau ide pokok dari baris kedua (apa yang
disebutkan oleh Speaker 2), pilihlah jawaban yang mengandung restatement dari ide
pokok tersebut.
o Jika Anda tidak mengerti sama sekali terhadap conversation (percakapan), tetap
dengarkan, lalu pilihlah jawaban yang bunyinya/penyebutannya paling berbeda dengan
apa yang Anda dengarkan pada percakapan.
o Jangan pernah memilih jawaban berdasarkan alasan "karena bunyinya persis dengan
apa yang disebutkan oleh pembicara (speakers).

Pembahasan selanjutnya akan dititik-beratkan pada pembahasan mengenai Skill-skill yang perlu
dikuasai untuk mencapai kelulusan dalam TOEFL sesi Listening Comprehension. Diantaranya adalah:

1. Restatements
 37

2. Negatives
3. Suggestions
4. Passives
5. Who and Where

Listening : Restatements
Beberapa soal pada bagian A (Part A) dalam tes toefl pasti mengandung skill Restatements.
Restatements sendiri biasanya muncul sebagai sinonim dari kata kunci atau keyword dari soal.
Perhatikan contoh berikut:

woman : Mimien, is something matter? You don not look very good.

man : Oh, I am feeling a little sick today.

narrator : What does the man mean?

Pilihan Jawaban:

A. He is not very good-looking

B. He is a bit ill

C. He looks worse than he feels

D. His feet are a little thick

Pada percakapan di atas, Sick merupakan sinonim dari ill, dan a little merupakan sinonim dari a bit.
Jawaban terbaik untuk pertanyaan ini adalah pilihan B karena pilihan jawaban tersebut merupakan
sebuah Restates atau sinonim dari keyword atau kata kunci soal.

Jika Anda menemukan susunan soal yang serupa dengan contoh di atas, maka segera temukan sinonim
dari kata kunci yang tersirat dari Speaker 2 atau pembicara kedua. Pada contoh di atas, kata kuncinya
adalah a little sick. Sinonim dari sick adalah ill.

STRATEGI
 38

1. Selalu perhatikan apa yang dikatakan oleh Speaker 2 atau pembicara kedua lalu fokuskan
perhatian pada keyword atau kata kunci. Cari inti dari apa yang diucapkan oleh Speaker 2.
2. Perhatikan sinonim dari kata kunci (keyword) berdasarkan informasi yang disebutkan oleh
Speaker 2
3. Jangan pernah memilih jawaban yang mengandung penyebutan kata yang sama atau hampir
mirip dengan kata yang disebutkan dalam rekaman percakapan.

Listening : Agreement
Ekspresi yang umumnya digunakan pada soal-soal "agreement" adalah:

So do I
I'll say
Me, too
You can say that again

Anda harus benar-benar familiar dengan ke-empat ekspresi atau ungkapan di atas. Jika Anda
menemukan atau dalam hal ini Anda mendengarkan salah satu dari ke-empat ungkapan di atas, maka
dapat dipastikan Anda sedang menghadapi soal "agreement".

Berikut ini merupakan contoh dari soal agreement:

On the recording, you hear:

Man : I though that the meal was overpriced

Woman : Me, too

Narrator : What does the woman mean?

Pilihan Jawaban:

A. There were too many spices in the meat

B. She has the same opinion of the meal as the man

C. She wants to share the man's meal

D. The price of the meal was great

Pada soal di atas, Speaker 1 (Man) mengatakan: "Saya pikir harga dari makanan tersebut sangat mahal."
Speaker 2 menyatakan bahwa Ia juga sepakat dengan pendapat dari Speaker 1 yang ditandai dengan
 39

ungkapan "Me, too." Maka jawaban yang paling benar adalah pilihan B. Dia (perempuan) mempunyai
opini atau pendapat yang sama mengenai makanan sesuai dengan pendapat Speaker 1 (Man).

Kunci untuk menjawab bentuk soal seperti di atas adalah dengan memperhatikan informasi yang
dikatakan oleh Speaker 1. Speaker 2 hanya akan menyatakan kesetujuannya terhadap pernyataan
Speaker 1. Setelah menemukan keyword atau kata kunci dari apa yang diucapkan oleh Speaker 1,
temukan sinonimnya pada pilihan jawaban yang ada. Namun, ingat, tes TOEFL selalu memiliki jawaban
pengecoh, terkadang terdapat 2 pilihan jawaban pengecoh pada setiap soal.

Untuk lebih memahami skill agreement, perhatikan contoh dibawah:

Woman : A trip to the park might be nice

Man : You can say that again!

Narrator : What does the man mean?

Pilihan Jawaban:

A. The woman should repeat what she said

B. It's nice in the park at night

C. The woman should tell him about part of the trip

D. He agrees about the trip to the park

Pada soal di atas, jawaban yang benar adalah pilihan D. Ingat, ekspresi atau ungkapan You can say that
again merupakan salah satu bentuk setuju atau sepakat. Pembicara pertama mengatakan bahwa
berjalan-jalan ke taman mungkin akan menyenangkan. Jawaban A salah karena hal tersebut (The
woman should repeat what she said) sama sekali tidak ada hubungannya dengan apa yang dikatakan
oleh pembicara pertama. Pilihan B juga salah karena pada percakapan tidak disebutkan bentuk waktu
yang spesifik. Pilihan C salah, pernyataan ini juga tidak ada hubungannya dengan informasi yang
disebutkan oleh pembicara pertama.

Contoh lain:

Man : I think it's time to go homeWoman : So do INarrator : What does the woman mean?

Pilihan Jawaban:

A. They don't have a time to do it

B. She also thinks it's a good idea to leave
C. She thinks they are at home
D. They are unsure about the time
 40

Jawaban dari soal di atas adalah pilihan B. Pilihan B menyatakan bahwa pembicara kedua (Woman) juga
berfikir bahwa inilah saatnya untuk pulang sesuai dengan pernyataan dari pembicara pertama "Saya
pikir, ini waktunya pulang."
 41

100 Vocabulary That Most Frequent

abyss hole so deep as to appear bottomless
acquiesce agree, accept without protest
affable polite and friendly, easy to talk to
affliction distress, suffering
affluent wealthy, abundant
agitate move, shake, stir up
ambiguous having more then one meaning
annex take possession of
aqueous of or like water
arduous demanding great effort, strenuous
aroma quality or surrounding atmosphere considered typical
atone make repayment
avarice greed
bellicose inclined to fighting
calisthenics exercises to develop strong bodies
captor person who takes smb captive
concoct invent, prepare by mixing together
dangle hand or swing loosely
deprive take away from, prevent from using
diligent hard-working
disrobe undress
docile easily trained or controlled
doleful dismal, mourful
drought a long period of dry weather
dubious feeling doubt
dumbfound astonish
efface rub or wipe out, obliterate
elucidate to make understandable
enchant charm, delight
endeavor to make an effort, to try very hard
endorse approve, support a claim or statement
enthral take the whole attention, enslave
exploit to use for selfish advantage or profit
extensive far-reaching
extol to praise highly
flimsy lacking solidarity, strength
fraud a fault, a deception
gaudy too bright and showy
ghastly death-like, pale and ill
grumble to complain
harass worry, trouble
heretic very busy; active
impediment smth that hinders (esp in speech)
indigenous native
insatiate never satisfied
intrepid fearless
irate angry
jeopardy danger
 42

leash control
loafer an idle, lazy person
lucrative profitable
lustrous bright; shining
malign to slander
meddle to interfere, to intrude
mend to repair
mirth being merry and happy
nausea feeling of sickness
neglect pay no attention to
nocturnal of or in the night
obese very fat
obsolete no longer useful, outdated
perch take up a high position
pervade spread through every part of
petulant unreasonably impatient or irritable
pillage plunder (esp in war)
presumptuous too bold or self-confident
quashed annuled
quenching satisfy, put an end to, put out
refurbished make clean, as if like new
rejoicing happiness, joy
reticent in the habit of saying little
reverberate be sent back, again and again
rigor sternness, strictness, severe conditions
rotundity state of being round
salvage the saving of property from loss
scattered not situated together
shatter to break into many pieces
shunned avoided, kept away from
sketchy shortly, roughly, quickly
sporadic happening from time to time
stifled suppressed, kept back
strive to make great efforts, to struggle
subsequent following
succumb yield, die
taciturn unspoken, silent
tantalize raise hopes that cannot be realized
tentative uncertain, probable
torpid dull and slow
treacherous not to be trusted, perfidious
tremor thrill
tyro a beginner
uproar noise and excitement
vanity a foolish pride
vehemence forcefulness; intensity; conviction
vigilance watchfulness
vindicate prove the truth
voluptuous arousing sensual pleasures
wan looking ill, not bright
wile a trick
wrinkle make small lines (eg forehead)