TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM IN THE CITY OF MAKASSAR, INDONESIA

I. General description and the problem.

The City of Makassar is one of city which is categorized as a big city in Indonesia.
It is located in Sulawesi Island and administratively stated as the capital city of
South Sulawesi Province. In term of population, Makassar is the 5th biggest city
in Indonesia, which is in 2015 the population in Makassar accounted for
1.651.146 people (Statistical Bureau, 2016). Makassar also always mentioned as
the growth center of the Eastern Side of Indonesia because of its strategic
position that can support the economic activity in the regional, national, or even
in global scale.

Figure 1. The Location of Makassar in Indonesia (map source: Google Earth)

As a growth center as well as a big city, Makassar become more attractive for
people and also for the investor. The population increase as well as economic
activities and the development of the city. The city become more and more
urbanized and denser which directly affect the dynamic of the activities within
the city. As a result, Makassar starts facing problems including some
transportation issues/problems.

Nowadays, most of citizen in this city already familiar with congestion/traffic jam
as a part of their daily life especially in the primary road during the peak hours.
Based on the data from Makassar Government (2016), there is an imbalance
condition between the grow rate of the road and the grow rate of the vehicle. The
number of 2 wheels vehicle (motorbike) increase about 13-14% per year and the
number of 4 wheels vehicle (cars) increase around 8-10% per year. In the contrary,
the grow rate of the road length only about 0, 01% per year. The number of
vehicles reach 2.4 million (1.1 million motorbikes and 1.3 million of cars). This
situation leads to critical transportation situation in Makassar which is need to
handle seriously.

The second problem is regarding public transportation. Makassar does not have
reliable public transport mode for its citizen. In this city, public transport mode
called Pete-Pete which is the minivan that can carry 11 passenger. We can find
this mode of transport around the city that can easily recognize with its blue color.

Source: wikipedia.org

Figure 2. Pete-pete which is the public transport mode in Makassar

In 2016, the number of Pete-pete accounted for 4.113 units which are spread in
11 routes (lines) that cover almost all of the artery road in Makassar. The main
problem about this mode of transport is the reliability. This kind of transportation
does not specific have stop point, so there is no fix schedule and travel time that
can be relied by the passenger who will use its service. They can stop anywhere
and anytime along their route for loading or unloading, and also it is common
that the driver can decide to stop in one point for while just for waiting the
passenger. As a result, the condition when they can stop anywhere and anytime
could create delay on the traffic flow which becomes ones of the source of
congestion. Furthermore, this unreliability situation then lead some people to
choose private vehicle (motorcycle or cars) rather than this kind of transport
mode, especially for the people who needs high mobility on their daily life.

Actually, since 2014, the government of Makassar already start to provide Bus
Rapid Transit (BRT) system as the alternative mode of transport for citizen.
Unlike the pete-pete, this bus system has bigger capacity (40 passenger) and
cannot stop randomly except on its bus stop. However, until now this BRT does
not perform effectively. The number of the fleet and the number of the bus stop
is still small, so most of citizen still choose pete-pete rather than BRT. They
 mostly said that pete-pete much more flexible because can stop anywhere they
want. Actually the BRT is much more comfortable than the pete-pete, because
its equipped by Air Conditioner (AC) and comfortable seat.

II. The counter measures

Based on the situation that describe in the first chapter, in this part there are
two actions that can be discussed as the counter measure to handle the problems
mentioned before:
1. Increase the performance of Bus rapid Transit (BRT)
The BRT system that already operated by the government must be improved
in order to encourage people to choose this mode of transport as their primary
means of transportation.
Increase the number of the fleet and the bus stop.
Regulate the affordable prize
Create priority line
Reliable and comfortable BRT could solve two problems, 1) initial issue
related to pete-pete 2) Can attract the private user, especially motorbike
user, to change their mode to BRT.

2. Use pete-pete as the feeder mode for BRT.

Pete-pete which nowadays serve the main road, need to be replaced by the
BRT to minimize the negative effect of its character (can stop anywhere and
anytime). However, its not suddenly can be removed because it could create
new social problem. There are so many people (driver) rely on this system as
their source of living. They must do the protest if pete-pete erased
completely. The win-win solution is to move the route of pete-pete into
collector road and make it as the feeder to support the other mass
transportation mode in the primary road.

III. List item for the questionnaire

There are two questionnaire:
A. First survey is for analyze the willingness of the citizen to choose between
private car, motorcycle, BRT and pete-pete. The main item that need to be
gained for the analysis are:
1. Age: To know the general characteristic of the respondent
2. Sex: To know the general characteristic of the respondent
 3. Travel time in Vehicle:
4. Travel time outside the vehicle: waiting time and walking time to the bus stop
5. Travel cost/day: To compare and analyze the willingness to pay
6. Income:
7. Weather: Extreme Rainy/Hot weather
8. Number of trip/day: to know number of trip/day
9. Zone origin location (home): To analyze the average distance of trip
10. Zone of main destination: To analyze the average distance of trip

B. The second survey is to evaluate the when the pete-pete is aimed to be feeder
mode. The respondent is the pete-pete driver. The main item that need to be
gained for the analysis are:
1. Daily Income:
2. Daily Cost: Fuel, parking, and other cost
3. Work Hours

IV. To evaluate using discrete choice model

A. For passenger
The component of the utilities are as following:
Private Car Utility
U car = 1 + 2 + 3
+ 4 + 5 + 6
+ 7 + 8
Motorcycle Utility
U motorcycle = 1 + 3 + 4
+ 5 + 6
BRT Utility
U BRT = 1 + 3 + 4
+ 5 + 7
+ 8 + 9

Pete-Pete Utility
U pete pete = 1 + 3
+ 4 + 5 + 7
+ 8 + 9
 Estimated
Private car Motorcycle Pete-Pete Coefficient
BRT utility
utility utility utility (Expected
Sign)

1 Age Age (+)

0.5 if
2 1 if female; 0 0 (+)
female
time in time in
time in time in
3 vehicle vehicle (-)
vehicle (min) vehicle (min)
(min) (min)
time
outside time outside
4 0 0 (-)
vehicle vehicle (min)
(min)

5 Cost (IDR) Cost (IDR) Cost (IDR) Cost (IDR) (-)

6 income 0 0 0 (+)

1 in rainy 1 in rainy 1 in rainy

7 0 (+)
season season season
1 in 0.5 in
1 in extreme
8 0 extreme extreme hot (+)
hot season
hot season season
number number
9 0 0 (-)
trip/day trip/day

B. For Pete-Pete Driver

Pete-pete Estimated
Pete-pete in as the Coefficient
Main Road feeder (Expected
mode Sign)
daily
1 daily income (+)
income
2 daily cost daily cost (-)
 3 Work Hour Work Hour (-)

a. Utility pete-pete in main road

U PMR = 1 + 2
+ 3
b. Utility pete-pete as the feeder mode
U PF = 1 + 2 + 3

V. Conclusion
1. To encourage people to use public transport, it needs to increase the utility value of
the BRT. The possible action is in the attribute of cost and travel time (inside and
outside). Lower cost could increase the utility of the BRT. Furthermore add more
buses and bus stop could decrease waiting time that means increase the utility.
2. The option to move pete-pete as the feeder mode could be possible without any social
problem/conflict/or protest if the income of the driver at least similar with the
situation when they drive the pete-pete in the old route.