Local Roads Bridge Programme (LRBP)

BridgeDesignTrainingProgram,September2014

HydrologicalAnalysis
Sunday,September14
TrainingMaterialsforLecture3:
DataProcessingandPlausibilityChecking

Thedataprocessingandplausibilitycheckingstepsconsistofthefollowingsteps.
a) Databasepreparation
b) DeterminingpotentialHSCsbasedondifferentcriteria
c) CheckingthedataconsistencyofselectedHSCs
d) Checkingreliability/plausibilityofavailabledata

DatabasePreparation
1. Catchment and River Channel Characteristics Data
a) Hypsometric curve
b) Catchment size, shape, average width, slope, elevation
c) Channel length, channel slope, drainage density, time of concentration

2. Determine Hydrologically Similar Catchment(s)

a) Compare basin and channel characteristics
b) Compare meteorological characteristics
c) Compare topographical and geographical characteristics

3. Data Checking (Consistency, reliability, adequacy)

a) Double mass curve
b) Comparison of runoff coefficient with neighboring catchment or HSC
c) Comparison of average runoff coefficient from PR data with for runoff coefficient
from different land use
d) Comparison of runoff in project site or upstream gauged site with runoff from
downstream gauged site considering catchment area
e) Trend of monthly/annual runoff, annual trend, running average trend
f) Checking for outlier data

4. Determine Index Station (Hydrological and Meteorological)

5. Filling data gaps and extending data

a) Data filling
b) Data extending
i. With long-term flow data
(Double mass curve, Catchment Area Ratio, Regression, Index Station,
Langbeins Log deviation, Mean ratio)
ii. With long-term precipitation data
Rainfall-Runoff correlations (Khosla, UPIRI, ICAR)

6. Determining basic coefficients: runoff coefficient and Roughness coefficient

7. Developing flow-duration-curve (from measured rainfall data or Richardson Method)

 a) Data Consistency Checking by Double Mass Curve
The method consists of plotting the cumulative stream flow (or precipitation) of a station and
the index station on a graph. The slope of the double-mass curve gives the relation of the
stream flows at two stations. The use of this method is limited because of its constant slope,
regardless of variation in size of yearly (or monthly) increments, whereas the flow records of
two streams may not necessarily correlate with each other as straight lines. An example of
the use of the double mass curve to test of consistency of meteorological data is given
below. The same process can be used to check the consistency of flow data. If the data of
the PBC is found consistent with the selected index station, then the PBC station data can
be extended based on the index station data.
Example of application of the double mass curve to test data consistency
Average Cumul. Stn. Cumul. Corrected
AnnualPptn.onatStation of5 Avg.of5 Pptn. Pptn. Pptn.
Year A B C D E station station X X X
2013 1205 1036 795 1446 1048 1106 1106 687 687
2012 1210 1041 799 1452 1053 1111 2217 690 1377
2011 1190 1023 785 1428 1035 1092 3309 678 2055
2010 1180 1015 779 1416 1027 1083 4393 673 2727
2009 1090 937 719 1308 948 1001 5393 621 3349
2008 1101 947 727 1321 958 1011 6404 628 3976
2007 1104 949 729 1325 960 1013 7417 629 4606
2006 1290 1109 851 1548 1122 1184 8602 735 5341
2005 1090 937 719 1308 948 1001 9602 621 5962
2004 1080 929 713 1296 940 991 10594 616 6578
2003 1301 1119 859 1561 1132 1194 11788 742 7319
2002 1299 1117 857 1559 1130 1192 12981 740 8060
2001 1250 1075 825 1500 1088 1148 14128 713 8772
2000 1240 1066 818 1488 1079 1138 15266 707 9479
1999 1302 1120 859 1562 1133 1195 16462 1003 10482 742
1998 1245 1071 822 1494 1083 1143 17604 959 11440 710
1997 1199 1031 791 1439 1043 1101 18705 923 12364 683
1996 1196 1029 789 1435 1041 1098 19803 921 13284 682
1995 1200 1032 792 1440 1044 1102 20905 924 14208 684
1994 1203 1035 794 1444 1047 1104 22009 926 15135 686
1993 1187 1021 783 1424 1033 1090 23099 914 16049 677
1992 1156 994 763 1387 1006 1061 24160 890 16939 659
1991 1204 1035 795 1445 1047 1105 25265 927 17866 686
1990 1206 1037 796 1447 1049 1107 26372 929 18795 687
1989 1298 1116 857 1558 1129 1192 27564 999 19794 740
DataBreakyeardeterminedtobe1999byobservationofbreak(suddenchange)inslopeoftheline.
a=1979410482=9312
c=1711510211=6894
Correctionratio=c/a=0.74
DataofstationXfrom1989to1999correctedbymultiplyingstationXdatabycorrectionratio.No
correctioninstationXdataneededfortheyears2000to2013.
 25000

CumulativeAveragePrecipitationofStationX(mm)

20000

a
15000 c

10000

5000

0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
CumulativeAveragePrecipitationof5stations(mm)

 b) Runoff Coefficient

1. Comparison of runoff coefficient with neighboring catchment or HSC

Monthly Rainfall at Thamachit, Rasuwa, Station ID: 1054,

Elevation: 1847m, Latitude: 2819, Longitude: 8519
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Average Total
1972 2.5 45 84.5 84 78 79 264 290 70 138 63 0 99.8 1198
1973 41 27 46 13 56 260 185 329 365.8 148.8 23 3 124.8 1497.6
1974 6 46 141 77 37 158 310 321 240 93 17 52 124.8 1498
1975 82.5 143.8 277 132 173 255 403 38 43 84 0 37 139.0 1668.3
1976 74 76 52 73 120 131.2 96 149.1 108.6 DNA DNA DNA 97.8 879.9
1977 DNA 38.1 72.1 62.7 65.8 120.3 325.1 430.8 145.2 54.6 34.9 26.2 125.1 1375.8
1978 29 18.4 1 81.2 69.2 503.7 603.6 471.9 134 7 0 0 159.9 1919
1979 9 7 8 0 77 113.1 263 115 94 53 42 48.7 69.2 829.8
1980 68 50 102 36 38 257 615 669 439 185 46 29 211.2 2534
1981 9 21 20 21 70 215 446 386 254.2 17.5 22.1 9.1 124.2 1490.9
1982 46 55.1 3.1 50.7 39.2 144.4 308 304 264 83 46 0 112.0 1343.5
1983 5 22 35.1 66 46.3 159.2 256.5 293 280.4 119 19 15 109.7 1316.5
1984 84 24 9.4 36.3 99.6 254.3 242.2 292.1 140 36 61.4 57.8 111.4 1337.1
1985 30 7.3 2.1 13.4 28.4 74 181.2 277.2 246.3 56.3 26.6 5.1 79.0 947.9
1986 3.2 0.3 10 17.2 13.5 143.3 224.3 154 64.2 14.3 3.3 0 54.0 647.6
1987 0 2.3 6.2 17.1 19.5 82.5 176.5 109 43.2 12 0 5 39.4 473.3
1988 0 12 18 7.2 23.4 63.1 254.4 206.9 11.9 4.5 0 2 50.3 603.4
1989 3.1 15.2 9.5 4 43.5 92.6 163 256 86.3 4.9 0 0 56.5 678.1
1990 0 13.3 20.3 5.3 8.5 57.1 128.6 111.3 38.3 12.2 4 10.3 34.1 409.2
1991 2.3 11 5.3 4.2 11.5 52.7 98.3 116.1 16.5 2 0 4.2 27.0 324.1
1992 4.3 0 0.1 1 12.4 15.6 92.4 109.5 22.8 9.1 1 0.1 22.4 268.3
1993 4.1 4.3 1 1.3 7.4 48.5 54.4 95.8 80.2 5.1 0 0 25.2 302.1
1994 1 3 4.1 8.2 2 32.3 86.2 72.2 23.3 0 6 0 19.9 238.3
1995 9.2 7.1 15 3 8.1 50.2 93.3 111.4 41.4 0.3 4 3 28.8 346
1996 3 4.3 6.2 1.4 7.1 36.2 107 96.4 29.4 6.2 0 0 24.8 297.2
1997 1 4 7 7.2 0.3 24.2 82.7 61.6 46.8 1.2 9 7.3 21.0 252.3
1998 0.1 2 20.3 1.2 0.4 34.5 91.7 60.4 16.6 1 0 0 19.0 228.2
1999 4.2 0 5.2 24.4 18.7 99.8 214.5 62 29.8 13.2 0 0 39.3 471.8
2000 1 6.2 36.3 1.2 14.2 129.9 157.2 133.1 158.4 0 0 4.2 53.5 641.7
2001 8.1 24.6 32.1 17.7 31.2 84.1 82.4 78.5 27.6 0.3 0 1 32.3 387.6
2002 19.4 6.1 7.5 14.6 48.5 33.5 61.9 91.3 40.2 4 2 4.1 27.8 333.1
2003 2 43.6 41.3 14.1 9.1 23.7 102.4 97.7 36.4 0 0 7 31.4 377.3
2004 13.3 1.2 14.3 18.8 5.5 13.8 64 55.5 24.3 5.6 2 0.1 18.2 218.4
2005 19.1 3.3 6.3 0.2 2.2 11.4 76.2 83.1 9.4 19.2 0 0 19.2 230.4
2006 0 3.1 9.2 10.7 19.7 18.3 71.6 41.8 13.5 1 0.1 4 16.1 193.0

Latitude(deg/min): 2810 Catchment Area 629 km 2

Longitude(deg/min): 8519
Elevation(m): 1847 Rainfall Average Runoff
Rainfa(mm) for THAMACHIT Volume Runoff Volume Rumoff
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Max Average Total Mm 3 m 3/s Mm 3 Coeff
1972 2.5 45 84.5 84 78 79 264 290 70 138 63 0 290.0 99.8 1198 754 16.2 512.3 0.68
1973 41 27 46 13 56 260 185 329 365.8 148.8 23 3 365.8 124.8 1497.6 942 19.9 629.3 0.67
1974 6 46 141 77 37 158 310 321 240 93 17 52 321.0 124.8 1498 942 15.5 490.1 0.52
1975 82.5 143.8 277 132 173 255 403 38 43 84 0 37 403.0 139.0 1668.3 1049
1976 74 76 52 73 120 131.2 96 149.1 108.6 DNA DNA DNA 149.1 97.8 879.9 553
1977 DNA 38.1 72.1 62.7 65.8 120.3 325.1 430.8 145.2 54.6 34.9 26.2 430.8 125.1 1375.8 865 16.8 531.3 0.61
1978 29 18.4 1 81.2 69.2 503.7 603.6 471.9 134 7 0 0 603.6 159.9 1919 1207 21 664.1 0.55
1979 9 7 8 0 77 113.1 263 115 94 53 42 48.7 263.0 69.2 829.8 522 10.3 325.7 0.62
1980 68 50 102 36 38 257 615 669 439 185 46 29 669.0 211.2 2534 1594 15.5 490.1 0.31
1981 9 21 20 21 70 215 446 386 254.2 17.5 22.1 9.1 446.0 124.2 1490.9 938 16 506.0 0.54
1982 46 55.1 3.1 50.7 39.2 144.4 308 304 264 83 46 0 308.0 112.0 1343.5 845 14.1 445.9 0.53
1983 5 22 35.1 66 46.3 159.2 256.5 293 280.4 119 19 15 293.0 109.7 1316.5 828
1984 84 24 9.4 36.3 99.6 254.3 242.2 292.1 140 36 61.4 57.8 292.1 111.4 1337.1 841 16.8 531.3 0.63
1985 30 7.3 2.1 13.4 28.4 74 181.2 277.2 246.3 56.3 26.6 5.1 277.2 79.0 947.9 596 11 347.8 0.58
1986 3.2 0.3 10 17.2 13.5 143.3 224.3 154 64.2 14.3 3.3 0 224.3 54.0 647.6 407 7.9 249.8 0.61
1987 0 2.3 6.2 17.1 19.5 82.5 176.5 109 43.2 12 0 5 176.5 39.4 473.3 298 5.8 183.4 0.62
1988 0 12 18 7.2 23.4 63.1 254.4 206.9 11.9 4.5 0 2 254.4 50.3 603.4 380 7.4 234.0 0.62
1989 3.1 15.2 9.5 4 43.5 92.6 163 256 86.3 4.9 0 0 256.0 56.5 678.1 427 7.6 240.3 0.56
1990 0 13.3 20.3 5.3 8.5 57.1 128.6 111.3 38.3 12.2 4 10.3 128.6 34.1 409.2 257 8.2 259.3 1.01
1991 2.3 11 5.3 4.2 11.5 52.7 98.3 116.1 16.5 2 0 4.2 116.1 27.0 324.1 204 4.1 129.7 0.64
1992 4.3 0 0.1 1 12.4 15.6 92.4 109.5 22.8 9.1 1 0.1 109.5 22.4 268.3 169 3 94.9 0.56
1993 4.1 4.3 1 1.3 7.4 48.5 54.4 95.8 80.2 5.1 0 0 95.8 25.2 302.1 190 3.9 123.3 0.65
1994 1 3 4.1 8.2 2 32.3 86.2 72.2 23.3 0 6 0 86.2 19.9 238.3 150
1995 9.2 7.1 15 3 8.1 50.2 93.3 111.4 41.4 0.3 4 3 111.4 28.8 346 218 4.3 136.0 0.62
1996 3 4.3 6.2 1.4 7.1 36.2 107 96.4 29.4 6.2 0 0 107.0 24.8 297.2 187 4.3 136.0 0.73
1997 1 4 7 7.2 0.3 24.2 82.7 61.6 46.8 1.2 9 7.3 82.7 21.0 252.3 159 3.2 101.2 0.64
1998 0.1 2 20.3 1.2 0.4 34.5 91.7 60.4 16.6 1 0 0 91.7 19.0 228.2 144
1999 4.2 0 5.2 24.4 18.7 99.8 214.5 62 29.8 13.2 0 0 214.5 39.3 471.8 297
2000 1 6.2 36.3 1.2 14.2 129.9 157.2 133.1 158.4 0 0 4.2 158.4 53.5 641.7 404 6.5 205.5 0.51
2001 8.1 24.6 32.1 17.7 31.2 84.1 82.4 78.5 27.6 0.3 0 1 84.1 32.3 387.6 244 5.7 180.2 0.74
2002 19.4 6.1 7.5 14.6 48.5 33.5 61.9 91.3 40.2 4 2 4.1 91.3 27.8 333.1 210 4 126.5 0.60
2003 2 43.6 41.3 14.1 9.1 23.7 102.4 97.7 36.4 0 0 7 102.4 31.4 377.3 237 5.5 173.9 0.73
2004 13.3 1.2 14.3 18.8 5.5 13.8 64 55.5 24.3 5.6 2 0.1 64.0 18.2 218.4 137 2.7 85.4 0.62
2005 19.1 3.3 6.3 0.2 2.2 11.4 76.2 83.1 9.4 19.2 0 0 83.1 19.2 230.4 145
2006 0 3.1 9.2 10.7 19.7 18.3 71.6 41.8 13.5 1 0.1 4 71.6 16.1 193 121 2.8 88.5 0.73

Trendoftimeseriesdata:
250.0 Trend of Average Annual Rainfall (mm) at Thamachit

200.0

150.0

100.0

50.0

0.0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

TrendofTotalAnnualRainfall
3000 Trend of Total Annual Rainfall (mm) at Thamachit

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

RunoffCoefficientPlausibilityandOutlierData
1.20 Trend of Runoff Coefficient at PBC

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010