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2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1703
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | Aug -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
1.1 CURRENT FEEDBACK OPERATIONAL CFOA is a four terminal device. Here, X and Y is the inverting
AMPLIFIER (CFOA) and non-inverting input terminal respectively and Z and W
are the output terminals. X terminal offers very low input
The symbolic representation of Current feedback impedance while Y terminal has very high input impedance.
operational Amplifier (CFOA) and its equivalent circuit is The two output terminal Z and W have very high and very
given in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 respectively. low output impedances respectively. The input impedance of
CFOAs is high for the positive (Y) input and low for the
negative (X) input. The non-inverting input of CFOA is
connected to the input of a unity gain, which usually takes
the form of emitter follower circuit. Since the non-inverting
input is the input of a buffer, its a high impedance input.
Now, because this buffers output connects to the inverting
input impedance. A current flow through the inverting input
(X) that generates a voltage which is equal to current times
the trans-impedance. This converts high input impedance to
low output impedance which must be present at the load to
Figure -1: Symbolic Representation of CFOA [17]
get maximum current in order to drive load of the CFOA.
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1704
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | Aug -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
It is known that for canonic realization (employing only two Condition of oscillation (CO)-
capacitors) of a SCRO, a minimum of five elements are
necessary, a generalized five-node structure, which can be
used to enumerate the set of canonic SCROs, can be
formulated. After eliminating the elements rendered
redundant (shown by dotted lines) by the constraints In this SRCO, frequency of oscillation (FO) is controlled by R3
imposed by the characterizing equation of the CFA, this is and condition of oscillation is adjustable by resistance R4.
reduced to the form shown in Fig 3. Synthesis of the To add IC implementation feature to the oscillator, R is
oscillation then follows the same methodology. To conserve realized using two MOSFET transistors operating in the
space, we omit the details and present here only the final ohmic region, see Fig. 5, which are electronically tuned
result and observations, restricting ourselves only to the through voltage Vn2,Vn3,Vn4 of Fig. 4. A simple analysis
realization of variable frequency SCROs (although a number shows that, with matched transistors, the nonlinearity of
of new single-frequency oscillators also emerge from the each transistor will be cancelled by its counterpart. As a
process). The general characteristic equation of this result a linear programmable resistor is obtained and given
structure is found to be by:
Figure -4: Proposed filter configuration Figure -5: Basic structure of Voltage controlled Resistor
(VCR) [21]
The proposed circuit configuration is based on the above
SCRO admittance configuration in which Z-port connected Equation shows that R is linear resistor and can be
with internal parasitics (resistance and capacitance). With controlled through biasing voltages Vn and Vp. In our case
this configuration no of passive elements is reduced and in Vp is fixed at -0.65 V while Vn is adjusted through the value
this circuit of resistance that is why the condition of oscillation is
achieved.
With taking these values in the above equation, the The frequency stability of an oscillator is a term used to
characteristics equation is characterize how small the frequency fluctuations of the
oscillator signal are. We usually refer to frequency stability
when comparing one oscillator with another. Using the
definition of the frequency stability factor (Sf) as
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1705
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | Aug -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
80mV
(137.420M,61.064m)
60mV
2. SIMULATION RESULTS
Frequency
0V
Table -2: Transistor aspect ratio of the CFOA [22]
-50mV
Parameters CFOA
CMOS Technology 0.35 m
-100mV
49.90us
V(5)
49.91us 49.92us 49.93us 49.94us 49.95us 49.96us 49.97us 49.98us 49.99us 50.00us
Power supply (+1.25V, -1.25V)
Time
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1706
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | Aug -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
Internal parasitics Rt=50K, Ct=0.001F [5] C.M. Chang, Novel current-conveyor-based single-
resistance-controlled/voltage-controlled oscillator
Total power 0.507 mW employing grounded resistors and capacitors, Electronics
dissipation letters, 1994, 30(3), pp.181-183
CFOA Bandwidth 11.3 MHz
[6] S.I. Liu, Single-resistance-controlled/voltage-controlled
oscillator using current conveyors and grounded capacitors,
3. CONCLUSION Electronics letters, 1995, 31(5), pp.337-338
In this paper single resistance controlled sinusoidal [7] M.T. Abuelma'atti and A.A. Al-Ghumaiz, Novel current-
oscillator proposed that realizes oscillation of sinusoidal conveyor-based single-element-controlled oscillator
frequency. Oscillator frequency is varying with the help of employing grounded resistors and capacitors, Active and
Vn3. So this oscillator is variable frequency oscillator. The Passive Electronic Components, 1995, 17(4), pp.203-206
proposed circuit uses minimum active and passive
component i.e. one CFOA, three voltage controlled resistors [8] M.T. Abuelma'atti and A.A. Al-Ghumaiz, Novel CCII-based
(VCR) and one capacitor. It is free from internal parasitics of single-element controlled oscillators employing grounded
CFOA. It offers low power dissipation, low output impedance resistors and capacitors, International Journal of Electronics,
and high input impedance. Use of voltage controlled resistor 1995, 78(6), pp.1107-1112
(VCR), which is useful for IC implementation. Frequency
stability factor is better than previous circuit. The proposed [9] M.T. Abuelma'atti and A.A. Al-Ghumaiz, Novel CCI-based
circuit topology is verified by simulating the circuit on single-element-controlled oscillators employing grounded
PSPICE using TSMC 0.35m CMOS process parameters with resistors and capacitors, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and
+/- 1.25V supply voltages and controlling voltage Systems-I, Fundamental Theory and Applications, 1996, 43,
Vb1=0.35V, Vb2= -0.55V. The proposed circuit works very pp.153-155
well at high frequencies and medium frequency above MHz
and KHz range therefore; it is suitable for high frequency and [10] S.S. Gupta and R. Senani, Grounded-capacitor current-
medium frequency applications. The theoretical and mode SRCO: Novel application of DVCCC, Electronics Letters,
simulated results are found to be in good agreement with 2000, 36(3), pp.195-196
each other.
[11] C.M. Chang, B.M. A-Hashimi, H.P. Chen, S.H. Tu and J.A.
Wan, Current mode single resistance controlled oscillators
AKNOWLEDGEMENT using only grounded passive components, Electronics
Letters, 2002, 38(19), pp.1071-1072
The authors would like to thank Prof. V.K. Singh for the
statistical support and the guidance. The authors would also [12] V. Aggarwal, Novel canonic current mode DDCC based
like to thank Institute of Engineering & Technology, SRCO synthesized using a genetic algorithm, Analog
Lucknow for providing the Tools and Technology for the Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, 2004, 40(1),
work to be completed. pp.83-85
[3] R. Senani and V. K. Singh, Single-element-controlled [15] P. Kumar, A.U. Keskin and K. Pal, DVCC based single
sinusoidal oscillator employing single current conveyor IC, element controlled oscillators using all grounded
Electronics letters, 1992, 28(4), pp.414-415 components and simultaneous current voltage mode
outputs, Frequenz, 2005, 59(7-8), pp.1-5
[4] D.R. Bhaskar and R. Senani, New current-conveyor-based
single-resistance-controlled/voltage-controlled oscillator [16] R. Senani, D.R. Bhaskar, V.K. Singh and R.K. Sharma,
employing grounded capacitors, Electronics letters, 1993, Sinusoidal Oscillators and Waveform Generators using
29(7), pp.612-614 Modern Electronic Circuit Building Blocks, Springer, 2016
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1707
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 08 | Aug -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
[19] S.I. Liu, C.C. Chang, and D.S. Wu, Sinusoidal oscillators
with single element control using a current feedback
amplifier, Int. J. Electron., 1994, 77, pp.1007-1013.
BIOGRAPHIES
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1708